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Advances in Analytical Techniques for Forensic Investigation

Edited by Priyanka Chhabra, Divya Tripathy, Anjali Gupta, Shruti Shukla Rajeev Kumar, and Kajol Bhati
Copyright: 2024   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781394166312  |  Hardcover  |  
526 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
This book is essential for anyone seeking to understand and apply the latest analytical techniques in forensic investigation, saving time, materials, energy, and manpower by providing guidance on the most appropriate techniques for different types of investigations.

Audience
Research scholars, scientists, academicians, and industrial professionals working in the field of applied chemistry, analytical chemistry, forensic sciences, chemical technology, polymer technology, industrial chemistry, and chemical engineers

Description
Advances in Analytical Techniques for Forensic Investigation is aimed to describe the applicability of different types of analytical techniques used for the forensic investigation, including FT-IR, chromatography, mass spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, UV- vis spectroscopy, etc. This book will focus on current and emerging developments in the latest analytical techniques and methods used in the forensic investigation and sample analysis of various physical, chemical, and biological samples in order to facilitate the smooth conduction of justice.

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Author / Editor Details
Priyanka Chhabra, PhD is an assistant professor at Amity University, Noida, India. She has more than four years of research and teaching experience. Additionally, she has more than 17 research publications in reputed journals, book chapters, and conference proceedings and received a junior research fellowship from the University Grant Commission.

Divya Tripathy, PhD is a distinguished professor in the Department of Chemistry at the School of Basic Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India. She has held various academic positions across her 18 years of experience at several institutions. She has supervised numerous theses and has an extensive list of publications, with more than 102 publications in the in various reputed journals, books, and patents. Additionally, she has played a significant role in organizing academic events and has been an integral part of various administrative and academic committees at Galgotias University.

Anjali Gupta, PhD is a professor in the Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India. She has over 15 years of research and teaching experience. She has 14 published patents and over 50 research publications in reputed journals, book chapters, and conference proceedings. Additionally, she has acted as a principal investigator in Department of Science and Technology-sponsored research projects.

Shruti Shukla, PhD is an associate professor in Nehu Shillong. In 2019, she was awarded a Department of Biotechnology-Ramalingaswamy Re-Entry Fellowship, which she initiated with the National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, India. She has more than 13 years experience as an assistant professor at several South Korean universities. She has published more than 100 articles in the worlds’ most prestigious journals.

Ms. Kajol Bhati is an assistant professor in Forensic Science at the School of Biomedical Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India. She has a combined experience of more than 7 years in forensic science teaching and research. She is a strong proponent of workplace productivity and effectiveness. She oversees the lab and coordinates events for her division, serving as the NAAC criteria-1 division coordinator. Over the course of the last four years, she has coordinated many co-curricular and extracurricular events for the benefit of students.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Introduction to Analytical Techniques for Forensic Analysis
Megha Walia, Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma and Faray Jamal
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Forensic Analysis
1.1.2 Introduction to Instrumentation in Forensic Science
1.1.2.1 Validation of Instrument
1.1.2.2 Instrumentation for Organic Evidence
1.1.2.3 Instrumentation for Inorganic Evidence
1.1.2.4 Instrumentation for Biological Evidence
1.1.2.5 Instrumentation for Chemical Evidences
1.1.2.6 Instrumentation for Physical Evidences
1.2 Analytical Techniques for Evidence Analysis
1.2.1 Spectroscopy
1.2.1.1 Infrared Spectroscopy
1.2.1.2 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
1.2.1.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
1.2.1.4 Mass Spectrometer (MS)
1.2.2 Chromatographic Techniques
1.2.2.1 Gas Chromatography (GC)
1.2.2.2 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
1.2.2.3 High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
1.2.3 Hyphenated Techniques
1.2.4 Microscopic Techniques
1.2.4.1 Optical Microscope
1.2.4.2 Electron Microscope
1.2.4.3 Stereomicroscope
1.2.4.4 Comparison Microscope
1.2.4.5 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Coupled Microscopy in Forensic Science
1.2.5 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
1.2.6 Nanotechnology
1.3 Conclusion
References
2. Forensic Sample Collection and Preparation
Anuj Sharma, Poonam Kumari, Abhishek R. Rai, Varad Nagar, Vaibhav Sharma, Archana Gautam, Tina Sharma, Rajeev Kumar and Mahipal Singh Sankhla
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Collection and Preservation of Evidence at the Crime Scene
2.2.1 Physical Evidence
2.2.2 Biological Evidences
2.2.3 Trace Evidences
2.2.4 Impression Evidence
2.2.5 Explosives
2.2.6 Hair and Fibers
2.2.7 Documentary Evidence
2.2.8 Digital Evidences
2.3 Legal Considerations
2.4 Chain of Custody
2.4.1 Importance and Significance of Chain of Custody in Forensic Science
2.5 Admissibility in Court
2.6 Forensic Laboratory Analysis
2.7 DNA Analysis
2.7.1 Types of Crime Scenes Where an Expert Can Find DNA
2.7.2 Techniques Used
2.8 Fingerprint Analysis
2.8.1 Collection
2.8.2 Development
2.8.3 Lifting
2.8.4 Analysis
2.8.5 Evaluation
2.9 Ballistic Analysis
2.9.1 Visual Examination
2.9.2 Gunshot Residue Analysis
2.9.3 Trajectory Analysis
2.10 Toxicology Analysis
2.10.1 Spectroscopy
2.10.2 Chromatography
2.10.3 Immunoassays
2.10.4 Mass Spectrometry
2.11 Quality Control Measures
2.11.1 Validation of Methods
2.11.2 Calibration
2.11.3 Quality Assurance Programs
2.11.4 Documentation and Record Keeping
2.11.5 Documentation and Reporting of Evidences
2.12 Challenges and Emerging Technologies
2.12.1 Contamination
2.12.2 Microbial Contamination
2.12.3 Packaging and Storage Contamination
2.12.4 Preservation Difficulties
2.13 Handling Digital Evidence
2.14 Emerging Technologies
2.15 Advances in DNA Analysis
2.16 AI and Machine Learning in Forensic Analysis
2.17 Cyber Forensics Techniques
2.18 Conclusion
References
3. Vibrational Spectroscopy in Forensic Sample Analysis
Harjeet Singh, Noble George, Deepti Attitiniti and Shivani R. Pandya
3.1 Fundamentals of Vibrational Spectroscopy (VS)
3.2 General Forms of Vibrational Spectroscopy
3.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy: Science of Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of Photons
3.2.2 IR Spectroscopy: Technique Based on Interaction of Infrared Radiation with Matter
3.2.3 Chemometrics: Data Driven Science to Extract Chemical Information
3.3 The Deployment of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Forensics and Criminal Investigations
3.3.1 Biological Fluids
3.3.2 Ballistics
3.3.3 Document and Ink Evidences
3.3.4 Trace Evidences
3.3.5 Controlled Substances
3.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
4. UV-Vis Spectroscopy in Forensic Sample Investigation
Ashita Anand, Palash Kumar Manna and Shruti Shukla
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Forensic Science
4.3 UV-Vis Spectroscopy
4.4 Applications of UV/Visible Spectroscopy in Forensic Science
4.4.1 Analysis of Narcotics and Drug Testing
4.4.2 Determination of Alcohol in Blood
4.4.3 Ink Analysis
4.4.4 Analysis of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Forensic Blood Samples
4.4.5 Forensic Determination of Metals by UV/Visible Spectroscopy
4.4.6 Examination of Blood Stains by UV/Visible Spectroscopy
4.4.7 Forensic Discrimination of Dyed Fiber Collected from the Incident Site
4.5 Future Perspective
4.6 Conclusion
Consent for Publication
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgement
References
5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Versatile Tool for Forensic Sample Analysis
Devi Deepti Attinti, Kwasi Kantanka Safo, M. Balakrishna, Noble George and Shivani Pandya
5.1 Introduction to NMR in Forensic Science
5.1.1 Overview of NMR Spectroscopy
5.1.2 Importance of NMR in Forensic Analysis
5.2 NMR Instrumentation and Sample Preparation
5.2.1 Types of NMR Spectrometers
5.2.1.1 Continuous-Wave NMR Spectrometer (CW-NMR)
5.2.1.2 Fourier-Transform NMR Spectrometer (FT-NMR)
5.2.2 Sample Preparation Techniques
5.2.3 Quantitative NMR (qNMR) Spectroscopy
5.3 NMR Spectroscopy Techniques
5.3.1 One Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy
5.3.2 Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy (2D NMR)
5.3.3 Solid State NMR Spectroscopy
5.3.4 Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP)-Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy
5.4 Forensic Applications of NMR Spectroscopy
5.4.1 Drug Analysis
5.4.2 Forensic Toxicology
5.4.3 Body Fluid Analysis
5.4.4 Fire Debris Analysis
5.4.5 Polymer and Paint Analysis
5.4.6 Fiber Analysis
5.5 Data Processing and Interpretation
5.5.1 Spectral Processing Techniques
5.5.2 Spectral Interpretation and Analysis
5.5.3 Chemometrics and Statistical Analysis
5.6 Conclusion
5.6.1 Challenges and Opportunities
5.6.2 Future Outlook and Potential Advancements
References
6. Forensic Aspects of Mass Spectroscopy and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectroscopy
Elipe Arjun, Priyanka Chhabra and Priyanka Singh
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Overview of Isotopes and Mass Spectroscopy
6.1.2 The Importance of Stable Isotope Analysis Assists Forensic Cases
6.1.3 Stable Isotope Abundances in Forensic Evidence
6.2 Mass Spectroscopy Principle Instrumentation
6.2.1 Mass Spectrometry
6.2.2 Principle
6.2.3 Instrumentation
6.3 Ion Source
6.3.1 Electron Impact (EI)
6.3.2 Electrospray Ionization (ESI)
6.3.3 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI)
6.3.4 Chemical Ionization
6.4 Mass Analyzer
6.4.1 Quadrupole Mass Analyzer
6.4.2 Time-of-Flight (TOF) Mass Analyzer
6.4.3 Magnetic Sector Mass Analyzer
6.5 Detector
6.5.1 Electron Multiplier Detector
6.5.2 Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) Detector
6.5.3 Channeltron Detector
6.5.4 High Mass Detection Detectors
6.6 Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Forensics
6.6.1 Toxicology
6.6.2 Explosives
6.6.3 Environmental Forensics
6.6.4 DNA Sequencing and Proteomics
6.6.5 Forensic Geochemistry
6.6.6 Forensic Chemistry
6.7 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Principle and Instrumentation
6.7.1 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS)
6.7.2 Principle
6.7.3 Instrumentation
6.7.4 Ion Source
6.7.5 Types of Ion Sources in IRMS
6.7.5.1 Electron Impact Ionization (EI)
6.7.5.2 Chemical Ionization (CI)
6.7.5.3 Field Ionization (FI)
6.7.6 Mass Analyzer
6.7.7 Detector
6.7.8 Isotope Ratio Measurement System
6.7.9 Gas Handling System
6.8 Applications of Isotope Ratio Mass Spectroscopy in Forensics
6.8.1 Environmental Forensic Applications
6.8.2 Wildlife Forensic Applications
6.8.3 Illicit Drug Applications
6.8.4 Forensic Applications of Archaeology and Anthropology
6.8.5 Food Forensic Applications
6.8.6 Application of IRMS in Questioned Documents
6.8.7 Miscellaneous
6.9 Case Study
6.10 Challenges and Limitations of Mass Spectrometry in Forensics
6.11 Conclusion
References
7. Application of Plasma and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy in Sample Analysis
Jyoti Singh and Shrutika Singla
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Absorption Spectroscopy
7.3 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
7.3.1 Principle
7.3.2 Instrumentation
7.3.3 Working
7.4 Plasma Absorption Spectroscopy (PAS)
7.4.1 Principle
7.4.2 Instrumentation
7.4.3 Working
7.5 Analysis of Forensic Samples Using AAS and PAS
7.5.1 Biological Samples and Matrices
7.5.2 Drugs and Pharmaceutical Industry
7.5.3 Forensic Medicine
7.5.4 Soil
7.5.5 Explosives, Gunshot Residues, and Ammunition
7.5.6 Glass
7.5.7 Heavy Metals
7.5.8 Environmental Samples
7.5.9 Miscellaneous Samples
Consent for Publication
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgement
References
8. Application of Gas Chromatography in Criminalistics
Ankit Singh and Namrata Singh
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Evolution of Gas Chromatography
8.2 Gas Chromatography
8.3 Principle of Gas Chromatography
8.4 Instrumentation of Gas Chromatography
8.5 Advancement in Gas Chromatography Technique
8.5.1 High-Resolution GC
8.5.2 Fast GC
8.5.3 Multidimensional GC
8.5.4 Mass Spectrometry (MS) Detection
8.6 Miniaturization and Automation in GC
8.6.1 Miniaturization
8.6.2 Automation
8.7 Application of Gas Chromatography in Criminalistics
8.7.1 Drug Analysis Using GC
8.7.2 Arson Investigation
8.7.3 Explosive Analysis
8.7.4 Toxin Analysis
8.7.5 Food and Beverage Analysis
8.7.6 Trace Evidences Analysis
8.8 Conclusion
References
9. HPLC and HP-TLC
Lovlish Gupta, Abhiramy S. Shenoy and Divya Bajpai Tripathy
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Principle
9.2.1 Basic Principle of HPLC
9.2.2 Basic Principle of HP-TLC
9.2.3 Basic Parameters and Steps Involved
9.3 Applications of HPLC and HP-TLC in Forensic Sciences
9.3.1 Forensic Examination of Samples Using HPLC
9.3.1.1 Forensic Examination of Toxicological Samples
9.3.1.2 Examination of Explosives and Explosives Substances
9.3.1.3 Examination of Textile and Fabrics
9.3.1.4 Examination of Questioned Documents and Variable Inks
9.3.1.5 Examination of Narcotics, Psychotropic Substances and Pharmaceutical Substances
9.3.1.6 Examination of Cosmetic Products
9.3.2 Forensic Examination of Samples Using HP-TLC
9.3.2.1 Forensic Examination of Toxicological Samples
9.3.2.2 HP-TLC Fingerprinting to Detect Medicinal Merits
9.3.2.3 Examination of Textile and Fabrics
9.3.2.4 Examination of Questioned Documents and Variable Inks
9.3.2.5 Examination of Narcotics, Psychotropic Substances and Pharmaceutical Substances
9.3.2.6 Examination of Cosmetic Products
9.4 Conclusion
Consent for Publication
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgement
References
10. Forensic Aspects of Hyphenated Techniques
Nisha, Priyanka Singh and Priyanka Chhabra
10.1 Introduction to Hyphenated Techniques in Forensic Science
10.2 Hyphenated Techniques Used in Forensic Science
10.2.1 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
10.2.1.1 Principle and Instrumentation
10.2.1.2 Applications of GC-MS in Forensic Science
10.2.2 Head Space–Gas Chromatography (HS-GC)
10.2.2.1 Principle and Instrumentation
10.2.2.2 Applications of HS-GC in Forensic Science
10.2.3 Gas Chromatography-Infrared Spectroscopy (GC-IR)
10.2.3.1 Principle and Instrumentation
10.2.3.2 Applications of GC-IR in Forensic Science
10.2.4 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
10.2.4.1 Principle and Instrumentation
10.2.4.2 Applications of LC-MS in Forensic Science
10.2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-Mass Spectrometry (FTIR-MS)
10.2.5.1 Principle and Instrumentation
10.2.5.2 Applications of FTIR-MS in Forensic Science
10.2.6 Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
10.2.6.1 Principle and Instrumentation
10.2.6.2 Applications of LC-MS/MS in Forensic Science
10.2.7 Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry (CE-MS)
10.2.7.1 Principle and Instrumentation
10.2.7.2 Applications of CE-MS in Forensic Science
10.3 Conclusion
References
11. Microscopic Techniques and Their Application in Forensic Science
Vaishnavi M.A., Malavika Venu, Ravshish Kaur Kohli and Pooja Puri
11.1 Introduction to Microscopy
11.2 Types of Microscopes
11.2.1 Optical Microscope
11.2.2 Stereomicroscope
11.2.3 Bright Field Microscope
11.2.4 Confocal Microscope
11.2.5 Fluorescence Microscope
11.2.6 Polarizing Microscope
11.2.7 Electron Microscope
11.2.8 TEM
11.2.9 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
11.2.10 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
11.3 Forensic Application of Microscopy
11.3.1 Biological Samples
11.3.2 Fibers
11.3.3 Explosives and Gunshot Residues Analysis
11.3.4 Glass
11.3.5 Paint
11.3.6 Questioned Document
11.3.7 Soil and Materials
11.3.8 Fingerprint Identification
Conclusion
References
12. EDX and X-Ray Technique in Forensic Science
Muskan Dhawan, Rhea Sharma and Gayatri Sharma
12.1 Introduction and Overview
12.2 Importance of XRD and EDX Technique in Forensic Science
12.2.1 Importance of XRD
12.2.2 Importance of EDX
12.3 Instrumentation for XRD and EDX Techniques
12.3.1 Principle, Working and Instrumentation for XRD
12.3.2 Principle, Working, and Instrumentation for EDX Spectroscopy
12.3.3 Sample Preparation
12.3.3.1 Sample Preparation for XRD
12.3.3.2 Sample Preparation for Biological Specimens Using EDX Technique
12.4 Applications of EDX and X-Ray Technique in Forensic Science
12.4.1 Drug Analysis
12.4.2 Fire Debris
12.4.3 Body Fluid Analysis
12.4.4 Paint and Polymer Analysis
12.4.5 Fiber Analysis
12.5 Future Aspects and Conclusion
References
13. Nanotechnology in Forensic Science
Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma, Megha Walia and Faray Jamal
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Exploring the Field of Nanotechnology
13.1.1.1 Classification of Nanomaterials
13.2.2 Characterization of Nanomaterials
13.2.2.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy (Spectroscopic Analysis)
13.2.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
13.2.2.3 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
13.2.2.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
13.2.2.5 Dark Field Microscopy (DFM)
13.3 Techniques for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials
13.3.1 Top-Down Approaches
13.3.1.1 Mechanical Milling
13.3.1.2 Electrospinning
13.3.1.3 Lithography
13.3.1.4 Sputtering
13.3.2 Bottom-Up Approaches
13.3.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
13.3.2.2 Solvothermal and Hydrothermal Methods
13.3.2.3 The Sol–Gel Method
13.3.2.4 Reverse Micelle Method
13.4 Role of Nanotechnology in Forensic Investigation
13.4.1 Explosive Residue Detection
13.4.2 Fire Debris Analysis
13.4.3 GSR Analysis
13.4.4 Detection of Fingerprints
13.4.5 DNA Analysis
13.4.6 Drug and Toxicology Testing
13.4.7 Detection of Food Adulteration
13.4.8 Counterfeiting Prevention and Homeland Security
13.4.9 Bio Sensors and Nano Trackers
13.4.10 Nanotechnology and Questioned Document
13.5 Conclusion
References
Index

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