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Porphyrin-Based Composites

Materials and Applications

Edited by Umar Ali Dar, Mohd. Shahnawaz, and Puja Gupta
Copyright: 2025   |   Expected Pub Date:2025/01/30
ISBN: 9781394214389  |  Hardcover  |  
628 pages

One Line Description
Discover the transformative potential of porphyrin-based composites in Porphyrin-Based Composites where readers will learn how these innovative materials enhance industrial sectors by combining multiple porphyrin components to create durable, sensitive, and efficient technologies that outperform traditional materials.

Audience
Researchers, academicians, chemists, industry experts, and students working in the fields of materials and environmental sciences, engineering, textiles, biology, and medicine.

Description
This book highlights the benefits of adopting porphyrin composites and discusses how they are used in different industrial sectors. Combining multiple porphyrin components is used to create materials with properties that are not possible with individual components, remove restrictions of water-insolubility, and ultimately lead to the development of durable and more sensitive technological materials. Composite materials have been essential to human life for thousands of years, beginning with the construction of houses by the first civilizations and advancing to modern technologies. Originating in the mid-twentieth century, composite materials show promise as a class of engineering materials that offer new opportunities for contemporary technology and have been beneficially incorporated into practically every sector due to their ability to choose elements, tune them to achieve the desired qualities, and efficiently use those features through design. Additionally, composite materials offer greater strength- and modulus-to-weight ratios than standard engineering materials. Materials based on porphyrin composites are used in a wide range of applications, including sensors, molecular probes, electrical gadgets, electronic devices, construction materials, catalysis, medicine, and environmental and energy applications.
Readers will find the book:
• Provides an overview of several porphyrin composites as model materials for commercial settings;
• Discusses fundamental, experimental, and theoretical research on structural and physicochemical properties of porphyrin composites;
• Demonstrates how complementary and alternative material designs that use porphyrin composites have evolved;
• Emphasizes important uses for cutting-edge, multipurpose materials that might contribute to a more sustainable society;
• Opens new possibilities by examining the role of developing unique hybrid, composite, and higher-order hierarchical materials that may be utilized to make valuable chemicals.

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Author / Editor Details
Umar Ali Dar, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow at the Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, China. He has published numerous peer-reviewed articles, books, book chapters, and collaborative projects and serves as an editorial member and reviewer for several internationally published journals. His research expertise includes polymers following organic and inorganic synthesis, particularly in the chemical modification of porphyrins, quinones, anils, and azo compounds, with significant contributions to crystal engineering, materials science, energy applications, sensors, water treatment, and drug discovery.

Mohd. Shahnawaz, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Botany at Government Degree College Drass, University of Ladakh, India. He has published 25 research articles, 24 book chapters, and 16 books and serves as a reviewer and editor for several international journals. His research interests include tissue culture of medicinal plants, genetic diversity assessment of medicinal plants using high-resolution molecular marks, enhancement of plant secondary metabolite contents, and biodegradation of plastic.

Puja Gupta, PhD, is an associate professor of biotechnology at RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, with three years of teaching experience. She has published 15 research articles in international journals, 20 book chapters, and four books and participated in various conferences and workshops. Her research interests include metagenomics, microbiology, microbial genetics, and plant-microbe interactions.

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Table of Contents
Preface
Part I: Overview of Porphyrins
1. Composite Materials Utilizing Porphyrin Template: An Overview
Umar Ali Dar, Shazia Nabi and Mohd Shahnawaz
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Development and Construction of Porphyrin Composites
1.2.1 Porphyrin Synthesis and Functionalization
1.2.2 Synthesis of Porphyrin Composites
1.3 Applications of Porphyrin-Based Composites
1.3.1 Energy
1.3.2 Device Materials
1.3.3 Remediation
1.3.4 Nanotechnology
1.3.5 Agriculture
1.3.6 Catalysis
1.4 Future Perspectives
1.5 Conclusion
References
2. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Porphyrin Composite Materials
Kishor Kumar Roy, Sudipto Mangal, Anirban Karak and Ankita Acharya
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synthesis Methods for Porphyrin Composites
2.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Techniques
2.2.2 Sol-Gel Methodology
2.2.3 Electrospinning and Electrochemical Deposition
2.2.4 Green Synthesis Approaches
2.2.5 Organometallic Methodologies for Synthesis
2.2.6 Comparative Analysis of Synthesis Techniques
2.3 Characterization Techniques
2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for Morphological Analysis
2.3.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for Structural Investigation
2.3.3 Spectroscopic Techniques (UV-Vis and FTIR) for Chemical Analysis
2.3.4 Mechanical Testing Methods (Tensile, Compression, and Flexural)
2.4 Physical Properties of Porphyrin Composite Materials
2.4.1 Thermal Conductivity and Stability
2.4.2 Optical Properties and Light Absorption
2.4.3 Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Properties
2.4.4 Magnetic Properties and Spin Dynamics
2.5 Mechanical Properties of Porphyrin Composite Materials
2.5.1 Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus
2.5.2 Flexural Strength and Toughness
2.5.3 Impact Resistance and Fracture Toughness
2.5.4 Fatigue Behavior and Endurance Limit
2.6 Influence of Porphyrin Functionalization on Properties
2.6.1 Impact of Peripheral Substitution
2.6.2 Functional Groups and Surface Modification
2.6.3 Doping and Alloying Effects
2.6.4 Interfacial Interactions in Composite Systems
2.7 Applications of Porphyrin Composite Materials
2.7.1 Photovoltaics and Solar Cells
2.7.2 Sensing and Detection Technologies
2.7.3 Biomedical and Drug Delivery Applications
2.7.4 Catalysis and Environmental Remediation
2.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives
2.9 Conclusion
References
3. Porphyrin Composite Materials Analysis, Design, Manufacturing and Production
Elif Esra Altuner, Fatih Sen and Umar Ali Dar
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Porphyrin Aspects
3.2.1 Methods for Obtaining & Producing Porphyrins
3.2.1.1 Synthesis
3.2.1.2 Trans-Substituted Porphyrins
3.2.1.3 Obtaining A2BC Tetra-Substituted Porphyrins
3.3 The Analogs Design of Porphyrins
3.3.1 Analogs of Porphyrins
3.3.1.1 Chlorines and Bacteriochlorines
3.4 Composites
3.4.1 Porphyrin-Based Composites
3.4.2 Nano Porphyrin-Based Composites
3.4.3 (GQDs) and Porphyrin Composites
3.4.4 Graphene Oxide-Porphyrin Composites
3.4.5 Metalloporphyrins
3.5 Types of Porphyrin-Based Composites Framework
3.5.1 Porphyrin-Based MOFs
3.5.2 Porphyrin-Based COFs
3.5.3 Porphyrin-Based HOFs
3.6 Few Important Methods for Analysis of Porphyrins
3.6.1 Spectrophotometric Methods
3.6.2 Voltammetric Analysis
3.6.3 Analysis by HPLC Method
3.7 Conclusion
References
4. Advanced Characterization Methods and Characterization Types for Porphyrins
Elif Esra Altuner, Fatih Sen and Umar Ali Dar
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of Characterization Techniques Utilized for Porphyrins Analysis
4.2.1 UV-Vis Analysis and Spectrometric Properties
4.2.2 NMR Analysis of Porphyrins
4.2.3 Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Porphyrins
4.3 HOMO-LUMO Relations for Porphyrins
4.4 Optical and Electro-Field Analysis
4.5 Applications in Solar Cells
4.6 DLS Analysis for Porphyrins
4.7 AFM Analysis for Porphyrins
4.8 Conclusion
References
Part II: Source, Design, Manufacturing, Properties and Fundamentals
5. Spectroscopic Nonlinear Optical Characteristics of Porphyrin-Functionalized Nanocomposite Materials
Vennila S., Wai Siong Chai, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Loganathan K. and Pau Loke Show
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Porphyrins
5.2.1 Chemical Characteristics of Porphyrins
5.3 Synthesis of Porphyrin
5.3.1 Adler-Longo Process of Porphyrin
5.3.2 Porphyrin Synthesis in Two Steps with a Single Flask at Ambient Temperature
5.4 Porphyrin-Functionalized Nanocomposites Materials
5.4.1 Porphyrin-Functionalized Nanocomposite Materials with Metal and Oxide Nanomaterials
5.4.2 Porphyrin-Functionalized Nanocomposite Materials with Polymers
5.4.3 Porphyrin-Functionalized Nanocomposite Materials with Biological Materials
5.4.4 Porphyrin-Functionalized Nanocomposite Materials with CNT or Carbon Fibers
5.5 Properties of Porphyrin-Functionalized Nanocomposite Materials
5.5.1 Spectral Properties
5.5.1.1 UV-Vis Spectroscopy
5.5.1.2 FTIR Spectroscopy
5.5.1.3 XRD Analysis
5.5.1.4 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
5.5.2 Nonlinear Optical Characteristics
5.6 Conclusion
References
6. Electrochemical Advancements in Porphyrin Materials: From Fundamentals to Electrocatalytic Applications
Alma Mejri and Abdelmoneim Mars
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Electrochemical Fundamentals of Porphyrin-Based Materials
6.2.1 Electrochemical Behavior of Porphyrin
6.2.2 Key Parameters Influencing Porphyrin Electrochemistry
6.2.3 Electrochemical Porphyrin-Based Materials
6.3 Porphyrin-Based Materials for Electrocatalysis Applications
6.3.1 Electrocatalysis Fundamentals
6.3.2 Porphyrin-Based Materials for CO2 Reduction
6.3.3 Porphyrin-Based Materials for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
6.3.3.1 Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
6.3.3.2 Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction
6.3.3.3 Overall Electrochemical Water Spilling
6.4 Conclusion and Outlooks
References
7. Manifestation of Porphyrin Composites in Variety of Photocatalytic Processes
Jyoti Rani, Varinder Singh and Gaurav Goel
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Porphyrin Composites
7.3 Synthesis of Porphyrin Composites
7.4 Photocatalytic Applications of Porphyrin Composites
7.4.1 Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Fuel by Water Splitting
7.4.1.1 Metal Oxides–Porphyrin Composites
7.4.1.2 Carbon Material–Porphyrin Composites
7.4.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes and Organic Pollutants
7.4.2.1 Conversion of CO2 to Value-Added Chemicals
7.5 Conclusions
References
8. The Use of Porphyrin Composite Materials as Catalyst in a Variety of Application Sectors
Shagufta Parveen M. A. Ansari and Riyaz Ahmad Dar
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Related Works
8.3 Porphyrin-Based MOFs: Synthesis Methods, Structural Characteristics, and Characterization Techniques
8.3.1 Synthesis Methods
8.3.2 Structural Characteristics and Characterization Techniques
8.4 Design and Construction of Porphyrin-Based MOFs
8.4.1 Design of Porphyrin-Based MOFs
8.4.2 Porphyrin-Based MOF Construction
8.4.2.1 Porphyrin-Based MOFs with Carboxylic Acid Linkers
8.4.2.2 Porphyrin-Based MOFs with Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Linkers
8.5 Application of Porphyrin-Based MOFs
8.5.1 PhotoCatalytic Evolution of Hydrogen
8.5.2 Catalytic Photolysis of CO2
8.5.3 Photocatalytic Fixation of Nitrogen
8.5.4 Photocatalytic Removal of Pollutants
8.5.5 Photocatalytic Synthesis of Organic Compounds
8.5.6 Biosensing
8.5.7 Photodynamic Therapy with Porphyrin-Based MOFs
8.5.8 Advances in Fluorescence Imaging for Targeted Therapy
8.5.9 Sensing of pH
8.6 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
Part III: Advantages and Applications of Porphyrin Composites Materials
9. Porphyrin Composites Provide New Design and Building Construction Options
Xiaoquan Lu
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Design Idea of Porphyrin Compound Material
9.2.1 Design and Synthesis of Porphyrins MOFs
9.2.2 Design and Synthesis of Porphyrin COFs
9.2.3 Design and Synthesis of Porphyrins HOFs
9.2.4 Design and Synthesis of Other Porphyrin-Based Composites
9.3 Construction of Porphyrin Electrochemiluminescence Molecules
9.3.1 Introduction to Electrochemiluminescence
9.3.2 Electrochemiluminescence Mechanism
9.3.3 Electrochemical Luminescence of Porphyrin Molecules Constructed by Molecular Regulation
9.3.4 Electrochemical Luminescence of Porphyrin Nanocomposites
9.3.5 Interfacial Electron-Induced Electrochemiluminescence
9.4 Construction and Characterization of Porphyrin Surface Interface Transport Molecules
9.4.1 Study of the Electron Transfer Process of Porphyrin at the Liquid/Liquid Interface
9.4.2 Study and Regulation of Photosensitized Materials and Their Models of Porphyrins
9.4.3 Regulation of the Porphyrin Interface
9.5 Composite of Porphyrins with Carbon-Based Materials
9.5.1 Construction of Porphyrin Functionalized Graphene Nanomaterials
9.5.2 Construction of Porphyrin-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes
9.5.3 Construction of Porphyrin Functionalized g-C3N4
9.5.4 Construction of Porphyrin-Functionalized Fullerenes
9.6 Porphyrin-Based MOFs, COFs, HOFs Porous Materials and Properties
9.6.1 Introduction and Application of Porphyrin MOFs
9.6.2 Introduction and Application of Porphyrin COFs
9.6.3 Brief Introduction and Application of Porphyrin HOFs
9.6.4 Brief Introduction and Application of Porphyrin POPs
9.7 Construction of Composite Materials of Porphyrins and Metal Nanoparticles
9.7.1 Construction and Application of Composite Materials
9.7.2 Construction of Porphyrin-Based Core-Shell Structure Nanomaterials
9.8 Properties of Porphyrin Nuclei
9.9 Application of Porphyrin Nuclei
9.10 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
10. A Comprehensive Review of Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Development of Porphyria, Due to Defective Porphyrin Biosynthesis in the Human Body
Santhosh Kumar Rajamani and Radha Srinivasan Iyer
10.1 Porphyrin Composites in Medicine – An Introduction
10.2 Nature of Porphyrins
10.3 Porphyrin Biosynthesis in Humans
10.4 Porphyria- Erythropoietic Disorders Due to Defects in Porphyrin Metabolism
10.4.1 Acute Porphyrias
10.4.1.1 Hepatic Porphyrias
10.4.2 Cutaneous Porphyrias
10.4.2.1 Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP)
10.4.2.2 Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP)
10.4.2.3 Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP)
10.4.2.4 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)
10.4.2.5 Variegate Porphyria (VP)
10.4.2.6 Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP)
10.5 Acquired Porphyrias Due to EXCESsive Arsenic and Lead Exposure
10.6 Diagnosis of Porphyrias
10.7 Newer Therapeutics for Porphyrias: Givosiran Treatment and Afamelanotide Application
10.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
11. Porphyrin-Based Nanoparticles and Their Potential Scopes for Targeted Drug Delivery and Cancer Therapy
Prem Rajak, Sayanti Podder, Satadal Adhikary, Suchandra Bhattacharya, Saurabh Sarkar, Moutushi Mandi, Abhratanu Ganguly, Manas Paramanik and Sudip Paramanik
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Physico-Chemical Properties of Porphyrin and Their Advantage in Medical Science
11.3 Porphyrin-Based Nanoparticles (PBNPs)
11.3.1 Porphysome
11.3.2 Cerasomes
11.4 Porphyrin-Based Micelles
11.4.1 Porphyrin-Based Polymeric NPs
11.4.2 Nanocarriers (NCs)
11.5 Porphyrin-Conjugated Mesenchymal Stem Cells
11.6 Metal-Metalloporphyrin Frameworks (MMPFs)
11.7 Porphyrin-Loaded Covalent-Organic Frameworks (COFs)
11.8 Porphyrin-Based Noble Metallic NPs
11.9 Porphyrin-Based Quantum Dots
11.10 Implication of PBNPs in Targeted Drug Delivery
11.11 Potential Scope of PB-NPs in Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
11.12 Limitations
11.13 Conclusions
References
12. Role and Scope of Porphyrin Composites in Biotechnology
Elif Esra Altuner, Ghassan Issa, Fatih Sen and Umar Ali Dar
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Therapeutic Roles of Porphyrins
12.3 The Role of Porphyrins in Medical Imaging
12.3.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and the Role of Porphyrins
12.3.2 Photoacoustic Imaging (PAI) and Its Role in Porphyrins
12.3.3 Fluorescence Imaging and Its Role in Porphyrins
12.4 Bifunctional Functions of Porphyrin Conjugates
12.5 Conclusion
References
13. Porphyrin Composites for Energy Storage and Conversion
Shazia Nabi and Umar Ali Dar
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Porphyrin-Based Composites
13.2.1 Functionalization of the Porphyrin with Conducting Polymers (CPs)
13.2.2 Functionalization with Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs)
13.2.3 Porphyrin-Based Framework Materials
13.3 Porphyrin Composites for Energy Storage
13.3.1 Porphyrin Composites as Capacitors
13.3.2 Porphyrin Composites as Batteries
13.4 Porphyrin Composites for Energy Conversion
13.4.1 Oxygen Evolution Reaction
13.4.2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
13.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction (CO2RR)
13.5 Summary and Conclusions
References
14. Porous Organic Frameworks Based on Porphyrinoids for Clean Energy
Kharu Nisa, Ishfaq Ahmad Lone, Waseem Arif and Preeti Singh
14.1 Introduction
14.2 COFs in Catalysis
14.3 COF-Based Organic Materials and Their Synthesis
14.3.1 Interfacial Synthesis
14.3.2 Conventional Synthetic Methods
14.3.3 Strategies of Multistep Synthesis (MSS) and Multicomponent Reaction (MCR)
14.4 Designing of Porphyrin-Based COF Catalysts
14.4.1 Post-Modification Methods
14.4.2 MOFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR
14.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
15. Porphyrin Composite Materials as an Electrode, a Material for Thin Films and Battery Components
Md. Al-Riad Tonmoy, Sidur Rahman, Md. Iqbal Hossain, Abu Shahid Ahmed and A.K.M. Ahsanul Habib
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Porphyrin Composites as Electrode Materials
15.2.1 Role of the Electrode in Energy Storage Devices
15.2.1.1 Energy Storage
15.2.1.2 Charge Transfer
15.2.1.3 Electrode Design
15.2.2 Electrochemical Properties of Porphyrin Composites
15.2.2.1 Electron Transfer Capability
15.2.2.2 Catalytic Activity
15.2.2.3 Electroactive Sites
15.2.2.4 Charge Storage
15.2.2.5 Stability and Reversibility
15.2.3 Role as Electrode in Fuel Cell
15.2.3.1 Electrocatalyst in ORR of Fuel Cells
15.3 Porphyrin Composites in Battery Components
15.3.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIB)
15.3.1.1 Porphyrin Composite as Cathode Materials in LIB
15.3.1.2 Porphyrin Composite as Anode Materials in LIB
15.3.2 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
15.3.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries
15.3.4 Redox-Flow Batteries
15.4 Thin Films of Porphyrin Composites
15.4.1 Thin Film Deposition Techniques for Porphyrin Composites
15.4.1.1 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)
15.4.1.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
15.4.1.3 Comparison with PVD and CVD
15.5 Liquid-Phase Epitaxy (LPE)
15.6 Structural and Morphological Properties of Porphyrin Composite Thin Films
15.6.1 Electronic and Optoelectronic Properties of Porphyrin Thin Films
15.6.2 Electronic Band Structure and Conductivity
15.7 Applications of Porphyrin Thin Films in Various Sectors
15.7.1 Sensors
15.7.2 Photovoltaic (PV) Cells
15.8 Future Directions and Emerging Trends
15.9 Current State of Porphyrin Composite Research
15.10 Emerging Trends in Porphyrin Composite Materials
15.11 Future Prospects and Potential Breakthroughs
15.12 Conclusion
References
16. Porphyrin Composite Materials as Electronic Component: Electronic Devices and Electronic Gadgets
Meenakshi Patyal, Kirandeep Kaur, Nidhi Gupta and Ashok Kumar Malik
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Synthesis of Porphyrin and Porphyrin Composite Materials
16.2.1 Synthesis of Porphyrin
16.2.2 Synthesis of Porphyrin Composite Materials
16.3 Porphyrin Composite Materials for Electronic Gadgets and Devices
16.3.1 Porphyrin Composite–Based Metal-Organic Frameworks (PP-MOFs)
16.3.2 Porphyrin Composite–Based Covalent Organic Frameworks (PP-COFs)
16.3.3 Metal Phthalocyanine (MPc)–Based Organic Thin-Film Transistors
16.3.4 Metal-Based Porphyrin Composites as Functional Devices
16.4 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
17. Advances of Porphyrin Composites for the Effective Adsorption and Degradation of Pollutants
Vemula Madhavi and A. Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Structural Features of Porphyrin Composites
17.3 Synthesis and Properties of Different Porphyrin Composites
17.3.1 Metal-Porphyrin Composites/Metalloporphyrins
17.3.2 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Porphyrin Composites
17.3.3 Polymer-Based Porphyrins
17.3.4 Nanomaterial-Based Porphyrin
17.4 Porphyrin-Based Materials for Selective Adsorption of Pollutants
17.4.1 Adsorptive Removal of Organic Contaminants
17.4.2 Adsorptive Degradation of Inorganic Contaminants
17.5 Desorption, Regeneration, and Reusability of Porphyrin Materials
17.6 Concluding Remarks
References
18. Thin Film of Porphyrin for Heavy Metal Ion Sensing
Parul Taneja and R.K. Gupta
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Monolayer of Free Base Porphyrin Molecule and Its Characterization
18.2.1 Experimental Setup of Surface Manometry
18.2.2 Surface Manometry of Porphyrin Molecule
18.2.3 Deposition of Monolayer on Piezoelectric-Based Transducer Surface
18.2.4 Characterization of Porphyrin Film
18.3 Sensing Application of Tetraphenylporphyrin
18.3.1 Piezoelectric-Based Sensing Setup
18.3.2 Sensing of Cationic Species Using ILS Film of Porphyrin
18.3.3 Characterization of Sensing Layer After Interaction with Metal Ions
18.4 Conclusion
References
19. Porphyrin Composite in the Agriculture and Food Industries
Debarpan Dutta
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Background
19.3 Impact on Agriculture
19.3.1 Supply of Agrochemicals
19.3.2 Detection of Poisonous Chemicals (Toxins)
19.3.3 Removal of Toxins
19.3.4 Detection of Toxic Metal Ions
19.3.5 Removal of Poisonous Metal Ions
19.3.6 Photo-Radiated Anti-Microbial Action
19.4 Impact on Food Industry
19.4.1 Some Recent Investigations of Metal-Porphyrin Related to Food Industry
19.4.2 Use as Food Colorants
19.5 Conclusion
References
20. Porphyrin Nanocomposites for Synergistic Treatment and Diagnostics: Biostability, Biocompatibility, and Therapeutic Efficacy
Arindam Mitra
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Biostability of Porphyrin Nanocomposites
20.2.1 Challenges of Biostability of Porphyrin Nanocomposites
20.2.2 Strategies to Address the Biostability of Porphyrin Nanocomposites
20.2.3 Evaluation of Biostability of Porphyrin Nanocomposites
20.3 Biocompatibility of Porphyrin Nanocomposites
20.3.1 Challenges of Biocompatibility of Porphyrin Nanocomposites
20.3.2 Strategies to Improve the Biocompatibility of Porphyrin Nanocomposites
20.3.3 Assessments of Biocompatibility In Vitro and In Vivo
20.4 Therapeutic Efficacy of Porphyrin Nanocomposites
20.4.1 Diagnostics Applications of Porphyrin Composites
20.5 Future Perspectives and Challenges
20.6 Conclusions
References
21. Diversity, Stability, and Selectivity for Porphyrin-Based Composite Materials
Aafaq Tantray, Nitin Rode, Lina Khandare and Umar Ali Dar
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Diversity in Porphyrin-Based Composite Materials
21.2.1 Metalloporphyrins
21.2.2 Covalent Porphyrin Frameworks (CPF)
21.2.3 Porphyrin-Based Polymer Materials
21.2.4 Porphyrin Nanoparticles
21.2.5 Self-Assembled Porphyrin Materials
21.3 Introduction to Various Composite Materials Incorporating Porphyrins
21.3.1 Organic-Inorganic Hybrids
21.3.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
21.3.3 Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
21.3.4 Polymers and Polymer Composites
21.4 Stability of Porphyrin-Based Composite Materials
21.4.1 Chemical Stability
21.4.2 Thermal Stability
21.4.3 Mechanical Stability
21.5 Strategies to Enhance Stability of Porphyrins
21.5.1 Design and Synthesis Approaches
21.5.2 Surface Modifications and Encapsulation Techniques
21.5.3 Post-Synthetic Stabilization Methods
21.6 Conclusions
References
22. Future Scope, Performance, Challenges, and Opportunities of Porphyrin Composite Materials
N. H. Vasoya and K. B. Modi
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Future Scope of Porphyrin Composite Materials
22.2.1 Enhanced Optoelectronic Properties
22.2.2 Advanced Energy Conversion Systems
22.2.3 Catalysis and Environmental Applications
22.2.4 Biomedical Applications and Therapeutics
22.2.5 Sensing and Detection
22.2.6 Emerging Fields and Cross-Disciplinary Applications
22.3 Performance Characteristics of Porphyrin Composite Materials
22.3.1 Optical Properties
22.3.2 Electrical Conductivity
22.3.3 Thermal Stability
22.3.4 Mechanical Strength and Flexibility
22.3.5 Chemical Stability
22.3.6 Charge Transfer and Transport Properties
22.4 Challenges in Developing Porphyrin Composite Materials
22.4.1 Scalability and Manufacturing Processes
22.4.2 Stability and Longevity
22.4.3 Cost-Effectiveness
22.4.4 Toxicity and Environmental Concerns
22.5 Opportunities for Porphyrin Composite Materials
22.5.1 Energy Conversion and Storage
22.5.2 Photocatalysis and Water Splitting
22.5.3 Environmental Remediation
22.5.4 Biomedical Imaging and Therapeutics
22.5.5 Chemical and Biological Sensing
22.5.6 Smart Materials and Electronics
22.6 Conclusion
References
Index

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