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Submit a ProposalGeoengineering and Climate Change
 | Methods, Risks, and Governance Edited by Martin Beech Series: Astrobiology Perspectives on Life in the Universe Copyright: 2025 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394204380 | Hardcover | 468 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
This important and timely book assembles expert scientists from both sides of the debate to discuss Earth-based and space-based climate intervention technologies including the scale, deployment, risk management, and moral philosophy behind these technologies.
Audience
This book will be of interest to engineers, chemists, geologists, physicists, biologists, environmentalists, meteorologists, philosophers, mathematicians, computer modelers, and policy managers. General readers interested in geoengineering will find the book very readable and scientifically reliable.
This book will be of interest to engineers, chemists, geologists, physicists, biologists, environmentalists, meteorologists, philosophers, mathematicians, computer modelers, and policy managers. General readers interested in geoengineering will find the book very readable and scientifically reliable.
Description
The role that geoengineering might play, within the context of global warming amelioration, has long been contentious. For all this, geoengineering is about getting down and dirty with respect to the issue of climate intervention. Often dismissed as an option of last resort, geoengineering is now emerging as a key component in humanity’s drive to bring the impacts of global warming under some form of mitigation and control. While geoengineering does not solve the fundamental problem of continued anthropomorphic carbon dioxide emissions, the root cause of global warming, it is an option that can effectively buy humanity some much-needed time. Time, that is, to act positively, and time to introduce meaningful emission reductions, and deploy large-scale sequestration technologies. Indeed, the failure to meaningfully corral greenhouse gas emission levels, and the slow development of large-scale carbon capture technologies, will, by the close of the 21st century, likely see global temperatures increase by at least 2 or 3 degrees above pre-industrial levels. What geoengineering can potentially do for us is to offset the more extreme climate change scenarios that are presently projected to come about. An integrated geoengineering program to cool Earth’s atmosphere, running in parallel with the development of sequestration technologies, and substantial emission reductions, can work to limit the worst effects of climate change that will, without geoengineering, surely come about. Geoengineering is not a neutral or benign action, however, and if it is to be deployed, then much more research, and field testing of ideas and technologies is urgently needed.
The authors in this book present a cross-section of philosophies, engineering approaches, and reactions to the idea of geoengineering. Through their words, the reader is introduced to the historical and contemporary debate concerning the potential deployment of geoengineering actions. Indeed, there are many ways in which geoengineering, as a grand worldwide initiative, or as a combined set of independent actions, might proceed in both the near, and the deep future, and here the reader is introduced to these topics by experts in their field.
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The role that geoengineering might play, within the context of global warming amelioration, has long been contentious. For all this, geoengineering is about getting down and dirty with respect to the issue of climate intervention. Often dismissed as an option of last resort, geoengineering is now emerging as a key component in humanity’s drive to bring the impacts of global warming under some form of mitigation and control. While geoengineering does not solve the fundamental problem of continued anthropomorphic carbon dioxide emissions, the root cause of global warming, it is an option that can effectively buy humanity some much-needed time. Time, that is, to act positively, and time to introduce meaningful emission reductions, and deploy large-scale sequestration technologies. Indeed, the failure to meaningfully corral greenhouse gas emission levels, and the slow development of large-scale carbon capture technologies, will, by the close of the 21st century, likely see global temperatures increase by at least 2 or 3 degrees above pre-industrial levels. What geoengineering can potentially do for us is to offset the more extreme climate change scenarios that are presently projected to come about. An integrated geoengineering program to cool Earth’s atmosphere, running in parallel with the development of sequestration technologies, and substantial emission reductions, can work to limit the worst effects of climate change that will, without geoengineering, surely come about. Geoengineering is not a neutral or benign action, however, and if it is to be deployed, then much more research, and field testing of ideas and technologies is urgently needed.
The authors in this book present a cross-section of philosophies, engineering approaches, and reactions to the idea of geoengineering. Through their words, the reader is introduced to the historical and contemporary debate concerning the potential deployment of geoengineering actions. Indeed, there are many ways in which geoengineering, as a grand worldwide initiative, or as a combined set of independent actions, might proceed in both the near, and the deep future, and here the reader is introduced to these topics by experts in their field.
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Author / Editor Details
Martin Beech, PhD, is Professor Emeritus, Department of Physics, Campion College and University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. He has conducted and published research in many areas of astronomy, planetary science, and the history of science. His main astronomy research interests are in the area of small solar system bodies (asteroids, comets, meteoroids, and meteorites). He edited Terraforming Marsby Wiley-Scrivener in 2023.
Martin Beech, PhD, is Professor Emeritus, Department of Physics, Campion College and University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. He has conducted and published research in many areas of astronomy, planetary science, and the history of science. His main astronomy research interests are in the area of small solar system bodies (asteroids, comets, meteoroids, and meteorites). He edited Terraforming Marsby Wiley-Scrivener in 2023.
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Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Prolegomenon: A Geoengineering Primer
Martin Beech
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Paris Agreement
1.3 Tipping Points – Where Are We?
1.4 The Size of the Problem
1.5 Geoengineering – Where, When, and How?
1.6 Moving Forward
1.7 The Role of Industry
1.8 What Now?
References
2. Two Generations of Ethical Debate on Geoengineering
Augustine Pamplany
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ambiguities in Defining Geoengineering
2.3 Geoengineering Technological Schemes
2.4 History of Geoengineering
2.5 Two Generations of Ethical Debate
2.5.1 First Generation of Ethical Arguments
2.5.1.1 The Climate Emergency Arguments
2.5.1.2 Feasibility Framing
2.5.1.3 Lesser Evil and Moral Hazard
2.5.1.4 Intergenerational Responsibility or Path Dependency?
2.5.1.5 The Ecological Spectrum of Discourses
2.5.2 Second Generation of Ethical Arguments
2.5.2.1 Progress Towards Techno-Specific Normativity
2.5.2.2 Justice to the Forefront
2.5.2.3 The Shift from the Rhetoric to the Realistic
2.5.2.4 From Technological Hubris to Scientific Moderation
2.6 Research Priorities Towards Maturing Debate
2.6.1 Technology-Specific Research and Deliberations
2.6.2 Restoring the CDR-SRM Research Balance
2.6.3 Governance and Procedural Justice
2.6.4 Invoking Alternate Epistemic and Conceptual Models
2.7 Conclusion
References
3. Risky Business: Complex Risks of Solar Geoengineering
Aaron Tang
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Framework for Risk Assessment
3.3 Understanding the Dangers of Solar Geoengineering
3.3.1 Direct Impacts: Ecological Risk
3.3.2 Systemic Risks
3.3.3 Compound Hazards
3.3.4 Latent Risk
3.3.5 Bad vs. Worse
3.4 Complexities of Risk Comparison
3.5 Best of a Bad Bunch
3.6 Slippery Slopes
3.6.1 A Typology of Slippery Slopes
3.7 Conclusion
References
4. Climate Justice and the Dangers of Solar Geoengineering
Jennie C. Stephens
4.1 Prioritizing Transformative Climate Justice
4.2 Solar Geoengineering: Illustrating the Dangers of Climate Isolationism
4.3 The Injustices of Advancing Solar Geoengineering
4.4 Climate Justice Resistance to Solar Geoengineering
4.5 Conclusions
References
5. Solar Geoengineering: An Insoluble Problem?
Patrick Moriarty and Damon Honnery
Abbreviations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Many Forms of Solar Geoengineering
5.3 Controversies about SG Methods
5.4 Argument: Why SG is Needed
5.5 Argument: The Case Against SG
5.6 The Comparative Economics of SG
5.7 Discussion and Conclusions
5.8 Research Priorities
References
6. Potential Mental Health Risks Associated with Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Methods Using Aluminum Oxide
Giovanni Ghirga
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methods
6.3 Results
6.4 Conclusions
References
7. What to Consider When Considering Solar Geoengineering
Burgess Langshaw Power
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Options
7.2.1 SAI (Regional vs. Global)
7.2.2 MCB (Coasts)
7.2.3 CCT (Arctic)
7.2.4 Surface Albedo Modification of Sea Ice
7.3 Geography
7.3.1 The Arctic
7.4 Climate Action
7.4.1 Oil and Gas
7.4.2 Moral Hazard
7.4.3 Carbon: Natural and Technological Solutions
7.4.4 Slippery Slope
7.4.5 Lock-In
7.5 Public Participation
7.5.1 Indigenous Peoples and Duty to Consult
7.6 Geopolitics
7.6.1 Canada and the World
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Moral Hazard of Geoengineering to Decarbonization
Soheil Shayegh
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Modeling Decarbonization and Climate Change Impacts
8.2.1 The Case without Geoengineering
8.2.2 The Case with Geoengineering
8.3 Moral Hazard
8.4 Discussion
8.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
9. The Preeminent Question of Environmental Philosophy: Where Should We Set the Envirostat?
Mark Walker
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Geoengineering and the Envirostat
9.3 Animals’ Interests
9.4 World Park
9.5 Animal UN
9.6 Justice and Possible Animals
9.7 The Current Solar Geoengineering Debate
9.8 The Preeminent Question of Environmental Philosophy
References
10. Climate Hegemony and Control Over the Global Thermostat
John Hickman
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Collective Action Problem
10.3 Hegemonic Stability Theory
10.4 Auction Theory
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. Designing A Priori Scenarios for Stratospheric Aerosol Injections to Mitigate
Climate Change: An Optimal Control Technique Application
Sergei Soldatenko
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Statement of the Optimal Control Problem
11.3 Designing Optimal SAI Scenarios: Problem Formulation
11.3.1 Control Variable
11.3.2 Control Object Model
11.3.3 Formulation of the Optimal Control Problem
11.4 Solution of the Optimal Control Problem
11.5 Results and Discussion
References
12. Testing the Limits of the World’s Largest Control Task: Solar Geoengineering as a Deep Reinforcement Learning Problem
Eshaan Agrawal and Christian Schroeder de Witt
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Solar Geoengineering as a High-Dimensional Control Problem
12.2.1 The Control Loop
12.2.2 Modeling the State Transition Function
12.2.3 Designing the Reward Function
12.2.4 Solving the Control Problem
12.2.5 Why Reinforcement Learning?
12.2.6 Closing the Reality Gap
12.3 A Fast GCM Environment: Introducing HadCM3
12.3.1 Understanding HadCM3’s Aerosol Model
12.3.2 Taking Actions: Modeling Custom Aerosol Injections in HadCM3
12.3.3 Probing HadCM3’s Aerosol Injection Response
12.4 Building a GCM Emulator
12.4.1 Identifying Sufficient State Statistics
12.4.2 Data Collection
12.4.3 Data Preprocessing
12.4.4 Neural Network Emulation
12.4.4.1 On the Use of Learned World Models
12.5 Geoengineering in the Mesosphere: A Research Agenda
12.5.1 A Research Agenda for Mesospheric Aerosol Injection (MAI)
12.6 Closing the Reality Gap
12.6.1 A Multi-Fidelity Bilevel Optimization Approach
12.7 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
13. Geochemical Drivers of Enhanced Rock Weathering in Soils
Xavier Dupla, Susan L. Brantley, Carlos Paulo, Benjamin Möller, Ian M. Power and Stéphanie Grand
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Fundamental Geochemical Considerations
13.2.1 Influence of Mineralogy
13.2.2 Influence of Grain Size
13.2.3 Influence of Temperature
13.2.4 Influence of pH
13.2.5 Influence of Saturation Conditions
13.2.6 Influence of Secondary Precipitation
13.2.7 Synthesis of Geochemical Factors Influencing ERW
13.3 What do ERW Experiments Teach us and Where from Here?
13.3.1 Lessons from ERW Experiments
13.3.2 Designing Future ERW Experiments
13.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
14. Geoengineering Cities with Reflective and Pervious Surfaces
Sushobhan Sen
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Physics of UHI
14.2.1 Albedo
14.2.2 Convection, Emission, and Latent Heat
14.2.3 Energy Balance
14.2.4 Urban Canyon
14.3 Mitigation of UHI
14.3.1 Reflective Surfaces
14.3.2 Pervious Surfaces
14.4 Research Priorities
14.5 Conclusion
References
15. Urban Geoengineering
Giles Thomson, Jonathan Fink and Peter Newman
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Background
15.3 Cities, Sustainability and Decarbonization
15.4 Global Trends in Decarbonization
15.5 Achieving Net Zero and the SDGs with Urban Geoengineering
15.6 Urban Geoengineering Interventions
15.7 Governance for Urban Geoengineering
15.8 Concluding Comments and Future Research
References
16. Cooling Down the World Oceans and the Earth
Julian David Hunt, Andreas Nascimento, Fabio A. Diuana, Natália de Assis Brasil Weber, Gabriel Malta Castro, Ana Carolina Chaves, André Luiz Amarante Mesquita, Angéli Viviani Colling and Paulo Smith Schneider
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Methodology
16.2.1 Increasing the Salinity of the Arctic Ocean Surface
16.2.1.1 Reduce the River Flow to the Arctic
16.2.1.2 Reduce Greenland Ice Sheet Melting
16.2.1.3 Mix Arctic Ocean Waters
16.3 Results
16.4 Discussion
16.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
17. Ice Preservation: A Research Priority for Climate Resilience and Sustainability – Experience in the Field
Leslie Field
17.1 A Personal Introduction
17.2 How Bad is the Climate Situation?
17.3 Ice Preservation – A Research Priority for Climate Resilience
17.4 Now is the Time to Preserve Bright Ice
17.5 Minnesota Pond Work
17.6 Iceland Glacial Test, August 2023
17.7 Our Work at Bright Ice Initiative
Acknowledgement
References
18. Cirrus Cloud Thinning
David L. Mitchell and Ehsan Erfani
18.1 Clouds, Radiation, and the Physics of Cirrus Cloud Thinning
18.2 Past and Present CCT Research
18.3 Suggestions for Improving the Treatment of CCT in Climate Models
18.4 Possible Relation to Midlatitude Extreme Winter Weather
References
19. Can the COVID-19 Decrease in Aircraft Flights Inform us of Whether the Addition of Efficient INP to Cirrus Altitudes Cools the Climate?
Joyce E. Penner, Jialei Zhu and Anne Garnier
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Relative Importance of Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Nucleation
19.3 Model Description
19.3.1 Important Variables Based on Observations
19.3.2 Aerosol Ice Nucleation Onset and Fraction
19.3.3 Pre-Existing Ice Treatment
19.4 Evaluation of Model Aerosols and Ice Concentrations
19.4.1 Aerosol Number Concentrations
19.4.2 Ice Number Concentrations
19.5 Discussion: What Does This Mean for Cirrus Seeding?
19.6 Conclusion
References
20. Biogenic Iron Oxides as a Source of Iron for Ocean Iron Fertilization
David Emerson, Sarabeth George, Amy Doiron and Benjamin S. Twining
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Biogenic Iron
20.2.1 Testing the Bioavailability of BIOX
20.3 Production of BIOX
20.3.1 How Much BIOX Can Be Produced?
20.3.2 Processing and Delivery of BIOX
20.4 Additional Aspects of OIF
20.4.1 History of Fe-Additions to the Ocean
20.4.2 A Cautionary Tale
20.4.3 Natural Fe Fertilization Events
20.5 Social Considerations
20.5.1 Verification
20.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgment
References
21. Space Bubbles: The Deflection of Solar Radiation Using Thin-Film Inflatable
Bubble Rafts
Nikita Klimenko, Umberto Fugiglando and Carlo Ratti
21.1 Introduction
21.2 A Bubble Sunshade
21.3 Future Developments
References
22. Optimal Sunshield Positioning
Christer Fuglesang
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Sunshade Area
22.3 Sunshade Position
22.4 Optical Properties
22.5 Getting to the First Lagrange Point L1´
References
23. Could the Well of an Orbital Lift Be Used to Deposit Greenhouse Gases into Space?
Orfeu Bertolami
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Basic Features of the Proposed System
23.3 Discussion and Outlook
References
24. Ionospheric Perturbations from Satellite Dust
Sierra Solter
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Model Considerations
24.2.1 Re-Entry Mass Accumulation
24.2.2 Debye Length Considerations
24.2.3 Plasma Drag
24.2.4 Conductive Shell Formation
24.2.5 Magnetosphere Loss on Mars
24.2.6 Dust Accumulation in the Atmosphere
24.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
25. Geoengineering and Beyond – Planetary Defense, Space Debris, and SETI
Martin Beech
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Earth in the Firing Zone
25.3 Impactor Populations
25.4 Impact Probabilities
25.5 The Day the Climate Changed
25.6 Lead Times
25.7 Impact Risk
25.8 Planetary Defense
25.9 Signs of Life and Technosignatures
25.10 Space Debris
25.11 What Next? – Research Priorities
References
26. Future Imperative and the Inevitable Technofix
Martin Beech
26.1 Introduction
26.2 The Aging Sun
26.3 The Faint Young Sun Paradox
26.4 Lifetime of the Biosphere
26.5 Actions
26.6 Albedo Modification
26.7 Sunshades
26.8 Orbit Change
26.9 Far-Out Methods
26.10 Terraforming
26.11 Engineering the Sun
26.12 Pastures New
26.13 Conclusions
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Prolegomenon: A Geoengineering Primer
Martin Beech
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Paris Agreement
1.3 Tipping Points – Where Are We?
1.4 The Size of the Problem
1.5 Geoengineering – Where, When, and How?
1.6 Moving Forward
1.7 The Role of Industry
1.8 What Now?
References
2. Two Generations of Ethical Debate on Geoengineering
Augustine Pamplany
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ambiguities in Defining Geoengineering
2.3 Geoengineering Technological Schemes
2.4 History of Geoengineering
2.5 Two Generations of Ethical Debate
2.5.1 First Generation of Ethical Arguments
2.5.1.1 The Climate Emergency Arguments
2.5.1.2 Feasibility Framing
2.5.1.3 Lesser Evil and Moral Hazard
2.5.1.4 Intergenerational Responsibility or Path Dependency?
2.5.1.5 The Ecological Spectrum of Discourses
2.5.2 Second Generation of Ethical Arguments
2.5.2.1 Progress Towards Techno-Specific Normativity
2.5.2.2 Justice to the Forefront
2.5.2.3 The Shift from the Rhetoric to the Realistic
2.5.2.4 From Technological Hubris to Scientific Moderation
2.6 Research Priorities Towards Maturing Debate
2.6.1 Technology-Specific Research and Deliberations
2.6.2 Restoring the CDR-SRM Research Balance
2.6.3 Governance and Procedural Justice
2.6.4 Invoking Alternate Epistemic and Conceptual Models
2.7 Conclusion
References
3. Risky Business: Complex Risks of Solar Geoengineering
Aaron Tang
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Framework for Risk Assessment
3.3 Understanding the Dangers of Solar Geoengineering
3.3.1 Direct Impacts: Ecological Risk
3.3.2 Systemic Risks
3.3.3 Compound Hazards
3.3.4 Latent Risk
3.3.5 Bad vs. Worse
3.4 Complexities of Risk Comparison
3.5 Best of a Bad Bunch
3.6 Slippery Slopes
3.6.1 A Typology of Slippery Slopes
3.7 Conclusion
References
4. Climate Justice and the Dangers of Solar Geoengineering
Jennie C. Stephens
4.1 Prioritizing Transformative Climate Justice
4.2 Solar Geoengineering: Illustrating the Dangers of Climate Isolationism
4.3 The Injustices of Advancing Solar Geoengineering
4.4 Climate Justice Resistance to Solar Geoengineering
4.5 Conclusions
References
5. Solar Geoengineering: An Insoluble Problem?
Patrick Moriarty and Damon Honnery
Abbreviations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Many Forms of Solar Geoengineering
5.3 Controversies about SG Methods
5.4 Argument: Why SG is Needed
5.5 Argument: The Case Against SG
5.6 The Comparative Economics of SG
5.7 Discussion and Conclusions
5.8 Research Priorities
References
6. Potential Mental Health Risks Associated with Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Methods Using Aluminum Oxide
Giovanni Ghirga
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methods
6.3 Results
6.4 Conclusions
References
7. What to Consider When Considering Solar Geoengineering
Burgess Langshaw Power
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Options
7.2.1 SAI (Regional vs. Global)
7.2.2 MCB (Coasts)
7.2.3 CCT (Arctic)
7.2.4 Surface Albedo Modification of Sea Ice
7.3 Geography
7.3.1 The Arctic
7.4 Climate Action
7.4.1 Oil and Gas
7.4.2 Moral Hazard
7.4.3 Carbon: Natural and Technological Solutions
7.4.4 Slippery Slope
7.4.5 Lock-In
7.5 Public Participation
7.5.1 Indigenous Peoples and Duty to Consult
7.6 Geopolitics
7.6.1 Canada and the World
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Moral Hazard of Geoengineering to Decarbonization
Soheil Shayegh
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Modeling Decarbonization and Climate Change Impacts
8.2.1 The Case without Geoengineering
8.2.2 The Case with Geoengineering
8.3 Moral Hazard
8.4 Discussion
8.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
9. The Preeminent Question of Environmental Philosophy: Where Should We Set the Envirostat?
Mark Walker
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Geoengineering and the Envirostat
9.3 Animals’ Interests
9.4 World Park
9.5 Animal UN
9.6 Justice and Possible Animals
9.7 The Current Solar Geoengineering Debate
9.8 The Preeminent Question of Environmental Philosophy
References
10. Climate Hegemony and Control Over the Global Thermostat
John Hickman
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Collective Action Problem
10.3 Hegemonic Stability Theory
10.4 Auction Theory
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. Designing A Priori Scenarios for Stratospheric Aerosol Injections to Mitigate
Climate Change: An Optimal Control Technique Application
Sergei Soldatenko
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Statement of the Optimal Control Problem
11.3 Designing Optimal SAI Scenarios: Problem Formulation
11.3.1 Control Variable
11.3.2 Control Object Model
11.3.3 Formulation of the Optimal Control Problem
11.4 Solution of the Optimal Control Problem
11.5 Results and Discussion
References
12. Testing the Limits of the World’s Largest Control Task: Solar Geoengineering as a Deep Reinforcement Learning Problem
Eshaan Agrawal and Christian Schroeder de Witt
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Solar Geoengineering as a High-Dimensional Control Problem
12.2.1 The Control Loop
12.2.2 Modeling the State Transition Function
12.2.3 Designing the Reward Function
12.2.4 Solving the Control Problem
12.2.5 Why Reinforcement Learning?
12.2.6 Closing the Reality Gap
12.3 A Fast GCM Environment: Introducing HadCM3
12.3.1 Understanding HadCM3’s Aerosol Model
12.3.2 Taking Actions: Modeling Custom Aerosol Injections in HadCM3
12.3.3 Probing HadCM3’s Aerosol Injection Response
12.4 Building a GCM Emulator
12.4.1 Identifying Sufficient State Statistics
12.4.2 Data Collection
12.4.3 Data Preprocessing
12.4.4 Neural Network Emulation
12.4.4.1 On the Use of Learned World Models
12.5 Geoengineering in the Mesosphere: A Research Agenda
12.5.1 A Research Agenda for Mesospheric Aerosol Injection (MAI)
12.6 Closing the Reality Gap
12.6.1 A Multi-Fidelity Bilevel Optimization Approach
12.7 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
13. Geochemical Drivers of Enhanced Rock Weathering in Soils
Xavier Dupla, Susan L. Brantley, Carlos Paulo, Benjamin Möller, Ian M. Power and Stéphanie Grand
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Fundamental Geochemical Considerations
13.2.1 Influence of Mineralogy
13.2.2 Influence of Grain Size
13.2.3 Influence of Temperature
13.2.4 Influence of pH
13.2.5 Influence of Saturation Conditions
13.2.6 Influence of Secondary Precipitation
13.2.7 Synthesis of Geochemical Factors Influencing ERW
13.3 What do ERW Experiments Teach us and Where from Here?
13.3.1 Lessons from ERW Experiments
13.3.2 Designing Future ERW Experiments
13.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
14. Geoengineering Cities with Reflective and Pervious Surfaces
Sushobhan Sen
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Physics of UHI
14.2.1 Albedo
14.2.2 Convection, Emission, and Latent Heat
14.2.3 Energy Balance
14.2.4 Urban Canyon
14.3 Mitigation of UHI
14.3.1 Reflective Surfaces
14.3.2 Pervious Surfaces
14.4 Research Priorities
14.5 Conclusion
References
15. Urban Geoengineering
Giles Thomson, Jonathan Fink and Peter Newman
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Background
15.3 Cities, Sustainability and Decarbonization
15.4 Global Trends in Decarbonization
15.5 Achieving Net Zero and the SDGs with Urban Geoengineering
15.6 Urban Geoengineering Interventions
15.7 Governance for Urban Geoengineering
15.8 Concluding Comments and Future Research
References
16. Cooling Down the World Oceans and the Earth
Julian David Hunt, Andreas Nascimento, Fabio A. Diuana, Natália de Assis Brasil Weber, Gabriel Malta Castro, Ana Carolina Chaves, André Luiz Amarante Mesquita, Angéli Viviani Colling and Paulo Smith Schneider
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Methodology
16.2.1 Increasing the Salinity of the Arctic Ocean Surface
16.2.1.1 Reduce the River Flow to the Arctic
16.2.1.2 Reduce Greenland Ice Sheet Melting
16.2.1.3 Mix Arctic Ocean Waters
16.3 Results
16.4 Discussion
16.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
17. Ice Preservation: A Research Priority for Climate Resilience and Sustainability – Experience in the Field
Leslie Field
17.1 A Personal Introduction
17.2 How Bad is the Climate Situation?
17.3 Ice Preservation – A Research Priority for Climate Resilience
17.4 Now is the Time to Preserve Bright Ice
17.5 Minnesota Pond Work
17.6 Iceland Glacial Test, August 2023
17.7 Our Work at Bright Ice Initiative
Acknowledgement
References
18. Cirrus Cloud Thinning
David L. Mitchell and Ehsan Erfani
18.1 Clouds, Radiation, and the Physics of Cirrus Cloud Thinning
18.2 Past and Present CCT Research
18.3 Suggestions for Improving the Treatment of CCT in Climate Models
18.4 Possible Relation to Midlatitude Extreme Winter Weather
References
19. Can the COVID-19 Decrease in Aircraft Flights Inform us of Whether the Addition of Efficient INP to Cirrus Altitudes Cools the Climate?
Joyce E. Penner, Jialei Zhu and Anne Garnier
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Relative Importance of Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Nucleation
19.3 Model Description
19.3.1 Important Variables Based on Observations
19.3.2 Aerosol Ice Nucleation Onset and Fraction
19.3.3 Pre-Existing Ice Treatment
19.4 Evaluation of Model Aerosols and Ice Concentrations
19.4.1 Aerosol Number Concentrations
19.4.2 Ice Number Concentrations
19.5 Discussion: What Does This Mean for Cirrus Seeding?
19.6 Conclusion
References
20. Biogenic Iron Oxides as a Source of Iron for Ocean Iron Fertilization
David Emerson, Sarabeth George, Amy Doiron and Benjamin S. Twining
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Biogenic Iron
20.2.1 Testing the Bioavailability of BIOX
20.3 Production of BIOX
20.3.1 How Much BIOX Can Be Produced?
20.3.2 Processing and Delivery of BIOX
20.4 Additional Aspects of OIF
20.4.1 History of Fe-Additions to the Ocean
20.4.2 A Cautionary Tale
20.4.3 Natural Fe Fertilization Events
20.5 Social Considerations
20.5.1 Verification
20.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgment
References
21. Space Bubbles: The Deflection of Solar Radiation Using Thin-Film Inflatable
Bubble Rafts
Nikita Klimenko, Umberto Fugiglando and Carlo Ratti
21.1 Introduction
21.2 A Bubble Sunshade
21.3 Future Developments
References
22. Optimal Sunshield Positioning
Christer Fuglesang
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Sunshade Area
22.3 Sunshade Position
22.4 Optical Properties
22.5 Getting to the First Lagrange Point L1´
References
23. Could the Well of an Orbital Lift Be Used to Deposit Greenhouse Gases into Space?
Orfeu Bertolami
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Basic Features of the Proposed System
23.3 Discussion and Outlook
References
24. Ionospheric Perturbations from Satellite Dust
Sierra Solter
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Model Considerations
24.2.1 Re-Entry Mass Accumulation
24.2.2 Debye Length Considerations
24.2.3 Plasma Drag
24.2.4 Conductive Shell Formation
24.2.5 Magnetosphere Loss on Mars
24.2.6 Dust Accumulation in the Atmosphere
24.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
25. Geoengineering and Beyond – Planetary Defense, Space Debris, and SETI
Martin Beech
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Earth in the Firing Zone
25.3 Impactor Populations
25.4 Impact Probabilities
25.5 The Day the Climate Changed
25.6 Lead Times
25.7 Impact Risk
25.8 Planetary Defense
25.9 Signs of Life and Technosignatures
25.10 Space Debris
25.11 What Next? – Research Priorities
References
26. Future Imperative and the Inevitable Technofix
Martin Beech
26.1 Introduction
26.2 The Aging Sun
26.3 The Faint Young Sun Paradox
26.4 Lifetime of the Biosphere
26.5 Actions
26.6 Albedo Modification
26.7 Sunshades
26.8 Orbit Change
26.9 Far-Out Methods
26.10 Terraforming
26.11 Engineering the Sun
26.12 Pastures New
26.13 Conclusions
References
Index
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