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Submit a ProposalFunctionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications
 | Edited by Mayank Pandey, Kalim Deshmukh, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain Copyright: 2025 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394172405 | Hardcover | 583 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
This unique book provides a comprehensive introduction to the multifaceted realm of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in the field of theranostics, exploring the fundamental concepts, synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and potential applications.
Audience
This unique reference book will be of great value to materials engineers, polymer scientists, and technologists working in the electronic, electrical, and biomedical industries. It will also be of great use to graduate, postgraduate, and engineering students working in materials and polymer science.
This unique reference book will be of great value to materials engineers, polymer scientists, and technologists working in the electronic, electrical, and biomedical industries. It will also be of great use to graduate, postgraduate, and engineering students working in materials and polymer science.
Description
In recent years, the intersection of nanotechnology and medicine has ushered in a new era of therapeutics and diagnostics. Among the myriad nanostructures, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as versatile candidates with immense potential for theranostic applications. Their unique combination of magnetic properties and functionalization capabilities has paved the way for innovative approaches in both the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.
Understanding the synthesis, characterization, and manipulation of these MNPs is essential for harnessing their full potential in theranostics. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled precise control over their size, shape, and surface chemistry, allowing for tailored functionalities to suit specific biomedical applications. From superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) to magnetic nanorods and beyond, the diverse landscape of MNPs offers a rich playground for innovation. The convergence of diagnosis and therapy is facilitated by functionalized MNPs; their magnetic properties render them invaluable tools for imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), offering high-resolution anatomical and functional information for disease detection and monitoring. Simultaneously, functionalizing MNPs with targeting ligands, therapeutic agents, or stimuli-responsive moieties empowers them to actively engage in targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia, or magnetic manipulation of biological processes. This synergistic approach exemplifies the essence of theranostics—combining therapy and diagnostics to achieve personalized and precise medical interventions.
The book discusses the challenges ahead, including the translation of functionalized MNPs from bench to bedside, which necessitates rigorous preclinical and clinical evaluations to ensure safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility. Moreover, the complex interplay between nanoparticles and biological systems demands a multidisciplinary approach, bridging the gap between materials science, biology, and clinical medicine. Regulatory hurdles, scalability issues, and ethical considerations further underscore the need for concerted efforts and strategic collaborations in the development and commercialization of MNP-based theranostic platforms.
The readers will find that “Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications” comprehensively covers the chemical, structural, and biological properties of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for theranostic applications as well as most of the challenges.
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In recent years, the intersection of nanotechnology and medicine has ushered in a new era of therapeutics and diagnostics. Among the myriad nanostructures, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as versatile candidates with immense potential for theranostic applications. Their unique combination of magnetic properties and functionalization capabilities has paved the way for innovative approaches in both the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.
Understanding the synthesis, characterization, and manipulation of these MNPs is essential for harnessing their full potential in theranostics. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled precise control over their size, shape, and surface chemistry, allowing for tailored functionalities to suit specific biomedical applications. From superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) to magnetic nanorods and beyond, the diverse landscape of MNPs offers a rich playground for innovation. The convergence of diagnosis and therapy is facilitated by functionalized MNPs; their magnetic properties render them invaluable tools for imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), offering high-resolution anatomical and functional information for disease detection and monitoring. Simultaneously, functionalizing MNPs with targeting ligands, therapeutic agents, or stimuli-responsive moieties empowers them to actively engage in targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia, or magnetic manipulation of biological processes. This synergistic approach exemplifies the essence of theranostics—combining therapy and diagnostics to achieve personalized and precise medical interventions.
The book discusses the challenges ahead, including the translation of functionalized MNPs from bench to bedside, which necessitates rigorous preclinical and clinical evaluations to ensure safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility. Moreover, the complex interplay between nanoparticles and biological systems demands a multidisciplinary approach, bridging the gap between materials science, biology, and clinical medicine. Regulatory hurdles, scalability issues, and ethical considerations further underscore the need for concerted efforts and strategic collaborations in the development and commercialization of MNP-based theranostic platforms.
The readers will find that “Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications” comprehensively covers the chemical, structural, and biological properties of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for theranostic applications as well as most of the challenges.
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Author / Editor Details
Mayank Pandey, PhD, works in the Department of Electronics, Kristu Jayanti College, Hennur, Bengaluru. He completed a PhD on ‘Preparation of polymer electrolyte for electrochemical device applications.’ He has an experimental background in synthesizing graphene quantum dots-based polymeric composites. Aside from his research, Pandey contributes to the development of new synthesis approaches in the field of nanocarbon derivatives. He has published more than 30 research articles in peer-reviewed high-impact journals.
Mayank Pandey, PhD, works in the Department of Electronics, Kristu Jayanti College, Hennur, Bengaluru. He completed a PhD on ‘Preparation of polymer electrolyte for electrochemical device applications.’ He has an experimental background in synthesizing graphene quantum dots-based polymeric composites. Aside from his research, Pandey contributes to the development of new synthesis approaches in the field of nanocarbon derivatives. He has published more than 30 research articles in peer-reviewed high-impact journals.
Kalim Deshmukh, PhD, is a Senior Researcher at the New Technologies-Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic. He has over 20 years of research experience working with a wide variety of nanomaterials, and polymeric materials, especially polymer blends, nanocomposites, and nanohybrids for various applications. His research interest is mainly focused on the synthesis, characterization, and investigations of the structure-property relationship of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with different nanofillers including various metal oxides, carbon allotropes, and novel 2D nanomaterials for energy storage, EMI shielding, gas sensing and biomedical applications.
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an adjunct professor and director of laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, United States. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of around 150 books, including scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Magnetic Nanoparticles: Classifications, Structure, Physicochemical Properties,
and Implications for Biomedical Applications
Ezaz Haider Gilani, Umer Mehmood, Rabia Nazar, Andleeb Arshad, Faris Baig, Arshia Fatima, Noor Shahzadi, Usama Mehmood and Fahad Iftikhar
List of Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Synthesis Methods of Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
1.2.1 Synthesis in Liquid Phase
1.2.1.1 Co‑Precipitation
1.2.1.2 Arc Discharge
1.2.2 Thermal Decomposition (Non-Aqueous Media Synthesis)
1.2.3 Microemulsion
1.2.4 Green Synthesis of NPs
1.3 Methods of Protection
1.3.1 Engineering Controls
1.3.2 Personal Protective Equipment
1.3.3 Administrative Controls
1.3.4 Protection Methods of Magnetic Nanoparticles Via Coating
1.3.4.1 Organic Coating
1.3.4.2 Inorganic Coatings
1.3.4.3 Surfactant and Polymer Coating
1.3.4.4 Precious-Metal Coating
1.3.4.5 Silica Coating
1.3.5 Protection/Stabilization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
1.3.5.1 Surface Passivation by Mild Oxidation
1.3.5.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
1.4 Functionalization and Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles
1.4.1 Magnetic Property
1.4.2 Magnetocaloric Effect
1.5 Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
1.6 Conclusions
References
2. Biogenic or Green Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Sanjana Tewari, Manisha Bhardwaj, Sonia Saini, Vivek Sharma, Swapnil Sharma and Jaya Dwivedi
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Green Materials for the Biosynthesis of MNPs
2.2.1 Bioproducts for Biosynthesis of MNPs
2.2.1.1 Biopolymers
2.2.1.2 Ascorbic Acid
2.2.1.3 Amino Acids
2.2.1.4 Myoglobin and Hemoglobin
2.2.1.5 Sugar and Glucose
2.2.1.6 Gallic and Tannic Acid
2.2.2 Synthesis by Microorganisms
2.2.2.1 Bacteria
2.2.2.2 Fungi
2.2.2.3 Algae
2.2.3 Plant Mediated Synthesis
2.3 Mechanism of Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, and Algae-Mediated MNPs
2.4 Factors Affecting MNP Synthesis
2.5 Applications of MNPs
2.5.1 MNPs Associated with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
2.5.2 MNPs in Drug Formulation for Drug Delivery
2.5.3 MNPs for Chemotherapy
2.5.4 MNPs for Gene Therapy and Enzyme Immobilization
2.5.5 Removal of Dyes Using MNPs
2.6 Conclusion and Future Research Prospects
References
3. Surface Modification Methods of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Sangita Kumari Swain, Anupam Sahoo, Puspanjali Mishra, Sukanta Kumar Swain and Sukanta Kumar Tripathy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Surface Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles by Inorganic Materials
3.2.1 Coating Modification with Silica
3.2.2 Coating with Metals
3.2.3 Coating with Metal Oxide and Metal Halides
3.2.4 Coating with Carbon
3.3 Surface Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles with Organic Molecules
3.3.1 Coating with Small Molecules
3.3.2 Coating with Biomolecules
3.3.3 Coating with Polymers
3.4 Conclusion
References
4. Spectroscopic and Microscopic Characterizations of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
Nastaran Hashemzadeh, Sina Pakkhesal, Abolghasem Jouyban and Elaheh Rahimpour
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Microscopy Approaches
4.2.1 Optical Microscopy
4.2.2 Electron Microscopy
4.2.3 Scanning Probe Microscopes
4.3 Spectroscopy
4.3.1 Raman and X-Ray Spectroscopy
4.3.2 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
4.3.3 Atomic Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy
4.3.4 NMR, Spark, and Flame Spectroscopy
4.3.5 IR and UV Spectroscopy
4.4 Application of Spectroscopic and Microscopic Approaches
4.4.1 Size and Surface Morphology
4.4.2 Elemental Mapping/Composition
4.4.3 Evaluation of Catalytic Activity
4.4.4 Bonding Type and Structure
4.4.5 Magnetism
4.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
5. Coating Approaches of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications
Sagar Pardeshi, Amol Gholap, Harshad Kapare, Apoorva More, Norma Rebello and Prabhanjan Giram
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types of Magnetic Nanoparticles Used in Theranostics
5.2.1 Metal-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.2.2 Silica Nanoparticles
5.2.3 Polymeric Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.3 Coating Method for Magnetic Nanoparticles Used for Theranostics
5.3.1 Covalent Bond Technique
5.3.2 Non-Covalent Technique
5.3.3 Adsorption Technique
5.3.4 Case Studies for Different Organic and Inorganic Coatings
5.3.4.1 Magnetic IONs Functionalization Through Silica Covalent Method
5.3.4.2 Surface Functionalization Through Adsorption for Amino Functional Group and Gold Nanoparticles
5.3.4.3 The Application of Oleic Acid Coating for Magnetite Nanoparticles
5.3.4.4 Gold Nanoparticles Decorated Magnetopolymersome
5.4 Characterization of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles in Theranostic Application
5.4.1 Magnetic Properties
5.4.1.1 Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM)
5.4.1.2 Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID)
5.4.1.3 Hysteresis Loop Measurement
5.4.1.4 Mossbauer Spectroscopy
5.4.1.5 Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR)
5.4.1.6 Magnetic Susceptibility
5.4.1.7 Electron Holography
5.4.1.8 Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM)
5.4.1.9 Minor Hysteresis Loops
5.4.2 Surface Properties
5.4.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
5.4.2.2 Dynamic Light Scattering
5.4.2.3 Nanoparticles Tracking Analyzer (NTA)
5.4.2.4 X-Ray Diffraction
5.4.2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
5.4.2.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
5.4.2.7 Mass Spectroscopy
5.4.2.8 Zeta Potential
5.4.2.9 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
5.5 Theranostics Applications of Functionalized MNPs
5.5.1 Magnetic Drug Targeting
5.5.1.1 Cancer
5.5.1.2 Regenerative Therapy
5.5.1.3 Magnetofluid Hyperthermia
5.5.2 Applications in Various Diagnostic Techniques
5.5.2.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
5.5.2.2 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
5.5.2.3 Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT)
5.5.2.4 Computed Tomography (CT)
5.6 Consideration of Theranostic Nanoparticles
5.6.1 Toxicity Considerations
5.6.2 Regulatory Considerations
5.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
6. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles Based Hybrid Systems for Theranostics
Mehmet Karagözlü, Süleyman Aşır, Deniz Türkmen, Ammar Zidan, Fatma Hacıoğulları and Adil Denizli
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.2.1 Synthesis
6.2.1.1 Co-Precipitation
6.2.1.2 Thermal Decomposition
6.2.1.3 Microemulsion
6.2.1.4 Hydrothermal or Solvothermal Synthesis
6.2.1.5 Laser Pyrolysis Techniques
6.2.2 Stabilization
6.2.2.1 Surface Passivation by Mild Oxidation
6.2.2.2 Surfactant and Polymer Coating
6.2.2.3 Precious-Metal Coating
6.2.2.4 Silica Coating
6.2.2.5 Carbon Coating
6.2.3 Types of Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.2.3.1 Oxides: Ferrites
6.2.3.2 Ferrites with a Shell
6.2.3.3 Metallic
6.2.3.4 Metallic with a Shell
6.3 Functionalization and Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.3.1 Polymer-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.3.2 Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.3.3 Lipid-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.3.4 Lipid and Polymer Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.3.5 Biomolecule Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.4 Theranostic Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.4.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Diagnostics
6.4.1.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
6.4.1.2 Computer Tomography Imaging
6.4.1.3 Positron Emission Tomography
6.4.1.4 Photoacoustic Imaging
6.4.1.5 Biosensing
6.4.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Therapy
6.4.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
6.4.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy
6.4.2.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Phototherapy
6.4.2.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Hyperthermia
6.4.3 Biocompatibility of Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.4.4 Limitations of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications
6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
7. Functional Magnetic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications
Sushil Raut, Jyotsna G. Vitore, Pratiksha Alandikar, Shivani Singh, Rutika Jadhav, Derajram Benival and Prabhanjan Giram
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Need and Dual Nature of Theranostics
7.3 Types of Lipid-Based Nanobiosystems
7.3.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN)
7.3.2 Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC)
7.3.3 Lipid Nanocapsules (LNCs)
7.3.4 Liposome
7.3.5 Micelle
7.4 Preparation Techniques
7.4.1 High-Pressure Homogenization (HPH)
7.4.1.1 Cold High-Pressure Homogenization
7.4.1.2 Emulsification and Sonification
7.4.1.3 Microemulsion Method
7.4.1.4 Solvent Emulsification Evaporation
7.4.1.5 Solvent Injection Method
7.4.1.6 Double Emulsion Method
7.4.1.7 Membrane Contactor Technique
7.4.1.8 Phase Inversion
7.5 Applications of Lipid-Based Biosystem as Theragnostic
7.5.1 Quantum Dots
7.5.2 Imaging Modalities
7.5.3 Fluorescence Imaging
7.5.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
7.5.5 Photon Emission Tomography
7.5.6 Ultrasound
7.5.7 Optical Imaging
7.5.8 Targeted Mode of Delivery
7.5.9 Detection of Bimolecular Targets
7.5.10 DNA
7.5.11 Small Molecule
7.5.12 Proteins
7.6 Application of Functionalized Magnetic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Theragnostic
7.7 Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics of Lipid-Based Nanobiosystem
7.7.1 Absorption of Lipid Nanobiosystems
7.7.2 Distribution of Lipid Nanobiosystems
7.7.3 Metabolism and Elimination of Lipid Nanobiosystems
7.8 Toxicological Aspects
7.9 Clinical Status of Lipid-Based Nanobiosystem for Theranostic Application
7.10 Patents From 2015 to 2022 on Theranostic Lipid-Based System
7.11 Challenges for the Theranostic Nanobiosystem
7.11.1 Scientific Limitations
7.11.2 In Vivo Performance Issues
7.11.3 Industrial Challenges
7.12 Conclusion
References
8. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy
Devesh Kapoor, Smita Jain, Seema Patil, Shivangi Jaiswal, Jaya Dwivedi and Swapnil Sharma
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Formulation of MNPs for Biomedical Applications
8.1.2 MNPs for Theranostic Platforms
8.1.2.1 Magnetic Hyperthermia
8.1.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
8.1.2.3 Bioseparation and Biosensor
8.1.2.4 Targeted Drug Delivery
8.1.2.5 Tissue Engineering
8.1.2.6 Iron Detection and Chelation Therapy
8.1.2.7 Magnetic Transfections
8.1.3 Biodistribution, Clearance, and Toxicity of MNPs
8.1.3.1 MNP Metabolism
8.1.3.2 Macrophage in Nanoparticles Clearance: Double-Edge Sword
8.1.3.3 Oxidative Stress: A Paradigm for Nanotoxicity
8.1.3.4 MNPs and Metal in Neurodegeneration
8.2 Photothermal Therapy
8.2.1 Diversified Selection of Magnetic Nanoparticles in PTT
8.2.1.1 Single-Phase Magnetic NPs
8.2.1.2 Composite-Phase Magnetic NPs
8.2.2 Photothermal Agents
8.3 Photodynamic Therapy
8.3.1 Mechanism of Action
8.3.2 Photosensitizers
8.4 Photothermal Therapy Based on MNPs
8.4.1 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and Treatment of Gliomas
8.4.2 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and Treatment of Gastric Cancer
8.4.3 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and Ovarian Cancer Treatment
8.4.4 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and of Neck and Head Cancer Treatment
8.4.5 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment
8.4.6 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and Treatment of Bone Cancer
8.4.7 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and Breast Cancer Treatment
8.4.8 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GM)
8.5 Photodynamic Therapy Based on MNPs
8.6 Combined Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy Based on MNPs
8.7 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
9. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering
Swati Paliwal and Swapnil Sharma
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Functionalized Nanoparticles Used in Tissue Engineering
9.2.1 Types of Nanoparticles
9.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
9.2.3 Metallic-Based Nanoparticles
9.2.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles
9.2.5 Nanocomposites
9.3 Characterizations
9.3.1 Size and Surface Morphology
9.3.2 Composition
9.3.2.1 Monocomponent Magnetic Structure
9.3.2.2 Metal Alloys Magnetic Nanostructures
9.3.2.3 Metal Oxide and Metal Carbides Magnetic Nanostructures
9.3.2.4 Multicomponent Magnetic Structures
9.3.3 Bonding Type and Structure
9.3.4 Magnetic Property
9.4 Biocompatibility and Toxicity
9.5 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
9.5.1 Physical Methods
9.5.2 Chemical Methods
9.5.3 Biological Methods
9.6 Delivery of NPs
9.7 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine
9.7.1 Cell Based Therapies and Regenerative Medicine
9.7.2 Cell Tracking
9.7.3 Magnetic Cell Manipulation
9.7.4 Magnetic Hydrogels
9.7.5 Conjugated Growth Factors
9.7.6 Magnetic-Force Based Tissue Engineering
9.7.7 3-D Cell Tissue Assembly
9.8 Application in Tissue Repair and Regeneration
9.8.1 Neuronal Repair and Regeneration
9.8.2 Muscular Repair and Regeneration
9.8.2.1 Myoblast Sheet-Like Structures
9.8.2.2 Myoblast Cell String Formation
9.8.2.3 Myoblast Cell Rings
9.8.2.4 Genetically Engineered Muscle Cell Sheets
9.8.3 Bone Regeneration
9.8.4 Cardiac Regeneration
9.8.5 Vasculature/Blood Vessels
9.8.6 Skin Tissue Engineering
9.9 Challenges and Future Prospects
9.10 Conclusions
References
10. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enzyme Immobilization
Darshan R. Telange, Anil M. Pethe, Surendra S. Agrawal, Umesh B. Telrandhe and Preeti S. Bobade
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basic Concepts of Enzyme Immobilization
10.3 Benefits of Enzyme Immobilization and Functionalized MNPs Over to Conventional Nanoparticles
10.4 Formulation Components
10.4.1 Enzyme and its Functionalities
10.4.2 Iron Oxide
10.5 Manufacturing Techniques of Magnetic and Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.5.1 Green Synthesis
10.5.2 Chemical Co-Precipitation
10.5.3 Microemulsion
10.5.4 Polyol Method
10.5.5 Thermal Decomposition
10.5.6 Sonochemical Method
10.5.7 Sol–Gel Method
10.6 Enzyme Immobilization Using Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.6.1 Catalase Immobilization on Functionalized Fe3O4 Nanoparticles
10.6.2 Laccase Immobilization on Tannic Acid (TA)/Polyethyleneimine (PEI) Magnetic Fe3O4 NPs
10.6.3 Hydroxylase and Monooxygenase Immobilization on Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.6.4 Laccase Immobilization on Amino Functionalized Magnetic Metal Organic Framework (MOF)
10.6.5 α-Glucosidase Immobilization on Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.6.6 Aminoacylase Immobilization on Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.6.7 Lipase Immobilization on Fe3O4 Nanoparticles
10.6.8 Alkaline Phosphatase Immobilization on Silica-Coated Fe3O4 NPs
10.7 Physicochemical Characterization of Magnetic and Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.7.1 Particle Size Analysis
10.7.2 BET Analysis
10.7.3 CLSM
10.7.4 PXRD
10.7.5 TGA
10.7.6 SEM
10.8 Applications of Magnetic and Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enzyme Immobilization
10.8.1 Magnetism
10.8.2 Diagnostics
10.8.3 Sensors and Biosensors
10.8.4 Drug Delivery
10.9 Conclusion and Future Viewpoint
References
11. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy Applications
Arpita Mishra, Sangeetha Menon, Mayank Pandey and Kalim Deshmukh
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Design and Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
11.2.1 Chemical Methods
11.2.1.1 Co Precipitation Method
11.2.1.2 Thermal Decomposition Method
11.2.1.3 Hydrothermal Method
11.2.1.4 Sol–Gel Method
11.2.1.5 Microemulsion Synthesis
11.2.2 Physical Method
11.2.2.1 Ball Milling Method
11.2.2.2 Laser Evaporation
11.2.3 Biological Method
11.3 Gene Delivery System
11.3.1 Non-Viral and Viral Vectors
11.3.2 Targeted Gene Delivery In Vivo
11.4 Topical and Systemic Delivery
11.4.1 Systemic Delivery
11.4.2 Topical Delivery
11.5 Magnetofection in Cells
11.5.1 Endothelial and Epithelial Cells
11.5.2 Tumor and Embryonic Cells
11.6 Gene Delivery to Internal Organs
11.7 Conclusion
References
12. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Chemotherapy Applications
Payal Kesharwani, Smita Jain, Kanika Verma, Jaya Dwivedi and Swapnil Sharma
List of Abbreviation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Method of Preparation of Functionalized MNPs
12.2.1 Co-Precipitation
12.2.2 Thermal Decomposition
12.2.3 Pyrolysis Method
12.2.4 Sol–Gel Technique
12.2.5 Microemulsion
12.3 Functionalization of Target-Specific MNPs
12.3.1 Core-Modified MNPs
12.3.2 MNPs Surface Functionalization
12.3.2.1 Small Organic Molecules
12.3.2.2 Polymers
12.4 MNPs: Toxicity, Biodistribution, Pharmacokinetic
12.4.1 In-Vivo Barriers
12.4.2 Physicochemical Consideration
12.5 MNPs for Cancer Therapeutics
12.5.1 MNP Targeted Drug Delivery and Therapy
12.5.1.1 MNPs in Chemotherapy
12.5.1.2 MNPs in Radiotherapy
12.5.1.3 MNPs in Hyperthermia
12.5.2 MNPs for Bio-Separation and Imaging of Tumor Cells
12.6 Conclusion
References
13. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bioseparation Applications
R. Abhinayaa, S. Sivaselvam, M. Veena and N. Ponpandian
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Background to Bioseparation
13.2 Magnetic Bioseparation
13.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticle—Properties
13.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles—Biological Interactions
13.2.3 Significance of Surface Functionalization in Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bioseparation
13.2.4 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticle for Nucleic Acid Separation
13.2.5 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticle for Protein Separation
13.2.6 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticle for Bacteria Separation
13.2.7 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticle for Virus Separation
13.2.8 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Bioseparation of Cancerous Cells
13.3 Conclusion
References
14. Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Application
Swetapadma Praharaj and Dibyaranjan Rout
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
14.1.1.1 Ferrites (Oxides) NPs
14.1.1.2 Ferrites with a Shell
14.1.1.3 Metallic NPs
14.1.1.4 Core-Shell Metallic NPs
14.1.1.5 Bimetallic NPs
14.2 Synthesis of MNPs
14.2.1 Co-Precipitation
14.2.2 Microemulsion
14.2.3 Hydrothermal
14.2.4 Power Ball Milling
14.2.5 Laser Ablation
14.2.6 Wire Explosion
14.2.7 Plant Mediated
14.2.8 Microbes Mediated
14.3 Factors Affecting Magnetic Properties
14.3.1 Particle Size
14.3.2 Shape
14.3.3 Substitution/Doping Effect
14.4 Surface Coating and Functionalization of MNPs
14.4.1 Functional Ligands
14.4.2 Core-Shell Structures
14.4.3 Polymeric Coatings
14.5 Applications of MNPs
14.5.1 Cell Separation
14.5.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
14.5.3 Hyperthermia
14.5.4 Catalysis
14.5.5 Spintronic
14.6 Drug Delivery
14.6.1 Applications of Functionalized MNPs in Drug Delivery
14.7 Summary
References
15. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy
Chandi Charan Dey, Madhumita Dalal and Pabitra Kumar Chakrabarti
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Synthesis of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
15.3 Magnetism of Nanoparticles
15.4 Biocompatibility of Magnetic Nanoparticles
15.5 Concept of Heat Generation
15.6 Structural and Morphological Impact on Hyperthermia
15.7 Magnetic Hyperthermia in Clinical Practice
15.8 Drawbacks and Future Scope
15.9 Conclusion
References
16. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Imaging
Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena, Amrita Kulkarni, Shruti Rajan, Rachit Jain, Vasavi Pasupuleti and Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Photoacoustic and Ultrasound (PA/US) Imaging Modality
16.2.1 Working of Photoacoustic/Ultrasound Imaging System
16.2.2 Contrast Agents for PA/US Imaging
16.3 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles: Theranostic Potential
16.3.1 Design and Development of Functionalized MNPs
16.3.2 Special Considerations While Developing the FMNPs
16.3.3 General Properties of MNPs
16.3.4 FMNPs’ Role in Biomedicine
16.4 Role of FMNPs in Central Nervous System Disorders
16.4.1 Present Scenario of Management of CNS Disorders
16.5 Functionalized MNPs in CNS Disease Management
16.5.1 Blood Brain Barrier: Overcoming by Functionalized MNPs
16.5.2 Applications of Functionalized MNPs in CNS Disease Management
16.5.2.1 Role of FMNPs in Epilepsy
16.5.2.2 Role of FMNPs in Stroke
16.5.2.3 Role of FMNPs in Brain Tumors
16.5.2.4 Role of FMNPs in Alzheimer’s Disease
16.5.2.5 Role of FMNPs in Parkinson’s Disease
16.5.2.6 Role in Other Neurodegenerative Diseases
16.6 Conclusion
References
17. Biocompatibility, Toxicity Concerns, Environmental and Safety Considerations, and Legal Aspects of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
Parveen Kumar, Ranjit Singh and Preeti Kush
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biocompatibility and Toxicity Concerns of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
17.2.1 Mechanism of Toxicity
17.2.2 Evaluation of Safety and Toxicity
17.2.3 Factors Affecting Safety and Toxicity
17.3 Environmental and Safety Considerations of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
17.4 Legal Aspects
17.5 Future Perspective and Conclusion
References
Index
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Preface
1. Magnetic Nanoparticles: Classifications, Structure, Physicochemical Properties,
and Implications for Biomedical Applications
Ezaz Haider Gilani, Umer Mehmood, Rabia Nazar, Andleeb Arshad, Faris Baig, Arshia Fatima, Noor Shahzadi, Usama Mehmood and Fahad Iftikhar
List of Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Synthesis Methods of Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
1.2.1 Synthesis in Liquid Phase
1.2.1.1 Co‑Precipitation
1.2.1.2 Arc Discharge
1.2.2 Thermal Decomposition (Non-Aqueous Media Synthesis)
1.2.3 Microemulsion
1.2.4 Green Synthesis of NPs
1.3 Methods of Protection
1.3.1 Engineering Controls
1.3.2 Personal Protective Equipment
1.3.3 Administrative Controls
1.3.4 Protection Methods of Magnetic Nanoparticles Via Coating
1.3.4.1 Organic Coating
1.3.4.2 Inorganic Coatings
1.3.4.3 Surfactant and Polymer Coating
1.3.4.4 Precious-Metal Coating
1.3.4.5 Silica Coating
1.3.5 Protection/Stabilization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
1.3.5.1 Surface Passivation by Mild Oxidation
1.3.5.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
1.4 Functionalization and Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles
1.4.1 Magnetic Property
1.4.2 Magnetocaloric Effect
1.5 Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
1.6 Conclusions
References
2. Biogenic or Green Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Sanjana Tewari, Manisha Bhardwaj, Sonia Saini, Vivek Sharma, Swapnil Sharma and Jaya Dwivedi
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Green Materials for the Biosynthesis of MNPs
2.2.1 Bioproducts for Biosynthesis of MNPs
2.2.1.1 Biopolymers
2.2.1.2 Ascorbic Acid
2.2.1.3 Amino Acids
2.2.1.4 Myoglobin and Hemoglobin
2.2.1.5 Sugar and Glucose
2.2.1.6 Gallic and Tannic Acid
2.2.2 Synthesis by Microorganisms
2.2.2.1 Bacteria
2.2.2.2 Fungi
2.2.2.3 Algae
2.2.3 Plant Mediated Synthesis
2.3 Mechanism of Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, and Algae-Mediated MNPs
2.4 Factors Affecting MNP Synthesis
2.5 Applications of MNPs
2.5.1 MNPs Associated with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
2.5.2 MNPs in Drug Formulation for Drug Delivery
2.5.3 MNPs for Chemotherapy
2.5.4 MNPs for Gene Therapy and Enzyme Immobilization
2.5.5 Removal of Dyes Using MNPs
2.6 Conclusion and Future Research Prospects
References
3. Surface Modification Methods of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Sangita Kumari Swain, Anupam Sahoo, Puspanjali Mishra, Sukanta Kumar Swain and Sukanta Kumar Tripathy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Surface Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles by Inorganic Materials
3.2.1 Coating Modification with Silica
3.2.2 Coating with Metals
3.2.3 Coating with Metal Oxide and Metal Halides
3.2.4 Coating with Carbon
3.3 Surface Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles with Organic Molecules
3.3.1 Coating with Small Molecules
3.3.2 Coating with Biomolecules
3.3.3 Coating with Polymers
3.4 Conclusion
References
4. Spectroscopic and Microscopic Characterizations of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
Nastaran Hashemzadeh, Sina Pakkhesal, Abolghasem Jouyban and Elaheh Rahimpour
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Microscopy Approaches
4.2.1 Optical Microscopy
4.2.2 Electron Microscopy
4.2.3 Scanning Probe Microscopes
4.3 Spectroscopy
4.3.1 Raman and X-Ray Spectroscopy
4.3.2 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
4.3.3 Atomic Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy
4.3.4 NMR, Spark, and Flame Spectroscopy
4.3.5 IR and UV Spectroscopy
4.4 Application of Spectroscopic and Microscopic Approaches
4.4.1 Size and Surface Morphology
4.4.2 Elemental Mapping/Composition
4.4.3 Evaluation of Catalytic Activity
4.4.4 Bonding Type and Structure
4.4.5 Magnetism
4.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
5. Coating Approaches of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications
Sagar Pardeshi, Amol Gholap, Harshad Kapare, Apoorva More, Norma Rebello and Prabhanjan Giram
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types of Magnetic Nanoparticles Used in Theranostics
5.2.1 Metal-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.2.2 Silica Nanoparticles
5.2.3 Polymeric Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.3 Coating Method for Magnetic Nanoparticles Used for Theranostics
5.3.1 Covalent Bond Technique
5.3.2 Non-Covalent Technique
5.3.3 Adsorption Technique
5.3.4 Case Studies for Different Organic and Inorganic Coatings
5.3.4.1 Magnetic IONs Functionalization Through Silica Covalent Method
5.3.4.2 Surface Functionalization Through Adsorption for Amino Functional Group and Gold Nanoparticles
5.3.4.3 The Application of Oleic Acid Coating for Magnetite Nanoparticles
5.3.4.4 Gold Nanoparticles Decorated Magnetopolymersome
5.4 Characterization of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles in Theranostic Application
5.4.1 Magnetic Properties
5.4.1.1 Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM)
5.4.1.2 Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID)
5.4.1.3 Hysteresis Loop Measurement
5.4.1.4 Mossbauer Spectroscopy
5.4.1.5 Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR)
5.4.1.6 Magnetic Susceptibility
5.4.1.7 Electron Holography
5.4.1.8 Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM)
5.4.1.9 Minor Hysteresis Loops
5.4.2 Surface Properties
5.4.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
5.4.2.2 Dynamic Light Scattering
5.4.2.3 Nanoparticles Tracking Analyzer (NTA)
5.4.2.4 X-Ray Diffraction
5.4.2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
5.4.2.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
5.4.2.7 Mass Spectroscopy
5.4.2.8 Zeta Potential
5.4.2.9 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
5.5 Theranostics Applications of Functionalized MNPs
5.5.1 Magnetic Drug Targeting
5.5.1.1 Cancer
5.5.1.2 Regenerative Therapy
5.5.1.3 Magnetofluid Hyperthermia
5.5.2 Applications in Various Diagnostic Techniques
5.5.2.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
5.5.2.2 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
5.5.2.3 Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT)
5.5.2.4 Computed Tomography (CT)
5.6 Consideration of Theranostic Nanoparticles
5.6.1 Toxicity Considerations
5.6.2 Regulatory Considerations
5.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
6. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles Based Hybrid Systems for Theranostics
Mehmet Karagözlü, Süleyman Aşır, Deniz Türkmen, Ammar Zidan, Fatma Hacıoğulları and Adil Denizli
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.2.1 Synthesis
6.2.1.1 Co-Precipitation
6.2.1.2 Thermal Decomposition
6.2.1.3 Microemulsion
6.2.1.4 Hydrothermal or Solvothermal Synthesis
6.2.1.5 Laser Pyrolysis Techniques
6.2.2 Stabilization
6.2.2.1 Surface Passivation by Mild Oxidation
6.2.2.2 Surfactant and Polymer Coating
6.2.2.3 Precious-Metal Coating
6.2.2.4 Silica Coating
6.2.2.5 Carbon Coating
6.2.3 Types of Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.2.3.1 Oxides: Ferrites
6.2.3.2 Ferrites with a Shell
6.2.3.3 Metallic
6.2.3.4 Metallic with a Shell
6.3 Functionalization and Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.3.1 Polymer-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.3.2 Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.3.3 Lipid-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.3.4 Lipid and Polymer Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.3.5 Biomolecule Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.4 Theranostic Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.4.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Diagnostics
6.4.1.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
6.4.1.2 Computer Tomography Imaging
6.4.1.3 Positron Emission Tomography
6.4.1.4 Photoacoustic Imaging
6.4.1.5 Biosensing
6.4.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Therapy
6.4.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
6.4.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy
6.4.2.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Phototherapy
6.4.2.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Hyperthermia
6.4.3 Biocompatibility of Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.4.4 Limitations of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications
6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
7. Functional Magnetic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications
Sushil Raut, Jyotsna G. Vitore, Pratiksha Alandikar, Shivani Singh, Rutika Jadhav, Derajram Benival and Prabhanjan Giram
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Need and Dual Nature of Theranostics
7.3 Types of Lipid-Based Nanobiosystems
7.3.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN)
7.3.2 Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC)
7.3.3 Lipid Nanocapsules (LNCs)
7.3.4 Liposome
7.3.5 Micelle
7.4 Preparation Techniques
7.4.1 High-Pressure Homogenization (HPH)
7.4.1.1 Cold High-Pressure Homogenization
7.4.1.2 Emulsification and Sonification
7.4.1.3 Microemulsion Method
7.4.1.4 Solvent Emulsification Evaporation
7.4.1.5 Solvent Injection Method
7.4.1.6 Double Emulsion Method
7.4.1.7 Membrane Contactor Technique
7.4.1.8 Phase Inversion
7.5 Applications of Lipid-Based Biosystem as Theragnostic
7.5.1 Quantum Dots
7.5.2 Imaging Modalities
7.5.3 Fluorescence Imaging
7.5.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
7.5.5 Photon Emission Tomography
7.5.6 Ultrasound
7.5.7 Optical Imaging
7.5.8 Targeted Mode of Delivery
7.5.9 Detection of Bimolecular Targets
7.5.10 DNA
7.5.11 Small Molecule
7.5.12 Proteins
7.6 Application of Functionalized Magnetic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Theragnostic
7.7 Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics of Lipid-Based Nanobiosystem
7.7.1 Absorption of Lipid Nanobiosystems
7.7.2 Distribution of Lipid Nanobiosystems
7.7.3 Metabolism and Elimination of Lipid Nanobiosystems
7.8 Toxicological Aspects
7.9 Clinical Status of Lipid-Based Nanobiosystem for Theranostic Application
7.10 Patents From 2015 to 2022 on Theranostic Lipid-Based System
7.11 Challenges for the Theranostic Nanobiosystem
7.11.1 Scientific Limitations
7.11.2 In Vivo Performance Issues
7.11.3 Industrial Challenges
7.12 Conclusion
References
8. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy
Devesh Kapoor, Smita Jain, Seema Patil, Shivangi Jaiswal, Jaya Dwivedi and Swapnil Sharma
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Formulation of MNPs for Biomedical Applications
8.1.2 MNPs for Theranostic Platforms
8.1.2.1 Magnetic Hyperthermia
8.1.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
8.1.2.3 Bioseparation and Biosensor
8.1.2.4 Targeted Drug Delivery
8.1.2.5 Tissue Engineering
8.1.2.6 Iron Detection and Chelation Therapy
8.1.2.7 Magnetic Transfections
8.1.3 Biodistribution, Clearance, and Toxicity of MNPs
8.1.3.1 MNP Metabolism
8.1.3.2 Macrophage in Nanoparticles Clearance: Double-Edge Sword
8.1.3.3 Oxidative Stress: A Paradigm for Nanotoxicity
8.1.3.4 MNPs and Metal in Neurodegeneration
8.2 Photothermal Therapy
8.2.1 Diversified Selection of Magnetic Nanoparticles in PTT
8.2.1.1 Single-Phase Magnetic NPs
8.2.1.2 Composite-Phase Magnetic NPs
8.2.2 Photothermal Agents
8.3 Photodynamic Therapy
8.3.1 Mechanism of Action
8.3.2 Photosensitizers
8.4 Photothermal Therapy Based on MNPs
8.4.1 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and Treatment of Gliomas
8.4.2 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and Treatment of Gastric Cancer
8.4.3 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and Ovarian Cancer Treatment
8.4.4 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and of Neck and Head Cancer Treatment
8.4.5 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment
8.4.6 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and Treatment of Bone Cancer
8.4.7 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and Breast Cancer Treatment
8.4.8 MNPs for Multimodal Imaging and Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GM)
8.5 Photodynamic Therapy Based on MNPs
8.6 Combined Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy Based on MNPs
8.7 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
9. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering
Swati Paliwal and Swapnil Sharma
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Functionalized Nanoparticles Used in Tissue Engineering
9.2.1 Types of Nanoparticles
9.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
9.2.3 Metallic-Based Nanoparticles
9.2.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles
9.2.5 Nanocomposites
9.3 Characterizations
9.3.1 Size and Surface Morphology
9.3.2 Composition
9.3.2.1 Monocomponent Magnetic Structure
9.3.2.2 Metal Alloys Magnetic Nanostructures
9.3.2.3 Metal Oxide and Metal Carbides Magnetic Nanostructures
9.3.2.4 Multicomponent Magnetic Structures
9.3.3 Bonding Type and Structure
9.3.4 Magnetic Property
9.4 Biocompatibility and Toxicity
9.5 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
9.5.1 Physical Methods
9.5.2 Chemical Methods
9.5.3 Biological Methods
9.6 Delivery of NPs
9.7 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine
9.7.1 Cell Based Therapies and Regenerative Medicine
9.7.2 Cell Tracking
9.7.3 Magnetic Cell Manipulation
9.7.4 Magnetic Hydrogels
9.7.5 Conjugated Growth Factors
9.7.6 Magnetic-Force Based Tissue Engineering
9.7.7 3-D Cell Tissue Assembly
9.8 Application in Tissue Repair and Regeneration
9.8.1 Neuronal Repair and Regeneration
9.8.2 Muscular Repair and Regeneration
9.8.2.1 Myoblast Sheet-Like Structures
9.8.2.2 Myoblast Cell String Formation
9.8.2.3 Myoblast Cell Rings
9.8.2.4 Genetically Engineered Muscle Cell Sheets
9.8.3 Bone Regeneration
9.8.4 Cardiac Regeneration
9.8.5 Vasculature/Blood Vessels
9.8.6 Skin Tissue Engineering
9.9 Challenges and Future Prospects
9.10 Conclusions
References
10. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enzyme Immobilization
Darshan R. Telange, Anil M. Pethe, Surendra S. Agrawal, Umesh B. Telrandhe and Preeti S. Bobade
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basic Concepts of Enzyme Immobilization
10.3 Benefits of Enzyme Immobilization and Functionalized MNPs Over to Conventional Nanoparticles
10.4 Formulation Components
10.4.1 Enzyme and its Functionalities
10.4.2 Iron Oxide
10.5 Manufacturing Techniques of Magnetic and Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.5.1 Green Synthesis
10.5.2 Chemical Co-Precipitation
10.5.3 Microemulsion
10.5.4 Polyol Method
10.5.5 Thermal Decomposition
10.5.6 Sonochemical Method
10.5.7 Sol–Gel Method
10.6 Enzyme Immobilization Using Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.6.1 Catalase Immobilization on Functionalized Fe3O4 Nanoparticles
10.6.2 Laccase Immobilization on Tannic Acid (TA)/Polyethyleneimine (PEI) Magnetic Fe3O4 NPs
10.6.3 Hydroxylase and Monooxygenase Immobilization on Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.6.4 Laccase Immobilization on Amino Functionalized Magnetic Metal Organic Framework (MOF)
10.6.5 α-Glucosidase Immobilization on Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.6.6 Aminoacylase Immobilization on Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.6.7 Lipase Immobilization on Fe3O4 Nanoparticles
10.6.8 Alkaline Phosphatase Immobilization on Silica-Coated Fe3O4 NPs
10.7 Physicochemical Characterization of Magnetic and Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.7.1 Particle Size Analysis
10.7.2 BET Analysis
10.7.3 CLSM
10.7.4 PXRD
10.7.5 TGA
10.7.6 SEM
10.8 Applications of Magnetic and Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enzyme Immobilization
10.8.1 Magnetism
10.8.2 Diagnostics
10.8.3 Sensors and Biosensors
10.8.4 Drug Delivery
10.9 Conclusion and Future Viewpoint
References
11. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy Applications
Arpita Mishra, Sangeetha Menon, Mayank Pandey and Kalim Deshmukh
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Design and Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
11.2.1 Chemical Methods
11.2.1.1 Co Precipitation Method
11.2.1.2 Thermal Decomposition Method
11.2.1.3 Hydrothermal Method
11.2.1.4 Sol–Gel Method
11.2.1.5 Microemulsion Synthesis
11.2.2 Physical Method
11.2.2.1 Ball Milling Method
11.2.2.2 Laser Evaporation
11.2.3 Biological Method
11.3 Gene Delivery System
11.3.1 Non-Viral and Viral Vectors
11.3.2 Targeted Gene Delivery In Vivo
11.4 Topical and Systemic Delivery
11.4.1 Systemic Delivery
11.4.2 Topical Delivery
11.5 Magnetofection in Cells
11.5.1 Endothelial and Epithelial Cells
11.5.2 Tumor and Embryonic Cells
11.6 Gene Delivery to Internal Organs
11.7 Conclusion
References
12. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Chemotherapy Applications
Payal Kesharwani, Smita Jain, Kanika Verma, Jaya Dwivedi and Swapnil Sharma
List of Abbreviation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Method of Preparation of Functionalized MNPs
12.2.1 Co-Precipitation
12.2.2 Thermal Decomposition
12.2.3 Pyrolysis Method
12.2.4 Sol–Gel Technique
12.2.5 Microemulsion
12.3 Functionalization of Target-Specific MNPs
12.3.1 Core-Modified MNPs
12.3.2 MNPs Surface Functionalization
12.3.2.1 Small Organic Molecules
12.3.2.2 Polymers
12.4 MNPs: Toxicity, Biodistribution, Pharmacokinetic
12.4.1 In-Vivo Barriers
12.4.2 Physicochemical Consideration
12.5 MNPs for Cancer Therapeutics
12.5.1 MNP Targeted Drug Delivery and Therapy
12.5.1.1 MNPs in Chemotherapy
12.5.1.2 MNPs in Radiotherapy
12.5.1.3 MNPs in Hyperthermia
12.5.2 MNPs for Bio-Separation and Imaging of Tumor Cells
12.6 Conclusion
References
13. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bioseparation Applications
R. Abhinayaa, S. Sivaselvam, M. Veena and N. Ponpandian
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Background to Bioseparation
13.2 Magnetic Bioseparation
13.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticle—Properties
13.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles—Biological Interactions
13.2.3 Significance of Surface Functionalization in Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bioseparation
13.2.4 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticle for Nucleic Acid Separation
13.2.5 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticle for Protein Separation
13.2.6 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticle for Bacteria Separation
13.2.7 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticle for Virus Separation
13.2.8 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Bioseparation of Cancerous Cells
13.3 Conclusion
References
14. Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Application
Swetapadma Praharaj and Dibyaranjan Rout
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
14.1.1.1 Ferrites (Oxides) NPs
14.1.1.2 Ferrites with a Shell
14.1.1.3 Metallic NPs
14.1.1.4 Core-Shell Metallic NPs
14.1.1.5 Bimetallic NPs
14.2 Synthesis of MNPs
14.2.1 Co-Precipitation
14.2.2 Microemulsion
14.2.3 Hydrothermal
14.2.4 Power Ball Milling
14.2.5 Laser Ablation
14.2.6 Wire Explosion
14.2.7 Plant Mediated
14.2.8 Microbes Mediated
14.3 Factors Affecting Magnetic Properties
14.3.1 Particle Size
14.3.2 Shape
14.3.3 Substitution/Doping Effect
14.4 Surface Coating and Functionalization of MNPs
14.4.1 Functional Ligands
14.4.2 Core-Shell Structures
14.4.3 Polymeric Coatings
14.5 Applications of MNPs
14.5.1 Cell Separation
14.5.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
14.5.3 Hyperthermia
14.5.4 Catalysis
14.5.5 Spintronic
14.6 Drug Delivery
14.6.1 Applications of Functionalized MNPs in Drug Delivery
14.7 Summary
References
15. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy
Chandi Charan Dey, Madhumita Dalal and Pabitra Kumar Chakrabarti
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Synthesis of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
15.3 Magnetism of Nanoparticles
15.4 Biocompatibility of Magnetic Nanoparticles
15.5 Concept of Heat Generation
15.6 Structural and Morphological Impact on Hyperthermia
15.7 Magnetic Hyperthermia in Clinical Practice
15.8 Drawbacks and Future Scope
15.9 Conclusion
References
16. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Imaging
Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena, Amrita Kulkarni, Shruti Rajan, Rachit Jain, Vasavi Pasupuleti and Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Photoacoustic and Ultrasound (PA/US) Imaging Modality
16.2.1 Working of Photoacoustic/Ultrasound Imaging System
16.2.2 Contrast Agents for PA/US Imaging
16.3 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles: Theranostic Potential
16.3.1 Design and Development of Functionalized MNPs
16.3.2 Special Considerations While Developing the FMNPs
16.3.3 General Properties of MNPs
16.3.4 FMNPs’ Role in Biomedicine
16.4 Role of FMNPs in Central Nervous System Disorders
16.4.1 Present Scenario of Management of CNS Disorders
16.5 Functionalized MNPs in CNS Disease Management
16.5.1 Blood Brain Barrier: Overcoming by Functionalized MNPs
16.5.2 Applications of Functionalized MNPs in CNS Disease Management
16.5.2.1 Role of FMNPs in Epilepsy
16.5.2.2 Role of FMNPs in Stroke
16.5.2.3 Role of FMNPs in Brain Tumors
16.5.2.4 Role of FMNPs in Alzheimer’s Disease
16.5.2.5 Role of FMNPs in Parkinson’s Disease
16.5.2.6 Role in Other Neurodegenerative Diseases
16.6 Conclusion
References
17. Biocompatibility, Toxicity Concerns, Environmental and Safety Considerations, and Legal Aspects of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
Parveen Kumar, Ranjit Singh and Preeti Kush
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biocompatibility and Toxicity Concerns of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
17.2.1 Mechanism of Toxicity
17.2.2 Evaluation of Safety and Toxicity
17.2.3 Factors Affecting Safety and Toxicity
17.3 Environmental and Safety Considerations of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
17.4 Legal Aspects
17.5 Future Perspective and Conclusion
References
Index
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