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Sustainable Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors

Edited by Inamuddin, Tariq Altalhi and Sayed Mohammed Adnan
Copyright: 2023   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781394166237  |  Hardcover  |  
464 pages | 110 illustrations
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
The book highlights the properties of sustainable materials for the production of commercial electrochemical capacitors.

Audience
This is a useful guide for engineers, materials scientists, physicists, and innovators, who are linked to the development and applications of electrochemical capacitors.

Description
Sustainable Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors details the progress in the usage of ubiquitous environmentally sustainable materials. Due to their cost effectiveness, flexible forms, frequent accessibility, and environmentally friendly nature, electrochemical capacitors with significant surface areas of their carbon components are quite common. Many novel ways for using bio-derived components in highly efficient electrochemical capacitors are being established as a consequence of current research, and this book provides details of all these developments.
The book provides:
• A broad overview of properties explored for the development of electrochemical capacitors;
• Introduces potential applications of electrochemical capacitors;
• Highlights sustainable materials exploited for the production of electrochemical capacitors;
• Presents commercial potential of electrochemical capacitors.

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Author / Editor Details
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 170 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. His current research interests include ion exchange materials, a sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors, and bending actuators.


Tariq Altalhi, PhD, is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management, converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes, and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material. He also researches natural extracts and their application in the generation of value-added products such as nanomaterials.

Sayed Mohammed Adnan, PhD, is a faculty member of the Department of Chemical Engineering, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, India.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Sustainable Materials for Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Eco Materials
R. Kumar and R. Thangappan
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Eco-Carbon-Based Electrode Materials
1.3 Eco-Metal Oxide-Based Electrode Materials
1.4 Eco-Carbon-Based Material/Metal Oxide Composite Electrode Materials
1.5 Conclusion
References
2. Solid Waste-Derived Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors
Shreeganesh Subraya Hegde and Badekai Ramachandra Bhat
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Solid Waste as a Source of CNS
2.3 Preparation and Activation Methods of Solid Waste-Derived CNS
2.4 Effect of Structural and Morphological Diversities on Electrochemical Performance
2.5 Environmental Trash-Derived CNS in Electrochemical Capacitors
2.6 Challenges and Future Prospects
2.7 Conclusions
References
3. Metal Hydroxides
Rida Fatima, Sania Naseer, Muhammad Rehan Hasan Shah Gilani, Muhammad Aamir and Javeed Akhtar
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Method to Fabricate Metal Hydroxide
3.2.1 Precipitation Strategy
3.2.2 Post-Uniting and Metal Cation Consolidation Strategy
3.2.3 Ion Exchange Method
3.2.4 Sonochemical Method
3.2.5 Hydrothermal Method
3.2.6 Polyol Synthesis
3.3 Properties and Applications of MOHs
3.3.1 MOH Flame Retardants
3.3.1.1 Alumina Tri-Hydrate (ATH) and Milk of Magnesia
3.3.1.2 Utilization of Mg(OH)2 as a Flame Resistance in Plastics
3.3.2 MOHs Sludge Can Be Used as Latest Adsorbent
3.3.3 Metal Hydroxide MOH Nanostructures
3.3.4 MOHs for Supercapacitor Electrode Materials
3.3.5 Drugs or Pharmaceutical Applications
3.3.5.1 Ca(OH)2 Used in Dental Practice
3.3.6 Removal of Toxins from the Water
3.3.6.1 Water’s Physical and Chemical Characteristics
3.3.6.2 Types of Wastewater
3.3.6.3 Treatment Techniques of Wastewater
3.3.6.4 Metal Hydroxide for Treatment of Wastewater
3.4 Examples of Metal Hydroxide
3.4.1 Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2
3.4.1.1 Utilizations of Ca(OH)2 in Dental Detailing of Ca(OH)2 (Glues)
3.4.1.2 Materials for Setting the Therapeutic Effect
3.4.1.3 Covering of Pits
3.4.2 Magnesium Hydroxide Mg(OH)2
3.4.3 Copper Hydroxide
3.4.4 Graphene Hydroxide
3.4.5 Nickel Hydroxides
3.4.6 Aluminum Hydroxide
3.4.6.1 Sources of Human Exposure in the Environment
3.4.6.2 Natural Levels and Exposure to the Environment and Humans
3.4.6.3 Kinetics and Metabolism in Humans
3.4.6.4 Animals
3.5 Conclusions
References
4. Porous Organic Polymers: Genres, Chemistry, Synthetic Strategies, and Diversified Applications
V. Renuga
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Family of Porous Organic Materials
4.2.1 Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
4.2.1.1 Historical Development of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs
4.2.1.2 Chemistry of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
4.2.1.3 Classifications of COFs
4.2.1.4 Synthetic Strategy Adopted for COFs Formation
4.2.1.5 Characterization COF
4.2.1.6 Applications of COF
4.2.2 Covalent Triazine Frameworks (CTF)
4.2.2.1 Historical Development of CTF
4.2.2.2 Chemistry of CTFs
4.2.2.3 Synthesize of CTFs
4.2.2.4 Characterizations of CTFs
4.2.2.5 Applications of CTF
4.2.3 Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymers (HCPs)
4.2.3.1 Historical Development
4.2.3.2 Chemistry of HCPs
4.2.3.3 Synthesis of HCPs
4.2.3.4 Characterization and Applications of HCP
4.2.3.5 Applications of HCPs
4.2.4 Conjugated Micro Porous Polymers (CMP)
4.2.4.1 Historical Development and Selected Advances of Conjugated Micro Porous Polymers
4.2.4.2 Design and Synthetic Strategy Adopted for Synthesizing CMPs
4.2.4.3 Characterization of Conjugated Microporous Polymers (CMP)
4.2.4.4 Applications of CMPs
4.2.5 Porous Aromatic Frameworks (PAFs)
4.2.5.1 Historical Development of PAF
4.2.5.2 Chemistry of PAF
4.2.5.3 Design Principles and Synthetic Strategy Adopted to Synthesize PAFs
4.2.5.4 Synthesize of PAFs
4.2.5.5 PAF Characterization
4.2.5.6 Applications
4.2.6 Porous Organic Cages
4.2.6.1 Characterization of Organic Cages
4.3 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
5. Gel-Type Natural Polymers as Electroconductive Materials
Arshpreet Kaur, Madhvi and Dhiraj Sud
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Natural Polymers
5.2.1 Hydrogels
5.2.2 Classification of Hydrogels
5.2.3 Composition of Hydrogels
5.2.4 Natural Polymers Derived Hydrogels
5.2.5 Cellulose-Based Hydrogels
5.2.6 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels
5.2.7 Xanthan Gum-Based Hydrogels
5.2.8 Sea Weed-Derived Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels
5.2.9 Protein-Based Hydrogels
5.2.10 DNA-Based Hydrogels
5.3 Synthesis Methods for Fabrication of Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels
5.3.1 Natural Polymer-Based Chemically Cross-Linked Hydrogels
5.3.2 Grafting Method
5.3.3 Radical Polymerization Method
5.3.4 Irradiation Method
5.3.5 Enzymatic Reaction Method
5.4 Natural Polymer-Based Physically Cross-Linked Hydrogels
5.4.1 By Freezing and Thawing Cycles
5.4.2 By Hydrogen Bonding
5.4.3 By Ionic Interactions
5.5 Properties of Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels
5.5.1 Mechanical Properties
5.5.2 Biodegradability
5.5.3 Swelling Characteristics
5.6 Stimuli Sensitivity of Hydrogels
5.7 Application of Hydrogels as Electrochemical Supercapacitors
5.7.1 Types of Supercapacitors
5.7.2 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC)
5.7.3 Pseudo Capacitor
5.7.4 Asymmetric or Hybrid Supercapacitors
5.8 Conducting Polymer Hydrogels as Electrode Materials
5.9 Conducting Polymer Hydrogels as Electrolyte Materials
5.10 Conclusion
References
6. Ionic Liquids for Supercapacitors
Guocai Tian
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Brief Introduction of Supercapacitor
6.2.1 Supercapacitor and Its Classification
6.2.2 Electrolyte of Supercapacitor
6.3 Ionic Liquids and Its Unique Properties
6.4 Application of Ionic Liquids in Supercapacitors
6.4.1 Pure Ionic Liquid as Electrolyte
6.4.1.1 Aprotic Ionic Liquids
6.4.1.2 Proton Ionic Liquids
6.4.1.3 Functionalized Ionic Liquids
6.4.2 Mixture Electrolyte of Ionic Liquids
6.4.2.1 Binary of Ionic Liquids
6.4.2.2 Mixed Electrolyte of Organic Solvent and Ionic Liquids
6.4.2.3 Mixed Electrolyte of Ionic Liquid and Ionic Salt
6.5 Conclusion and Prospective
Acknowledgments
References
7. Functional Binders for Electrochemical Capacitors
Purnima Baruah and Debajyoti Mahanta
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Characteristics of Binder
7.3 Method of Fabricating Supercapacitor Electrode
7.4 Mechanism of Binding Process
7.5 Classification of Binders
7.5.1 On the Basis of Origin
7.5.2 On the Basis of Reactivity
7.6 Characterization Techniques
7.7 Conventional Binders and Related Issues
7.8 Sustainable Binders
7.9 Conclusion
References
8. Sustainable Substitutes for Fluorinated Electrolytes in Electrochemical Capacitors
Sina Yaghoubi, Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Aziz Babapoor and Chin Wei Lai
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fluorinated Electrolytes
8.3 Sustainable Substitutes for Fluorinated Electrolytes
8.3.1 Aqueous Electrolytes
8.3.1.1 Seawater
8.3.1.2 Aqueous Solution of Redox-Active Ligands as Electrolytes
8.3.2 Organic Electrolytes
8.3.3 Solid-State Electrolytes
8.4 Performance of Sustainable Electrolytes Compared to Fluorinated Electrolytes
8.4.1 Strongly Acidic Electrolytes
8.4.2 Strong Alkaline Electrolytes
8.4.3 Neutral Electrolytes
8.4.4 Organic Electrolytes
8.5 Final Remarks
References
9. Aqueous Redox-Active Electrolytes
Ranganatha S.
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Effect of the Electrolyte on Supercapacitor Performance
9.3 Aqueous Electrolytes
9.4 Acidic Electrolytes
9.4.1 Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors
9.4.2 H2SO4 Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors
9.5 Alkaline Electrolytes
9.5.1 Alkaline Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors
9.5.2 Alkaline Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors
9.6 Neutral Electrolyte
9.6.1 Neutral Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors
9.6.2 Neutral Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors
9.7 Conclusion and Future Research Directions
References
10. Biodegradable Electrolytes
Tuba Saleem, Ijaz Rasul, Habibullah Nadeem, Sanora Sehar and Arfaa Sajid
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of Biodegradable Electrolytes
10.2.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes
10.2.2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes
10.2.3 Composite Polymer Electrolytes
10.3 Preparation of Biodegradable Electrolytes
10.4 Some Defined Ways to Increase the Ionic Conductivity
10.4.1 Polymer Blending
10.4.2 Incorporation of Additives
10.5 Factors Affecting Ion Conduction of Biodegradable Polymer Electrolytes
10.6 Properties of Ideal Biodegradable Electrolyte System
10.7 Applications of Biodegradable Electrolytes
10.7.1 Biodegradable Electrolytes in Fuel Cells
10.7.2 Biodegradable Electrolytes and Batteries
10.7.3 Supercapacitors in Terms of Biodegradable Electrolytes
10.7.4 Biodegradable Electrolytes in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
10.8 Conclusion
References
11. Supercapattery: An Electrochemical Energy Storage Device
Fiona Joyline Mascarenhas, Shreeganesh Subraya Hegde and Badekai Ramachandra Bhat
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Batteries and Capacitors
11.3 Supercapattery Device and Electrode Materials
11.3.1 Metal-Based Materials and Their Composites
11.3.2 Polymers and their Composites
11.3.3 Carbon Materials and Their Composites
11.4 Advantages and Challenges of Supercapatteries
11.5 Conclusions
References
12. Ceramic Multilayers and Films for High‑Performance Supercapacitors
Sonali Verma, Bhavya Padha and Sandeep Arya
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Different Types of Ceramic Materials
12.2.1 Metal Oxides
12.2.2 Multi-Elemental Oxides
12.2.2.1 Spinel Oxides
12.2.2.2 Barium Titanate (BaTiO3)
12.2.2.3 Other Unique Ceramics for Supercapacitors
12.3 Multilayer Structure
12.4 Supercapacitors Based on Ceramic Materials
12.4.1 Metal Oxide Ceramics
12.4.2 Multi-Elemental Oxide Ceramics
12.4.3 Other Special Ceramics
12.5 Challenges and Prospects
12.6 Conclusion
References
13. Potential Applications in Sustainable Supercapacitors
Pitchaimani Veerakumar
Abbreviations
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Fundamentals and Components of SCs
13.2.1 Conventional Capacitor
13.2.2 Specific Capacitance
13.2.3 Specific Energy and Power Density
13.2.4 Electrolytes
13.2.5 Separators
13.2.6 Current Collectors
13.3 Sustainable Nanomaterials in SCs
13.3.1 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLCs)
13.3.2 Pseudocapacitors (PC)
13.3.3 Asymmetric Supercapacitor
13.4 Sustainable Carbon Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
13.4.1 Activated Carbon
13.4.2 Nitrogen-Doped Carbons
13.4.3 Sulphur-Doped Carbons
13.4.4 Boron-Doped Carbons
13.4.5 Phosphorus-Doped Carbons
13.4.6 Co-Doping of Carbons
13.5 Conclusions
References
14. Wearable Supercapacitors
Preety Ahuja, Sanjeev Kumar Ujjain, M. Ramanand Singh, Neelu Dheer and Rajni Kanojia
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Working Principle
14.3 Design of Electrode Materials
14.3.1 1D Yarn-Shaped Electrode
14.3.2 2D-Shaped Electrodes
14.3.3 3D-Shaped Supercapacitor
14.4 Wearable Supercapacitor
14.4.1 Material Selection
14.4.2 Mechanical Adaptability
14.4.3 Self-Healable
14.5 Integrated Application
14.5.1 Supercapacitor with Sensing Applications
14.5.2 Supercapacitor with Electrochromic Applications
14.5.3 Supercapacitor with Shape-Memory Applications
14.5.4 Supercapacitor with Energy Harvesting Applications
14.6 Conclusion
References
15. Electrospun Materials
Hina Sahar, Sania Naseer, Muhammad Rehan Hasan Shah Gilani, Syed Ali Raza Naqvi, Muhammad Aamir and Javeed Akhtar
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Brief History
15.2 Electrospinning Process
15.3 Advantages of Electrospinning Technique
15.4 Working Parameters of Electrospinning Process
15.4.1 Solution Parameters
15.4.2 Processing Parameters
15.4.3 Ambient Parameters
15.5 Electrospinning-Based Preparation Methods for Nanofibers
15.5.1 Melt Electrospinning
15.5.2 Solution Electrospinning
15.6 Formation of Pore in Electrospun Polymer Fibers
15.6.1 Breath Figures (BF)
15.6.2 Vapor-Induced Phase Separation (VIPS)
15.6.3 Non-Solvent-Induced Phase Separation (NIPS)
15.6.4 Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS)
15.6.5 Selective Removal
15.7 Modification of Electrospun Micro- and Nanofibers
15.7.1 Chemical Modification
15.7.1.1 Cross-Linking
15.7.1.2 Grafting
15.7.1.3 Wet Chemical Treatment Technique
15.7.2 Thermal Modifications
15.7.2.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Modification
15.7.2.2 Heating
15.7.3 Physical Modification
15.7.3.1 Plasma Treatment
15.7.3.2 Stretching
15.7.3.3 Layer-by-Layer
15.7.3.4 Spray-Based Methods
15.7.4 Physico-Chemical Modifications
15.8 Applications
15.8.1 Tissue Engineering
15.8.2 Wound Dressing
15.8.3 Drug Delivery
15.8.4 Water Treatment
15.8.4.1 Oil/Water Separation
15.8.4.2 Organic Dyes Removal
15.8.4.3 Heavy Metal Ions Removal
15.8.5 Sensors for Breath Analysis
15.8.6 Photocatalysis
15.8.7 Energy Storage Devices
15.8.8 Capacitors
15.8.9 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
15.8.10 Fuel Cells
15.8.11 Food and Food Packaging
15.9 Conclusion
References
16. Polysaccharide Biomaterials for Electrochemical Applications
Neelam Srivastava and Dipti Yadav
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Polysaccharides in Energy Devices
16.2.1 Polysaccharide-Based Electrolytes
16.2.2 Polysaccharide-Based Electrodes
16.2.2.1 Cellulose-Based Electrode Materials
16.2.2.2 Chitosan/Chitin-Based Electrode Materials
16.2.2.3 Starch-Based Electrode Materials
16.2.2.4 Gum-Based Electrode Materials
16.2.2.5 Alginates-Based Electrode Materials
16.2.2.6 Pectin-Based Electrode Materials
16.2.3 Conclusion
References
17. Polymer Inks for Printable Supercapacitors
Yurui Liu, Yijie Zhou and Yanfei Xu
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Screen Printing
17.3 Inkjet Printing
17.4 3D Printing
17.5 Conclusion and Outlook
References
18. Biomass-Derived Carbon for Supercapacitors
Priyadharshini M., Pazhanivel T. and Hariprasath K. R.
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Tuneable Physiochemical Properties
18.2.1 Effect of Morphology
18.2.2 Effect of the Activation Process
18.2.3 Effect of Doping
18.3 Synthesis Procedure
18.3.1 Pyrolysis
18.3.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization
18.3.3 Torre Faction
18.3.4 Gasification
18.4 Main Categories of Biomass
18.4.1 Plant-Based Biomass
18.4.2 Microorganism-Based Biomass
18.4.3 Animal-Based Biomass
18.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Index

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