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Blockchain-Enabled Solutions for the Pharmaceutical Industry 

Edited by Ritika Wason, Parul Arora, Parma Nand, Vishal Jain and Vinay Kukreja
Copyright: 2025   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781394287932  |  Hardcover  |  
578 pages
Price: $245 USD
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One Line Description
The 25 chapters in this volume serve as a comprehensive guide to understanding and implementing blockchain-enabled solutions in the pharmaceutical industry.

Audience
The book will appeal to researchers, scientists, and professionals in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries, as well as computer scientists and experts in blockchain technology, cybersecurity, and logistics.

Description
The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing a holistic transformation, where innovation is key to addressing complex challenges and enabling user-centric, customized services. This book explores the potential applications of blockchain technology in revolutionizing pharmaceutical processes. By integrating blockchain fundamentals, the pharmaceutical industry can enhance transparency, security, and efficiency in areas such as supply chain management, patient safety, and more. Blockchain can also improve regulatory compliance, streamline clinical trials, and protect data integrity. Furthermore, it enables secure transactions, reduces the prevalence of counterfeit drugs, and strengthens patient privacy and data management.
Some of the subjects readers will find the volume covers include:
How blockchain technology can revolutionize the healthcare sector by enabling a secure, decentralized, and tamper-proof system for handling patient data, and facilitating seamless information sharing across various healthcare providers
How blockchain transforms the pharmaceutical industry by enhancing drug traceability, ensuring product authenticity, and reducing counterfeit drugs
A comprehensive blockchain-based framework to improve the pharmaceutical supply chain from manufacturers to end consumers
How the Pharma-RBT solution utilizes blockchain technology to protect personally identifiable information (PII) during drug trials
The use of blockchain-based smart contracts to automate and streamline payment processes reducing transaction times and minimizing human errors
Surveys how blockchain can ensure the validity of pharmaceutical products by providing an immutable and transparent ledger that tracks each phase of a drug’s lifecycle, from production to the end consumer
How blockchain can enhance the security of smart medicine vending machines How blockchain can improve the kidney transplantation process by enhancing the security, traceability, and efficiency of donor-recipient matching, organ transportation, and post-operative care
How blockchain can contribute to the development of the metaverse by enabling decentralized ownership of virtual assets
How blockchain can improve clinical trials by enhancing transparency, efficiency, and ethical conduct in drug development
How blockchain technology can revolutionize the drug recall process
How integrating hybrid technologies with blockchain can enhance smart healthcare systems
How the metaverse can transform healthcare by offering immersive virtual environments for medical training, patient education, and remote consultations.

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Author / Editor Details
Rita Wason, PhD, is a deputy director and associate professor with Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi, India. She completed her PhD at Sharda University, Greater Noida, India and is the managing editor of the International Journal of Information Technology. Wason is an avid researcher who has authored four books, published eight patents and 40 papers in leading international journals.

Parul Arora, PhD, is an associate professor with Bharati Vidapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi, India. Arora has published research papers in renowned journals and conferences.

Parma Nand, PhD, is a professor and pro-vice chancellor at Sharda University, Greater Noida, India. He has a PhD in computer science and engineering from IIT Roorkee, India. His 28 years of experience has been divided between academia and industry. He has led numerous international conferences and is on many executive councils and committees. He also received various awards, such as the Best Teacher Award, the Best Faculty Award, and best students project guide award from Microsoft in 2015.

Vishal Jain, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India. His research areas include information retrieval, semantic web, ontology engineering, etc. He has authored more than 90 research papers in reputed conferences and journals and has edited numerous books, many of them with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint. He received the Young Active Member Award 2012-2013 from the Computer Society of India.

Vinay Kukreja, PhD, is a professor at the Office of Research Publications, Chitkara University, Punjab, India. He has authored more than 120 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and conferences, three books as well as more than 40 patents. His research topics include machine learning, deep learning, agile software development, image processing, data analysis, and structural equation modeling.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Exploring Blockchain Solutions in Healthcare Data Management and Patient Data Privacy
Hamed Taherdoost
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Healthcare Data Challenges
1.3 Fundamentals of Blockchain
1.4 Blockchain in Healthcare
1.5 Ensuring Data Integrity
1.6 Access Control and Permissioned Blockchains
1.7 Privacy-Enhancing Features
1.8 Interoperability and Data Sharing
1.9 Future Trends
1.10 Summary
References
2. Revolutionizing Pharmaceuticals: Harnessing Blockchain for Industry Solutions
Navjot Singh Talwandi, Shanu Khare and Payal Thakur
2.1 Introduction to Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals
2.2 Foundations of the Pharmaceutical Industry
2.2.1 Overview of the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
2.2.2 Regulatory Landscape and Compliance Challenges
2.3 Blockchain Basics for Pharma
2.3.1 Core Principles of Blockchain
2.3.2 How Blockchain Works in a Pharmaceutical Context
2.4 Key Features of Blockchain in Pharmaceutical
2.5 Application of Blockchain in Drug Development
2.6 Supply Chain Management with Blockchain
2.7 Smart Contracts in Pharmaceuticals
2.7.1 Automating Compliance and Regulatory Processes
2.7.2 Enhancing Contractual Agreements in the Industry
2.8 Data Sharing and Interoperability
2.8.1 Improving Collaboration Among Stakeholders
2.8.2 Overcoming Data Silos in the Pharmaceutical Ecosystem
2.9 Challenges and Concerns in Implementing Blockchain
2.10 Case Studies: Successful Implementations of Blockchain in Pharmaceutical
2.11 Security and Privacy Considerations
2.12 Regulatory Compliance in Blockchain for Pharmaceuticals
2.13 Blockchain and Patient Empowerment
2.14 Future Trends and Innovations
2.15 Conclusion: The Future Landscape of Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals
References
3. Blockchain Framework for Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Management
Mohammed Majeed, Charles Asare, Beulah Hilda Walden, Nana Arko Cole, Kwame Ntim Sekyere and Bernard Ofosu Boateng
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Contribution of the Chapter
3.3 Literature
3.3.1 BC
3.4 Types of BC
3.4.1 Public BCs
3.4.2 Private (or Managed) BCs
3.4.3 Consortium BCs
3.4.4 Hybrid BCs
3.5 Pharmaceutical Industry
3.6 BC Framework for Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Management
3.7 Theoretical Foundation of the Study and the Research Framework
3.8 Technology-Organization-Environment Framework
3.9 Technology
3.10 Organization
3.11 Environment
3.12 Implications
3.13 Conclusion
References
4. Healthcare Records Maintenance in Smart Cities for Healthcare 4.0: A Approach with Block Chain
Rohit Rastogi, Rayush Jain, Prabhinav Mishra and Mohd Shahjahan
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Evolution of Healthcare Records Management
4.1.2 Introduction to Blockchain Technology in Healthcare
4.1.3 Overview of Ganache, Truffle, MetaMask, and MEAN Stack
4.1.4 Rationale for Integration and Research Objectives
4.2 Literature Review
4.3 Methodology
4.3.1 Use Case Diagram
4.3.2 Flowchart
4.4 Result and Discussion
4.5 Novelties
4.6 Conclusions
References
Additional Readings
Annexure
5. Evaluation of Blockchain and IoT Technology’s Impact on the Pharmaceutical Sector
Sampurna Panda, Rakesh Kumar and Ranjeet Singh Tomar
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Overview of IoT
5.3 Blockchain Overview
5.4 Analyzing the Impact of Blockchain and the Internet of Things on the Pharmaceutical Sector
5.4.1 Web of Things in the Pharmaceutical Industry
5.4.2 Industry 4.0 in Logistics
5.4.3 The Internet of Things for SCM
5.4.4 Pharma and Blockchain
5.4.5 Counterfeit Prevention
5.4.6 Product Distribution
5.4.7 Locating and Tracing
5.4.8 Protection and Assurance
5.4.9 Avoiding the Sale of Fake Medications
5.5 A Pharmaceutical Supply Chain for COVID-19 Empowered by Blockchain and the IoT
5.5.1 Emergence of Epidemics and Pharmaceutical Supply Chains
5.6 Conclusion
References
6. Pharma-RBT: Blockchain-Enabled Solution for PII-Protected Drug Trails in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Sai Shibu N. B., Rohit Mathew Samuel, Neeraj Chowdary Vipparla and Nidhin Mahesh A.
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Related Work
6.3 Introduction to Blockchain Technology
6.4 Proposed Architecture for Blockchain + Pharma
6.5 Implementation of Pharma-RBT
6.5.1 Rubix Test Network Setup
6.5.2 Implementing Patient Registration and Login
6.5.3 Data Clustering for Pharmaceutical Companies
6.5.4 Data Access Permissions
6.5.5 Upload Reports After Trials
6.6 Performance Evaluations
6.7 Conclusion
References
7. Transforming the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain with Blockchain
K. Vidhya Lakshmi and S. Thanga Ramya
7.1 The Current State of the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
7.1.1 Fragmentation and Lack of Integration
7.1.2 Counterfeiting and Substandard Drugs
7.1.3 Regulatory Compliance Challenges
7.1.4 Inefficiencies in Inventory Management
7.1.5 Limited Traceability
7.1.6 High Operational Costs
7.1.7 Limited Transparency and Visibility
7.2 Blockchain’s Role in Enhancing Traceability
7.2.1 The Foundation of Immutability
7.2.2 End-to-End Visibility
7.2.3 Unique Identifiers for Products
7.2.4 Rapid Response to Recalls
7.2.5 Supply Chain Provenance
7.2.6 Tamper-Proof Documentation
7.2.7 Facilitating Regulatory Compliance
7.2.8 Collaborative Traceability
7.3 Combating Counterfeiting with Blockchain
7.3.1 Unique Product Identifiers on the Blockchain
7.3.2 Tamper-Proof Packaging
7.3.3 Real-Time Authentication
7.3.4 Decentralized Verification
7.3.5 Rapid Response to Counterfeit Incidents
7.3.6 Building Trust in the Supply Chain
7.3.7 Regulatory Compliance and Reporting
7.3.8 Global Collaboration Against Counterfeiting
7.4 Streamlining Compliance through Smart Contracts
7.4.1 Understanding Smart Contracts
7.4.2 Automated Regulatory Checks
7.4.3 Real-Time Reporting and Documentation
7.4.4 Supply Chain Transparency and Accountability
7.4.5 Automated Approvals and Permissions
7.4.6 Immutable Compliance Records
7.4.7 Cost Savings and Operational Efficiency
7.4.8 Future-Proofing Compliance
7.5 Enhancing Data Security and Privacy
7.5.1 Decentralized Data Storage
7.5.2 Cryptographic Encryption
7.5.3 Permissioned Access
7.5.4 Immutability and Tamper Resistance
7.5.5 Secure Identity Management
7.5.6 Auditable Data Trails
7.5.7 Interoperability and Standardization
7.5.8 Continuous Monitoring and Alerts
7.5.9 Example Method is Discussed Below for Enhancing the Security
7.5.9.1 Merkle Tree
7.5.9.2 Hash Chain
7.5.10 Real-Time Application
7.5.11 Proposed Algorithm
7.5.12 Result and Discussion
7.6 Improving Supply Chain Efficiency and Collaboration
7.6.1 Real-Time Visibility
7.6.2 Efficient Traceability
7.6.3 Reduction of Redundant Processes
7.6.4 Minimized Disputes and Errors
7.6.5 Inventory Management Optimization
7.6.6 Facilitating Cross-Border Transactions
7.6.7 Enhanced Collaboration among Stakeholders
7.6.8 Resilience to Supply Chain Disruptions
7.7 Overcoming Challenges and Adoption Barriers
7.7.1 Regulatory Uncertainty
7.7.1.1 Challenge
7.7.1.2 Strategies
7.7.2 Interoperability Issues
7.7.2.1 Challenge
7.7.2.2 Strategies
7.7.3 Industry-Wide Collaboration
7.7.3.1 Challenge
7.7.3.2 Strategies
7.7.4 Technology Maturity and Scalability
7.7.4.1 Challenge
7.7.4.2 Strategies
7.7.5 Data Privacy and Security Concerns
7.7.5.1 Challenge
7.7.5.2 Strategies
7.7.6 Cost Considerations
7.7.6.1 Challenge
7.7.6.2 Strategies
7.7.7 Education and Skill Development
7.7.7.1 Challenge
7.7.7.2 Strategies
7.7.8 Demonstrating Tangible Benefits
7.7.8.1 Challenge
7.7.8.2 Strategies
7.7.9 Change Management
7.7.9.1 Challenge
7.7.9.2 Strategies
7.8 Case Studies: Successful Implementations of Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals
7.8.1 MedChain: Ensuring Drug Authenticity and Compliance
7.8.1.1 Background
7.8.1.2 Blockchain Implementation
7.8.1.3 Results
7.8.2 PharmaTrack: Enhancing Collaboration Across the Supply Chain
7.8.2.1 Background
7.8.2.2 Blockchain Implementation
7.8.2.3 Results
7.8.3 CureNet: Securing Clinical Trial Data with Blockchain
7.8.3.1 Background
7.8.3.2 Blockchain Implementation
7.8.3.3 Results
7.9 The Future of Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals
7.9.1 Accelerated Drug Development and Clinical Trials
7.9.2 Personalized Medicine and Patient Empowerment
7.9.3 Supply Chain Resilience and Transparency
7.9.4 Regulatory Evolution and Standardization
7.9.5 Global Collaboration Networks
7.9.6 Improved Data Security and Privacy
7.9.7 Integration with Emerging Technologies
7.9.8 Enhanced Patient Outcomes and Trust
7.10 Conclusion
References
8. Automating and Streamlining Drug Payments Through Smart Contracts
Harpreet Kaur Channi and Pulkit Kumar
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Background
8.1.2 Purpose of Automating Drug Payments
8.1.3 Significance of Smart Contracts in Healthcare
8.2 Overview of Drug Payments in Healthcare
8.2.1 Current Challenges in Drug Payments
8.2.2 Importance of Efficiency in Healthcare Transactions
8.2.3 The Need for Innovation in Payment Systems
8.3 Smart Contracts: A Primer
8.3.1 Understanding Smart Contracts
8.3.2 Blockchain Technology in Healthcare
8.3.3 Benefits and Risks of Smart Contracts
8.4 The Role of Smart Contracts in Drug Payments
8.4.1 Automating Payment Processes
8.4.2 Ensuring Transparency and Security
8.4.3 Reducing Fraud in Drug Transactions
8.5 Implementing Smart Contracts in Healthcare Systems
8.5.1 Integration with Existing Healthcare Infrastructure
8.5.2 Regulatory Considerations
8.5.3 Addressing Privacy Concerns
8.6 Case Studies: Successful Implementation of Smart Contracts in Drug Payments
8.6.1 Real-Time Case Studies
8.6.2 Real-World Examples of Automation in Healthcare Payments
8.6.3 Lessons Learned from Early Adopters
8.7 Challenges and Solutions
8.7.1 Overcoming Resistance to Change
8.7.2 Interoperability Issues
8.7.3 Security Concerns and Countermeasures
8.8 Future Trends and Developments
8.8.1 Emerging Technologies in Healthcare Payments
8.8.2 Potential Impact of Artificial Intelligence
8.8.3 The Evolution of Smart Contracts in Healthcare
8.9 Conclusion
References
9. Tracking Drug Authenticity and Expiry with Blockchain: A Comprehensive
Overview
Sajjan Singh and Shalom Akhai
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Blockchain Technology Overview
9.3 Real-Time Drug Tracking
9.3.1 Unique Identifiers for Pharmaceuticals
9.3.2 Recording Transactions on the Blockchain
9.4 Ensuring Drug Authenticity
9.4.1 Verification by Consumers and Stakeholders
9.4.2 Blockchain’s Role in Authentication
9.5 Expiry Date Management
9.5.1 Automated Expiry Alerts and Notifications
9.5.2 Enhancing Safety through Expiry Tracking
9.6 Integration with the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
9.6.1 Benefits for All Stakeholders
9.6.2 Interoperability and Data Sharing
9.7 Practical Examples
9.8 Challenges and Considerations
9.9 Future Trends
9.9.1 Emerging Innovations
9.9.2 Potential Impact on the Industry
9.10 Conclusion
9.11 Recommendations
References
10. Blockchain-Enabled Security for Smart Medicine Vending Machines Handling Expired Medications
S. Muthu Lakshmi, M. Malathi and K. Mythili
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Blockchain Technology
10.1.2 Internet of Things
10.1.3 Cloud Computing
10.2 Literature Survey
10.3 Overview of the Proposed System
10.3.1 Blockchain Security in Smart Vending Machine
10.3.2 Data Aggregation
10.3.3 Data Storage
10.3.4 Data Sharing with Immutable
10.3.5 Smart Contract
10.3.6 Algorithm to Upload the Data
10.4 Experimental Results
10.4.1 Blockchain Record Viewer through Mobile Application
10.4.2 Performance of the Proposed System
10.5 Conclusion
10.6 Future Enhancement
References
11. Enabling Transparent Supply to Build a Next-Generation Supply Chain
Harpreet Kaur Channi, Ramandeep Sandhu and Pulkit Kumar
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 The Need for Transparent Supply Chains
11.1.2 Current Challenges in Supply Chain Management
11.1.3 Literature Survey
11.1.4 Scope and Significance
11.2 Technological Foundations
11.2.1 Blockchain Technology Application in Pharmaceuticals
11.2.2 Internet of Things (IoT)
11.2.3 Advanced Data Analytics
11.2.4 Components of Next-Generation Supply Chain
11.3 Implementation Strategies
11.3.1 Integration Challenges
11.3.2 Stakeholder Involvement
11.3.3 Regulatory Considerations
11.4 Future Trends and Considerations
11.4.1 Evolving Technologies
11.5 Regulatory Compliance and Standards in the Pharmaceutical Industry
11.5.1 Sustainable Practices in the Supply Chain
11.5.2 Importance of Sustainability
11.5.3 Implementing Eco-Friendly Practices
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. A Comprehensive Study in the Kidney Transplantation Process with the Role of Blockchain Technology
Chandana Gouri Tekkali, Karthika Natarajan and Asadi Srinivasulu
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Literature Review
12.3 Importance of Blockchain Technology in Health Care
12.4 Data Analytics and AI in KTP
12.5 What are the Possible Failures Occurring in KTP?
12.6 How can Blockchain be Enabled in Kidney Transplantation?
12.6.1 Stage 1: A Closer Look—Patient Data Management
12.6.2 Organ Tracking
12.6.3 Donor-Recipient Matching
12.6.4 Consent and Authorization
12.6.5 Supply Chain and Logistics
12.6.6 Data Security and Privacy
12.6.7 Research and Analytics
12.6.8 Immutable Records for Legal and Ethical Compliance
12.6.9 Global Compatibility
12.7 Result
12.8 Conclusion and Future Work
References
13. Secure Patient Data Management Through Blockchain
Radha Goel, Rosaline Mishra, Arti Gupta, Rehana Parveen, Rashmi Singh, Dinesh Puri and Mohd Yasir
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Blockchain Technology in Healthcare
13.2.1 Blockchain Ethereum
13.2.2 Blockchain with Hyperledger
13.3 Blockchain Operations
13.4 Essential Blockchain Characteristics
13.4.1 Decentralization
13.4.2 Data Transparency
13.5 Healthcare Blockchain Companies
13.5.1 Akiri
13.5.2 Burstiq
13.5.3 Guardtime
13.5.4 Vain Health
13.5.5 Procredex
13.5.6 Colour of Coral
13.5.7 Pateintory
13.5.8 Chronicled
13.5.9 Embleema
13.5.10 Blockpharma
13.5.11 Tierion
13.5.12 SoLulab
13.5.13 FarmaTrust
13.5.14 Share Care
13.5.15 Nebula Genomic
13.5.16 EncrypGen
13.6 Management of Healthcare Using Blockchain
13.7 Blockchain Technology Components
13.8 Types of Blockchain Technology
13.9 Application of Blockchain in the Healthcare Industry
13.9.1 Pharmaceutical Industry
13.9.2 Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Research
13.9.3 IP Management
13.9.4 Clinical Trials
13.9.5 Supply Chain and Counterfeit Drug Detection
13.9.6 Prescription Management
13.9.7 Billing Claim Management
13.10 Challenges
13.11 Discussion and Future Aspects
13.12 Conclusion
References
14. Creative Strategies to Protect Patients’ Health Records and Confidentiality
Using Blockchain Technology
V. Karthikeyan, G. Kirubakaran, K. Gopalakrishnan and S. Sridhar Raj
14.1 Introduction to Health Records and Confidentiality
14.1.1 Health Records
14.1.2 Planning of Participant-Centered Systems
14.1.3 Importance of Medical Records
14.1.4 Confidentiality
14.1.5 Summary of Healthcare Information Security
14.2 Understanding Blockchain Technology
14.3 Advantages of BC for Health Record Security
14.3.1 Inviolable Documents
14.3.2 Safety of Information
14.3.3 Decentralization
14.3.4 Security
14.3.5 Access Control
14.4 Key Concepts in Applying Blockchain to Healthcare Data
14.5 Blockchain-Based Identity and Access Management (IAM)
14.6 Secure Health Data Sharing Through Blockchain
14.6.1 Enhanced Security and Data Privacy
14.6.2 Interoperability and Streamlined Data Exchange
14.7 Patient Consent and Control in Blockchain-Enabled Systems
14.8 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations
14.8.1 Regulatory Framework
14.8.2 Data Privacy and Ownership
14.8.3 Interoperability and Standardization
14.8.4 Smart Contracts and Legal Implications
14.8.5 Ethical Considerations
14.9 Case Studies and Best Practices
14.9.1 Case Studies: A Global Perspective
14.9.2 Best Practices
14.10 Future Directions and Challenges in Blockchain-Based Health Record Protection
14.10.1 Future Steps
14.10.2 Challenges
14.11 Conclusion and Recommendations for the Healthcare Industry
References
15. Blockchain: A New Frontier in Secure Patient Data Management
Sagarika Kabra, Sonal Sharma and Monika Sachdeva
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Present Scenario of Blockchain Technology
15.3 Role of WHO in Healthcare Management Through Blockchain
15.4 Blockchain in Healthcare and Its Need
15.5 Compatible Characteristics of Blockchain for Healthcare System
15.6 Blockchain in Healthcare Areas: Conditions and Status
15.7 Securing Storage of Medical Data by Blockchain
15.7.1 MedBlock
15.7.2 TMIS
15.7.3 EMR
15.7.4 EHR
15.7.5 Point-of-Care Genomics
15.8 Certain Kinds of Challenges are Faced While Using Blockchain
15.8.1 Minimizes Data Storage Requirements on the Blockchain
15.8.2 Security Issues in Conventional Healthcare Data Storage
15.8.3 Data Access and Permission Management
15.9 An Advanced Solution and Future Directions in Blockchain: Heterogeneous Medicare Data in Cloud Environment
15.9.1 An Assured Structure in Health Record Management by Blockchain in Cloud Environment
15.9.2 Simulation
15.10 Combination of Blockchain with IOMT in Data Management
15.11 Patient Flowchart in Using Blockchain Technology
15.12 Future Perspectives
15.13 Implications and Conclusions
References
16. A Block Chain-Enabled Novel Intelligent System Analysis for Medical Image
Processing of Kidney Stone Prediction Using Deep Learning Techniques and Augmented Reality
Senthil G. A., R. Prabha, K. Latha and S. Sridevi
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Literature Review
16.3 Methodology
16.3.1 Blockchain Secure Patient Record
16.3.2 Dataset Description
16.3.3 Preprocessing
16.3.4 Image Segmentation Process
16.3.5 Augmented Reality
16.4 Experiments
16.4.1 K-Means
16.4.2 Support Vector Machine (SVM)
16.4.3 Hybrid Model for Convolutional Neural Networks with Long Short‑Term Memory (CNN-LSTM)
16.5 Results and Discussion
16.6 Conclusion
16.7 Future Work
References
17. Decentralization and Virtual Reality: The Role of Blockchain Technology in Shaping the Metaverse and Social Media Interactions
Archan Mitra, Sayani Das and Shruti Shaw
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Gap
Problem Statement
Objectives of the Study
Methodology
Research Design
Sampling
Sampling Technique
Sampling Error
Sample Size
Age
Sex
Sample Area
Place of Residence (POR)
Data Collection Method
Data Analysis Method
Analysis
Constant Variable: Blockchain Technology (BT_1)
Independent Variable: Blockchain Technology (BT_2)
Dependent Variable: Blockchain Technology (BT_3)
Constant Variable: Metaverse (MT_1)
Constant Variable: Metaverse (MT_2)
Dependent Variable: Metaverse (MT_3)
Dependent Variable: Metaverse (MT_4)
Constant Variable: Cryptocurrencies (CC_1)
Constant Variable: Cryptocurrencies (CC_2)
Constant Variable: Cryptocurrencies (CC_3)
Independent Variable: Cryptocurrencies (CC_4)
Dependent Variable: Cryptocurrencies (CC_5)
Constant Variable: Web3 Technologies (WEB3_1)
Constant Variable: Web3 Technologies (WEB3_2)
Independent Variable: Web3 Technologies (WEB3_3)
Independent Variable: Web3 Technologies (WEB3_4)
Dependent Variable: Web3 Technologies (WEB3_5)
Hypothesis Testing with Descriptive
Null Hypothesis (H0)
Alternate Hypothesis (H1)
Findings
Trust in Blockchain Technology’s Security and Privacy (BT_1)
Perceptions of Blockchain Transparency (BT_2)
Experiences of Data Breaches on Blockchain Platforms (BT_3)
Security of Personal Data in the Metaverse (MT_1)
Satisfaction with Data Ownership Policies in the Metaverse (MT_2)
Engagement in Social Activities in the Metaverse (MT_3)
Economic Challenges Related to the Metaverse (MT_4)
Investment in Cryptocurrencies (CC_1)
Checking Cryptocurrency Prices (CC_2)
Rating the Volatility of Cryptocurrencies (CC_3)
Visibility of Blockchain Transactions (CC_4)
Control Over Decision-Making in Decentralized Crypto Networks (CC_5)
Familiarity with Decentralization in Web3 Technologies (WEB3_1)
Preference for Open Source Solutions in Web3 Development (WEB3_2)
Environmental Friendliness of Web3 Technologies (WEB3_3)
Encountering Legal Challenges Related to Web3 Technologies (WEB3_4)
Discussions
Interpretation of Findings
Implications for Stakeholders
Conclusions
Summary of Findings
Limitations
Scope for Further Research
Implications
References
18. Blockchain’s Impact in Clinical Trials: A Revolution for Transparency,
Efficiency, and Ethical Conduct in Drug Development
S. Mahaboob Hussain, Balakrishna Akula and Manuel J. Cabral S. Reis
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Challenges in Clinical Drug Trials
18.2.1 Data Security and Integrity
18.2.1.1 Vulnerabilities in Traditional Systems
18.2.1.2 Need for Secure and Unalterable Data
18.2.2 Transparency and Accountability
18.2.2.1 Limitations in Current Systems
18.2.2.2 Impact on Trust Among Stakeholders
18.2.3 Operational Inefficiencies and Delays
18.2.3.1 Complex Trial Processes
18.2.3.2 Impact on Time and Resources
18.3 Blockchain Technology Overview
18.3.1 Fundamentals of Blockchain
18.3.1.1 Decentralization
18.3.1.2 Immutability
18.3.2 Smart Contracts in Clinical Trials
18.3.2.1 Automated and Self-Executing Contracts
18.3.2.2 Transparency and Trust
18.3.3 Use Cases in Healthcare and Clinical Trials
18.3.3.1 Patient-Centric Data Control
18.3.3.2 Interoperability and Data Sharing
18.3.4 Challenges and Considerations
18.3.4.1 Scalability and Energy Consumption
18.3.4.2 Regulatory and Ethical Frameworks
18.3.5 Algorithm: Blockchain and Smart Contract Simulation
18.4 Transformative Applications of Blockchain in Clinical Trials
18.4.1 Real-Time Monitoring and Data Accessibility
18.4.1.1 Decentralized Data Storage
18.4.1.2 Immediate Data Availability Impact
18.4.2 Ensuring Data Integrity and Authenticity
18.4.2.1 Immutable Record-Keeping
18.4.2.2 Prevention of Fraud and Misconduct
18.4.3 Facilitating Interoperability and Collaboration
18.4.3.1 Seamless Data Exchange
18.4.3.2 Streamlined Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration
18.4.4 Smart Contracts for Automated Processes
18.4.4.1 Protocol Adherence and Participant Consent
18.4.4.2 Efficient Fund Disbursement
18.5 Regulatory Compliance and Ethical Considerations
18.5.1 Regulatory Standards and Blockchain
18.5.1.1 Ensuring Data Integrity and Compliance
18.5.1.2 Real-Time Reporting and Accountability
18.5.2 Ethical Considerations and Patient Privacy
18.5.2.1 Empowering Patients with Data Control
18.5.2.2 Transparency in Data Usage
18.5.3 Smart Contracts and Regulatory Adherence
18.5.3.1 Automated Compliance Protocols
18.5.3.2 Flexibility in Regulatory Adaptation
18.5.4 Challenges in Regulatory Acceptance
18.5.4.1 Industry Adoption and Standardization
18.5.4.2 Education and Training
18.6 Conclusion
References
19. Drug Recall Management for Pharmaceutical Industry from Blockchain Perspective
S. Mahirah, B. Geetha, N. Harikrishnan and S. Preethi Priyadarshini
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Blockchain Technology
19.2 Pharmaceutical Industry Operations
19.2.1 Flow of Manufacturing in Pharmaceutical Industry
19.2.2 Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Formulations
19.2.3 Packaging of Formulation
19.2.4 Supply Chain in Pharmaceutical Industry
19.2.4.1 Defective or Hazardous Drug
19.3 Drug Recall
19.3.1 Classification of Recall
19.3.2 Different Levels of Recall
19.3.2.1 Recall at Distributor/Wholesale Level
19.3.2.2 Recall Until Retail Level
19.3.2.3 Recall Until the Consumer Level
19.3.3 Recall Strategy
19.4 Challenges in Healthcare
19.4.1 Blockchain Technology to Handle the Challenges
19.4.2 Security of Data
19.5 Blockchain in the Pharma Industry
19.5.1 Blockchain Advantages for Pharmaceuticals
19.5.1.1 Tracing of Drug
19.5.1.2 Clinical Data
19.5.2 Blockchain Technology Innovation
19.5.3 Blockchain in Drug Recall
19.5.4 Edifice of Blockchain in Drug Recall
19.5.4.1 Steps Involved in Blockchain-Based Recall
19.5.5 Blockchain-Based Solutions on Recalls
19.5.5.1 Defective Labels
19.5.5.2 Failed Specifications
19.5.5.3 Selected Recalls
19.5.6 Merits of Blockchain Technology in Recall
19.6 Conclusion
References
20. Blockchain-Based Drug Recall Management
Manoj Kumar Mahto, Durgesh Srivastava and Jabar H. Yousif
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Background and Significance
20.1.2 Objectives of Drug Recall Management
20.1.3 Challenges in Traditional Drug Recall Systems
20.1.4 Rationale for Blockchain Integration
20.2 Blockchain Technology Overview
20.2.1 Core Principles of Blockchain
20.2.2 Decentralization and Immutable Ledger
20.2.3 Smart Contracts in Drug Recall
20.3 Enhancing Transparency
20.3.1 Block Chain’s Impact on Transparency
20.3.2 Supply Chain Traceability
20.3.3 Real-Time Data Sharing
20.4 Automating Recall Procedures
20.4.1 Role of Smart Contracts
20.4.2 Automated Notification and Response
20.4.3 Reducing Recall Response Time
20.5 Challenges and Opportunities
20.5.1 Overcoming Implementation Challenges of Blockchain
20.5.2 Seizing Opportunities for Industry Transformation
20.6 Regulatory Considerations
20.6.1 Evolving Regulatory Landscape
20.6.2 Compliance and Reporting
20.6.3 Data Privacy Challenges
20.7 Future Prospects
20.7.1 Blockchain’s Potential Impact
20.7.2 Adoption Trends
20.7.3 Challenges and Opportunities Ahead
20.8 Conclusion
References
21. Counterfeit Drug Prevention Through Blockchain
Dhara Patel, Grishma Patel, Vivek Patel and Jayvadan K. Patel
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Defining Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals
21.3 Counterfeiting—Not Merely a “Developing” Issue
21.4 Statistics on Counterfeit Drug Incidents and Impact on Public Health
21.5 Drug Supply Chain in the Pharmaceutical Sector
21.6 Key Challenges with the Existing Supply Chain System
21.7 Existing Approaches to Prevent Counterfeiting
21.8 Need of Blockchain-Based Approaches
21.8.1 What is Blockchain?
21.8.2 Types of Blockchain
21.8.2.1 Private Blockchain Networks
21.8.2.2 Public Blockchain Networks
21.8.2.3 Consortium Blockchains
21.8.2.4 Hybrid Blockchain
21.8.3 Blockchain Technology
21.8.4 How Blockchain Works?
21.8.5 Process Flow
21.9 Application of Blockchain in Pharmaceutical Supply Chain to Prevent Drug Counterfeiting
21.10 Principal Obstacles to Blockchain Technology Implementation in the Healthcare Sector
21.11 Conclusion
References
22. Ensemble Learning and Blockchain‑Driven Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Optimization: Enhancing Accessibility and Transparency—A Review
Jagdish Pimple, Praveen Sen, Neeranjan Chitare, Manoj Chaudhari, Sweta Raut,
Ashish Dandekar, Deepali Baghel and Shraddha Raut
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Challenges of the Existing Pharmaceutical Industry
22.2 Problem Statement
22.3 Related Work
22.4 Proposed Approach
22.4.1 Blockchain Implementation
22.4.2 Ensemble Learning Integration
22.4.3 Consumer-Centric Interface
22.4.4 Industry Collaboration and Integration
22.4.5 Pilot Implementation and Scalability
22.4.6 Continuous Improvement and Maintenance
22.5 Proposed System Block Diagram
22.6 Process Flow of the Proposed Approach
22.7 Objectives of the Proposed Approach
22.8 Background Study
22.8.1 Blockchain Technology
22.8.2 Types of Blockchain Technology
22.8.2.1 Public Blockchains
22.8.2.2 Private Blockchains
22.8.2.3 Consortium Blockchains
22.8.2.4 Comparison of Blockchain Technology
22.8.2.5 Blockchain Technology Applications in Various Fields
22.8.3 Blockchain in the Pharma Sector
22.8.3.1 Private Blockchains Advantages
22.8.3.2 Consortium Blockchain Advantages
22.8.4 Benefits of Blockchain in the Pharma Sector
22.8.5 Ensemble Learning
22.8.6 Comparison of Ensemble Learning Methods
22.8.7 Ensemble Learning in the Pharma Sector
22.8.8 Benefits of Ensemble Learning in the Pharma Sector
22.8.9 Synergy Between Ensemble Learning and Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals: Enhanced Predictive Models
22.9 Expected Outcome
22.10 Conclusion
References
23. PharmaSecure: A Blockchain Approach to Supply Management
Pulkit Kumar and Harpreet Kaur Channi
23.1 Introduction
23.1.1 Background
23.1.2 Problem Statement
23.1.3 Objectives
23.1.4 Scope of This Chapter
23.2 Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Challenges
23.2.1 Counterfeit Drugs
23.2.2 Lack of Transparency
23.2.3 Regulatory Compliance
23.2.4 Existing Solutions and Their Limitations
23.3 Blockchain Technology Overview
23.3.1 Key Characteristics of Blockchain
23.3.2 Blockchain Working
23.3.3 Benefits of Blockchain for Supply Chain
23.4 Blockchain Framework for Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
23.4.1 Secure and Immutable Record Keeping
23.4.2 Transparency and Traceability
23.4.3 Smart Contracts for Automation
23.4.4 Interoperability and Data Sharing
23.4.5 Regulatory Compliance
23.5 Implementation Challenges
23.5.1 Scalability
23.5.2 Data Privacy and Security
23.5.3 Integration with Existing Systems
23.5.4 Adoption Hurdles
23.6 Case Studies
23.6.1 Successful Implementations
23.7 Future Trends and Developments
23.7.1 Evolving Blockchain Technology
23.7.2 Regulatory Changes
23.7.3 Industry Collaborations
23.8 Recommendations and Best Practices
23.8.1 Steps for Implementing a Blockchain Framework
23.8.2 Security and Privacy Measures
23.8.3 Collaboration Strategies
23.9 Conclusion
References
24. Hybrid Technologies in Blockchain‑Based Smart Healthcare System
Pooja Mohan and Vibhor Mohan
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Blockchain Technology for Healthcare
24.3 Hybrid Technology as Blockchain Enablers for Healthcare Revival Services
24.3.1 Artificial Intelligence
24.3.2 Internet of Things (IoT)
24.3.3 Cloud Computing
24.3.4 Big Data
24.3.5 Machine Learning
24.4 Security and Privacy Solutions in Blockchain-Based Healthcare
24.5 Conclusion
References
25. Metaverse: Revolutionizing Healthcare in a Virtual Realm
Kashish Gupta and Sandeep Mathur
25.1 Introduction to Metaverse
25.2 Origins and Evolution of the Metaverse
25.3 The Current State of the Metaverse
25.4 The Metaverse and Society
25.5 Revolution in Social Networking
25.6 Enhancing Physical and Mental Health with Metaverse: Promoting Wellness in the Digital Age
25.6.1 AR and VR Metaverse Reality in Healthcare
25.6.2 AR and VR Apps in Pain Management Therapy
25.6.3 AR and VR Apps in Stress Management
25.6.4 Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) Apps in Remote Healthcare
25.6.5 Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) in Fitness and Wellness
25.6.6 Applications of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) in Medical Research
25.7 The Role of Metaverse in Healthcare in the Future
References
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