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Agroforestry

Edited by Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Ramesh Kumar Jha, and Krishan Pal Singh
Copyright: 2024   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781394231133  |  Hardcover  |  
560 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
This book offers comprehensive insights into the management of agroforestry for livelihood security and sustainable development in the tropics, addressing ecological interactions, productivity, and the monetization of carbon credits, while also outlining a future roadmap and policy challenges.

Audience
Students, researchers, scientists, academics, policy makers from diverse disciplines including ecology, environment, agroforestry, forestry, agriculture, geology, soil science, plant science, climate change, sustainability, and related sciences

Description
Agroforestry is a brilliant land use farming practice that covers 1.6 billion hectares (78 percent in the tropics and 22 percent in the temperate regions) to enhance plant diversification, productivity, and livelihood across generations, maintaining eco-restoration. It ensures socioeconomic upliftment and a standard livelihood for people along with many ecosystem services for sustainable development under resilient climates, which are today’s key topics popularized among policy makers, stakeholders, scientists, ecologists, and climate supporters in the tropical world. Agroforestry provides tangible and intangible benefits in sustainable ways in the tropical world. Modifying tree-crop interaction also plays a key role in plant productivity in different agroforestry systems in the tropics, which further ensures socioeconomic development and livelihood security. However, more than 75 percent of the world’s poor directly depend on natural resources for their livelihoods. Adopting climate resilient agroforestry not only maximizes productivity and farmers’ socioeconomic status but also mitigates climate change issues through carbon sequestrations for better carbon management in the tropics. However, various anthropogenic factors lead to natural resource degradations that induces climate change issues and maximizes carbon footprints. Farmers adopting sustainable farming practices, especially agroforestry in the tropics, in the long run, are not only benefitting from the additional income they can generate via selling carbon credits but also from improving their soil health, yield quality, acreage, and profitability. Carbon trading in tropical agroforestry is seen as a way to provide financial incentives for farmers to adopt environmentally friendly practices, which helps to mitigate climate change. Moreover, agroforestry’s importance and services are not on pause due its huge potential that to fulfill nine out of the seventeen sustainable development goals. Poverty reduction (SDG-1), a zero hunger policy (SDG-2), health improvement and good well-being (SDG-3), gender equality (SDG-5), economic growth and national development (SDG-8), reduction inequality (SDG-10), greater productivity (SDG-12), a climate action plan (SDG-13), and life on the land (SDG-15) are the key goals addressed that can be achieved through sustainable agroforestry practices. Therefore, scientific management strategies in agroforestry would maximize plant diversity and productivity, provide higher socioeconomic and livelihood generation, and maximize carbon restoration along with many other environmental services for sustainable development.
In this context, the present book will address agroforestry management for livelihood security and sustainable development in the tropics. Ecological interactions and productivity in tropical agroforestry ensuring greater ecosystem services and livelihood resilience under changing climates are also discussed, as well as building livelihood resilience through monetization of carbon credits in agroforestry in the tropics. Livelihood and sustainability-based policy in agroforestry, its challenges, and a future roadmap are also included. This title focuses on new insights related to updated research, development and extension activities for combating climate change through carbon sequestration to enhance intensify greater productivity, and livelihood and ecosystem services for ensuring the goals of sustainable development.

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Author / Editor Details
Abhishek Raj, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Forest Product and Utilization, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay College of Horticulture & Forestry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, India. He has authored and co-authored more than 25 scientific papers, five books, 70 book chapters, and several extension articles. In 2016, he received the Young Scientist Award and qualified on the Indian Council of Agricultural Research’s National Eligibility Test in Agroforestry.

Manoj Kumar Jhariya, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Farm Forestry at Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, India and is dynamically involved in teaching and research. He is the author/co-author of more than 88 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 16 books, 86 book chapters, and several extension articles and is an editorial board member of several journals. He is a life member of The Indian Science Congress Association, Applied and Natural Science Foundation, Society for Advancement of Human and Nature, and Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Association of India.

Arnab Banerjee, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Science, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, India and is involved in both teaching and research. He was a project fellow under a University Grant Commission sponsored research project and has published 80 research papers in reputed national and international journals. To his credit he has published 16 books and 75 book chapters. Additionally, he is a life member of the Academy of Environmental Biology and has supervised 50 post-graduate students.

Ramesh Kumar Jha, PhD is a professor and Chief Scientist in the Department of Forestry, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay College of Horticulture & Forestry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, Bihar-India. He has thirty-four years teaching, research, and extension education experience in forestry and similar subjects. In addition to several forthcoming research publications, he has written books on deforestation and village life, the medicinal importance of agroforestry, tree species, birds of Pusa, and an agroforester’s companion.

Krishan Pal Singh, PhD is a scientist and assistant professor in the Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Research Station, Jagdalpur, India. He has been awarded a Young Scientist Award for Best Oral Presentation at by Indian Society of Genetics, Biotechnology, Research and Development, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan. He has published 40 research papers in reputed national and international journals, as well as two books and five book chapters. He is a member of the Confederation of Horticulture Associations of India and Society of Horticultural Research and Development.

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Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
1. Agroforestry: A Sustainable Approach
Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Ramesh Kumar Jha and Krishan Pal Singh
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Agroforestry in the World
1.3 Tree Crop System in Agroforestry: A View from Ecological Lens
1.4 Agroforestry Services and Its Sustainability
1.5 Climate Change and Mitigation Strategies
1.6 Carbon Credit in Agroforestry for Net Zero Emissions and Its Monetization
1.7 Agroforestry Modeling and Assessment
1.8 Economics and Livelihood Resilience in Agroforestry
1.9 The Challenges and Solutions for Agroforestry Promotions
1.10 Policy and Future Thrust in Agroforestry
1.11 Conclusion
References
2. Outlooks on Major Agroforestry Systems
Luciana R. Chappa, Emmanuely Z. Nungula, Yamikani H. Makwinja, Shivani Ranjan, Sumit Sow, Ashwaq M. Alnemari, Sagar Maitra, Mahmoud F. Seleiman, Riziki Mwadalu and Harun I. Gitari
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Importance of Agroforestry in Sustainable Agriculture and Future
2.3 Classification of Agroforestry System
2.3.1 Classification Based on Nature of Components
2.3.1.1 Agrisilviculture Systems
2.3.1.2 Silvopasture Systems
2.3.1.3 Agrosilvopastoral Systems
2.3.1.4 Other Systems
2.3.2 Classification Based on Arrangement of Components
2.3.2.1 Spatial Arrangement
2.3.2.2 Temporal Arrangement
2.3.3 Functional Classification of Agroforestry Systems
2.3.3.1 Productive Functions of Agroforestry Systems
2.3.3.2 Protective Functions of Agroforestry Systems
2.3.4 Socioeconomic Classification of Agroforestry Systems
2.4 Constraints of Agroforestry and Solutions
2.4.1 Environmental Aspects
2.4.2 Socioeconomic Aspects
2.4.3 Remediation Through Expertise Management Strategies
2.5 Identified Gaps and Prospects
2.6 Conclusion
References
3. Synergies Between Tree Crops and Ecosystems in Tropical Agroforestry
D. M. N. S. Dissanayaka, S. S. Udumann and Anjana J. Atapattu
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of Tree Species Present in Agroforestry Systems
3.3 Selection of Tree Species
3.4 Benefits of Tree Component
3.4.1 Benefits of Tree-Agroforestry on Mitigating Climate Change
3.4.1.1 Carbon Sequestration
3.4.1.2 Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
3.4.2 Benefits of Tree-Agroforestry on Biodiversity Conservation
3.4.2.1 Habitat Provision
3.4.2.2 Biodiversity Corridors
3.4.2.3 Food Resource
3.4.2.4 Cultural and Traditional Values
3.4.3 Benefits of Tree-Agroforestry on Soil Health Improvement
3.4.3.1 Organic Matter Accumulation
3.4.3.2 Nutrient Cycling and Nutrient Retention
3.4.3.3 Soil Erosion Control
3.4.3.4 Phytoremediation
3.4.3.5 Soil Biological Properties
3.4.4 Benefits of Tree-Agroforestry on Microclimate Regulation
3.4.4.1 Shade and Temperature Regulation
3.4.4.2 Windbreak Effect in Cold Climates
3.4.4.3 Reduced Heat Stress for Livestock
3.4.5 Benefits of Tree-Agroforestry for Comforting Livelihood
3.4.6 Benefits of Tree-Agroforestry on Controlling Biotic Stresses
3.4.6.1 Weed Controlling
3.4.6.2 Pest and Disease Control
3.5 Challenges Implementing Tree-Agroforestry Systems
3.6 Conclusion
References
4. Agroforestry System Modeling as a Tool for Sustainability Planning: Current Trends, Limitations, and Way Forward
Upasana Mahato and Rakesh Kadaverugu
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Datasets
4.3 Need for Agroforestry System Modeling
4.3.1 Impact of Socio-Environmental and Climate Factors on AFS
4.3.1.1 Socio-Environmental Factors
4.3.1.2 Weather and Climate Factors
4.3.2 Agroforestry Model as a Tool for Sustainability Planning
4.4 Current Scenario of Agroforestry Modeling
4.4.1 Evaluation of the Models’ Contribution
4.4.1.1 Water Regulation
4.4.1.2 Surface Protection
4.4.1.3 Biodiversity
4.4.1.4 Air Quality
4.4.1.5 Climate Regulation
4.4.1.6 Production
4.5 Major Challenges in Agroforestry Modeling
4.5.1 Models’ Complexity
4.5.2 Accessibility and Model Longevity
4.5.3 Issues of Existing Models
4.6 Limitations and Way Forward
4.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5. Revealing the Enigmatic Riches of Bamboo Shoots: An Exemplary Source of Nourishment
Aakriti Singh Sisodiya and Soumitra Tiwari
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Interwoven Symphony: The Symbiotic Relationship Between Agroforestry and Bamboo
5.3 Economic and Social Importance of Agroforestry Systems Utilizing Bamboo
5.4 Social Functions of Agroforestry Systems Utilizing Bamboo
5.5 Overview of Bamboo-Based Agroforestry in India
5.6 Bamboo Shoot: An Overview
5.7 Overview of the Worldwide Situation Regarding Bamboo Shoots
5.8 Overview of the Indian Situation Regarding Bamboo Shoots
5.9 Bamboo Shoot: An Edible Source of Sustenance
5.10 Physical Characteristics of Bamboo Shoots
5.11 Chemical Characteristics of Bamboo Shoots
5.12 Nutritional Characteristics of Bamboo Shoots
5.13 The Value-Added Products Made from Bamboo Shoots
5.14 Utilization of Newly Harvested Bamboo Shoots as a Dietary Source
5.15 Dried and Canned Bamboo Shoots as Food Products
5.16 Utilization of Bamboo Shoots as Fermented Comestibles
5.17 Powder Derived from Bamboo Shoots
5.18 Therapeutic Properties of Bamboo Shoots
5.19 Bamboo Shoots: A Traditional Source of Information
5.20 Investigating the Pharmaceutical Potential of Bamboo Shoots
5.20.1 Anti-Hyperlipidemic Uses
5.20.2 Anti-Diabetic Uses
5.20.3 Anticancer Uses
5.20.4 Bamboo Shoot: A Fascinating Source of Acetylcholine
5.20.5 Antifungal and Antibacterial Property
5.21 Policy Strategies and Future Roadmap for Bamboo-Based Agroforestry System
5.21.1 Policy Strategies
5.21.2 Future Roadmap
5.22 Conclusion
References
6. Sustainable Spatial Agroforestry in the Context of Forestry Globalization: Strategic Guidelines
Yevhen Mishenin, Inessa Yarova and Inna Koblianska
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Globalization Processes and Sustainable Spatial Agriculture and Forestry Development
6.3 Sustainable Spatial Forestry in the Context of Rural Agroforestry Development
6.4 Forestry as a Defining Characteristic of the Spatial Forestry and Agriculture Transformation in the Context of Global Environmental Challenges
6.5 Sustainable Spatial Forestry and Agroforestry Transformation: Social, Ecological, Economic, and Institutional Conditions
6.6 Structuring the Economic Forestry Space in View of Global Environmental Challenges
6.7 Agroforestry: Organizational, Environmental, and Economic Aspects
6.8 Economic and Environmental Management of Entrepreneurial Agroforestry: Strategic Guidelines
6.9 Environmentally Oriented Forestry and Agriculture Integration
6.10 Global Agroforestry Policy: Strategic Guidelines
6.11 Conclusions and Future Research Roadmap
References
7. Introduced and Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Growth and Establishment of Eucalyptus terreticornis Seedlings in Lateritic Soil
Somdatta Ghosh and N. K. Verma
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Materials and Methods
7.2.1 Site and Soil Characteristics
7.2.2 Seasonal Study
7.2.3 Preparation of Pure and Mass Cultures
7.2.4 Experimental Design
7.2.5 Assessment
7.3 Result
7.3.1 Post-Transplanted Seedlings
7.4 Discussion
7.5 Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
Ethical Approval
Funding
Author Contributions
Acknowledgment
References
8. Ecosystem Services Through Agroforestry Systems and Its Sustainability
Emmanuely Z. Nungula, Luciana R. Chappa, Shivani Ranjan, Sumit Sow, Ashwaq M. Alnemari, Mahmoud F. Seleiman, Riziki Mwadalu, Sagar Maitra and Harun I. Gitari
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Ecosystem Concepts and Their Components
8.2.1 Biotic Components
8.2.2 Abiotic Components
8.3 Effect of Ecosystem
8.3.1 Positive Interaction
8.3.2 Negative Interaction
8.4 Ecosystem Services
8.4.1 Provisioning Services
8.4.2 Regulating Services
8.4.3 Cultural Services
8.5 Agroforestry System Concept
8.6 Ecosystem Services Through Agroforestry Systems
8.6.1 Production Diversification
8.6.2 Pollination/Seed Dispersal
8.6.3 Soil Fertility Improvement
8.6.4 Soil Erosion Control
8.6.5 Improve Air and Water Quality
8.6.6 Carbon Sequestration
8.6.7 Improve Land Productivity
8.6.8 Biodiversity Conservation
8.7 Agroforestry Systems and Their Sustainability
8.7.1 Environmental Sustainability
8.7.2 Economic Sustainability
8.7.3 Social Sustainability
8.8 Conclusion
References
9. Agroforestry for Soil Health
Nongmaithem Raju Singh, Ashish Singh, N. Peetambari Devi, Y. Bijen Kumar, Rumki H. Ch. Sangma, W. S. Philanim, M. Prabha Devi and Pempa Lamu Bhutia
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Factors Responsible for Soil Nutrient Loss in Conventional Farming
9.2.1 Monoculture
9.2.2 Tillage Practices
9.2.3 Crop Residue Removal
9.2.4 Lack of Crop Rotation
9.2.5 Erosion
9.2.6 Leaching
9.2.7 Runoff
9.2.8 Overuse of Fertilizers
9.3 Agroforestry vs. Conventional Farming on Soil Health Management
9.3.1 Maintenance of Organic Matter
9.3.2 Microbial Biomass Carbon and Bacterial Response
9.3.3 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
9.3.4 Carbon Transformations and Nutrient Cycling
9.3.5 Nutrient Pumping
9.3.6 Soil Structure Maintenance
9.3.7 Control and Reduction of Soil Erosion, Evaporation, and Transpiration
9.4 Soil Quality Assessment
9.4.1 Potential C Sequestration and Carbon Storage of Agroforestry Systems
9.4.2 Growth, Litter Output, and Fine Root Biomass of Most Prominent Multipurpose Trees (MPTs)
9.4.3 Agroforestry for Soil Resource Management
9.5 Agroforestry and Sustainability
9.6 Future Emphasis on Priority Sectors for Hill Agriculture for Sustaining Soil Health Quality
9.6.1 Agroforestry Practices
9.6.2 Integrated Farming Systems
9.6.3 Soil Enhancement Technologies
9.6.4 Option Enhancement for Households
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. Fostering Food and Nutritional Security Through Agroforestry Practices
T. D. Nuwarapaksha, S. S. Udumann and Anjana J. Atapattu
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Agroforestry Practices and the Food Security Pillars Defined by FAO
10.3 Global Diversity of Agroforestry Practices
10.4 Channel of Agroforestry Practices Involvement in Food and Nutritional Security
10.5 Benefits of Agroforestry Practices to Food and Nutritional Security
10.6 Constraints for Adoption of Agroforestry
10.7 Agroforestry for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
10.8 Conclusion
References
11. Agroforestry for Climate Security
Harun H. Gitari, Emmanuely Z. Nungula, Luciana R. Chappa, Muhammad Ali Raza, Shivani Ranjan, Sumit Sow, Ashwaq M. Alnemari, Mahmoud F. Seleiman, Riziki Mwadalu and Sagar Maitra
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Agroforestry System’s Main Features
11.2.1 Ecological
11.2.2 Economic
11.2.3 Interaction
11.3 Agroforestry Benefits
11.3.1 Biophysical Benefits
11.3.2 Socioeconomic Benefits
11.4 Climate Security Concept
11.5 Role of Agroforestry as a Climate Smart Technique
11.5.1 Improve Productivity
11.5.2 Enhance Resilience
11.5.3 Reduce GHG Emission
11.6 Integrating Agroforestry Into Climate Change Adaptation
11.7 Agroforestry Contribution to Climate Change Mitigation
11.8 Conclusion
References
12. Carbon Storage and Dynamics in Different Agroforestry Systems
Iqram Ahmed Khan, Shujaul Mulk Khan, Sadia Jahangir, Shahab Ali and Gulnar Kairzhanovna Tulindinova
12.1 Introduction
12.2 History of Agroforestry
12.3 Significance of Agroforestry for Carbon Storage (CS)
12.4 Classification of Agroforestry
12.5 Agroforestry Systems of the World
12.5.1 Agrisilviculture System
12.5.2 Silvopastoral System
12.5.3 Agrosilvopastoral System
12.6 Carbon Storage and Dynamics
12.7 Better Use of Land
12.8 A Climate Mitigation Strategy
12.9 Policy Strategies and Future Roadmap of CS in Agroforestry System
12.9.1 Policy Framework
12.9.2 Future Roadmap
12.10 Conclusion
References
13. Traditional Agroecosystems of Northeast India and Their Role in Climate Change Mitigation
Subhashree Patra, Shilky, Purabi Saikia, Amit Kumar and M.L. Khan
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Extent and Ecological Features of Traditional Agroecosystems
13.3 Major Traditional Agroecosystems of Northeast India
13.3.1 Shifting Cultivation (Jhum)
13.3.2 Taungya
13.3.3 Home Garden
13.3.4 Apatani Wet Rice Cultivation
13.3.5 Bamboo Groves
13.3.6 Tea Garden
13.3.7 Paan Jhum
13.3.8 Agroecosystems Based on Commercial Plantations
13.4 Performance of Biodiverse Agroecosystems Under Changing Global Climate
13.5 Policy and Future Roadmap for Mitigating Climate Change Through Traditional Agroecosystems
13.6 Conclusions
References
14. Bridging Sustainability: Exploring Carbon Trading in Agroforestry for Climate Resilience and Economic Viability
Kamlesh Verma, Vaishali Sharma, Alisha Keprate, Satya Prakash Vishwakarma, D. R. Bhardwaj and Prashant Sharma
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mechanism of Carbon Trading
14.2.1 Cap and Trade
14.2.2 Carbon Offsets
14.3 Carbon Credit Pricing
14.4 Policy Framework
14.5 Rationale for Implementing Carbon Trading in the Context of Agroforestry
14.6 Current State of Carbon Trading in Agroforestry
14.7 Constraints
14.7.1 Farmer’s Perspective
14.7.2 Agroforestry or Project Standpoint
14.8 Methodological Approaches for Carbon Credit in Agroforestry
14.9 Prospects of Carbon Trading in Agroforestry
14.10 Policy Strategies for Carbon Trading in Agroforestry for Climate Resilience
14.11 Conclusion
References
15. Economic Studies in Agroforestry for Livelihood Security
Alisha Keprate, Vaishali Sharma, Sonaly Bhatnagar, Ruchi Thakur, Ghazanfer Abbas, D. R. Bhardwaj and Prashant Sharma
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Economic Significance of Agroforestry
15.2.1 Diversification of Income
15.2.2 Enhanced Productivity
15.2.3 Poverty Alleviation
15.2.4 Livelihood Resilience Against Climate Change
15.3 Social Impacts of Agroforestry
15.4 Economic Benefits of Agroforestry in Comparison to Conventional Agriculture
15.5 Market and Value Chains
15.6 Various Analytical Tools to Evaluate Economic Gains
15.6.1 Capital Budgeting
15.6.2 Linear Programming
15.6.3 Production Frontier Analysis
15.6.4 Contingent Valuation
15.6.5 Choice Experiments
15.6.6 Hedonic Pricing
15.7 Emerging Potential of Agroforestry as Business Enterprise for Livelihood Security
15.8 Conclusion
References
16. Impact of Agroforestry Practices on Fauna in Malaysia: From Arthropod to Large Mammal
Nur Nadiah Md Yusof, Siti Khairiyah Mohd Hatta, Nurulhuda Zakaria, Nurfarah Ain Limin, Izzati Adilah Azmir, Muhammad Al Amin Amran, Mohammad Shahfiz Azman,
Hamizah Md Rasid and Mohd Nazip Suratman
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Agroforestry System in Malaysia
16.3 The Impact of Agroforestry in Malaysia
16.3.1 Arthropod
16.3.2 Herpetofauna
16.3.3 Birds
16.3.4 Small Mammals
16.3.5 Large Mammals
16.4 Moving Forward with Agroforestry System in Malaysia
16.5 Conclusion
References
About the Editors
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