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Submit a ProposalPotassium-ion Batteries
 | Materials and Applications Edited by Inamuddin, Rajender Boddula, and Abdullah M. Asiri Copyright: 2020 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119661399 | Hardcover | 417 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
Edited by one of the most well-respected and prolific engineers in the world and his team, this is the most thorough, up-to-date, and comprehensive volume on potassium-ion batteries available today.
Audience
Researchers, professionals, and graduate students in materials science and nanotechnology, with a secondary market being engineers in other related areas, such as chemical, environmental, biomedical, and electrical engineers
Researchers, professionals, and graduate students in materials science and nanotechnology, with a secondary market being engineers in other related areas, such as chemical, environmental, biomedical, and electrical engineers
Description
Battery technology is constantly changing, and the concepts and applications of these changes are rapidly becoming increasingly more important as more and more industries and individuals continue to make “greener” choices in their energy sources. As global dependence on fossil fuels slowly wanes, there is a heavier and heavier importance placed on cleaner power sources and methods for storing and transporting that power. Battery technology is a huge part of this global energy revolution.
Potassium-ion batteries were first introduced to the world for energy storage in 2004, over two decades after the invention of lithium-ion batteries. Potassium-ion (or “K-ion”) batteries have many advantages, including low cost, long cycle life, high energy density, safety, and reliability. Potassium-ion batteries are the potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries, fueling a new direction of energy storage research in many applications and across industries.
Potassium-ion Batteries: Materials and Applications explores the concepts, mechanisms, and applications of the next-generation energy technology of potassium-ion batteries. Also included is an in-depth overview of energy storage materials and electrolytes. This is the first book on this technology and serves as a reference guide for electrochemists, chemical engineers, students, research scholars, faculty, and R&D professionals who are working in electrochemistry, solid-state science, material science, ionics, power sources, and renewable energy storage fields.
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Battery technology is constantly changing, and the concepts and applications of these changes are rapidly becoming increasingly more important as more and more industries and individuals continue to make “greener” choices in their energy sources. As global dependence on fossil fuels slowly wanes, there is a heavier and heavier importance placed on cleaner power sources and methods for storing and transporting that power. Battery technology is a huge part of this global energy revolution.
Potassium-ion batteries were first introduced to the world for energy storage in 2004, over two decades after the invention of lithium-ion batteries. Potassium-ion (or “K-ion”) batteries have many advantages, including low cost, long cycle life, high energy density, safety, and reliability. Potassium-ion batteries are the potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries, fueling a new direction of energy storage research in many applications and across industries.
Potassium-ion Batteries: Materials and Applications explores the concepts, mechanisms, and applications of the next-generation energy technology of potassium-ion batteries. Also included is an in-depth overview of energy storage materials and electrolytes. This is the first book on this technology and serves as a reference guide for electrochemists, chemical engineers, students, research scholars, faculty, and R&D professionals who are working in electrochemistry, solid-state science, material science, ionics, power sources, and renewable energy storage fields.
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Supplementary Data
• Covers the basic research and application approaches to potassium-ion batteries
• Explores challenges and future directions of potassium-ion batteries
• Outlines the influences of electrodes and electrolytes for enhanced performance
• Includes all types of energy storage materials in a single volume
• Covers the basic research and application approaches to potassium-ion batteries
• Explores challenges and future directions of potassium-ion batteries
• Outlines the influences of electrodes and electrolytes for enhanced performance
• Includes all types of energy storage materials in a single volume
Author / Editor Details
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 60 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. His current research interests include ion exchange materials, a sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors and bending actuators.
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 60 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. His current research interests include ion exchange materials, a sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors and bending actuators.
Rajender Boddula, PdD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals. He is also serving as an editorial board member and a referee for several reputed international peer-reviewed journals. He has published edited books with numerous publishers and has authored twenty book chapters.
Abdullah M. Asiri is the Head of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University and the founder and Director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR). He is the Editor-in-Chief of the King Abdulaziz University Journal of Science. He has received numerous awards, including the “Young Scientist Award” from the Saudi Chemical Society in 2009 and the first prize for the distinction in science from the Saudi Chemical Society in 2012. He serves on the editorial boards of multiple scientific journals and is the Vice President of the Saudi Chemical Society (Western Province Branch). He holds multiple patents, has authored ten books, more than one thousand publications in international journals, and multiple book chapters.
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Table of Contents
Preface xiii
1 Phosphorous-Based Materials for K-Ion Batteries 1
Maryam Meshksar, Fatemeh Afshariani,
and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Principles of Potassium-Ion Batteries 5
1.2.1 Cathode Materials 6
1.2.2 Anode Materials 6
1.2.2.1 Carbon-Based Materials 8
1.2.2.2 Alloy-Based Anode Materials 9
1.3 Conclusions 13
List of Abbreviations 14
References 14
2 Antimony-Based Electrodes for Potassium Ion Batteries 19
S. Bharadwaj, M. Chaitanya Varma and Ramesh Singampalli
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Insight of Experimental Method 21
2.2.1 Synthesis Methods 21
2.2.2 Characterization Tools 22
2.2.3 Measurement Techniques 22
2.3 KIB as Batteries 23
2.3.1 Progress in KIB 23
2.4 Use of Antimony (Sb) Based K-Ion Batteries (KIB) 24
2.4.1 What Is Antimony? 24
2.4.2 Structure of Antimony Based KIB 25
2.4.3 Antimony Used in KIBs 25
2.4.4 Research Based on K -- Sb Ion Batteries
in the Last 5 Years 27
2.5 DFT Studies 32
2.6 Future Perceptive and Challenges 34
References 36
3 K-Ion Battery Practical Application Toward
Grid-Energy Storage 43
Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Maryam Zarei, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Chin Wei Lai and Sonia Bahrani
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 Intercalation Reaction 50
3.3 Cathode Materials 60
3.3.1 Layered Metal Oxides 60
3.3.2 Prussian Blue Analogs 62
3.3.3 Polyanionic-Based Compounds 65
3.3.4 Organic Materials 68
3.4 Anode Materials 70
3.4.1 Carbon-Based Materials 70
3.4.2 Non-Carbonaceous Materials 73
3.4.3 Alloy-Based Materials 76
3.4.4 Organic Anodes 78
3.5 Electrolyte and Binder 81
3.6 Conclusions 83
References 83
4 Mn-Based Materials for K-Ion Batteries 97
Pallavi Jain, Palak Pant, Sapna Raghav and Dinesh Kumar
4.1 Introduction 98
4.2 Anode Material 102
4.3 Cathode Materials 103
4.3.1 Manganese Layered Compounds 104
4.3.2 Manganese Based Multi-Layered Compounds 106
4.3.3 Prussian Blue Analogs 108
4.4 Electrolyte 110
4.5 Perspectives 110
4.6 Conclusion 112
Acknowledgment 113
References 113
5 Electrode Materials for K-Ion Batteries and Applications 121
M. Prakash, N. Suresh Kumar, K. Chandra Babu Naidu,
M.S.S.R.K.N. Sarma, Prasun Banerjee, R. Jeevan Kumar,
Ramyakrishna Pothu and Rajender Boddula
5.1 Introduction 122
5.1.1 Why Batteries? 122
5.1.2 Background of Rechargeable Batteries 123
5.1.3 Classification of Batteries 123
5.1.4 Potassium Ion Battery 125
5.2 Conclusions 131
References 132
6 Active Materials for Flexible K-Ion Batteries 135
Prasun Banerjee, Adolfo Franco Jr, K. Chandra Babu Naidu,
D. Baba Basha, Ramyakrishna Pothu and Rajender Boddula
6.1 Introduction 136
6.2 Flexible Prussian Blue 136
6.3 Flexible Carbon Nanotube/Prussian Blue 137
6.4 Flexible Film From the Trace of Pencil 138
6.5 Flexible Carbon Nanofiber Mat 139
6.6 Flexible SeS2 -- Porous Carbon 139
6.7 Flexible ReS2 -- Nanofiber Carbon 140
6.8 Conclusions 141
Acknowledgments 142
References 142
7 Hollow Nanostructures for K-Ion Batteries 145
Peetam Mandal and Mitali Saha
7.1 Introduction 145
7.2 Current Scenario of Nanostructured Materials
for K-Ion Batteries 146
7.3 Hollow Nanostructure Based K-Ion Batteries 148
7.3.1 Metallic Hollow Nanostructured Anodes
for K-Ion Batteries 149
7.3.2 Carbonaceous Hollow Nanostructured Anodes
for K-Ion Batteries 151
7.4 Conclusion 158
References 159
8 Polyanion Materials for K-Ion Batteries 165
Shankara S. Kalanur, Hyungtak Seo and Basanth S. Kalanoor
8.1 Introduction 166
8.2 Potassium-Ion Batteries 167
8.3 Cathode Materials for Potassium-Ion Batteries 168
8.4 Polyanionic Materials 169
8.4.1 The NASICON and Anti-NASICON
Structured Polyanions 170
8.4.2 Olivine Structured Polyanion Materials 172
8.4.3 Tavorite Structured Polyanion Materials 173
8.5 Polyanions as Cathode Material
for Potassium-Ion Batteries 174
8.5.1 Potassium-Based Fluorosulfates 174
8.5.2 Amorphous Potassium-Based Iron Phosphates 175
8.5.3 Potassium-Based Double Phosphates of Titanium 176
8.5.4 Potassium-Based Vanadyl Phosphates 177
8.5.5 Potassium-Based Vanadyl Flourophosphates 179
8.6 Summary and Outlook 182
References 183
9 Fundamental Mechanism and Key Performance Factor
in K-Ion Batteries 189
Sapna Raghav, Pallavi Jain, Praveen Kumar Yadav
and Dinesh Kumar
9.1 Introduction 190
9.1.1 Primary vs. Secondary Batteries 192
9.1.2 Classification of Secondary Potassium Batteries 193
9.2 Recognizing Potential Materials for Their Usage
as a Cathode and Observing Their Storage Functionalities 193
9.3 Aqueous Potassium-Ion Batteries 195
9.3.1 KIB Electrolytes 196
9.3.2 Potassium Metal Batteries 197
9.3.3 K -- S Battery 199
9.4 Non-Aqueous Potassium-Ion Batteries 200
9.4.1 Cathode 200
9.4.1.1 Hexacyanometalates (HCM) 200
9.4.1.2 Layered Oxides 200
9.4.1.3 Polyanionic Frameworks 201
9.4.1.4 Organic Crystals 201
9.4.2 Anodes 201
9.4.2.1 Graphite 202
9.4.2.2 Other Carbonaceous Materials 202
9.5 Opportunities and Challenges 203
Acknowledgments 204
References 205
10 Fabrication of the Components of K-Ion Batteries:
Material Selection and the Cell Assembly Techniques
Toward the Higher Battery Performance 213
Iqra Reyaz Hamdani and Ashok N. Bhaskarwar
10.1 Introduction 214
10.2 Recent Materials Studied for Cathodes 217
10.2.1 Cathodes Based on Transition-Metal Oxides 217
10.2.2 Cathodes Based on Transition-Metal Polyanions 230
10.2.3 Cathodes Based on Organic Compounds 247
10.3 Anodes 247
10.3.1 Intercalation Anodes 250
10.3.2 Conversion Anodes 265
10.3.3 Alloying Anodes 272
10.3.4 Organic Compounds 279
10.4 Electrolytes and Binders 280
10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 282
Acknowledgment 282
References 283
11 MXenes for K-Ion Batteries 293
Jingya Feng, Oi Lun Li, Qixun Xia and Aiguo Zhou
11.1 Introduction 293
11.2 Synthesis Method of MXene 295
11.2.1 Synthesis of Ti3C2Tx MXene 297
11.2.2 Synthesis of K2Ti4O9 (M -- KTO) 298
11.2.3 Synthesis of Alkalized Ti3C2 MXene Nanosheets 299
11.3 Structure and Electrochemical Properties of MXenes 300
11.3.1 Ti3C2 MXene 300
11.3.2 K2Ti4O9 (M -- KTO) 300
11.3.3 Alkalized Ti3C2 MXene Nanosheetsis
as Electrode Materials 305
11.4 Summary and Outlook 307
Acknowledgments 308
References 308
12 Metal Sulfides for K-Ion Batteries 313
Xinxin Hu, Ningyuan Zhang, Nanasaheb M. Shinde,
Rajaram S. Mane, Qixun Xia and Kwang Ho Kim
12.1 Introduction 314
12.2 Synthesis Approaches 315
12.2.1 SnS2-Based Composites 315
12.2.2 MoS2-Based Composites 317
12.2.3 CoS-Based Composites 319
12.2.4 Sb2S3-Based Composites 320
12.2.5 FeS2-Based Composites 321
12.2.6 Ni3S2-Based Composites 322
12.2.7 ReS2/N-CNFs 322
12.3 Structures, Properties, and K-Ion Battery Applications 324
12.3.1 SnS2-Based Composites 324
12.3.2 MoS2-Based Composites 325
12.3.3 CoS-Based Composites 326
12.3.4 Sb2S3-Based Composites 328
12.3.5 FeS2-Based Composites 329
12.3.6 Ni3S2-Based Composites 329
12.4 Summary and Outlook 331
Acknowledgments 331
References 331
13 Electrodes for Potassium Oxygen Batteries 337
Kritika S. Sharma, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar
13.1 Introduction 337
13.2 Categorization of Potassium Secondary Batteries 340
13.3 Potassium−Oxygen Battery 341
13.4 State-of-the-Art or Current Status 341
13.4.1 High Capacity Sb-Based Anode 341
13.4.2 Enhanced Cycle Life by Functionally
Graded Cathode (FGC) 342
13.5 Advancement in Rechargeable Alkali Metal -- O2 Cells 343
13.5.1 Metal Anodes 343
13.5.2 O2-Cathodes 346
13.5.2.1 C-Cathodes 346
13.5.2.2 Non-C-Cathodes 348
13.6 Conclusion 349
Acknowledgment 351
References 352
14 Ti-Based Materials for K-Ion Batteries 357
Rekha Sharma, Sapna and Dinesh Kumar
14.1 Introduction 357
14.2 Titanium-Based Compounds 359
14.3 Some Other Materials for KIBs Such as K2Ti8O7
and K2Ti4O9 362
14.4 Promises and Challenges of KIBs 362
14.5 Summary and Future Scenario 364
Acknowledgments 366
References 366
Abbreviations 372
14.6 Summary 372
15 Fundamental Mechanism and Key Performance Factor
in K-Ion Batteries 373
Sapna Raghav, Pallavi Jain, Praveen Kumar Yadav
and Dinesh Kumar
15.1 Introduction 374
15.1.1 Primary vs. Secondary Batteries 376
15.1.2 Classification of Secondary Potassium Batteries 377
15.2 Recognizing Potential Materials for Their Usage
as a Cathode and Observing Their Storage Functionalities 377
15.3 Aqueous Potassium-Ion Batteries 380
15.3.1 KIB Electrolytes 381
15.3.2 Potassium Metal Batteries 381
15.3.3 K -- S Battery 383
15.4 Non-Aqueous Potassium-Ion Batteries 384
15.4.1 Cathode 384
15.4.1.1 Hexacyanometalates (HCM) 384
15.4.1.2 Layered Oxides 385
15.4.1.3 Polyanionic Frameworks 385
15.4.1.4 Organic Crystals 385
15.4.2 Anodes 386
15.4.2.1 Graphite 386
15.4.2.2 Other Carbonaceous Materials 386
15.5 Opportunities and Challenges 387
Acknowledgments 389
References 389
Index 397
Back to Top
Preface xiii
1 Phosphorous-Based Materials for K-Ion Batteries 1
Maryam Meshksar, Fatemeh Afshariani,
and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Principles of Potassium-Ion Batteries 5
1.2.1 Cathode Materials 6
1.2.2 Anode Materials 6
1.2.2.1 Carbon-Based Materials 8
1.2.2.2 Alloy-Based Anode Materials 9
1.3 Conclusions 13
List of Abbreviations 14
References 14
2 Antimony-Based Electrodes for Potassium Ion Batteries 19
S. Bharadwaj, M. Chaitanya Varma and Ramesh Singampalli
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Insight of Experimental Method 21
2.2.1 Synthesis Methods 21
2.2.2 Characterization Tools 22
2.2.3 Measurement Techniques 22
2.3 KIB as Batteries 23
2.3.1 Progress in KIB 23
2.4 Use of Antimony (Sb) Based K-Ion Batteries (KIB) 24
2.4.1 What Is Antimony? 24
2.4.2 Structure of Antimony Based KIB 25
2.4.3 Antimony Used in KIBs 25
2.4.4 Research Based on K -- Sb Ion Batteries
in the Last 5 Years 27
2.5 DFT Studies 32
2.6 Future Perceptive and Challenges 34
References 36
3 K-Ion Battery Practical Application Toward
Grid-Energy Storage 43
Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Maryam Zarei, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Chin Wei Lai and Sonia Bahrani
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 Intercalation Reaction 50
3.3 Cathode Materials 60
3.3.1 Layered Metal Oxides 60
3.3.2 Prussian Blue Analogs 62
3.3.3 Polyanionic-Based Compounds 65
3.3.4 Organic Materials 68
3.4 Anode Materials 70
3.4.1 Carbon-Based Materials 70
3.4.2 Non-Carbonaceous Materials 73
3.4.3 Alloy-Based Materials 76
3.4.4 Organic Anodes 78
3.5 Electrolyte and Binder 81
3.6 Conclusions 83
References 83
4 Mn-Based Materials for K-Ion Batteries 97
Pallavi Jain, Palak Pant, Sapna Raghav and Dinesh Kumar
4.1 Introduction 98
4.2 Anode Material 102
4.3 Cathode Materials 103
4.3.1 Manganese Layered Compounds 104
4.3.2 Manganese Based Multi-Layered Compounds 106
4.3.3 Prussian Blue Analogs 108
4.4 Electrolyte 110
4.5 Perspectives 110
4.6 Conclusion 112
Acknowledgment 113
References 113
5 Electrode Materials for K-Ion Batteries and Applications 121
M. Prakash, N. Suresh Kumar, K. Chandra Babu Naidu,
M.S.S.R.K.N. Sarma, Prasun Banerjee, R. Jeevan Kumar,
Ramyakrishna Pothu and Rajender Boddula
5.1 Introduction 122
5.1.1 Why Batteries? 122
5.1.2 Background of Rechargeable Batteries 123
5.1.3 Classification of Batteries 123
5.1.4 Potassium Ion Battery 125
5.2 Conclusions 131
References 132
6 Active Materials for Flexible K-Ion Batteries 135
Prasun Banerjee, Adolfo Franco Jr, K. Chandra Babu Naidu,
D. Baba Basha, Ramyakrishna Pothu and Rajender Boddula
6.1 Introduction 136
6.2 Flexible Prussian Blue 136
6.3 Flexible Carbon Nanotube/Prussian Blue 137
6.4 Flexible Film From the Trace of Pencil 138
6.5 Flexible Carbon Nanofiber Mat 139
6.6 Flexible SeS2 -- Porous Carbon 139
6.7 Flexible ReS2 -- Nanofiber Carbon 140
6.8 Conclusions 141
Acknowledgments 142
References 142
7 Hollow Nanostructures for K-Ion Batteries 145
Peetam Mandal and Mitali Saha
7.1 Introduction 145
7.2 Current Scenario of Nanostructured Materials
for K-Ion Batteries 146
7.3 Hollow Nanostructure Based K-Ion Batteries 148
7.3.1 Metallic Hollow Nanostructured Anodes
for K-Ion Batteries 149
7.3.2 Carbonaceous Hollow Nanostructured Anodes
for K-Ion Batteries 151
7.4 Conclusion 158
References 159
8 Polyanion Materials for K-Ion Batteries 165
Shankara S. Kalanur, Hyungtak Seo and Basanth S. Kalanoor
8.1 Introduction 166
8.2 Potassium-Ion Batteries 167
8.3 Cathode Materials for Potassium-Ion Batteries 168
8.4 Polyanionic Materials 169
8.4.1 The NASICON and Anti-NASICON
Structured Polyanions 170
8.4.2 Olivine Structured Polyanion Materials 172
8.4.3 Tavorite Structured Polyanion Materials 173
8.5 Polyanions as Cathode Material
for Potassium-Ion Batteries 174
8.5.1 Potassium-Based Fluorosulfates 174
8.5.2 Amorphous Potassium-Based Iron Phosphates 175
8.5.3 Potassium-Based Double Phosphates of Titanium 176
8.5.4 Potassium-Based Vanadyl Phosphates 177
8.5.5 Potassium-Based Vanadyl Flourophosphates 179
8.6 Summary and Outlook 182
References 183
9 Fundamental Mechanism and Key Performance Factor
in K-Ion Batteries 189
Sapna Raghav, Pallavi Jain, Praveen Kumar Yadav
and Dinesh Kumar
9.1 Introduction 190
9.1.1 Primary vs. Secondary Batteries 192
9.1.2 Classification of Secondary Potassium Batteries 193
9.2 Recognizing Potential Materials for Their Usage
as a Cathode and Observing Their Storage Functionalities 193
9.3 Aqueous Potassium-Ion Batteries 195
9.3.1 KIB Electrolytes 196
9.3.2 Potassium Metal Batteries 197
9.3.3 K -- S Battery 199
9.4 Non-Aqueous Potassium-Ion Batteries 200
9.4.1 Cathode 200
9.4.1.1 Hexacyanometalates (HCM) 200
9.4.1.2 Layered Oxides 200
9.4.1.3 Polyanionic Frameworks 201
9.4.1.4 Organic Crystals 201
9.4.2 Anodes 201
9.4.2.1 Graphite 202
9.4.2.2 Other Carbonaceous Materials 202
9.5 Opportunities and Challenges 203
Acknowledgments 204
References 205
10 Fabrication of the Components of K-Ion Batteries:
Material Selection and the Cell Assembly Techniques
Toward the Higher Battery Performance 213
Iqra Reyaz Hamdani and Ashok N. Bhaskarwar
10.1 Introduction 214
10.2 Recent Materials Studied for Cathodes 217
10.2.1 Cathodes Based on Transition-Metal Oxides 217
10.2.2 Cathodes Based on Transition-Metal Polyanions 230
10.2.3 Cathodes Based on Organic Compounds 247
10.3 Anodes 247
10.3.1 Intercalation Anodes 250
10.3.2 Conversion Anodes 265
10.3.3 Alloying Anodes 272
10.3.4 Organic Compounds 279
10.4 Electrolytes and Binders 280
10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 282
Acknowledgment 282
References 283
11 MXenes for K-Ion Batteries 293
Jingya Feng, Oi Lun Li, Qixun Xia and Aiguo Zhou
11.1 Introduction 293
11.2 Synthesis Method of MXene 295
11.2.1 Synthesis of Ti3C2Tx MXene 297
11.2.2 Synthesis of K2Ti4O9 (M -- KTO) 298
11.2.3 Synthesis of Alkalized Ti3C2 MXene Nanosheets 299
11.3 Structure and Electrochemical Properties of MXenes 300
11.3.1 Ti3C2 MXene 300
11.3.2 K2Ti4O9 (M -- KTO) 300
11.3.3 Alkalized Ti3C2 MXene Nanosheetsis
as Electrode Materials 305
11.4 Summary and Outlook 307
Acknowledgments 308
References 308
12 Metal Sulfides for K-Ion Batteries 313
Xinxin Hu, Ningyuan Zhang, Nanasaheb M. Shinde,
Rajaram S. Mane, Qixun Xia and Kwang Ho Kim
12.1 Introduction 314
12.2 Synthesis Approaches 315
12.2.1 SnS2-Based Composites 315
12.2.2 MoS2-Based Composites 317
12.2.3 CoS-Based Composites 319
12.2.4 Sb2S3-Based Composites 320
12.2.5 FeS2-Based Composites 321
12.2.6 Ni3S2-Based Composites 322
12.2.7 ReS2/N-CNFs 322
12.3 Structures, Properties, and K-Ion Battery Applications 324
12.3.1 SnS2-Based Composites 324
12.3.2 MoS2-Based Composites 325
12.3.3 CoS-Based Composites 326
12.3.4 Sb2S3-Based Composites 328
12.3.5 FeS2-Based Composites 329
12.3.6 Ni3S2-Based Composites 329
12.4 Summary and Outlook 331
Acknowledgments 331
References 331
13 Electrodes for Potassium Oxygen Batteries 337
Kritika S. Sharma, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar
13.1 Introduction 337
13.2 Categorization of Potassium Secondary Batteries 340
13.3 Potassium−Oxygen Battery 341
13.4 State-of-the-Art or Current Status 341
13.4.1 High Capacity Sb-Based Anode 341
13.4.2 Enhanced Cycle Life by Functionally
Graded Cathode (FGC) 342
13.5 Advancement in Rechargeable Alkali Metal -- O2 Cells 343
13.5.1 Metal Anodes 343
13.5.2 O2-Cathodes 346
13.5.2.1 C-Cathodes 346
13.5.2.2 Non-C-Cathodes 348
13.6 Conclusion 349
Acknowledgment 351
References 352
14 Ti-Based Materials for K-Ion Batteries 357
Rekha Sharma, Sapna and Dinesh Kumar
14.1 Introduction 357
14.2 Titanium-Based Compounds 359
14.3 Some Other Materials for KIBs Such as K2Ti8O7
and K2Ti4O9 362
14.4 Promises and Challenges of KIBs 362
14.5 Summary and Future Scenario 364
Acknowledgments 366
References 366
Abbreviations 372
14.6 Summary 372
15 Fundamental Mechanism and Key Performance Factor
in K-Ion Batteries 373
Sapna Raghav, Pallavi Jain, Praveen Kumar Yadav
and Dinesh Kumar
15.1 Introduction 374
15.1.1 Primary vs. Secondary Batteries 376
15.1.2 Classification of Secondary Potassium Batteries 377
15.2 Recognizing Potential Materials for Their Usage
as a Cathode and Observing Their Storage Functionalities 377
15.3 Aqueous Potassium-Ion Batteries 380
15.3.1 KIB Electrolytes 381
15.3.2 Potassium Metal Batteries 381
15.3.3 K -- S Battery 383
15.4 Non-Aqueous Potassium-Ion Batteries 384
15.4.1 Cathode 384
15.4.1.1 Hexacyanometalates (HCM) 384
15.4.1.2 Layered Oxides 385
15.4.1.3 Polyanionic Frameworks 385
15.4.1.4 Organic Crystals 385
15.4.2 Anodes 386
15.4.2.1 Graphite 386
15.4.2.2 Other Carbonaceous Materials 386
15.5 Opportunities and Challenges 387
Acknowledgments 389
References 389
Index 397
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BISAC SUBJECT HEADINGS
TEC031010 : TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Power Resources / Alternative & Renewable
SCI024000 : SCIENCE / Energy
BUS070040 : BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Industries / Energy
BIC CODES
THRH: Energy conversion & storage
TDCB: Chemical engineering
TGM: Materials science
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