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Biomass and Solar-Powered Sustainable Digital Cities

Edited by O.V. Gnana Swathika, K. Karthikeyan, Milind Shrinivas Dangate, and Nicoletta Ravasio
Copyright: 2024   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781394249343  |  Hardcover  |  
454 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this groundbreaking new volume from Wiley-Scrivener offers the latest trends, processes, and breakthroughs in biomass and solar-powered technologies aimed at marching toward sustainable digital cities.

Audience
Engineers, scientists, researchers, developers, faculty, and students in computer science and engineering, electronics, communication engineering, and information technology

Description
This exciting new volume includes the research contribution of experts in solar and biomass-powered digital cities, incorporating sustainability by embedding computing and communication in day-to-day smart city applications. This book will be of immense use to practitioners in industries focusing on adaptive configuration and optimization in smart city systems. A wide array of smart city applications is also discussed with suitable use cases. The contributors to this book include renowned academics, industry practitioners, and researchers. Through case studies, it offers a rigorous introduction to the theoretical foundations, techniques, and practical solutions in this exciting area. Building smart cities with effective communication, control, intelligence, and security is discussed from societal and research perspectives. Whether for the veteran engineer, new hire, or student, this is a must-have volume for any library.

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Author / Editor Details
O. V. Gnana Swathika, PhD, is an associate professor in the School of Electrical Engineering at VIT Chennai, India. She earned her PhD in electrical engineering at VIT University and completed her postdoc at the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka.

K. Karthikeyan is the chief engineering manager of electrical designs for Larsen and Toubro Construction, a multinational Indian contracting company. He has two decades of experience in electrical design and has contributed to several projects including the building airports, railway stations and depots, hospitals, and educational buildings in India and abroad. His primary role involves preparing and reviewing complete electrical system designs up to 110KV voltage levels, acting as a point of contact between clients and projects teams, peer review, and project management.

Milind Shrinivas Dangate, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry at Vellore University of Technology, Channai, India. He has authored several publications and has a grant and a fellowship to his credit, in addition to several postdoctoral appointments.

Nicoletta Ravasio, PhD, is a senior associate at the Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (ISTM), The National Research Council, in Milan, Italy. She has authored numerous publications and is a sought-after speaker for scientific conferences.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Additives in Bio-Oil Components for Increased Stability, Quality, and Legal Status
Abhinav Koushik, Jayendra Kasture and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background Problems
1.3 Pyrolysis Bio-Oil
1.3.1 Fast Pyrolysis
1.3.2 Chemical Improvement of Bio-Oil From Pyrolysis
1.4 Using the Characterization and Pyrolysis Conditions of the Biomass Feedstock, One May the Qualities of the Bio-Oil Produced by Fast Pyrolysis
1.4.1 CMD Stands for Computer-Aided Molecular Design
1.5 Multi-Stage Computational Framework for Improving Pyrolysis Bio-Oil Through Solvent Design
1.5.1 Solvent Design Taking Into Account Economics
1.5.2 Problem of Multi-Objective Optimization
1.6 Rough Set Theory
1.7 Verification
1.8 Enhancing the Fuel Qualities of Pyrolysis Bio-Oil Through a Fusion of Computational and Experimental Methods Involves a Systematic Approach
1.8.1 Feedstock Selection and Pyrolysis Condition Optimization
1.8.2 Characterization of Bio-Oil
1.8.3 Blending and Additive Selection
1.9 Conclusion
References
2. Potential Source of Energy: Microalgae and Legal Commercialization
Abhinav Koushik, Jayendra Kasture and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Algae Cultivation
2.3 Open-Air Systems
2.3.1 Shutdown Systems
2.4 Chemical Composition
2.4.1 Chlorophyll
2.5 Microalgae
2.6 HTL Bio-Crude Upgrading
2.6.1 Analytical Pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS)
2.7 One- and Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy
2.8 Two-Dimensional NMR
2.9 Conclusions
References
3. Renewable Energy Integration for Rural Electrification Legally
Abhinav Koushik, Nasrin I. Shaikh and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Grid and Environment for Communities
3.1.2 Configuration of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System
3.1.3 Configuration of an AC-Coupled HRES
3.1.4 Coupled hybrid HRES Configuration
3.1.5 Components of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
3.2 Solar Energy Technology
3.3 Technique for Solar Radiation Modeling
3.4 Iterative Procedures
3.5 Methodology for Modeling Load Profiles
3.6 Data Collection for Surveys
3.7 System of Energy Modeling
3.7.1 Modeling of Converter Systems
3.7.2 Worldwide Solar Radiation Estimation
3.8 Technical Design Approach
3.8.1 Technical Design Approach for Distribution of Power on Regional Grids
3.8.2 Analysis and Design of a Hybrid Energy System
3.8.3 System Powered by Biomass
3.8.4 Techno-Economic Examination of Hybrid Energy Systems
3.9 Conclusion
References
4. Fuels from Waste Biomass for the Transport Industry
Sakthi Ashok, Abhinav Koushik, Milind Shrinivas Dangate and Nasrin I. Shaikh
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Background Problems
4.1.2 Effects of Climate Change
4.2 The Issue with Fossil Fuels
4.3 Existing Biofuel and Artificial Fuel Technologies
4.4 Pyrolysis Method
4.4.1 Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity Method
4.4.2 Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach
4.5 Esterification
4.6 Ketonic Decarboxylation
4.7 Hydro-Processing
4.7.1 Hydrotreating in Single Stage
4.7.2 Hydrotreating in Two Stages
4.8 MCDM Categories
4.9 Conclusion
References
5. The Potential Use of Biodiesel in Diesel Engine and Legal Environmental Laws
Abhinav Koushik, Jayendra Kasture and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Background Problem
5.1.2 Coal
5.1.3 The Decline in Coal Consumption
5.1.4 Vegetable Oil Derivatives as Fuels
5.2 Properties of Vegetable Oils
5.2.1 Properties of Vegetable Oil Esters
5.3 Charcoal Chemistry
5.3.1 Charcoal
5.3.2 Charcoal as Fuel
5.3.3 Industrial Uses
5.4 The Pyrolysis Phase
5.5 Cooling Phase
5.6 Products Obtained from the Carbonization Process
5.7 SS Charcoal’s Qualities
5.8 Volatile and Fixed Carbon Content
5.8.1 Density of Charcoal
5.8.2 Gross Calorific Value of Charcoal
5.8.3 Pyrolysis Products
5.8.4 Production of Charcoal from a Specific Wood Species
5.9 Conclusion
References
6. Bioinspired Machine Learning: A New Era in Sustainable Energy Systems
Akshaya Kumar Mandal, Pankaj Kumar Deva Sarma, Satchidananda Dehuri and Nayanjyoti Mazumdar
Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Historical Backgrounds
6.3 Applications of Bio-ML
6.3.1 Wind Renewable Energy Systems
6.3.2 Solar Renewable Energy Systems
6.3.3 Hydro Renewable Energy Systems
6.3.4 Tidal Renewable Energy Systems
6.3.5 Geothermal Renewable Energy Systems
6.3.6 Biomass Renewable Energy Systems
6.3.7 Green-Hydrogen Renewable Energy Systems
6.4 Advantages of Using Renewable Energy
6.5 Bioinspired-Based Smart Energy Management System
6.6 Opportunities and Challenges of Future Research
6.6.1 Hybridizing Bioinspired Approaches
6.6.2 Energy Management Systems (EMSs)
6.6.3 Internet of Energy (IoE)
6.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Credit Authorship Contribution Statement
Funding
Competing Interest
References
7. The Impact of the Internet of Things in the Smart City From the Point of View of Energy Consumption Optimization
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Mostafa Azimi Nasab, Mohsen Hatami, Omid Halimi Milani, Mohammad Ali Dashtaki, Morteza Azimi Nasab and Mohammad Zand
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Infrastructure of Information Technology for Energy Data Collection
7.1.2 Meter Reading Information Collection Service
7.1.3 Smart Water Sensor
7.1.4 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
7.1.5 Daylight Sensor
7.1.6 Mobile Device Sensors
7.2 Network Technologies and Communications
7.2.1 Low-Power Wi-Fi (Halow) Protocol
7.2.2 Zigbee Protocol
7.2.3 RPL Protocol
7.2.4 802.15.4 IEEE Protocol
7.2.5 6LoWPAN Protocol
7.2.6 MQTT Protocol
7.2.7 Management and Storage Systems for Data
7.2.8 Cloud Computing
7.3 Data Centers and Server
7.3.1 Virtualization of Servers
7.3.2 Data Cleansing
7.3.3 Data Compression
7.3.4 Reduction of Data Volume by Removing Redundant Information
7.3.5 Energy Efficiency in IoT Applications
7.3.6 Energy-Efficient Servers
7.3.7 Ventilation and Cooling of Servers and Data Centers
7.3.8 Applications and User Interfaces
7.3.9 Smart Homes and Home Automation
7.3.10 Smart Street Lighting System
7.3.11 Communication in the System
7.3.12 System Operation
7.3.13 Light Control
7.3.14 Remote Monitoring and Management
7.3.15 Smart Roads
7.3.16 Smart Parking Ecosystems
7.3.17 Sensor Parking and Management Tools for City Parking
7.3.18 Algorithm for Smart Parking System
7.4 Benefits of IoT in Smart Parking Systems
7.4.1 IoT Sensors for Smart City Monitoring
7.4.2 Useful Reports from IoT Sensors
7.4.3 Smart Offices
7.4.4 Smart Transportation
7.4.5 Some of the Solutions for Smart City Traffic Control
7.4.6 Smart Grids
7.4.7 IoT in Smart Grids
7.4.8 Processes in Smart Grids
7.4.9 Technologies in Smart Grids
7.4.10 Smart Energy Management Systems
7.4.11 Smart Waste
7.5 Layer of Communication Equipment and Sensors
7.5.1 Information Management Layer
7.5.2 Application Layer
7.6 Conclusion
References
8. Bio-Based Fuel Production, Environmental Impact, and Economic Assessment
Kavinkumar Ravikumar, Nicoletta Ravasio and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
8.1 Motivation
8.2 Methods
8.2.1 Cellulosic Ethanol (CE) by Fermentation
8.3 Results
8.4 Discussion and Outlook
8.5 Conclusions
8.6 Life Cycle Assessment
8.6.1 Abstract
8.6.2 Introduction
8.6.3 Methodology
8.6.3.1 Life Cycle Impact Categories
8.6.3.2 System Definition
8.6.3.3 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
8.6.4 Results and Discussion
8.6.4.1 Contribution Analyses
8.6.4.2 Energy Ratio
8.6.5 Conclusion
References
9. Improving Energy Consumption in Smart Homes Based on the Internet of Things
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Mostafa Azimi Nasab, Amritansh Sagar, Mohammad Zand, Mohammad Ali Dashtaki and Morteza Azimi Nasab
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 The Role of Objects in the Internet of Things
9.1.2 Bulk Data at the Heart of the Internet of Things Architecture
9.1.3 Comprehensive Framework Based on the Internet of Things for Smart Homes
9.2 Smart Home
9.2.1 Cloud
9.2.2 Beneficial Program
9.2.3 Third Party
9.2.4 User Interfaces
9.2.5 The Main Function of the Internet of Things
9.2.6 Security in the Internet of Things
9.2.7 Operational Structure for Personal Medical Services Based on the Internet of Things
9.3 Regulatory Applications and Their Use in Health Services
9.3.1 Challenges
9.3.2 Concerns About Healthcare
9.3.3 Architecture of Software-Oriented Networks
9.3.4 SDN for Cloud Service Providers
9.4 Previous Research
9.5 Conclusion
References
10. Performance Analysis of Supercapacitors in Renewable Energy System/Microgrid/Electric Vehicle, and Comparative Study of Various Converters With Their Applications
Moovendan Murugu, Arul Rajagopalan, V. T. Sreedevi, R. Sitharthan and R. Kanimozhi
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Supercapacitor Fundamentals
10.3 Applications and Functions of Supercapacitor
10.3.1 Energy Storage Technology
10.3.2 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs)
10.3.3 Power Electronic Device
10.3.4 Renewable Integration
10.3.5 Stabilization and Traction
10.4 Power Converter Topologies for Energy Storage
10.4.1 Passive Power Converter Topology
10.4.2 Semi-Active Power Converter Topology
10.4.3 Active Power Converter Topology
10.5 Comparative Study of Topologies
10.6 Converter Technologies in the Power Electronic Field
10.6.1 Converters for AC Source DC Applications
10.6.2 Converters for DC Source AC Applications
10.6.2.1 Neutral Point Clamped Topologies
10.6.2.2 Inverter Topologies With Multiple Levels
10.6.3 Converters for DC Source DC Applications
10.6.3.1 Non-Isolated Converters
10.6.3.2 Isolated Converters
10.6.4 Converters for AC Source AC Applications
10.7 Conclusion and Future Scope
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
11. Diesel Engines and Related Environmental Pollution Issues
Sathya Narayanan, Jayendra Kasture and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Background
11.3 Diesel Engine Emissions
11.3.1 Diesel Engine Emission Control Technologies
11.3.2 Objectives
11.4 Particulates
11.4.1 Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
11.4.2 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
11.4.3 Alternative Fuels for Diesel Engines
11.5 Biodiesel
11.5.1 Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Diesel
11.5.2 Combined Alternative Fuels with New Injection Strategies
11.6 Summary
References
12. Production of Bio-Diesel and By-Product Processing
Sathya Narayanan, Jayendra Kasture and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fossil Fuel Resources
12.3 Environmental Issues
12.4 Fueling the Future: Vegetable Oil as an Alternative for Diesel Engines
12.5 Objectives of This Study
12.6 Requirements of Alternative Fuels to Diesel
12.6.1 Microbial Conversion of Glycerol to Alcohols: Enhancing Biodiesel Production and Sustainability
12.6.2 Methods of Utilizing Vegetable Oils
12.6.3 Transesterification
12.6.4 Catalysts
12.6.5 Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification
12.6.6 Base-Catalyzed Transesterification
12.7 Factors Affecting Kinetics
12.8 Legislation Governing Biodiesel
12.9 Conclusion
References
13. Effective Use of Biofuel in a Diesel Engine
Sathya Narayanan, Nasrin I. Shaikh and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
13.1 Energy Resources
13.2 Rationale and Significance of Biofuels
13.3 Types of Biofuels and Their Characteristics
13.4 Advantages and Challenges of Biofuels
13.5 Ultracarbofluids: Pioneering Advances in Biodiesel Production
13.6 The Potential of Ultracarbofluids in Biodiesel Production
13.7 Incorporating Ultracarbofluids: Challenges and Future Prospects
13.8 Experimental Methodology
13.8.1 Performance Evaluation of Bio-Ultracarbofluid Blends
13.8.2 Bio-Ultracarbofluids: A Paradigm Shift in Biodiesel Evolution
13.8.3 The Potential of Bio-Ultracarbofluids in Biodiesel Production
13.8.4 Navigating Challenges and Future Prospects
13.8.5 Emissions Analysis and Environmental Impact
13.8.6 Influence of Charcoal Properties on Performance
13.8.7 Economic Considerations and Policy Implications
13.9 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
14. Enhancing Bio-Oil Stability and Fuel Quality Through Additive Integration
Sathya Narayanan, Nasrin I. Shaikh and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
14.1 Background Problems
14.2 Biomass Source Materials
14.3 Dedicated Energy Crops
14.4 Biomass Thermal Conversion
14.4.1 Slow Pyrolysis
14.4.2 Fast Pyrolysis
14.4.3 Flash Pyrolysis
14.4.4 Enhancing the Properties of Pyrolysis Bio-Oil through Physical Upgrading
14.4.5 Enhancing Pyrolysis Bio-Oil Through Chemical Upgrading
14.5 Employing Ultrasound for Bio-Oil and Diesel Emulsification
14.6 Emulsifying Pyrolysis Bio-Oil and Diesel
14.7 Utilizing RST
14.8 Conclusion
References
15. Biofuels from Microbes and Waste Resources
Sathya Narayanan, Nasrin I. Shaikh and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
15.1 Background
15.2 Biodiesel
15.3 Research Objectives
15.4 Biodiesel From Coffee Ground Waste
15.5 Pyrolysis for Controlled Fuel Properties
15.6 Cross Metathesis
15.7 Toward Enhanced Sustainable Liquid Biofuel Production
15.8 Conclusion
References
16. Optimal Scheduling of a Microgrid Incorporating Renewables and Demand Response Using a New Heuristic Optimization Technique
Karthik Nagarajan, Arul Rajagopalan, Krishna Kumba, R. Sitharthan, Sowmmiya Uthayakumar, Rajkumar Murugesan and R. Kanimozhi
List of Symbols and Abbreviations
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Problem Formulation
16.2.1 Grid-Connected Microgrid
16.2.2 Mathematical Modeling of Demand Response
16.2.2.1 Customer Cost Function
16.2.3 Combined Grid-Connected Microgrid with Demand Response Model
16.3 Fuzzy Logic-Based Assortment of Finest Compromise Solution
16.4 Enhanced Pelican Optimization Algorithm
16.4.1 Phase 1: Move to Prey (Exploration Phase)
16.4.2 Phase 2: Flying Over Water (Development Phase)
16.4.2.1 Disturbance Suppressor
16.5 Results and Discussion
16.6 Conclusion
References
17. Dual Battery Management System for Hybridization of Photovoltaic Systems with Batteries
P. Devadharshini, S. Arun Kumar, S. Rishwanth and G. Kanimozhi
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Battery Charging Algorithms
17.2.1 Battery Switching Technique
17.2.2 Schiffer Model
17.2.3 Hysteric Control Algorithm
17.2.4 Fuzzy Logic Technique
17.2.5 Coulomb Counting Method
17.2.6 PWM Control Method (Perturb and Observe Method)
17.3 DBMS Algorithms
17.3.1 Dual-Balancing Mechanism
17.3.2 Unitized Charging and Discharging (UCD) BMS for Rechargeable Batteries
17.3.3 Percentage of Discharge (POD)
17.3.4 Deep-Discharge Method
17.3.5 SOC Estimation
17.3.6 State of Health (SOH) Estimation
17.3.7 Thermal Management
17.3.8 Cell Balancing
17.3.9 Electrostatic Discharge Algorithm (ESDA)
17.4 DBMS Algorithm Comparison
17.5 Future Scope
17.6 Conclusion
References
18. Advancing Smart City Energy Management: Very Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Generation Forecasting Using Multi-Scale Long Short-Term Memory Deep Learning
Battula Srinivasa Rao, Mudiyala Aparna and Mallela Siva Naga Raju
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 The Role of Deep Learning in Smart City Energy Management
18.1.2 Objectives and Structure of the Chapter
18.2 Methodology: Multiscale LSTM-Based Deep Learning Approach
18.2.1 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Networks
18.2.2 Incorporating Multiscale Decomposition
18.2.3 Data Collection and Preprocessing
18.2.4 Training and Validation Strategies
18.2.5 Evaluation and Testing
18.3 Comparative Analysis with Traditional Forecasting Methods
18.3.1 Quantitative Metrics: Mean Absolute Error and Root Mean Squared Error
18.3.2 Interpretation of Comparative Results
18.4 Benefits and Implications for Smart City Energy Management
18.4.1 Challenges and Future Directions
18.5 Conclusion
References
19. Artificial Intelligence Applied to the Management and Operation of Solar Systems
Neel Ghoshal and B.K. Tripathy
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Background
19.3 AI for Solar System Management
19.3.1 Maintenance
19.3.2 Market-Based Strategy Optimization
19.3.3 Energy Storage Management and Optimization
19.3.4 Remote Monitoring and Control
19.4 AI for Solar System Operation
19.4.1 Solar Energy Optimization
19.4.2 Demand Response
19.4.3 Solar Power Forecasting
19.4.4 Grid Integration
19.5 Challenges and Future Scope
References
20. Robust Rearrangement of Interconnected Microgrids to Reduce the Effects of Physical Cyberattacks on Intelligent Distribution Networks
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Mostafa Azimi Nasab, Omid Halimi Milani, Mohammad Zand, Mohsen Hatami, Morteza Azimi Nasab and Mohsen khalili
20.1 Smart Grid
20.2 The Benefits of Smart Grids
20.3 Reduce Subscriber Shutdown Time
20.4 The Benefits of the Smart Distribution Network for Subscribers
20.5 Capital Optimization
20.6 Concepts of Security in Telecommunication Systems
20.7 Information Security
20.8 Information Technology Security
20.9 Information Security Management System 1 (ISMS)
20.9.1 Information Security Management Standard
20.9.2 Security in Smart Grid Telecommunication Systems
20.9.3 Threats in the Smart Power Grid
20.9.4 Comparison of Security of Telecommunication Systems
20.9.5 Attack on the Architecture of the Intelligent Measurement System
20.9.6 Internet of Things
20.9.7 Cyber Security
20.9.8 Physical Security
20.10 Overview of References
20.11 Summary and Conclusion
References
21. Reinforcement Learning Method Optimizes the Planning and Design of the Solar Energy Systems
R. Dhanasekaran, S. Sreenatha Reddy, K. Santhi, Ch. Nagaraja Kumari and Saba Noureen
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Objectives and Methodology
21.3 Solar Power Plant Operations Using RL
21.3.1 Solar Energy Production with RL
21.3.2 Improving Solar Panel Efficiency Using RL
21.3.3 Energy Control in Microgrid Using RL
21.3.4 Solar Irradiance Prediction Using RL
21.4 Future Scopes of AI in Solar Power
21.5 Conclusion
References
22. Photovoltaic-Thermal Solar-Assisted Heat Pump Systems for Building Applications: Integration and Design Methods
Krishna Kumba, Venkateswarlu Gundu and R. Arul
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Functioning of Photovoltaic and Thermal Heat Pump Systems
22.3 Mathematical Formation of PV-Thermal–Assisted System
22.3.1 PV and Thermal Efficiency
22.4 Heat Pump Systems with Solar PV and Thermal for Building Applications
22.4.1 Direct-Expansion Systems
22.4.2 Single-Source Systems
22.4.3 Dual-Source Systems
22.4.4 Indirect-Expansion (IDX) Systems
22.4.5 Single-Source Indirect-Expansion Systems
22.4.6 Dual-Source Indirect-Expansion Systems
22.5 Challenges of PV-Thermal–Assisted System
22.6 Conclusion
References
23. Critical Review: IoT-Based Data Logger for SAPV System
Kshitij Tiwari, Anil Kumar Jha, Manish Kumar, Ayush Shankar, Aditi Verma and O.V. Gnana Swathika
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Grid Connected PV System Opal RT
23.3 IoT Advancements and Implementation in SAPV Monitoring
23.4 Photovoltaic System and IoT Innovations
23.5 IoT in Hybrid Systems
23.6 IoT in SAPV and Its Data Logging (An Analysis)
23.7 Other Works in the Field
23.8 Conclusion
References
Index

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