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Sustainable Supercapacitors

Next-Generation of Green Energy Storage Devices

Edited by Basheer Ahamed and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
Copyright: 2024   |   Expected Pub Date:2024/10/30
ISBN: 9781394237876  |  Hardcover  |  
372 pages

One Line Description
This unique book provides an in-depth and systematic description of an
integrated approach for innovative functionalized nanomaterials, interfaces,
and sustainable supercapacitor fabrication platforms.

Audience
The book is ideal for a broad audience working in the fields of electrochemical sensors, analytical chemistry, chemistry and chemical engineering, materials science, nanotechnology, energy, environment, green chemistry, sustainability, electrical and electronic engineering, solid-state physics, surface science, device engineering and technology, etc. It will also be an invaluable reference source for libraries in universities and industrial institutions, government and independent institutes, individual research groups, and scientists working in supercapacitors.

Description
The requirement for energy-storing devices that can handle the necessary power for modern day electronic systems and the miniaturization of electronic devices, has sparked the evolution of energy-storing devices in their most portable forms. Integration of mini- or micro-powering devices with tiny electronic devices has led to the simultaneous evolution of nanomaterials and, correspondingly, nanotechnology. The nanotechnology evolution has provided the control and ability to restructure matter at the atomic and molecular levels on a scale of l-100 nm. Nanotechnology primarily aims to create materials, devices, and systems that exhibit fundamentally new properties and functions. As such, nanotechnology and functionalized nanomaterials have proven to be the ultimate frontier in the production of novel materials that have manufacturing longevity and cost-efficiency.
The integration of nanotechnology to produce functionalized nanomaterials and energy storage from electrochemical principles has established a new platform for science and technology. The integration of two technologies does not compromise their fundamentals and principles, but instead results in novel and high-performance supercapacitors.
This book consists of 11 chapters that review state-of-the-art technologies detailing:
•the developments in flexible fabric-type energy storage devices as well as hybrid fabrics for energy storage and harvesting in flexible wearable electronics;
•the role of electrolytes in the development of sustainable supercapacitors and the performance optimizations associated with them;
•green supercapacitors as sustainable energy storage devices;
•the materials used in sustainable supercapacitors, such as novel transition metal oxides, metal-organic frameworks, conductive polymers, and biomass-based, as well as their composites (binary and ternary);
•a discussion on the significance of material selection, emphasizing the properties and characteristics required for sustainable electrode materials;
•how supercapacitors, ultracapacitors, and electrostatic double-layer capacitors (EDLC) offer a more significant transient response, power density, low weight, low volume, and low internal resistance, making them suitable for several applications;
•how sustainable supercapacitors have steadily gained traction due to their potential for non-invasive health monitoring.

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Author / Editor Details
Basheer Ahamed, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Physics, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. He has 33 years of teaching experience to undergraduate and postgraduate students and more than 20 years of research experience in nanotechnology and laser technology. He has published more than 100 research papers in reputed international journals and has 35 papers in national and international conferences, 21 book chapters, two edited books, and one authored book to his credit. His current research interests include supercapacitors, polymer nanocomposite materials for energy storage and EMI shielding applications, and nanomaterials.

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an adjunct professor and director of laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, United States. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of around 150 books, including scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Flexible Sustainable Supercapacitors
S. Siva Shalini, R. Balamurugan, I. Ajin and A. Chandra Bose
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Flexible Electrodes
1.3 Electrode Materials
1.4 Modifying Techniques to Enhance Electrochemical Performance
1.5 Flexible Supercapacitors
1.6 Sustainable Supercapacitors
1.7 Conclusions
References
2. Role of Electrolytes in Sustainable Supercapacitors
Soumya Jha and R. Prasanth
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Parameters Characterizing Sustainable Supercapacitors and Their Interactions with Electrolytes
2.2.1 Capacitance
2.2.2 Power Density and Energy Density
2.2.3 Equivalent Series Resistance
2.2.4 Cycle Life
2.2.5 Self-Discharge Rate
2.2.6 Thermal Stability
2.3 Different Types of Electrolytes Used in Sustainable Supercapacitors
2.3.1 Aqueous Electrolytes
2.3.2 Organic Electrolytes
2.3.3 Ionic Liquid Electrolytes
2.3.4 Solid and Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes
2.3.5 Redox Active Electrolytes
2.4 Difficulties Associated with Electrolytes in a Sustainable Supercapacitor
2.5 Potential Research Avenues for Resolving the Problems with Electrolytes
2.5.1 Improving the Potential Window of Electrolyte Values to Boost the Energy Density of the SCs
2.5.2 Increasing the Purity of Electrolytes
2.5.3 Enhancing the Compatibility of the Electrode Materials and Electrolyte to Improve Overall Performance
2.5.4 Effect of Ionic Radii at the Electrode–Electrolyte Interface to Enhance Overall Supercapacitive Performance
2.5.5 Extend Basic Comprehension via Theoretical and Experimental Research
2.5.6 Expanding the Temperature Range Where the SC Functions
2.5.7 Standardization of Technique for Evaluating Electrolyte Performance
2.6 Conclusion
References
3. Green Supercapacitors
Priya R. and S. Sonia
3.1 Introduction
3.2 History of Supercapacitors
3.3 Supercapacitors
3.3.1 Mechanism
3.3.2 Supercapacitor Specifications
3.3.3 Characteristics of a Supercapacitor
3.3.3.1 Charging Time
3.3.3.2 Specific Performance of SCs
3.3.3.3 Supercapacitor Life Cycle
3.3.3.4 Safety of Supercapacitors
3.4 Advantages of Supercapacitors
3.5 Disadvantages of Supercapacitors
3.6 Applications of Supercapacitors
3.7 Classification of Supercapacitors
3.7.1 Electrostatic Double-Layer Capacitors
3.7.1.1 Electrodes
3.7.1.2 Electrolyte
3.7.1.3 Separator
3.7.1.4 Carbon Nanotubes
3.7.2 Pseudo-Capacitors
3.7.2.1 Working Principle of a Pseudo-Capacitor
3.7.2.2 Classifications of Pseudo-Capacitors
3.7.2.3 Advantages of Pseudo-Capacitors
3.7.2.4 Disadvantages of Pseudo-Capacitors
3.7.2.5 Applications of Pseudo-Capacitors
3.7.3 Hybrid Capacitors
3.8 Importance of Supercapacitors in Our Everyday Life
3.9 The Future of Supercapacitors
3.10 Comparison of Supercapacitor versus Battery
3.11 Role of Metal–Organic Framework in Supercapacitors
3.12 Eco-Friendly Supercapacitors
3.13 Conclusions
References
4. Materials for Sustainable Supercapacitors
Arunima Verma, Vandana and Tanuj Kumar
4.1 Introduction to Supercapacitors and Sustainability
4.1.1 Overview of Supercapacitor Technology
4.1.1.1 Characteristics of Supercapacitor Technology
4.1.1.2 Application of Supercapacitor
4.1.2 Importance of Sustainability in Energy Storage
4.2 Fundamentals of Supercapacitors
4.2.1 Basic Principles of Supercapacitor Operation
4.2.2 Types of Supercapacitors: Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLCs)
4.3 Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Materials for Supercapacitors
4.3.1 Substances Derived from Carbon
4.3.2 Components Found in Biomass
4.3.3 Porous Organic Polymers (POPs)
4.3.4 Metal–Organic Frameworks
4.3.5 Electrolytes
4.4 Advancements in Electrode Materials
4.4.1 Carbon-Based Materials: Activated Carbon, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphene
4.4.2 Conductive Polymers
4.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
4.5.1 Current Limitations in Sustainable Supercapacitor Technology
4.5.2 Future Research Directions and Potential Breakthroughs
4.6 Conclusions
References
5. Role of Material Selection and Fabrication Approach in the Performance of Sustainable Supercapacitors
S. Sreehari, A. V. Mahadev, D. A. Nayana, Dinesh Raj R., P. K. Manoj and Arun Aravind
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
5.2.1 Carbon-Based Materials
5.2.1.1 Activated Carbons (ACs)
5.2.1.2 Carbide-Derived Carbons (CDCs)
5.2.1.3 Other Carbon Materials
5.2.2 Metal Oxide-Based Materials
5.2.3 Conducting Polymers (CPs)
5.2.4 Nanocomposites of Carbon Materials, CPs, and MOs
5.2.5 Modern-Day Materials
5.2.5.1 MXenes
5.2.5.2 Metal Nitrides
5.2.5.3 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
5.2.5.4 Black Phosphorus (BP)
5.2.6 The Electrolytes
5.3 Fabrication Techniques for Supercapacitors
5.3.1 Electrode Fabrication
5.3.1.1 Laser Processing
5.3.1.2 3D Printing
5.3.1.3 Sol-Gel Method
5.3.1.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
5.3.1.5 Electrochemical Deposition
5.3.2 Electrolyte Fabrication
5.3.2.1 Gel Polymer Electrolyte (GPE)
5.3.2.2 Aqueous Electrolytes
5.3.2.3 Redox Additive Electrolyte (RAE)
5.3.3 Separator Fabrication
5.3.3.1 Polymer-Based Membranes
5.3.3.2 Ceramic-Based Separators
5.3.3.3 Bio-Based Separator Membranes
5.4 Conclusion
References
6. Electronics and Communication Applications
Umesh V. Shembade, Mayuri G. Magadum, Sandeep B. Wategaonkar, Gopinath S. Khansole and Annasaheb V. Moholkar
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamentals of SCs
6.3 Environmental Impact
6.3.1 Structure and Specifications
6.3.2 Classifications
6.3.3 Electrode Materials and Their Role in SCs
6.4 Technological Aspects for SCs
6.5 Role of SCs in the Electronics Sector
6.5.1 Starter
6.5.2 Hybrid Vehicle
6.5.3 Uninterruptable Power Supplies (UPS)
6.5.4 Mobile Handsets
6.6 Future Prospects of SCs in the Electronics Sector
6.7 Role of SCs in the Communications Sector
6.8 Future Prospects of SCs in the Communications Sector
6.9 Summary and Conclusion
References
7. Energy Storage Breakthroughs: Supercapacitors in Healthcare Applications
Jyoti Prakash Das, Sang Jae Kim and Ananthakumar Ramadoss
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Supercapacitors
7.3 Material Selection for Bio-Compatible Supercapacitor
7.3.1 Biocompatibility
7.3.2 Stable Performance
7.3.3 Mechanical Endurance
7.3.4 Design Flexibility
7.3.5 Modification Strategies
7.4 External Power Supply for Health Monitoring
7.4.1 Health Monitoring
7.4.2 Remote Location Treatment
7.4.3 Therapy
7.4.4 Implantable Devices
7.5 Bio-Based Supercapacitor Integration
7.5.1 Electrodes
7.5.2 Separator
7.5.3 Electrolyte
7.5.4 Current Collector/Packaging
7.6 Charging Strategy
7.6.1 Photovoltaic
7.6.2 Ultrasonic
7.6.3 RF Energy/Inductive Coupling Charging
7.6.4 Chemical Energy
7.6.5 Mechanical Energy
7.7 Challenges and Future Prospects
7.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
8. Recent Trends in the Development of Sustainable Supercapacitors
Sandeep B. Wategaonkar, Umesh V. Shembade, Mayuri G. Magadum, Jaywant V. Mane, Prathamesh B. Patil, Tushar T. Bhosale, Nishigandha B. Chougale and Annasaheb V. Moholkar
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Recent Trends in Electrode Materials
8.2.1 Carbon-Based Electrodes
8.2.2 Metal Oxide-Based Electrode Materials
8.3 Role of Different Electrolytes in the Field of Sustainable SCs
8.3.1 Types of Electrolytes
8.4 Recent Trends in the Synthesis Mechanism for Sustainable SCs
8.4.1 Chemical Synthesis
8.5 Green Synthesis of the Sustainable SCs
8.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects of Sustainable SCs
References
9. Cyclic Stability and Capacitance Retention of MXene-Based Supercapacitors
Muhammad Akmal Kosnan, Mohd Asyadi Azam and Akito Takasaki
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Cyclic Stability and Capacitance/Capacity Retention of Supercapacitors and Batteries
9.2.1 Cyclic Stability and Capacitance Retention of MXene-Based Supercapacitors
9.2.1.1 Individual MXene-Based Supercapacitors
9.2.1.2 MXene-Graphene-Based Supercapacitors
9.2.1.3 MXene-CNT-Based Supercapacitors
9.2.1.4 MXene-Carbon Allotrope-Based Supercapacitors
9.2.1.5 MXene-TMD-Based Supercapacitors
9.2.1.6 MXene-Metal Oxide-Based Supercapacitors
9.2.1.7 MXene-Polymer-Based Supercapacitors
9.2.1.8 Comparison with Other 2D Materials
9.3 Challenges, Limitations, and Future Prospects of MXene-Based Energy Storage Devices
9.4 Potential Future Directions
9.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
10. Current Status of Sustainable Supercapacitors
Priya R. and S. Sonia
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Supercapacitors
10.3 Necessity of Supercapacitors
10.4 Electrostatic Double-Layer Capacitors
10.4.1 Carbon-Based Supercapacitors
10.4.2 Graphene-Based Supercapacitors
10.5 Hybrid-Based Supercapacitors
10.6 Pseudo Capacitors
10.6.1 Polymer-Based Supercapacitors
10.6.2 Metal–Organic Framework-Based Supercapacitors
10.7 Green Supercapacitors
10.8 Current Challenges of Supercapacitors
10.9 Future Scope of Supercapacitors
10.10 Conclusions
References
11. Future Perspective of Sustainable Supercapacitors
Umesh V. Shembade, Rishikesh A. Moholkar, Rohan S. Khot, Tushar T. Bhosale, Nishigandha B. Chougale, Mayuri G. Magadum, Sandeep B. Wategaonkar and Annasaheb V. Moholkar
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Research Motivation and Objectives of the Sustainable SCs
11.3 The Challenges for Sustainable SCs
11.3.1 Technical Problems
11.3.2 Choice of Electrodes and Electrolytes
11.3.2.1 Role of the Electrode Material in the Field of Sustainable SCs
11.3.3 Role of the Electrolytes in the Sustainable SCs
11.3.4 Fabrication of Symmetric and Asymmetric Solid-State Hybrid Device
11.3.5 Determination of the Retention and Reversibility
11.4 Technical Aspect
11.4.1 Flexible and Sustainable Hybrid Device
11.4.2 Composite or Doping
11.4.3 New Approach and Transparency
11.5 Application-Level Aspects for Sustainable SCs
11.6 Future Perspectives and Challenges for the Sustainable SCs
11.7 Conclusion
References
Index

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