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Submit a ProposalSolid-Gaseous Biofuels Production
 | Edited by Inamuddin and Tariq Altalhi Copyright: 2024 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394204403 | Hardcover | 574 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
Written by a team of industry experts and edited by one of the most prolific and well-respected engineering authors in the industry, this exciting new volume covers the latest processes, equipment, and applications for clean biofuel production.
Audience
Engineers, scientists, faculty and students, and industry professionals working in the biofuel industry
Engineers, scientists, faculty and students, and industry professionals working in the biofuel industry
Description
With renewable and alternative energy sources becoming more and more important, and the growth in percentage of the overall energy used, biofuels production is more important than ever and is a huge part of taking up the slack in the transition from fossil fuels. This volume covers many of the newest state-of-the art processes, trends, and changes in the industry, combining information from many disciplines to deliver have-to-have solutions for the engineer or scientist’s daily problems. Whether in the plant or in the classroom, this exciting new volume is a must-have for any engineer, scientist, student, or other industry professional working in biofuel production.
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With renewable and alternative energy sources becoming more and more important, and the growth in percentage of the overall energy used, biofuels production is more important than ever and is a huge part of taking up the slack in the transition from fossil fuels. This volume covers many of the newest state-of-the art processes, trends, and changes in the industry, combining information from many disciplines to deliver have-to-have solutions for the engineer or scientist’s daily problems. Whether in the plant or in the classroom, this exciting new volume is a must-have for any engineer, scientist, student, or other industry professional working in biofuel production.
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Author / Editor Details
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, many book chapters, and dozens of edited books, many with Wiley-Scrivener.
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, many book chapters, and dozens of edited books, many with Wiley-Scrivener.
Tariq Altalhi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his doctorate degree from University of Adelaide, Australia in the year 2014 with Dean's Commendation for Doctoral Thesis Excellence. He has worked as head of the Chemistry Department at Taif university and Vice Dean of Science College. In 2015, one of his works was nominated for Green Tech awards from Germany, Europe’s largest environmental and business prize, amongst top 10 entries. He has also co-edited a number of scientific books.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Biofuel Production: Past to Present Technologies
Manisha Jagadale, Beula Isabel J., Mahesh Jadhav, Selvakumar Periyasamy and Desta Getachew Gizaw
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Biofuels
1.2.1 Solid Biofuels
1.2.2 Liquid Biofuels
1.2.3 Gaseous Biofuels
1.3 Different Generation of Biomass for Biofuel Production
1.3.1 First Generation
1.3.2 Second Generation
1.3.3 Third Generation
1.3.4 Fourth Generation
1.4 Conversion Strategies for Biofuel Production
1.4.1 Thermochemical
1.4.2 Biochemical Conversion
1.5 Roadway to Biofuel Production Technologies
1.6 Conclusions
References
2. Biorefineries for the Sustainable Generation of Algal Biofuels
Mônica Lady Fiorese, Keiti Lopes Maestre, Carina Contini Triques, Larissa Echeverria, Jacqueline Ferandin Honório, Marcia Regina Fagundes-Klen, Leila Denise Fiorentin-Ferrari and Veronice Slusarski-Santana
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biorefinery Concept
2.3 Algal Biomass
2.4 Biofuels and Processing of Algal Biomass for Biofuel Production
2.4.1 Biofuels
2.4.2 Processing of Algae Biomass to Produce Biofuels
2.5 Other Bioproducts Obtained from Algal Biomass
2.6 Current Situation Regarding Energy Consumption
2.6.1 Current Status of Algal Biofuels
2.6.1.1 Fuel Demand and Industry Growth
2.6.1.2 Algae Biofuel Highlights
2.6.1.3 Algae Biorefineries in the Production of Competitive Biofuels
2.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives
2.8 Conclusion
References
3. Biofuel Production from Waste Materials
Anvita Chaudhary, Richa Srivastava and Ram Singh
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biofuel From Waste Materials
3.2.1 Bioethanol
3.2.2 Biohydrogen
3.2.3 Biodiesel
3.2.4 Biogas
3.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
4. Essentials of Liquefied Biomethane Gas (LBG)
Rupesh S., Deepanraj B, Sowndarya K. J.., Anushree P. and Somashekar B. R.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biogas Upgradation Technologies
4.2.1 Physiochemical Methods
4.2.1.1 Physical Absorption
4.2.1.2 Chemical Absorption
4.2.2 Membrane Separation
4.2.2.1 Gas–Liquid
4.2.2.2 Gas-Gas
4.2.3 Cryogenic Separation
4.2.4 Biological Methods
4.2.4.1 Chemoautotrophic Upgradation
4.2.4.2 Photoautotrophic Upgradation
4.3 Methods to Produce Liquid Biomethane
4.3.1 Pure Refrigerant Cycles
4.3.2 Mixed Refrigerant Cycles
4.3.2.1 Single Mixed Refrigerant (SMR) Cycles
4.3.2.2 Dual Mixed Refrigerant (DMR)
4.3.2.3 Propane Precooled Mixed Refrigerant (C3/MR) Cycle
4.3.2.4 Integrated Mixed Refrigerant Cascade Cycle (IMRC)
4.3.3 Gas Expansion Cycles
4.3.3.1 Single N2 Expander
4.3.3.2 Dual N2 Expander
4.3.4 Cryogenic Liquid Vaporization
4.4 Application
4.4.1 In Fuel Cell
4.4.2 Transportation Fuel
4.4.3 Iron and Steel Industry (ISI)
4.4.4 Fuel for Maritime Shipping
4.4.5 Sustainable Energy Transition
4.5 Challenges and Prospects
References
5. Exploring Cost-Effective Pathways for Future Biofuel Production
Sumeyra Gurkok
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 The Primary Types of Biofuels
5.1.2 Generations of Biofuels Based of Feedstock and Production Technology
5.1.3 Pre-Treatment of Feedstocks for Biofuel Production
5.1.4 Methods for Conversion of Feedstock into Biofuel
5.1.5 Challenges in Biofuel Production
5.2 Emerging Technologies for Cost-Effective Biofuel Production
5.2.1 Valorization of Non-Edible and Waste Materials as Feedstock for Biofuel Production
5.2.2 The Use of Algae as Feedstocks for Biofuel Generation
5.2.3 Development of Effective Catalysis, Pathways, and Organisms for Enhanced Biofuel Production Through Genetic Engineering, Metabolic Engineering, and Synthetic Biology Approaches
5.2.4 Nanotechnology in Biofuel Production
5.2.5 Optimization of Biofuel Production Conditions
5.2.6 Advanced Fermentation and Integrated Biorefineries
5.2.7 Future Perspective with Policy and Regulatory Support for Biofuel Production
5.3 Conclusion
References
6. Generation of Hydrogen Using Cyanobacteria
Darissa Alves Dutra, Adriane Terezinha Schneider, Rosangela Rodrigues Dias, Mariany Costa Deprá, Richard Luan Silva Machado, Leila Queiroz Zepka
and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes
6.1 Introduction to Hydrogen Production by Cyanobacteria
6.2 Hydrogen Production Mechanisms by Cyanobacteria
6.2.1 Biophotochemical Processes
6.2.2 Fermentation Processes
6.3 Economic and Environmental Analysis of Hydrogen Production by Cyanobacteria
6.4 Setbacks of Hydrogen Production by Cyanobacteria
6.5 Hydrogen Patents’ Overview
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. Microstructural Engineering for Bioenergy Production
Serkan Baslayici and Pelin Demircivi
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biomass Microstructure and Characterization
7.3 Microbial Engineering for Bioenergy Production
7.4 Plant Cell Wall Engineering for Bioenergy Production
7.5 Nanotechnology for Bioenergy Production
7.6 Microstructural Engineering for Bioreactors and Processing
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Lignocellulosic Biomass as Feedstock for Biofuels: The State of the Science, Prospects, and Challenges
Surbhi Kumari Barnwal, Srijanee Dhar, Deepu Joy Parayil and Dileep Francis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Structural Chemistry of Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.2.1 Cellulose
8.2.2 Hemicellulose
8.2.3 Lignin
8.3 Sources of Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.4 Energy Content in Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.5 Challenges in Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Biofuels
8.5.1 Crystallinity
8.5.2 Degree of Polymerization
8.5.3 Surface Accessibility
8.5.4 Presence of Hemicellulose and Lignin
8.5.5 Enzyme Inhibitors and Toxic Byproducts
8.6 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.6.1 Physical Pretreatment
8.6.2 Chemical Pretreatment
8.6.3 Biological Pretreatment
8.6.4 Hybrid Pretreatment
8.7 Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Biofuels
8.7.1 Separated Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF)
8.7.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF)
8.7.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Cofermentation (SSCF)
8.7.4 Consolidated Bioprocess (CBP)
8.8 Lignocellulosic Biomass–Based Biorefineries
8.9 Conclusion
References
9. Limitations of the First- and Second-Generation Solid-Gaseous Biofuels in a Time of Climate Emergency
Deviany Deviany and Siti Khodijah Chaerun
9.1 Introduction: Global Population, Energy Consumption, and Climate Emergency
9.2 Feedstock Diversification of the First- and Second-Generation Biofuels for Sustainable Bioenergy Production
9.3 Considerations for the First- and Second-Generation Solid-Gaseous Biofuels Amidst the Climate Emergency
9.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
10. Advancements in Microbial Fermentation of Agro and Food Processing Wastes for Generation of Biofuel
Swati Ray, Avik Mukherjee and Uma Ghosh
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of Agro and Food Processing Wastes
10.2.1 Agro Wastes
10.2.2 Food Processing Wastes
10.3 Pretreatments and Conditioning
10.3.1 Physical Pretreatment
10.3.2 Chemical Pretreatment
10.3.3 Physico-Chemical Pretreatment
10.3.4 Biological Pretreatment
10.4 Supplementation of Wastes
10.5 Fermentation Technologies
10.6 Ethanol Production from Wastes
10.7 Butanol Production from Wastes
10.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
11. Biofuel Prospects by 2030, Based on Existing Production and Future Projections
Masoud Salehipour, Shahla Rezaei, Ali Motaharian, Rezvan Yazdian-Robati and Mehdi Mogharabi-Manzari
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biofuel Generations
11.2.1 First Generation
11.2.2 Second Generation
11.2.3 Third Generation
11.3 Biofuel Demand: Current Situation and Perspectives
11.3.1 United States
11.3.2 The European Union
References
12. Microstructural Maneuvering for Bioenergy Production
Akhandal Sahoo, Tushar Adsul, Santanu Ghosh and Atul Kumar Varma
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Microstructural Maneuvering in Carbon-Based Products for Bioenergy
12.3 Bioenergy from Different Biomasses
12.3.1 Bioenergy from Agricultural Products
12.3.1.1 Bioenergy Production from Agricultural Crop Residues
12.3.1.2 Ethanol Production from Crops and Its Uses as a Bioenergy
12.3.1.3 Biodiesel Production
12.3.2 Industrial Wastes as a Source of the Bioenergy
12.3.2.1 The Paper and Pulp Industry Waste Utilization
12.3.3 Municipal and Household Waste
12.3.3.1 Bioenergy Production using Food Waste
12.3.3.2 Bioenergy Production using Yard Waste
12.3.3.3 Bioenergy Production using Plastic Waste
12.3.3.4 Wastewater as a Source of the Bioenergy
12.4 Microstructural Amendments in Coal-Derived Material for Bioenergy Production
12.4.1 Active Carbon
12.4.1.1 Pyrolysis
12.4.1.2 Thermal Treatment
12.4.1.3 Microwave Activation
12.4.1.4 The Uses of Active Carbon as Bioenergy
12.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes
12.4.2.1 Different Methods for Producing Carbon Nanotubes
12.4.2.2 Bioenergy Applications of CNTs
12.4.3 Graphene
12.4.4 Fullerene
12.4.5 Carbon Dots and Spheres
12.5 Summary
References
13. Nanotechnology-Based Alternatives for Sustainable Biofuel and Bioenergy Production
Sapna Devi, Sushma Kumari, Tatek Temesgen and Sunaina
13.1 An Overview
13.2 Role of Nanomaterials in Biofuels and Bioenergy Generation from Biomass
13.3 Factors Influencing Nanoparticle Performance in Biofuel Production
13.3.1 Synthetic Methodology
13.3.2 Temperature of Nanoparticle Synthesis
13.3.3 Size of Nanoparticles
13.4 Research on Different Types of Nanomaterial for Biofuels and Bioenergy Production
13.4.1 Biogas
13.4.2 Bioethanol
13.4.3 Biodiesel
13.4.4 Biohydrogen
13.5 Application of Nanomaterial Materials for Biofuels and Bioenergy
13.5.1 Biohydrogen Production
13.5.2 Biodiesel Production
13.5.3 Biogas Production
13.5.4 Bioethanol Production
13.6 Challenges of Nanomaterial Materials for Biofuels and Bioenergy
13.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
14. New Insights Into Valuable Strategies for Generating Algal Biofuels
Malini S., Kalyan Raj and K.S. Anantharaju
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Algal Cultivation Strategies
14.2.1 Open-Pond Photobioreactor
14.2.2 Raceway Pond System
14.2.3 Hybrid Cultivation System
14.2.4 Algal Cultivation using Wastewater
14.2.5 Biofilm-Based Cultivation
14.3 Future Prospects
14.4 Conclusions
References
15. Outline of Energy Crop–Based Solid Biofuels: Trends and Opportunities
Shrabani Barman, Sandipan Biswas, Sahidul Islam and Ujjwal Mandal
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Energy Crops
15.2.1 Advantages of Energy Crops
15.3 Pellet Fuel
15.3.1 The Pelletization Process
15.3.1.1 Feed Stock Storage
15.3.1.2 Removal of Undesirable Impurities
15.3.1.3 Size Reduction
15.3.1.4 Material Transportation
15.3.1.5 Biomass Drying
15.3.1.6 Mixing and Conditioning
15.3.1.7 Pellet Production
15.4 Technical Combustion Properties
15.4.1 Calorific Value
15.4.2 Moisture Content
15.4.3 Ash Content
15.4.4 Ash Melting Properties
15.4.5 Flowing and Bridging Properties
15.4.6 Bulk Density
15.4.7 Settling Factor
15.4.8 Conversion of Volumes
15.4.9 Energy Density
15.4.10 Particle Density
15.5 Conclusion
References
16. Overview of Gaseous Biofuels Derived from Crops: Progress and Prospects
P. Sobhangi, Monalisa Das, P.O. Prakash, R. Keerthi and K.V. Chaitanya
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Renewable Source
16.1.2 Non-Renewable Source
16.2 Biofuels as an Alternative to Fossil Fuels
16.3 Classification of Biofuels and Generations
16.4 Bio-Hydrogen
16.4.1 Raw Materials for Production of Bio-Hydrogen
16.4.2 Extraction of Bio-Hydrogen
16.4.3 Production of Bio-Hydrogen
16.4.3.1 Biomass Gasification
16.4.3.2 Pyrolysis
16.4.3.3 Bio-Photolysis
16.4.3.4 Photo Fermentation
16.4.3.5 Dark Fermentation
16.4.3.6 Photo and Dark Fermentation
16.4.4 Storage of Bio-Hydrogen
16.4.5 Applications of Bio-Hydrogen
16.5 Syngas
16.5.1 Raw Material
16.5.2 Methods of Extracting Syngas
16.5.2.1 Pyrolysis
16.5.2.2 Biochar
16.5.2.3 Gasification of Biomass
16.5.3 Types of Gasifiers
16.5.4 Storage of Syngas
16.5.5 Applications of Syngas
16.6 Biogas
16.6.1 Production
16.6.2 Anaerobic Digesters or Reactors
16.6.3 Pre-Treatment
16.6.4 Anaerobic Digestion
16.6.5 Phases of Anaerobic Digestion Process
16.6.6 Storage
16.6.7 Applications of Biogas Technology
16.7 Conclusions
References
17. Recent Advances in Microbial Biodiesel
Swathe Sriee A. E., Ranjitha J. and Vijayalakshmi Shankar
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Developments in the World’s Biomass-Based Energy Recovery
17.3 Types of Biofuel
17.3.1 Bioethanol
17.3.2 Biodiesel
17.3.3 Biogas
17.3.4 Bioether
17.3.5 Biobutanol
17.3.6 Syngas
17.4 Conventional Methods and Feedstocks for Biofuel Productions
17.4.1 Fermentation
17.4.2 Transesterification
17.4.3 Gasification
17.4.4 Pyrolysis
17.5 Recent Advancements in Biofuel Production
17.6 Feedstock Availability for Biofuel Production
17.6.1 Cellulosic Biomass
17.6.2 Waste Cooking Oil
17.6.3 Municipal Solid Waste
17.6.4 Animal Fat Waste
17.6.5 Microorganisms
17.7 Emerging Technology for the Development of Biofuel Production
17.7.1 Genetic Engineering
17.7.2 Synthetic Biology
17.7.3 Nanotechnology
17.7.4 Recent Bioreactor Developments
17.7.5 Waste Biomass Utilization
17.8 Catalyst for Conversion of Biomass into Biofuels
17.8.1 Heterogeneous Catalysts
17.8.2 Homogeneous Catalyst
17.8.3 Biocatalyst
17.9 Modern Extraction Techniques
17.9.1 Supercritical CO2 Extraction
17.9.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
17.9.3 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
17.9.4 Ionic Liquid–Based Extraction
17.9.5 Deep Eutectic Solvent–Based Extraction
17.10 Purification Techniques
17.10.1 Distillation
17.10.2 Centrifugation
17.10.3 Filtration
17.10.4 Adsorption
17.10.5 Chemical Treatment
17.11 Conclusion
References
18. Thermochemical Conversion Products for Solid Biofuels
J.E. Castanheiro, P.A. Mourão and I. Cansado
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Renewable Raw Materials to Solid Biofuels
18.3 Pretreatments
18.4 Production of Solid Biofuels
18.5 Conclusions
References
19. Coal for Hydrogen Production and Storage
Dinesh Kumar, Tushar Adsul, Santanu Ghosh and Atul Kumar Varma
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Sources of Hydrogen Energy
19.3 Coal Makeup Controls on Hydrogen Production
19.3.1 Carbon Content
19.3.2 Sulfur Content
19.3.3 Moisture Content
19.3.4 Ash Yield
19.3.5 Volatile Matter Yield
19.4 Effect of Coal Rank on Hydrogen Generation
19.5 Hydrogen Production Techniques From Coal
19.5.1 Coal Gasification
19.5.1.1 Gasification Methodologies
19.5.1.2 Coal Gasification Thermodynamics
19.5.1.3 Gasifiers
19.5.1.4 Plasma Gasification
19.5.2 Coal Pyrolysis for Hydrogen Production
19.5.2.1 Pyrolysis Mechanism
19.5.2.2 Reaction Kinetics
19.5.2.3 Effect of Temperature on Coal Pyrolysis
19.5.2.4 Effect of Pressure on Coal Pyrolysis
19.5.2.5 Effect of Heating Rate and Coal Particle Size on Coal Pyrolysis
19.5.2.6 Effect of Coal Rank on Pyrolysis
19.5.3 Coal Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production
19.5.4 Benefits and Challenges
19.5.4.1 Benefits of Using Coal for Hydrogen Production
19.5.4.2 Challenges of Using Coal for Hydrogen Production
19.6 Coal for Hydrogen Storage
19.6.1 Coal-Based Nanomaterial for Hydrogen Storage
19.6.1.1 Carbon Nanotubes
19.6.1.2 Active Carbon
19.6.1.3 Carbon Nanocomposites
19.7 Summary
References
20. Fuel Characteristics of Solid and Gaseous Energy Carriers
Charles Rashama, Christian Riann and Tonderayi S. Matambo
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Solid and Gaseous Energy Carriers
20.3 Biomass Pretreatments and the Resulting Biofuels
20.4 Description of Solid Biofuel Characteristics
20.4.1 Biomass Component Analysis
20.4.2 Proximate Properties
20.4.3 Ultimate Properties
20.4.4 Combustion Properties
20.4.5 Physical Properties
20.4.6 Ash Properties
20.5 Description of Gaseous Biofuel Characteristics
20.6 Procedures for Biofuel Property Determination
20.7 Common Solid Biofuel Properties
20.8 Common Gaseous Biofuel Properties
20.8.1 Single Gases
20.8.2 Biogas and Biomethane
20.8.3 Biosyngas
20.8.4 Biohydrogen
20.9 Concluding Remarks
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Biofuel Production: Past to Present Technologies
Manisha Jagadale, Beula Isabel J., Mahesh Jadhav, Selvakumar Periyasamy and Desta Getachew Gizaw
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Biofuels
1.2.1 Solid Biofuels
1.2.2 Liquid Biofuels
1.2.3 Gaseous Biofuels
1.3 Different Generation of Biomass for Biofuel Production
1.3.1 First Generation
1.3.2 Second Generation
1.3.3 Third Generation
1.3.4 Fourth Generation
1.4 Conversion Strategies for Biofuel Production
1.4.1 Thermochemical
1.4.2 Biochemical Conversion
1.5 Roadway to Biofuel Production Technologies
1.6 Conclusions
References
2. Biorefineries for the Sustainable Generation of Algal Biofuels
Mônica Lady Fiorese, Keiti Lopes Maestre, Carina Contini Triques, Larissa Echeverria, Jacqueline Ferandin Honório, Marcia Regina Fagundes-Klen, Leila Denise Fiorentin-Ferrari and Veronice Slusarski-Santana
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biorefinery Concept
2.3 Algal Biomass
2.4 Biofuels and Processing of Algal Biomass for Biofuel Production
2.4.1 Biofuels
2.4.2 Processing of Algae Biomass to Produce Biofuels
2.5 Other Bioproducts Obtained from Algal Biomass
2.6 Current Situation Regarding Energy Consumption
2.6.1 Current Status of Algal Biofuels
2.6.1.1 Fuel Demand and Industry Growth
2.6.1.2 Algae Biofuel Highlights
2.6.1.3 Algae Biorefineries in the Production of Competitive Biofuels
2.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives
2.8 Conclusion
References
3. Biofuel Production from Waste Materials
Anvita Chaudhary, Richa Srivastava and Ram Singh
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biofuel From Waste Materials
3.2.1 Bioethanol
3.2.2 Biohydrogen
3.2.3 Biodiesel
3.2.4 Biogas
3.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
4. Essentials of Liquefied Biomethane Gas (LBG)
Rupesh S., Deepanraj B, Sowndarya K. J.., Anushree P. and Somashekar B. R.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biogas Upgradation Technologies
4.2.1 Physiochemical Methods
4.2.1.1 Physical Absorption
4.2.1.2 Chemical Absorption
4.2.2 Membrane Separation
4.2.2.1 Gas–Liquid
4.2.2.2 Gas-Gas
4.2.3 Cryogenic Separation
4.2.4 Biological Methods
4.2.4.1 Chemoautotrophic Upgradation
4.2.4.2 Photoautotrophic Upgradation
4.3 Methods to Produce Liquid Biomethane
4.3.1 Pure Refrigerant Cycles
4.3.2 Mixed Refrigerant Cycles
4.3.2.1 Single Mixed Refrigerant (SMR) Cycles
4.3.2.2 Dual Mixed Refrigerant (DMR)
4.3.2.3 Propane Precooled Mixed Refrigerant (C3/MR) Cycle
4.3.2.4 Integrated Mixed Refrigerant Cascade Cycle (IMRC)
4.3.3 Gas Expansion Cycles
4.3.3.1 Single N2 Expander
4.3.3.2 Dual N2 Expander
4.3.4 Cryogenic Liquid Vaporization
4.4 Application
4.4.1 In Fuel Cell
4.4.2 Transportation Fuel
4.4.3 Iron and Steel Industry (ISI)
4.4.4 Fuel for Maritime Shipping
4.4.5 Sustainable Energy Transition
4.5 Challenges and Prospects
References
5. Exploring Cost-Effective Pathways for Future Biofuel Production
Sumeyra Gurkok
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 The Primary Types of Biofuels
5.1.2 Generations of Biofuels Based of Feedstock and Production Technology
5.1.3 Pre-Treatment of Feedstocks for Biofuel Production
5.1.4 Methods for Conversion of Feedstock into Biofuel
5.1.5 Challenges in Biofuel Production
5.2 Emerging Technologies for Cost-Effective Biofuel Production
5.2.1 Valorization of Non-Edible and Waste Materials as Feedstock for Biofuel Production
5.2.2 The Use of Algae as Feedstocks for Biofuel Generation
5.2.3 Development of Effective Catalysis, Pathways, and Organisms for Enhanced Biofuel Production Through Genetic Engineering, Metabolic Engineering, and Synthetic Biology Approaches
5.2.4 Nanotechnology in Biofuel Production
5.2.5 Optimization of Biofuel Production Conditions
5.2.6 Advanced Fermentation and Integrated Biorefineries
5.2.7 Future Perspective with Policy and Regulatory Support for Biofuel Production
5.3 Conclusion
References
6. Generation of Hydrogen Using Cyanobacteria
Darissa Alves Dutra, Adriane Terezinha Schneider, Rosangela Rodrigues Dias, Mariany Costa Deprá, Richard Luan Silva Machado, Leila Queiroz Zepka
and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes
6.1 Introduction to Hydrogen Production by Cyanobacteria
6.2 Hydrogen Production Mechanisms by Cyanobacteria
6.2.1 Biophotochemical Processes
6.2.2 Fermentation Processes
6.3 Economic and Environmental Analysis of Hydrogen Production by Cyanobacteria
6.4 Setbacks of Hydrogen Production by Cyanobacteria
6.5 Hydrogen Patents’ Overview
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. Microstructural Engineering for Bioenergy Production
Serkan Baslayici and Pelin Demircivi
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biomass Microstructure and Characterization
7.3 Microbial Engineering for Bioenergy Production
7.4 Plant Cell Wall Engineering for Bioenergy Production
7.5 Nanotechnology for Bioenergy Production
7.6 Microstructural Engineering for Bioreactors and Processing
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Lignocellulosic Biomass as Feedstock for Biofuels: The State of the Science, Prospects, and Challenges
Surbhi Kumari Barnwal, Srijanee Dhar, Deepu Joy Parayil and Dileep Francis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Structural Chemistry of Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.2.1 Cellulose
8.2.2 Hemicellulose
8.2.3 Lignin
8.3 Sources of Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.4 Energy Content in Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.5 Challenges in Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Biofuels
8.5.1 Crystallinity
8.5.2 Degree of Polymerization
8.5.3 Surface Accessibility
8.5.4 Presence of Hemicellulose and Lignin
8.5.5 Enzyme Inhibitors and Toxic Byproducts
8.6 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.6.1 Physical Pretreatment
8.6.2 Chemical Pretreatment
8.6.3 Biological Pretreatment
8.6.4 Hybrid Pretreatment
8.7 Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Biofuels
8.7.1 Separated Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF)
8.7.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF)
8.7.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Cofermentation (SSCF)
8.7.4 Consolidated Bioprocess (CBP)
8.8 Lignocellulosic Biomass–Based Biorefineries
8.9 Conclusion
References
9. Limitations of the First- and Second-Generation Solid-Gaseous Biofuels in a Time of Climate Emergency
Deviany Deviany and Siti Khodijah Chaerun
9.1 Introduction: Global Population, Energy Consumption, and Climate Emergency
9.2 Feedstock Diversification of the First- and Second-Generation Biofuels for Sustainable Bioenergy Production
9.3 Considerations for the First- and Second-Generation Solid-Gaseous Biofuels Amidst the Climate Emergency
9.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
10. Advancements in Microbial Fermentation of Agro and Food Processing Wastes for Generation of Biofuel
Swati Ray, Avik Mukherjee and Uma Ghosh
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of Agro and Food Processing Wastes
10.2.1 Agro Wastes
10.2.2 Food Processing Wastes
10.3 Pretreatments and Conditioning
10.3.1 Physical Pretreatment
10.3.2 Chemical Pretreatment
10.3.3 Physico-Chemical Pretreatment
10.3.4 Biological Pretreatment
10.4 Supplementation of Wastes
10.5 Fermentation Technologies
10.6 Ethanol Production from Wastes
10.7 Butanol Production from Wastes
10.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
11. Biofuel Prospects by 2030, Based on Existing Production and Future Projections
Masoud Salehipour, Shahla Rezaei, Ali Motaharian, Rezvan Yazdian-Robati and Mehdi Mogharabi-Manzari
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biofuel Generations
11.2.1 First Generation
11.2.2 Second Generation
11.2.3 Third Generation
11.3 Biofuel Demand: Current Situation and Perspectives
11.3.1 United States
11.3.2 The European Union
References
12. Microstructural Maneuvering for Bioenergy Production
Akhandal Sahoo, Tushar Adsul, Santanu Ghosh and Atul Kumar Varma
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Microstructural Maneuvering in Carbon-Based Products for Bioenergy
12.3 Bioenergy from Different Biomasses
12.3.1 Bioenergy from Agricultural Products
12.3.1.1 Bioenergy Production from Agricultural Crop Residues
12.3.1.2 Ethanol Production from Crops and Its Uses as a Bioenergy
12.3.1.3 Biodiesel Production
12.3.2 Industrial Wastes as a Source of the Bioenergy
12.3.2.1 The Paper and Pulp Industry Waste Utilization
12.3.3 Municipal and Household Waste
12.3.3.1 Bioenergy Production using Food Waste
12.3.3.2 Bioenergy Production using Yard Waste
12.3.3.3 Bioenergy Production using Plastic Waste
12.3.3.4 Wastewater as a Source of the Bioenergy
12.4 Microstructural Amendments in Coal-Derived Material for Bioenergy Production
12.4.1 Active Carbon
12.4.1.1 Pyrolysis
12.4.1.2 Thermal Treatment
12.4.1.3 Microwave Activation
12.4.1.4 The Uses of Active Carbon as Bioenergy
12.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes
12.4.2.1 Different Methods for Producing Carbon Nanotubes
12.4.2.2 Bioenergy Applications of CNTs
12.4.3 Graphene
12.4.4 Fullerene
12.4.5 Carbon Dots and Spheres
12.5 Summary
References
13. Nanotechnology-Based Alternatives for Sustainable Biofuel and Bioenergy Production
Sapna Devi, Sushma Kumari, Tatek Temesgen and Sunaina
13.1 An Overview
13.2 Role of Nanomaterials in Biofuels and Bioenergy Generation from Biomass
13.3 Factors Influencing Nanoparticle Performance in Biofuel Production
13.3.1 Synthetic Methodology
13.3.2 Temperature of Nanoparticle Synthesis
13.3.3 Size of Nanoparticles
13.4 Research on Different Types of Nanomaterial for Biofuels and Bioenergy Production
13.4.1 Biogas
13.4.2 Bioethanol
13.4.3 Biodiesel
13.4.4 Biohydrogen
13.5 Application of Nanomaterial Materials for Biofuels and Bioenergy
13.5.1 Biohydrogen Production
13.5.2 Biodiesel Production
13.5.3 Biogas Production
13.5.4 Bioethanol Production
13.6 Challenges of Nanomaterial Materials for Biofuels and Bioenergy
13.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
14. New Insights Into Valuable Strategies for Generating Algal Biofuels
Malini S., Kalyan Raj and K.S. Anantharaju
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Algal Cultivation Strategies
14.2.1 Open-Pond Photobioreactor
14.2.2 Raceway Pond System
14.2.3 Hybrid Cultivation System
14.2.4 Algal Cultivation using Wastewater
14.2.5 Biofilm-Based Cultivation
14.3 Future Prospects
14.4 Conclusions
References
15. Outline of Energy Crop–Based Solid Biofuels: Trends and Opportunities
Shrabani Barman, Sandipan Biswas, Sahidul Islam and Ujjwal Mandal
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Energy Crops
15.2.1 Advantages of Energy Crops
15.3 Pellet Fuel
15.3.1 The Pelletization Process
15.3.1.1 Feed Stock Storage
15.3.1.2 Removal of Undesirable Impurities
15.3.1.3 Size Reduction
15.3.1.4 Material Transportation
15.3.1.5 Biomass Drying
15.3.1.6 Mixing and Conditioning
15.3.1.7 Pellet Production
15.4 Technical Combustion Properties
15.4.1 Calorific Value
15.4.2 Moisture Content
15.4.3 Ash Content
15.4.4 Ash Melting Properties
15.4.5 Flowing and Bridging Properties
15.4.6 Bulk Density
15.4.7 Settling Factor
15.4.8 Conversion of Volumes
15.4.9 Energy Density
15.4.10 Particle Density
15.5 Conclusion
References
16. Overview of Gaseous Biofuels Derived from Crops: Progress and Prospects
P. Sobhangi, Monalisa Das, P.O. Prakash, R. Keerthi and K.V. Chaitanya
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Renewable Source
16.1.2 Non-Renewable Source
16.2 Biofuels as an Alternative to Fossil Fuels
16.3 Classification of Biofuels and Generations
16.4 Bio-Hydrogen
16.4.1 Raw Materials for Production of Bio-Hydrogen
16.4.2 Extraction of Bio-Hydrogen
16.4.3 Production of Bio-Hydrogen
16.4.3.1 Biomass Gasification
16.4.3.2 Pyrolysis
16.4.3.3 Bio-Photolysis
16.4.3.4 Photo Fermentation
16.4.3.5 Dark Fermentation
16.4.3.6 Photo and Dark Fermentation
16.4.4 Storage of Bio-Hydrogen
16.4.5 Applications of Bio-Hydrogen
16.5 Syngas
16.5.1 Raw Material
16.5.2 Methods of Extracting Syngas
16.5.2.1 Pyrolysis
16.5.2.2 Biochar
16.5.2.3 Gasification of Biomass
16.5.3 Types of Gasifiers
16.5.4 Storage of Syngas
16.5.5 Applications of Syngas
16.6 Biogas
16.6.1 Production
16.6.2 Anaerobic Digesters or Reactors
16.6.3 Pre-Treatment
16.6.4 Anaerobic Digestion
16.6.5 Phases of Anaerobic Digestion Process
16.6.6 Storage
16.6.7 Applications of Biogas Technology
16.7 Conclusions
References
17. Recent Advances in Microbial Biodiesel
Swathe Sriee A. E., Ranjitha J. and Vijayalakshmi Shankar
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Developments in the World’s Biomass-Based Energy Recovery
17.3 Types of Biofuel
17.3.1 Bioethanol
17.3.2 Biodiesel
17.3.3 Biogas
17.3.4 Bioether
17.3.5 Biobutanol
17.3.6 Syngas
17.4 Conventional Methods and Feedstocks for Biofuel Productions
17.4.1 Fermentation
17.4.2 Transesterification
17.4.3 Gasification
17.4.4 Pyrolysis
17.5 Recent Advancements in Biofuel Production
17.6 Feedstock Availability for Biofuel Production
17.6.1 Cellulosic Biomass
17.6.2 Waste Cooking Oil
17.6.3 Municipal Solid Waste
17.6.4 Animal Fat Waste
17.6.5 Microorganisms
17.7 Emerging Technology for the Development of Biofuel Production
17.7.1 Genetic Engineering
17.7.2 Synthetic Biology
17.7.3 Nanotechnology
17.7.4 Recent Bioreactor Developments
17.7.5 Waste Biomass Utilization
17.8 Catalyst for Conversion of Biomass into Biofuels
17.8.1 Heterogeneous Catalysts
17.8.2 Homogeneous Catalyst
17.8.3 Biocatalyst
17.9 Modern Extraction Techniques
17.9.1 Supercritical CO2 Extraction
17.9.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
17.9.3 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
17.9.4 Ionic Liquid–Based Extraction
17.9.5 Deep Eutectic Solvent–Based Extraction
17.10 Purification Techniques
17.10.1 Distillation
17.10.2 Centrifugation
17.10.3 Filtration
17.10.4 Adsorption
17.10.5 Chemical Treatment
17.11 Conclusion
References
18. Thermochemical Conversion Products for Solid Biofuels
J.E. Castanheiro, P.A. Mourão and I. Cansado
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Renewable Raw Materials to Solid Biofuels
18.3 Pretreatments
18.4 Production of Solid Biofuels
18.5 Conclusions
References
19. Coal for Hydrogen Production and Storage
Dinesh Kumar, Tushar Adsul, Santanu Ghosh and Atul Kumar Varma
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Sources of Hydrogen Energy
19.3 Coal Makeup Controls on Hydrogen Production
19.3.1 Carbon Content
19.3.2 Sulfur Content
19.3.3 Moisture Content
19.3.4 Ash Yield
19.3.5 Volatile Matter Yield
19.4 Effect of Coal Rank on Hydrogen Generation
19.5 Hydrogen Production Techniques From Coal
19.5.1 Coal Gasification
19.5.1.1 Gasification Methodologies
19.5.1.2 Coal Gasification Thermodynamics
19.5.1.3 Gasifiers
19.5.1.4 Plasma Gasification
19.5.2 Coal Pyrolysis for Hydrogen Production
19.5.2.1 Pyrolysis Mechanism
19.5.2.2 Reaction Kinetics
19.5.2.3 Effect of Temperature on Coal Pyrolysis
19.5.2.4 Effect of Pressure on Coal Pyrolysis
19.5.2.5 Effect of Heating Rate and Coal Particle Size on Coal Pyrolysis
19.5.2.6 Effect of Coal Rank on Pyrolysis
19.5.3 Coal Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production
19.5.4 Benefits and Challenges
19.5.4.1 Benefits of Using Coal for Hydrogen Production
19.5.4.2 Challenges of Using Coal for Hydrogen Production
19.6 Coal for Hydrogen Storage
19.6.1 Coal-Based Nanomaterial for Hydrogen Storage
19.6.1.1 Carbon Nanotubes
19.6.1.2 Active Carbon
19.6.1.3 Carbon Nanocomposites
19.7 Summary
References
20. Fuel Characteristics of Solid and Gaseous Energy Carriers
Charles Rashama, Christian Riann and Tonderayi S. Matambo
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Solid and Gaseous Energy Carriers
20.3 Biomass Pretreatments and the Resulting Biofuels
20.4 Description of Solid Biofuel Characteristics
20.4.1 Biomass Component Analysis
20.4.2 Proximate Properties
20.4.3 Ultimate Properties
20.4.4 Combustion Properties
20.4.5 Physical Properties
20.4.6 Ash Properties
20.5 Description of Gaseous Biofuel Characteristics
20.6 Procedures for Biofuel Property Determination
20.7 Common Solid Biofuel Properties
20.8 Common Gaseous Biofuel Properties
20.8.1 Single Gases
20.8.2 Biogas and Biomethane
20.8.3 Biosyngas
20.8.4 Biohydrogen
20.9 Concluding Remarks
References
Index
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