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Plant Secondary Metabolites and Abiotic Stress

Edited by Ganesh C. Nikalje, Mohd. Shahnawaz, Jyoti Parihar, Hilal Ahmad Qazi, Vishal N. Patil, and Daochen Zhu
Copyright: 2025   |   Expected Pub Date:2024//
ISBN: 9781394185801  |  Hardcover  |  
684 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
This book provides a comprehensive overview of cutting-edge biotechnological approaches for enhancing plant secondary metabolites to address abiotic stress, offering valuable insights into the future of utilizing plants for medicinal and industrial purposes.

Audience
Researchers, academics, and industry professionals working in botany

Description
We have been dependent on plants for food, furniture, construction, and fuel since prehistoric times. Plants in all forms have tendered their services to mankind. Humans have selected plants based on their value and potential for domestication. People living on different continents of the world use plants to treat various diseases and various systems of medicines were generated, including the Ayuvedic, Unani, Chinese systems of medicines. Due to the advancement of science and technology, various non-conventional methods to treat diseases were also identified. Each system of medicine has advantages and disadvantages. Systems that utilized plant based natural products for the discovery of drugs have attracted attention across globe due to their minimal or lack of side effects.

Various books on plant secondary metabolites are available, however no book has an overview of the recent trends and future prospectives of all the methods available to enhance the contents of the plant secondary metabolites. Plant Secondary Metabolites and Abiotic Stress aims to give an overview of all the available strategies to ameliorate abiotic stress in plants by modulating secondary metabolites using biotechnological approaches including plant tissue cultures, synthetic metabolic pathway engineering, targeted gene silencing, and editing using RNAi and CRISPR CAS9 technologies.

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Author / Editor Details
Ganesh C. Nikalje, PhD an assistant professor of botany at Seva Sadan’s R. K. Talreja College of Arts, Science, and Commerce, University of Mumbai. During his doctoral work, he unraveled the salt tolerance mechanism of the facultative halophyte, Sesuvium portulacastrum, at both the molecular and metabolomic level. In addition, he revealed additive and combined salt tolerance mechanisms in contrasting soybean genotypes. He has two independent research projects funded by University of Mumbai and to date has 19 research papers, four books and 18 book chapters to his credit.

Mohd. Shahnawaz, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Botany, University of Ladakh, Kargil Campus, India. He has several years of teaching and postdoctoral research experience. working in diverse fields of life sciences including tissue culture of medicinal plants, genetic diversity assessment of medicinal plants using high resolution molecular marks, enhancement of plants’ secondary metabolites contents, and biodegradation of plastic. He has published more than 20 research articles, nine book chapters, and 12 books of international repute.

Jyoti Parihar, PhD is an associate professor and Head of the Department of Pedagogy in Biosciences, Government Post Graduate College of Education, Jammu, India. She has more than 24 years of teaching experience at the undergraduate level and has presented her work at various national and international conferences. She has published more than ten research papers in journals of repute and has three book chapters and two edited books to her credit. Her main areas of expertise include plant reproductive biology and the medicinal plant, Artemisia maritime L..

Hilal Ahmad Qazi, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Botany, Governement Degree College Pampore, Pulwama Jammu and Kashmir, India. He has more than 5 years of teaching experience at the undergraduate level and three years of postdoctoral teaching. He has worked on the effect cold stress on proteome and metabolome of Digitalis purpurea in an independent project funded by the Indian Department of Science and Technology. He has presented his work at various national and international conferences and has published more than 20 research articles in peer-reviewed journals of repute, as well as a number of book chapters in books of international repute.

Vishal Narayan Patil, PhD is an assistant professor of botany at Vidyabharti College Rashtrasanth Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India, as well as a post-graduate teacher and recognized PhD supervisor at the School of Science & Technology at Nagpur University. To date, he has published 25 research papers in various international journals, as well as five books and three book chapters by national and international publishers. He has been invited as a resource for different conferences and symposia, guest lecturer at different institutes, and has organized various national conferences.

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Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgment
About the Book
1. Biochemical Responses of Plants to Individual and Combined Abiotic Stresses
Kanchan Sharma, Kritika Jalota, Chiti Agarwal, Puja Pal and Suruchi Jindal
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biochemical Responses to Individual Abiotic Stresses
1.2.1 Heat Stress
1.2.2 Cold Stress
1.2.3 Drought Stress
1.2.4 Flood Stress
1.2.5 Salinity Stress
1.2.6 Heavy-Metal Ions
1.3 Biochemical Responses to Combined Abiotic Stresses
1.3.1 ROS and Antioxidant Defense
1.3.2 Hormonal Crosstalk and Signaling Pathways
1.3.3 Metabolic Adjustments and Secondary Metabolites
1.3.4 Photosynthetic Adaptations and Carbon Partitioning
1.3.5 Osmotic Adjustment and Water Use Efficiency
1.3.6 Epigenetic Modifications and Gene Regulation
1.3.7 Molecular Signaling and Transcriptional Networks
1.3.8 Protein Homeostasis and Chaperone Machinery
1.3.9 Nutrient Uptake and Metabolism
1.3.10 Cellular Signaling and ROS Signaling
1.3.11 Metabolic Reprogramming and Stress-Responsive Metabolites
1.4 Conclusion
References
2. Unraveling the Dynamics of Antioxidant Defense in Plants Under Drought Conditions
Gaurav Kumar
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Oxidative Stress in Plants Under Drought Condition
2.3 Antioxidant Defense System of Plants
2.4 Enzymatic Antioxidants and Their Response Against High ROS Under Drought Stress
2.4.1 Ascorbate Peroxidase
2.4.2 Catalase
2.4.3 Dehydroascorbate Reductase
2.4.4 Glutathione Peroxidase
2.4.5 Glutathione Reductase
2.4.6 Glutathione S-Transferase
2.4.7 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase
2.4.8 Peroxidases
2.4.9 Peroxiredoxins
2.4.10 Polyphenol Oxidases
2.4.11 Superoxide Dismutase
2.4.12 Thioredoxin
2.5 ROS-Scavenging Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and Their Response Under Drought Stress
2.5.1 Ascorbic Acid
2.5.2 Carotenoids
2.5.3 Flavonoids
2.5.4 Glutathione
2.5.5 Phenolic Compounds
2.5.6 Tocopherols
2.5.7 Proline
2.6 Interplay of ROS With Reactive Carbonyl, Nitrogen, and Sulfur in Plant Cells: A Crosstalk Saga
2.7 Conclusion
References
3. Plant Metabolism and Abiotic Stress in Crops
Tuba Taziun, Bilal Ahmad Mir, Ritu Kumari, Nahid Akhtar and Atif Khurshid Wani
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Concepts and Types of Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants
3.2.1 Temperature Stress
3.2.1.1 Oxidative Damage Caused by Temperature Stress
3.2.2 Salinity Stress
3.2.3 Drought
3.2.4 Heavy Metal Stress
3.3 Plant Metabolism
3.3.1 Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites
3.3.1.1 Shikimate (Shikimic Acid) Route
3.3.1.2 Mevalonic Acid (Mevalonate) Route
3.3.1.3 Methylerythritol-Phosphate Route
3.4 Conclusion
References
4. Targeting Compatible Solutes for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
Heena Shoket
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Common Abiotic Stress
4.2 Stress Caused by Abiotic Factors
4.2.1 Cold
4.2.2 Salt
4.2.3 Heavy Metal Stress
4.2.4 Light Stress
4.2.5 Compatible Solutes as Small Molecules
4.3 Present Compatible Solutes for Stress Tolerance in Plants
4.3.1 Betaines
4.3.2 Amino Acids
4.3.3 Polyols and Non-Reducing Sugars
4.3.4 Polyamines
4.4 Genetic Engineering Perspective for Compatible Solutes Mediated Abiotic Stress Resistance in Plants
4.5 Importance of Ethylene in the Controlling of Osmolytes Under Abiotic Stress
4.5.1 Proline and Ethylene
4.5.2 Betaine and Ethylene
4.5.3 Polyamines and Ethylene
4.5.4 Sugar Alcohols and Ethylene
4.6 Importance of Salicylic Acid in Controlling of Osmolytes Under Abiotic Stress
4.6.1 Proline and Salicylic Acid
4.6.2 Betaine and Salicylic Acid
4.6.3 Polyamines and Salicylic Acid
4.6.4 Sugar Alcohols and Salicylic Acid
4.7 Importance of Cytokinin in the Controlling of Osmolytes Under Abiotic Stress
4.7.1 Proline and Cytokinin
4.7.2 Betaine and Cytokinin
4.7.3 Polyamines and Cytokinin
4.7.4 Sugar Alcohols and Cytokinin
4.8 Importance of Abscisic Acid in the Controlling of Osmolytes in an Abiotic Environment
4.8.1 Proline and Abscisic Acid
4.8.2 Betaine and Abscisic Acid
4.8.3 Polyamines and Abscisic Acid
4.8.4 Sugar Alcohols and Abscisic Acid
4.9 Conclusion
Author Contributions
Conflict of Interest
References
5. Oxalate Crystals and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
Puja Gupta, Ahtisham, Deepak Nandi, Sonu Ram Rohit Chhabra and Yudhishther Singh Bagal
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Formation of Crystals of Calcium Oxalate
5.3 Forms of Oxalate Crystals in Plants
5.3.1 Raphides
5.3.2 Styloid Crystals
5.4 Role of Oxalate Crystals to Cope with Abiotic Stresses
5.4.1 Oxalate Crystals and Heavy Metal Stress
5.4.2 Oxalate Crystals Helps in Drought and Salinity Stress
5.4.3 Oxalate Crystal and Defense Against Herbivory
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Competing Interests
References
6. Role of Signaling Molecules in Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
Reena S. Meshram
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Signaling Molecules
6.3 ROS Signaling
6.4 ABA in Stress Tolerance
6.5 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)
6.6 Cross-Talk Between Plants MAPK During Abiotic Stress Signal Transduction
6.6.1 Role of MAPK in Abiotic Stress Management
6.6.2 MAP Kinase in Oxidative Stress
6.6.3 MAP Kinase in Light Stress
6.7 CRISPR-Cas9 in Stress Tolerance
6.7.1 Role of CRISPR in Drought Tolerance
6.7.1.1 Role of CRISPR in Salt Tolerance
6.7.1.2 Role of CRISPR in Heat Stress Tolerance
6.8 Conclusion
References
7. Impact of Abiotic Stress Signals on Secondary Metabolites in Plants
Darshana Patil and Avinash Patil
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Abiotic Stresses in Plants
7.2.1 Drought Stress
7.2.2 Salinity Stress
7.2.3 Temperature Stress
7.2.4 Light Stress
7.2.4.1 Impact of Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
7.2.5 Soil Nutrient Stress
7.2.6 Heavy Metals
7.3 Conclusion
7.4 Future Prospective
References
8. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Plant Responses to Abiotic Stress
Mahesh V. Kawale, Rupali P. Shirsat, Pratiksha Salunke and Dipak K. Koche
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Role of ROS in Plant Growth and Development
8.3 Involvement of ROS in Plants’ Stress Response
8.4 ROS Regulation in Plants
8.5 Genes and Proteins Involved in ROS Regulation in Plants
8.6 Conclusion
References
9. Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Species Under Abiotic Stress in Plants
Bilal Ahmad Mir, Tuba Taziun, Mushtaq Rasool Mir, Tahir ul Gani Mir, Ritu Kumari, Atif Khurshid Wani and Nahid Akhtar
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Abiotic Stress in Plants: Molecular Perspective
9.2.1 Signal Transduction Mechanisms
9.2.1.1 SOS (Salt Overly Sensitive) Signaling, Which is Ca2+-Dependent, Controls Ion Homeostasis
9.2.1.2 Signaling of Osmotic/Oxidative Stress
9.2.1.3 Ca2+-Dependent Signaling that Stimulates Abundant-Type Genes Throughout Late Embryogenesis (DRE or CRT Class Genes)
9.3 Role of Oxygen in Abiotic Stress
9.4 Role of Sulfur in Abiotic Stress
9.5 Role of Nitrogen in Abiotic Stress
9.5.1 Drought Stress
9.5.2 Cold Stress
9.5.3 Salinity Stress
9.6 Cross-Talk Between Oxygen, Sulfur, and Nitrogen During Abiotic Stress
9.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
10. Regulation of Plant Hormones Under Abiotic Stress Conditions in Plants
Prashant Kumar, Sumel Ashique, Nitish Kumar, Anjali Jain, Himanshu Sharma Surya Nath Pandey and Anita Singh
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Brief Overview of Phytohormones
10.2 ABA’s Function in Plant Defense Mechanisms
10.3 Hormonal Cross-Talk in Plant Defense
10.3.1 Impact of Water Stress on Plant Growth
10.3.2 Impact of Water Stress on Germination
10.3.3 Inorganic Nutrition
10.4 Plant Morphology and Anatomy
10.5 Photosynthesis
10.6 Hormonal Balance
10.7 Plants Under Abiotic Stress Benefit from Phytohormones Mediated by PGPR
10.7.1 PGPR and Seed Germination
10.7.2 PGPR and Root Architecture
10.7.3 PGPR and Shoot Development
10.7.4 PGPR and Relative Water Content
10.7.5 Interstitial Fluid Modulation by the Synthesis and Accumulation of Dissolved Compatibility
10.7.6 Fabrication of Exopolysaccharides
10.8 Changes in Phytohormone Activity Caused by PGPR Under Drought
10.8.1 Deaminase for 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid (ACC)
10.8.2 Volatile Organic Compounds
10.8.3 PGPR-Mediated Alteration of Plant Antioxidant Defense Organization
10.8.4 Molecular Research on Drought Stress Reduction by PGPR/Alteration of Stress-Responsive Gene Expression
10.9 Future Prospects
10.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
11. Altering Secondary Metabolite Profiles in Barley for Crop Enhancement: Role of Novel ACT Domain Proteins
Hamida Banoo, Nelofer Husain and Shashi Kant Singh
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methods
11.2.1 Data Collection and Retrieval
11.2.2 Analysis of ACR Gene Family in Hordeum vulgare
11.2.3 Sequence Alignment
11.2.4 Phylogenetic Analysis
11.2.5 Gene Expression Analysis
11.3 Results
11.3.1 Molecular Characterization of the Barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) ACR-Like Gene Family
11.3.2 Chromosome Localization Analysis: Investigating the Position of ACR-Like Genes on the Hordeum Genome
11.3.3 Amino Acid Sequence Similarity Analysis of Hordeum ACR-Like Proteins
11.3.4 ACR-Like Proteins: The Presence of Four Copies of ACT Domains
11.3.5 Subcellular Localization of ACR-Like Proteins
11.3.6 Gene Expression Patterns of ACR-Like Proteins
11.4 Discussion
11.5 Conclusion and Future Research Directions
References
12. Metabolites and Their Regulation During Salinity Stress in Plants
Marykutty Sebastian, Kavya Bakka and Dinakar Challabathula
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Salt Stress Affects Plant Growth
12.3 Chloride Ion Toxicity
12.4 Na+ Toxicity
12.5 Salinity Stress–Induced Oxidative Stress
12.6 Plant Responses Through Signaling and Metabolite Production
12.7 Metabolites and Their Regulation
12.8 Sugars and Sugar Alcohols
12.8.1 Sucrose
12.8.2 Trehalose
12.8.3 Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides
12.8.4 Other Sugar Alcohols
12.9 Secondary Metabolites
12.10 Nitrogen-Containing Metabolites
12.11 Other Metabolites
12.12 Metabolic Responses of Halophytes and Glycophytes During Salinity
12.13 How Plants Adapt to Salt Stress? A Comparative Approach
12.14 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
13. Phenolic Compounds in Plants
Ab Waheed Wani, Harjinder Kaur, Pallvi Verma, Sanjeev Kumar, Kondle Ravi, Anis Ahmad Mirza, Adil Rahim, Irfan Gani, Zarina and Saurabha Bhimrao Zimare
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Phenolic Acids
13.3 Flavonoids
13.3.1 Flavanones
13.3.2 Isoflavones
13.3.3 Flavan-3-ols
13.3.4 Flavonols
13.3.5 Anthocyanins
13.4 Stilbenoids
13.5 Lignans
13.6 Conclusions and Further Research
References
14. Modulation of Metabolic Pathways Under Abiotic Stress in Plants
Piyush Vatsha, Md Reyaz Alam, Ladli Kishore, Padma Charan Behera and Abhay Kumar Mishra
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Agriculture’s Vulnerability to Abiotic Stressors
14.3 Adaptations of Plants Under Abiotic Stress
14.4 Chemical Signaling in Plants Under Abiotic Stress
14.4.1 Calcium Signaling
14.4.2 Phosphoinositide Signaling
14.4.3 Nitric Oxide Signaling
14.4.4 Sugar Signaling
14.4.5 Signaling via Phytohormones and Growth Regulators
14.4.5.1 Abscisic Acid (ABA)
14.4.5.2 Jasmonates (JA)
14.4.5.3 Salicylic Acid (SA)
14.4.5.4 Polyamines
14.5 Gene Modification in the Acetic Acid Pathway
14.6 Tolerability to Abiotic Stress Caused by Salicylic Acid
14.7 Modifying the Metabolism of Thiamine
14.8 Abiotic Oxidative Stress Tolerance is Modulated by Hydrogen Peroxide Priming: Implications From ROS Scavenging and Detoxification
14.9 Stress and Innate Immunity in the Synthesis of Secondary Metabolites in Plants
14.10 Conclusion
References
15. Specific Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants and Their Role in Stress Adaptation
Oksana Sytar and Shokoofeh Hajihashemi
Abbreviations
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Use of Selected Plants as Potential Immunostimulants
15.3 Plants and Plant-Derived Compounds With Immunomodulatory Potential
15.4 Plant Secondary Metabolite: Description and Their Health Effects
15.5 Plant Secondary Metabolites: Adaptative Potential
15.6 Conclusion
References
16. Effect of Abiotic Stress on Terpene Biosynthesis in Plants
Dwaipayan Sinha, Rameesha Abid, Wrick Chakraborty, Maliha Rashid, Laxmi Kumari Gupta, Bushra Khan, Paramita Nandy Datta, Sabahat Noor, Pomila, Shakira Ghazanfar, Upala Saha, Ratul Bhattacharya and Sanchita Seal
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Terpenes: An Introduction and Classification
16.2.1 Hemiterpenes (C5)
16.2.2 Monoterpenoids (C10)
16.2.3 Sesquiterpenoids (C15)
16.2.4 Diterpenoids (C20)
16.2.5 Sesterterpenoids (C25)
16.2.6 Triterpenoids (C30)
16.2.7 Tetraterpenoids (C40)
16.3 Biosynthesis of Terpenes
16.3.1 Biosynthesis of IPP and DMAPP
16.3.2 Synthesis of Different Groups of Terpenoids
16.3.3 Regulation of Terpenoid Biosynthesis
16.4 Functions and Mechanisms of Terpenes During Abiotic Stress
16.4.1 Stabilization of Membranes
16.4.2 Regulation of Oxidative Stress
16.4.2.1 Anti-Oxidative Properties of Carotenoids
16.4.2.2 Singlet Oxygen Quenching
16.4.2.3 Scavenging of Peroxyl and Other Radicals
16.4.2.4 Oxidation Products of Terpenoids
16.5 Conclusion
References
17. Exogenous Application of Plant Metabolites to Enhance Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
Tahoora Batool Zargar, Oqba Basal and Szilvia Veres
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Plant’s Responses to Abiotic Stress
17.2.1 Drought
17.2.2 Salinity
17.2.3 Heavy Metals
17.2.4 Low and High Temperature
17.2.5 Biotic Stress
17.3 Exogenous Application of Plant Metabolites
17.4 Glutathione (GSH)
17.5 Melatonin (MEL)
17.6 Ascorbic Acid (AsA)
17.7 Nitric Oxide (NO)
17.8 Auxin
17.9 24-Eppibrassinolide (EBL)
17.10 Proline
17.11 Market Development and Cost Analysis of Plant Metabolites
17.12 Future Prospects
17.13 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
18. Genetic Engineering of Secondary Metabolic Pathways in Crops for Improving Abiotic Stress
Suryakant Ranjan, Sana Bhat, Atif Khurshid Wani and Nahid Akhtar
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Role of Secondary Metabolites in Plants
18.3 Abiotic Stress and Secondary Metabolites
18.4 Genetic Engineering for Secondary Metabolite Production
18.4.1 Genes Involved in the Synthesis of SMs that are Involved in Abiotic Stress Response
18.4.1.1 Flavonoids: Biosynthesis and Regulatory Genes Under Abiotic Stress
18.4.1.2 Anthocyanins: Biosynthesis and Regulatory Genes Under Abiotic Stress
18.4.1.3 Carotenoids: Biosynthesis and Regulatory Genes Under Abiotic Stress
18.4.1.4 Terpene: Biosynthesis and Regulatory Genes Under Abiotic Stress
18.4.1.5 Lignin: Biosynthesis and Regulatory Genes Under Abiotic Stress
18.4.1.6 Phytohormones: Biosynthesis and Regulatory Genes Under Abiotic Stress
18.5 Genome Editing Techniques for Generating Abiotic Stress–Tolerant Crops by Targeting SM Biosynthesis
18.5.1 CRISPR/Cas9
18.5.2 Zinc-Finger Nucleases
18.5.3 TALEN
18.6 Conclusion
References
19. Nanoelicitors Mediated Abiotic Stresses in Plant Defense Response Mechanisms: Current Review and Future Perspectives
Somkuwar Subhash R., Jayant H. Meshram, D. P. Gogle, R. G. Chaudhary, R. H. Mahakhode, Vishal N. Patil, Rahul B. Kamble, R. C. Sawant, J. V. Gadpayale and Rupali R. Chaudhary
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Major Classes of Secondary Metabolites
19.3 Nanomaterial as Elicitor
19.4 The Use of NPs to Protect Plants From Abiotic Stress
19.4.1 Drought and Salinity Stress
19.4.2 Temperature Stress
19.4.3 Soil Contamination With Metal Traces
19.4.4 Light Stress
19.5 Nanoparticle Uptake, Translocation, and Internalization Pathways in Plants
19.6 How Nanoelicitors Respond to Abiotic Stressors?
19.7 The Way That NPs Signal Under Abiotic Stress Circumstances
19.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
20. Light Signaling and Plant Secondary Metabolites
Ganesh M. Nawkar, Tushar Khare, Vinay Kumar and Rahul Mahadev Shelake
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Photoregulation of PSMs
20.2.1 Effect of Light Quantity on PSM Production
20.2.2 Effect of Light Quality on PSM Production
20.2.3 Effect of Photoperiod on PSM Production
20.3 Role of Plant Secondary Metabolites in Regulating High Light Stress
20.4 Enhancing the PSM Production by Modulating the Light Environment
20.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
About the Editors
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