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Submit a ProposalMultifunctional Materials
 | Engineering and Biological Applications Edited by Divya Bajpai Tripathy, Anjali Gupta, and Arvind Kumar Jain Copyright: 2025 | Expected Pub Date:2024/12/30 ISBN: 9781394234127 | Hardcover | 529 pages |
One Line Description
This comprehensive book is essential for anyone looking to deepen their
understanding of advanced materials and their transformative impact across multiple disciplines, from cutting-edge technologies to innovative solutions in engineering and biology.
Audience
Researchers, industry scientists and engineers, academics, and postgraduate students working in the fields of materials chemistry, applied chemistry, nanotechnology, chemical technology, polymer science and engineering, and industrial chemistry.
Researchers, industry scientists and engineers, academics, and postgraduate students working in the fields of materials chemistry, applied chemistry, nanotechnology, chemical technology, polymer science and engineering, and industrial chemistry.
Description
Multifunctional Materials: Engineering and Biological Applications is a comprehensive guide on advanced materials, a class of materials that exhibit novel properties, high performance, and unique functionalities that make them suitable for a wide range of applications. These materials are typically engineered at the molecular or atomic level, allowing precise control over their structure and properties. The field of advanced materials is vast, covering a range of material types and applications.
This volume covers topics on the chemistry, properties, and applications of advanced materials. The study of advanced materials involves multiple disciplines, including materials science, chemistry, physics, and engineering. Advances in this field have led to the development of new and improved technologies, such as high-efficiency solar cells, lightweight and strong materials for aerospace applications, and new drug delivery systems for disease treatment.
The volume:
• Demonstrates materials synthesis and characterization of multifunctional materials;
• Examines properties and functionalities of multifunctional materials, such as mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, as well as other functional properties;
• Outlines multifunctional materials applications, including their use in biomedical devices, aerospace and defense systems, and consumer electronics;
• Provides a comprehensive overview of this rapidly evolving field, covering topics related to materials science, engineering, and technology.
Back to Top
Multifunctional Materials: Engineering and Biological Applications is a comprehensive guide on advanced materials, a class of materials that exhibit novel properties, high performance, and unique functionalities that make them suitable for a wide range of applications. These materials are typically engineered at the molecular or atomic level, allowing precise control over their structure and properties. The field of advanced materials is vast, covering a range of material types and applications.
This volume covers topics on the chemistry, properties, and applications of advanced materials. The study of advanced materials involves multiple disciplines, including materials science, chemistry, physics, and engineering. Advances in this field have led to the development of new and improved technologies, such as high-efficiency solar cells, lightweight and strong materials for aerospace applications, and new drug delivery systems for disease treatment.
The volume:
• Demonstrates materials synthesis and characterization of multifunctional materials;
• Examines properties and functionalities of multifunctional materials, such as mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, as well as other functional properties;
• Outlines multifunctional materials applications, including their use in biomedical devices, aerospace and defense systems, and consumer electronics;
• Provides a comprehensive overview of this rapidly evolving field, covering topics related to materials science, engineering, and technology.
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Divya Bajpai Tripathy, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India, with over 12 years of teaching experience. She has more than 60 research publications and one filed patent to her credit. She is working on a research project funded by the Government of India’s Department of Science and Technology as a principal investigator. She has guided 12 Masters research students and five doctorate students are registered under her supervision.
Divya Bajpai Tripathy, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India, with over 12 years of teaching experience. She has more than 60 research publications and one filed patent to her credit. She is working on a research project funded by the Government of India’s Department of Science and Technology as a principal investigator. She has guided 12 Masters research students and five doctorate students are registered under her supervision.
Anjali Gupta, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India, with over 12 years of teaching experience. She has published nine patents and over 50 research papers in reputed international journals and conferences. Her areas of research include bioorganic chemistry, synthetic chemistry, and in-silico screening and synthesis of naturally occurring bioactive analogs.
Arvind Kumar Jain, PhD, is a professor of Basic and Applied Sciences and Dean of Student Welfare at IILM University, Greater Noida, India. He has published nine patents and over 50 research papers in national and international journals and conference proceedings. In addition to his written work, he has delivered many invited talks at the national and international level. His main research areas include nanotechnology, analytical chemistry, and organic synthetic chemistry.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Multifunctional Polymer Chemistry: Sustainable Synthetic Procedures
Prem Shankar Mishra, Rakhi Mishra, Kabikant Chaurasiya and Tanya Gupta
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Multifunctional Polymers
1.1.2 Importance of Sustainable Synthetic Procedures in Polymer Chemistry
1.2 Sustainable Synthetic Procedures for Multifunctional Polymer Synthesis
1.2.1 Green Chemistry Principles and Their Application to Polymer Synthesis
1.2.1.1 Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP)
1.2.1.2 Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization
1.2.1.3 Chemo Enzymatic Method of Polymerization
1.2.1.4 Photo-Initiated Radical Polymerization
1.2.1.5 Enzymatic Polymerization
1.2.1.6 Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization
1.2.1.7 Coordinative Ring-Opening Polymerization
1.2.1.8 Enzymatic Ring-Opening Polymerization
1.2.2 Bio-Based Monomers and Renewable Feedstocks for Polymer Synthesis
1.2.2.1 Renewable Energy Sources
1.2.2.2 Feedstocks from Agriculture and Forestry
1.2.2.3 Microbial Synthesis
1.2.2.4 Polymerization of Bio-Based Monomers
1.2.3 Catalysts and Reaction Conditions for Sustainable Polymerization Processes
1.3 Functionalization of Multifunctional Polymers
1.3.1 Sustainable Functionalization Reactions for Multifunctional Polymers
1.3.1.1 Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP) Reactions
1.3.1.2 Ugi Reaction
1.3.1.3 Sequential Post-Polymerization Modification
1.3.1.4 Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly
1.3.1.5 Green Route Strategy
1.4 Applications of Multifunctional Polymers
1.4.1 Biomedical Applications
1.4.2 Sensors and Actuators
1.4.3 Energy Applications
1.4.4 Environmental Applications
1.4.5 Structural Applications
1.5 Future Perspectives and Challenges
1.5.1 Current Limitations and Challenges in Sustainable Multifunctional Polymer Chemistry
1.5.1.1 Lack of Standardized Methods
1.5.1.2 Limited Availability of Renewable Feedstocks
1.5.1.3 Environmental Impact
1.5.1.4 Performance Limitations
1.5.1.5 Cost
1.6 Conclusion
References
2. Biopolymers: Green and Sustainable Approach in Polymer Science
Agrima Yadav and Shikha Yadav
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Advantages of Biopolymers Over Traditional Polymers
2.1.2 Types of Biopolymers
2.1.2.1 Biopolymer Derived from Sugar
2.1.2.2 Biopolymer Derived from Starch
2.1.2.3 Biopolymer Derived from Cellulose
2.1.2.4 Biopolymer Derived from Lignin
2.1.2.5 Polynucleotides
2.1.2.6 Biopolymers Derived from Synthetic Materials
2.1.2.7 Biodegradable Biopolymers and Based on Renewable Basic Resources
2.1.2.8 Non-Biodegradable Biopolymers and Based on Renewable Basic Resources
2.1.2.9 Biodegradable and Created from Fossil Fuels
2.2 Biopolymer Synthesis
2.2.1 Microbial Synthesis
2.2.1.1 Polysaccharides
2.2.1.2 Biopolymers Based on Proteins
2.2.2 Plant-Based Synthesis
2.2.3 Animal-Based Synthesis
2.2.3.1 Collagen
2.2.3.2 Keratin
2.2.3.3 Gelatin
2.3 Properties of Biopolymers
2.3.1 Mechanical Properties
2.3.1.1 Tensile Strength
2.3.1.2 Flexibility and Ductility
2.3.1.3 Friction Phenomena and Wearing Resistance
2.3.1.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
2.3.2 Thermal Properties
2.3.2.1 Thermal Stability
2.3.2.2 Thermal Conductivity
2.3.3 Biodegradability
2.4 Applications of Biopolymers
2.4.1 Packaging
2.4.2 Textiles
2.4.3 Biomedical Applications
2.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
2.5.1 Economic Viability
2.5.2 Large-Scale Production
2.5.3 Innovations in Biopolymer Research in the Future
2.6 Conclusion
References
3. Multifunctional Polymeric Materials
Akshara Johari and Pooja Agarwal
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials
3.2.1 Smart Polymers
3.2.2 Self-Healing Polymers
3.2.3 Shape Memory Polymers
3.2.4 Conducting Polymers
3.2.5 Biodegradable Polymers
3.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials
3.3.1 Method of Polymerization
3.3.2 Copolymerization
3.3.3 Incorporation of Functional Groups
3.4 Properties and Applications of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials
3.4.1 Thermal and Mechanical Properties
3.4.2 Electrical Properties
3.4.3 Optical Properties
3.4.4 Biological Properties
3.5 Application of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials
3.5.1 Applications in Electronics
3.5.2 Applications in Biomedical Field
3.5.2.1 Drug Delivery Systems
3.5.2.2 Tissue Engineering
3.5.2.3 Diagnostic Imaging
3.5.2.4 Biosensors
3.5.2.5 Wound Healing
3.5.2.6 Implantable Devices
3.5.2.7 Gene Transfer
3.5.2.8 Antibacterial Layers
3.5.3 Applications in Packaging Industry
3.6 Future Prospects of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials and Conclusion
References
4. Graphene-Based Polymer Composites for Aerospace, Electronic, Energy, and Biomedical Applications
Asha Panghal, Yogendra Kumar, Prashant Kumar Mishra, Aakash Mathur and Amit Kumar Srivastava
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fundamentals of Multifunctional Composites/Nanocomposites
4.2.1 Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites (PMNCs)
4.2.2 Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites (CMNCs)
4.2.3 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites (MMNCs)
4.3 Advancements and Current Research in Multifunctional Nanocomposites
4.4 Applications of Multifunctional Composites/Nanocomposites
4.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
5. Multifunctional Supramolecular Polymers
Ansar Ul Haq and Yasser Azim
5.1 Introduction to Supramolecular Polymers
5.2 Supramolecular Chemistry Overview
5.3 Basic Supramolecular Polymer Principles
5.4 Significant Characteristics of Supramolecular Polymers
5.4.1 Dynamic Nature
5.4.2 Adaptability
5.4.3 Structural Diversity
5.4.4 Hierarchical Assembly
5.4.5 Recycling and Sustainability
5.4.6 Innovative Materials
5.5 Molecular Self-Assembly and Supramolecular Chemistry
5.6 Synthetic Approaches for Supramolecular Polymer Formation
5.6.1 Host-Guest Interactions
5.6.2 Hydrogen Bonding
5.6.3 π-π Interactions
5.6.4 Metal-Ligand Coordination
5.7 Analytical Techniques for Characterization of Supramolecular Polymers
5.7.1 Theoretical Estimation
5.7.2 Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
5.7.3 Viscometry
5.7.4 Light Scattering
5.7.5 Vapor Pressure Osmometry (VPO)
5.7.6 Mass Spectrometry (MS)
5.7.7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
5.7.8 Electron Microscopy (EM)
5.7.9 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)
5.8 Applications of Supramolecular Polymers
5.8.1 Targeted Drug Delivery
5.8.2 Pollutant Sensors
5.8.3 Diagnostic Markers
5.8.4 Energy Storage Devices
5.8.5 Personal Care Products
5.8.6 Self-Repairing and Recycling Materials
5.9 Recent Advances in Supramolecular Chemistry
5.10 Future Aspects of Supramolecular Polymer Research
5.11 Conclusion
References
6. Microbial Based Biolubricants: In-Depth Analysis
Ninad Mhatre, Deepak Sonawane, Fatema Saiger, Prasad Sanap, Somesh Patil and Amit Pratap
List of Abbreviation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biolubricants: Substitutes for Conventional Lubricants
6.2.1 Advantages of Biolubricants
6.2.2 Disadvantages of Biolubricants
6.3 Production of Biolubricants
6.3.1 Microbial Lipids and Oils
6.3.1.1 Production of Ricinoleic Acid
6.3.1.2 Production of Hydroxy Stearic Acid (HSA)
6.3.2 Exopolysaccharides (EPS)
6.3.3 Microbial Polysaccharides
6.3.3.1 Functional Properties and Applications of Microbial Polysaccharide
6.3.3.2 Commercially Relevant Microbial Polysaccharides
6.3.4 Hydrogels Derived from Microbial Polysaccharides
6.3.5 Bio-Nanocomposites Derived from Microbial Polysaccharides
6.4 Bioactive Polysaccharides from Microalgae
6.4.1 Microalgae
6.4.2 Cyanobacteria
6.4.3 Chemical and Physical Properties of Polysaccharides
6.4.3.1 Molecular Weight
6.4.3.2 Carbohydrate Composition
6.4.3.3 Thermal Stability
6.4.3.4 Crystallinity
6.4.3.5 Rheological Property
6.4.4 Advantages of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria
6.4.5 Challenges in the Production and Application of Biolubricants from Microalgae and Cyanobacteria
6.4.6 Direct Use of Cell Cultures as a Potential Lubricating Fluid
6.5 Biolubricants Synthesis Using Esterification and Transesterification Process
6.5.1 Factors that Affect the Esterification and Transesterification Process
6.5.1.1 Reaction Temperature and Time
6.5.1.2 Catalyst Type and Catalyst Loading
6.5.2 Epoxidation of Oils
6.5.3 Fatty Acid Condensation: Estolide Synthesis
6.6 Biolubricants Physical and Chemical Properties
6.6.1 Viscosity
6.6.2 Foam Resistance
6.6.3 Lubricity (Friction and Wear)
6.6.4 Pour Point
6.7 Expansion and Practical Viability on an Industrial Scale
6.8 Future Aspects
References
7. Multifunctional Materials for Nanotechnology
Aakash Mathur, Ankita Mathur, Prashant Kumar Mishra, Amit Kumar Srivastava and Yogendra Kumar
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Overview of Multifunctional Materials and Nanotechnology
7.1.2 Importance of These Materials in Modern Science and Technology
7.2 Multifunctional Nanomaterials
7.2.1 Definition and Types of Multifunctional Nanomaterials
7.2.2 Properties and Applications of Multifunctional Materials
7.2.3 Examples of Multifunctional Nanomaterials in Different Industries
7.3 Synthesis and Characterization Techniques
7.3.1 Techniques for Synthesizing and Characterizing Multifunctional Materials and Nanomaterials
7.3.2 Advancements in Synthesis and Characterization Techniques
7.4 Challenges and Opportunities
7.4.1 Challenges in Developing and Commercializing Multifunctional Materials and Nanomaterials
7.4.2 Opportunities for Future Research and Development in These Fields
7.5 Conclusion
7.5.1 Future Outlook for Multifunctional Materials and Nanotechnology
References
8. Multifunctional Materials Surface Science
Mansi Sharma
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Background and Importance of Multifunctional Materials
8.2 Surface Science Principles and Techniques
8.3 Multifunctional Surfaces
8.3.1 Superhydrophobic and Superhydrophilic Surfaces
8.3.2 Self-Healing and Anti-Corrosion Surfaces
8.3.3 Stimuli-Responsive Surfaces
8.3.4 Biocompatible and Bioactive Surfaces
8.3.5 Conductive and Electroactive Surfaces
8.3.6 Optical and Photonic Surfaces
8.4 Synthesis and Fabrication of Multifunctional Surfaces
8.4.1 Physical and Chemical Methods
8.4.2 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches
8.4.3 Nanostructuring and Nanofabrication Techniques
8.4.4 Surface Modification and Functionalization Methods
8.5 Applications of Multifunctional Surfaces
8.5.1 Biomedical and Healthcare Applications
8.5.2 Energy and Environment Applications
8.5.3 Electronics and Sensor Applications
8.5.4 Food and Packaging Applications
8.5.5 Aerospace and Automotive Applications
8.6 Challenges and Future Prospects
8.6.1 Materials Design and Selection
8.6.2 Surface Stability and Durability
8.6.3 Scale-Up and Commercialization
8.6.4 Multifunctional Integration and Optimization
8.7 Conclusion and Outlook
8.7.1 Implications for Future Research
8.7.2 Final Thoughts and Recommendations
References
9. Polymer Emulsions, Surface, and Interface
Bharti N. Naik, Subhalaxmi Pradhan and Chandu S. Madankar
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Emulsion, Types of Emulsions, and Properties
9.2.1 Classification of Oil Emulsions
9.2.1.1 Water-in-Oil Emulsions (W/O)
9.2.1.2 Oil-in-Water Emulsions (O/W)
9.2.1.3 Multiple Emulsions
9.2.2 Properties of Emulsion
9.2.3 Types of Emulsion Polymerization
9.2.3.1 Miniemulsion Polymerization (Nanoemulsion)
9.2.3.2 Microemulsion Polymerization
9.2.3.3 Inverse Emulsion Polymerization
9.3 Role of Emulsion in Surface Chemistry
9.4 Polymeric Emulsion, Types, and Their Functions
9.4.1 Acrylic Emulsion
9.4.2 Styrene-Butadiene Emulsion
9.4.3 Vinyl Acetate Emulsions
9.4.4 Polyurethane Emulsion
9.4.5 Epoxy Emulsions
9.4.6 Functions of Polymeric Emulsions
9.5 Preparation Method and Characterization of Polymer Emulsions
9.5.1 Methods of Preparation
9.5.2 Classification of Polymeric Emulsions
9.5.3 Characterization of Polymer Emulsions
9.6 Surface and Interface Characterization of Polymer Emulsion
9.7 Applications of Polymeric Emulsions
9.8 Conclusion
References
10. A Comprehensive Review on Advancement in Nano Polymer System for Drug Targeting
Debashish Paramanick, Deepika Modi, Farheen and K. Nagarani
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Targeted Drug Delivery
10.3 Designing Nano-Based Drug Delivery
10.4 Targeting Strategies
10.4.1 Passive Targeting
10.4.2 Active Targeting
10.5 Types of Nano Drug Delivery Systems
10.5.1 Biopolymeric Nanoparticles
10.5.1.1 Chitosan
10.5.1.2 Cellulose
10.5.2 Dendrimers
10.5.3 Nanosuspensions
10.5.4 Nanocrystals
10.5.5 Polymeric NPs
10.5.6 Polymer-Drug Conjugates (Prodrugs)
10.6 Characterization of Nano-Drug Delivery System
10.7 Challenges of Nanotechnology for Drug Delivery
10.7.1 Biological Understanding
10.7.2 Safety Concern
10.7.3 Manufacturing Issue
10.7.4 Economic and Financial Barriers
10.8 Evaluation of Nanotechnology for Industrial Applications
10.9 Application of Nanoparticle Technology
10.9.1 Cancer Therapy
10.9.2 Diagnostic Testing
10.9.3 HIV and AIDS Treatment
10.9.4 Nutraceutical Delivery
10.9.5 Vaccines
10.9.6 Gene Delivery
10.9.7 Brain Targeting
10.9.8 Anthrax Vaccine Uses Nanoparticles to Produce Immunity
10.10 Future of Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery System
Conclusion
References
11. Multifunctional Materials in Engineering and Processing Engineering of Multifunctional Materials
Akash Kumar, Srasti Yadav and Shelly Kujur
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthesis and Fabrication of Multifunctional Materials
11.3 Characterization Techniques for Multifunctional Materials
11.4 Structure-Property Relationships in Multifunctional Materials
11.4.1 Structure and Composition
11.4.2 Crystal Structure
11.4.3 Interfaces and Boundaries
11.4.4 Processing Methods
11.4.5 Phase Transitions
11.4.6 Doping and Alloying
11.4.7 Nanostructuring
11.4.8 Functionalization
11.5 Processing of Multifunctional Materials
11.5.1 Processing Techniques for Multifunctional Materials
11.5.1.1 Material Manufacture
11.5.1.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
11.5.1.3 Hybrid Material Integration
11.5.1.4 Post-Processing Methodologies/Techniques
11.5.2 Microstructural Evolution During Processing of Multifunctional Materials
11.5.2.1 Mechanical Milling
11.5.2.2 Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP)
11.5.2.3 Extrusion and Sintering
11.5.2.4 Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing)
11.5.3 Effect of Processing Parameters on Properties of Multifunctional Materials
11.5.3.1 Temperature and Pressure
11.5.3.2 Chemical Composition and Stoichiometry
11.5.4 Mechanical and Structural Properties of Multifunctional Materials
11.5.5 Structural Properties of Multifunctional Materials
11.6 Multifunctional Composites and Nanocomposites
11.6.1 Metal-Based Nanomaterials
11.6.2 Sensors
11.6.3 Self-Healing Materials
11.7 Electrical and Thermal Properties of Multifunctional Materials
11.7.1 Electrical Conductivity of Multifunctional Materials
11.7.2 Thermal Conductivity of Multifunctional Materials
11.8 Optical and Magnetic Properties of Multifunctional Materials
11.8.1 Optical Properties of Multifunctional Materials
11.8.1.1 Transparency and Opacity
11.8.1.2 Optical Absorption and Transmission
11.8.1.3 Photoluminescence and Fluorescence
11.8.1.4 Bandgap Engineering
11.8.1.5 Plasmonic and Metamaterial Effects
11.8.1.6 Chiral and Optical Activity
11.8.1.7 Biocompatibility and Bioimaging
11.8.2 Magnetic Properties of Multifunctional Materials
11.8.2.1 Types of Magnetic Property
11.8.2.2 Factors Influencing Magnetic Properties
11.9 Applications of Multifunctional Materials
11.9.1 Energy Applications of Multifunctional Materials
11.9.2 Biomedical Applications of Multifunctional Materials
11.9.3 Electronics Applications of Multifunctional Materials
11.10 Future Directions in Multifunctional Materials
11.10.1 Tailored Properties for Specific Applications
11.10.2 Smart and Adaptive Materials
11.10.3 Advanced Fabrication Techniques
11.10.4 Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Materials
11.10.5 Integration of Multiple Functionalities
11.11 Emerging Trends and Developments in Multifunctional Materials
11.11.1 Nanotechnology Integration
11.11.2 Smart Materials
11.11.3 Biocompatible and Bioinspired Materials
11.11.4 Energy Harvesting and Storage
11.11.5 Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing)
11.11.6 Environmental Sustainability
11.11.7 Cross-Disciplinary Collaborations
11.12 Conclusion
References
12. Multifunction Materials Optoelectronic
Amit Kumar Srivastava, Prashant Kumar Mishra, Aakash Mathur, Gurupada Maity and Yogendra Kumar
12.1 Multifunction Materials Optoelectronic
12.1.1 Overview of Optoelectronic Materials
12.1.2 Introduction to Multifunctional Materials
12.1.3 Application of Multifunctional Materials in Optoelectronics
12.2 Multifunctional Materials for Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
12.2.1 Basic Concept of LEDs
12.2.2 Multifunctional Materials for Improved Efficiency and Color-Tuning of LEDs
12.2.3 Emerging Materials for High-Performance LEDs
12.3 Multifunctional Materials for Solar Cells
12.3.1 Basic Concepts of Solar Cells
12.3.2 Multifunctional Materials for Enhanced Absorption and Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cells
12.3.3 Emerging Materials for High-Performance Solar Cells
12.4 Multifunctional Materials for Photodetectors
12.4.1 Basic Concepts of Photodetectors
12.4.2 Multifunctional Materials for Improved Sensitivity and Response Time of Photodetectors
12.5 Multifunctional Materials for Optical Sensors
12.5.1 Basic Concept of Optical Sensors
12.5.2 Multifunctional Materials for Improved Sensitivity and Selectivity of Optical Sensors
12.5.3 Emerging Materials for High-Performance Optical Sensors
12.6 Multifunctional Materials for Display Technologies
12.6.1 Basic Concept of Display Technologies
12.6.1.1 Display System: Computer Monitor
12.6.1.2 Display System: Cell Phone
12.6.1.3 Computer-Assisted Visualization
12.6.1.4 Performance Requirements and Specifications for Display Screens
12.6.2 Multifunctional Materials for Improved Color Purity and Brightness of Displays
12.6.3 Emerging Materials for High-Performance Displays
12.7 Multifunctional Materials for Optical Communications
12.7.1 Basic Concept of Optical Communication
12.7.2 Multifunctional Materials for Improved Transmission and Modulation of Optical Signals
12.7.3 Emerging Materials for High-Performance Optical Communication
12.8 Multifunctional Materials for Future Optoelectronics
12.8.1 Multifunctional Materials for Emerging Optoelectronic Applications
12.8.2 Challenges and Opportunities in the Field of Multifunctional Materials for Optoelectronic Applications
12.9 Conclusion and Future Directions
12.9.1 Summary of the Key Concepts and Findings
12.9.2 Future Directions and Challenges in the Field of Multifunctional Materials for Optoelectronics
References
13. Analytical Tools for Multifunctional Materials
Javed Khan and Shikha Yadav
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Spectroscopy Technique
13.2.1 UV-Vis Spectroscopy
13.2.2 FTIR Spectroscopy
13.2.3 Raman Spectroscopy
13.2.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
13.2.5 NMR Spectroscopy
13.3 Microscopy Technique
13.3.1 SEM
13.3.2 TEM
13.3.3 AFM
13.3.4 Confocal Microscopy
13.3.5 Fluorescence Microscopy
13.4 Thermal Analysis Technique
13.4.1 DSC
13.4.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
13.4.3 Thermal Conductivity Measurements
13.4.4 DMA
13.4.5 Thermo-Optical Analysis
13.5 Mechanical Testing Technique
13.5.1 Tensile Tests
13.5.2 Compression Testing
13.5.3 Flexure
13.5.4 Hardness
13.5.5 Tribological
13.6 Electrical and Magnetic Techniques
13.6.1 Conductivity Measurements
13.6.2 Dielectric Spectroscopy
13.6.3 Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements
13.6.4 Magnetostriction Measurements
13.6.5 Hall Effect Measurements
13.7 Conclusion
References
14. Novel Study on Different Polysaccharides and Its Application in Solar Cell
Ashlesha P. Kawale, Nishant Shekhar, Arti Srivastava, Navin Pradhan, Pravat K. Swain and S.Y. Bodkhe
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Generation of Photovoltaic Cell
14.2.1 First-Generation Solar Cell
14.2.2 Second-Generation Solar Cells
14.2.3 Third-Generation Solar Cells
14.3 Advantages of Solar Cells
14.4 Disadvantage of All-Generation Solar Cells
14.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
14.6 Component of DSSC
14.6.1 Transparent Conducting Electrode
14.6.2 Photoanode (Semiconductor)
14.6.3 Dye (Sensitizer)
14.6.4 Electrolyte
14.6.5 Counter Electrode
14.7 Operating Principle of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
14.8 Excitation Process
14.9 Roll of Polysaccharides in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
14.9.1 Chitosan
14.9.2 Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Based TiO2 Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
14.9.3 Cellulose
14.9.4 Starch
14.9.5 Xanthan
14.9.6 Carboxy Methyl Cellulose
14.9.7 Carrageenan
14.9.8 Alginate
14.9.9 Gellan Gum
14.10 Results and Discussion
14.11 Future Prospects
14.12 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
15. Multifunctional Biopolymers: Types, Preparation, and Industrial Applications
Surabhi Pandey, Sweekriti Choudhry and Anurag Singh
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Sources of Biopolymers
15.2.1 Cellulose
15.2.2 Starch
15.2.3 Gelatin
15.2.4 Chitosan
15.2.5 Polycaprolactone
15.2.6 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
15.2.7 Protein
15.3 Methods of Biopolymer Processing
15.3.1 Extrusion
15.3.2 Pultrusion
15.3.3 Solvent Casting Method
15.3.4 Coating Method
15.3.5 Electrospinning Method
15.3.6 Three-Dimensional Printing Method
15.3.7 Injection Molding
15.4 Life Cycle Assessment of Biopolymers
15.5 Applications of Biopolymers
15.5.1 Active Packaging
15.5.2 Fruits and Vegetable Industry
15.5.3 Meat Industry
15.5.4 Dairy Industry
15.5.5 Bakery and Confectionery Industry
15.5.6 Medical Industry
15.6 Conclusion and Future Prospectives
References
16. Nano-Pesticides, Nano-Herbicides and Nano-Fertilizers: Future Perspective
Priyanka Chhabra, Akshara Johari, Divya Bajpai Tripathy and Anjali Gupta
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Nanotechnology and Its Importance in Agriculture
16.3 Functions of Nanomaterials in Agriculture
16.3.1 Crop Protections
16.3.2 Crop Growth
16.3.3 Soil Enhancement
16.3.4 Stress Tolerance
16.3.5 Precision Farming
16.4 Focused Nano-Agromaterials
16.4.1 Nano-Fertilizers
16.4.1.1 Macronutrients Nano-Fertilizers
16.4.1.2 Micronutrients Nano-Fertilizers
16.4.1.3 Nano-Biofertilizers
16.4.2 Nano-Pesticides
16.4.3 Nano-Herbicides
16.5 Methods for Synthesis
16.5.1 Top-Down Synthesis
16.5.2 Bottom-Up Method
16.6 Properties of Nanomaterials Used in Agriculture
16.7 Researches and Advancements
16.8 Future Perspective
References
17. Nano-Surfactants: Types, Synthesis, Properties, and Potential Applications
Divya Bajpai Tripathy, Sonali Kesarwani, Anjali Gupta and Priyanka Chhabra
17.1 Introduction
17.2 History of Nano-Surfactants
17.3 Types of Nano-Surfactants
17.3.1 Nano-Surfactants Type 1 (Nanoparticles in Surfactant Moiety)
17.3.2 Nano-Surfactants Type 2 (Formulations with Nanoparticles in Surfactant Solutions)
17.4 Synthesis of Nano-Surfactants
17.5 Characterization
17.6 Properties of Nano-Surfactants
17.6.1 Molecular Self-Assembly
17.6.2 Surface Hydrophobicity and Interfacial Tension
17.6.3 Micellization and Dispersion Stability of Nano-Surfactants
17.6.4 Colloidal Stability
17.6.5 Size, Shape, and Type of Nanoparticle
17.7 Stratification of Nano-Surfactants
17.8 Applications of Nano-Surfactants
17.8.1 Drug Release
17.8.2 3D Printing
17.8.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery
17.8.4 In Agriculture
17.8.5 Others
17.9 Conclusions
References
18. Magnetization Dynamics of Ferromagnetic Nanostructures for Spintronics
and Bio-Medical Applications
Monika Sharma, Ravi Kumar, Anjali Chauhan and Bijoy K. Kuanr
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Magnetization Dynamics in Ferromagnetic Nanostructures
18.2.1 Magnetic Damping
18.2.2 Uniform Ferromagnetic Resonance Mode
18.3 Experimental Techniques to Probe Magnetization Dynamics
18.3.1 Brillouin Light Scattering (BLS)
18.3.2 Conventional Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR)
18.3.2.1 Vector Network Analyzer Ferromagnetic Resonance (VNA-FMR)
18.4 Dynamic Measurements of Magnetic Nanostructures
18.4.1 Fe/Al/Fe Trilayer Ultrathin Films
18.4.2 Permalloy Nanostrips
18.4.3 One-Dimensional Magnetic Nanowires
18.5 Biomedical Applications
18.6 Future Applications
18.7 Conclusions
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Multifunctional Polymer Chemistry: Sustainable Synthetic Procedures
Prem Shankar Mishra, Rakhi Mishra, Kabikant Chaurasiya and Tanya Gupta
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Multifunctional Polymers
1.1.2 Importance of Sustainable Synthetic Procedures in Polymer Chemistry
1.2 Sustainable Synthetic Procedures for Multifunctional Polymer Synthesis
1.2.1 Green Chemistry Principles and Their Application to Polymer Synthesis
1.2.1.1 Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP)
1.2.1.2 Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization
1.2.1.3 Chemo Enzymatic Method of Polymerization
1.2.1.4 Photo-Initiated Radical Polymerization
1.2.1.5 Enzymatic Polymerization
1.2.1.6 Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization
1.2.1.7 Coordinative Ring-Opening Polymerization
1.2.1.8 Enzymatic Ring-Opening Polymerization
1.2.2 Bio-Based Monomers and Renewable Feedstocks for Polymer Synthesis
1.2.2.1 Renewable Energy Sources
1.2.2.2 Feedstocks from Agriculture and Forestry
1.2.2.3 Microbial Synthesis
1.2.2.4 Polymerization of Bio-Based Monomers
1.2.3 Catalysts and Reaction Conditions for Sustainable Polymerization Processes
1.3 Functionalization of Multifunctional Polymers
1.3.1 Sustainable Functionalization Reactions for Multifunctional Polymers
1.3.1.1 Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP) Reactions
1.3.1.2 Ugi Reaction
1.3.1.3 Sequential Post-Polymerization Modification
1.3.1.4 Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly
1.3.1.5 Green Route Strategy
1.4 Applications of Multifunctional Polymers
1.4.1 Biomedical Applications
1.4.2 Sensors and Actuators
1.4.3 Energy Applications
1.4.4 Environmental Applications
1.4.5 Structural Applications
1.5 Future Perspectives and Challenges
1.5.1 Current Limitations and Challenges in Sustainable Multifunctional Polymer Chemistry
1.5.1.1 Lack of Standardized Methods
1.5.1.2 Limited Availability of Renewable Feedstocks
1.5.1.3 Environmental Impact
1.5.1.4 Performance Limitations
1.5.1.5 Cost
1.6 Conclusion
References
2. Biopolymers: Green and Sustainable Approach in Polymer Science
Agrima Yadav and Shikha Yadav
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Advantages of Biopolymers Over Traditional Polymers
2.1.2 Types of Biopolymers
2.1.2.1 Biopolymer Derived from Sugar
2.1.2.2 Biopolymer Derived from Starch
2.1.2.3 Biopolymer Derived from Cellulose
2.1.2.4 Biopolymer Derived from Lignin
2.1.2.5 Polynucleotides
2.1.2.6 Biopolymers Derived from Synthetic Materials
2.1.2.7 Biodegradable Biopolymers and Based on Renewable Basic Resources
2.1.2.8 Non-Biodegradable Biopolymers and Based on Renewable Basic Resources
2.1.2.9 Biodegradable and Created from Fossil Fuels
2.2 Biopolymer Synthesis
2.2.1 Microbial Synthesis
2.2.1.1 Polysaccharides
2.2.1.2 Biopolymers Based on Proteins
2.2.2 Plant-Based Synthesis
2.2.3 Animal-Based Synthesis
2.2.3.1 Collagen
2.2.3.2 Keratin
2.2.3.3 Gelatin
2.3 Properties of Biopolymers
2.3.1 Mechanical Properties
2.3.1.1 Tensile Strength
2.3.1.2 Flexibility and Ductility
2.3.1.3 Friction Phenomena and Wearing Resistance
2.3.1.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
2.3.2 Thermal Properties
2.3.2.1 Thermal Stability
2.3.2.2 Thermal Conductivity
2.3.3 Biodegradability
2.4 Applications of Biopolymers
2.4.1 Packaging
2.4.2 Textiles
2.4.3 Biomedical Applications
2.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
2.5.1 Economic Viability
2.5.2 Large-Scale Production
2.5.3 Innovations in Biopolymer Research in the Future
2.6 Conclusion
References
3. Multifunctional Polymeric Materials
Akshara Johari and Pooja Agarwal
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials
3.2.1 Smart Polymers
3.2.2 Self-Healing Polymers
3.2.3 Shape Memory Polymers
3.2.4 Conducting Polymers
3.2.5 Biodegradable Polymers
3.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials
3.3.1 Method of Polymerization
3.3.2 Copolymerization
3.3.3 Incorporation of Functional Groups
3.4 Properties and Applications of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials
3.4.1 Thermal and Mechanical Properties
3.4.2 Electrical Properties
3.4.3 Optical Properties
3.4.4 Biological Properties
3.5 Application of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials
3.5.1 Applications in Electronics
3.5.2 Applications in Biomedical Field
3.5.2.1 Drug Delivery Systems
3.5.2.2 Tissue Engineering
3.5.2.3 Diagnostic Imaging
3.5.2.4 Biosensors
3.5.2.5 Wound Healing
3.5.2.6 Implantable Devices
3.5.2.7 Gene Transfer
3.5.2.8 Antibacterial Layers
3.5.3 Applications in Packaging Industry
3.6 Future Prospects of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials and Conclusion
References
4. Graphene-Based Polymer Composites for Aerospace, Electronic, Energy, and Biomedical Applications
Asha Panghal, Yogendra Kumar, Prashant Kumar Mishra, Aakash Mathur and Amit Kumar Srivastava
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fundamentals of Multifunctional Composites/Nanocomposites
4.2.1 Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites (PMNCs)
4.2.2 Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites (CMNCs)
4.2.3 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites (MMNCs)
4.3 Advancements and Current Research in Multifunctional Nanocomposites
4.4 Applications of Multifunctional Composites/Nanocomposites
4.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
5. Multifunctional Supramolecular Polymers
Ansar Ul Haq and Yasser Azim
5.1 Introduction to Supramolecular Polymers
5.2 Supramolecular Chemistry Overview
5.3 Basic Supramolecular Polymer Principles
5.4 Significant Characteristics of Supramolecular Polymers
5.4.1 Dynamic Nature
5.4.2 Adaptability
5.4.3 Structural Diversity
5.4.4 Hierarchical Assembly
5.4.5 Recycling and Sustainability
5.4.6 Innovative Materials
5.5 Molecular Self-Assembly and Supramolecular Chemistry
5.6 Synthetic Approaches for Supramolecular Polymer Formation
5.6.1 Host-Guest Interactions
5.6.2 Hydrogen Bonding
5.6.3 π-π Interactions
5.6.4 Metal-Ligand Coordination
5.7 Analytical Techniques for Characterization of Supramolecular Polymers
5.7.1 Theoretical Estimation
5.7.2 Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
5.7.3 Viscometry
5.7.4 Light Scattering
5.7.5 Vapor Pressure Osmometry (VPO)
5.7.6 Mass Spectrometry (MS)
5.7.7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
5.7.8 Electron Microscopy (EM)
5.7.9 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)
5.8 Applications of Supramolecular Polymers
5.8.1 Targeted Drug Delivery
5.8.2 Pollutant Sensors
5.8.3 Diagnostic Markers
5.8.4 Energy Storage Devices
5.8.5 Personal Care Products
5.8.6 Self-Repairing and Recycling Materials
5.9 Recent Advances in Supramolecular Chemistry
5.10 Future Aspects of Supramolecular Polymer Research
5.11 Conclusion
References
6. Microbial Based Biolubricants: In-Depth Analysis
Ninad Mhatre, Deepak Sonawane, Fatema Saiger, Prasad Sanap, Somesh Patil and Amit Pratap
List of Abbreviation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biolubricants: Substitutes for Conventional Lubricants
6.2.1 Advantages of Biolubricants
6.2.2 Disadvantages of Biolubricants
6.3 Production of Biolubricants
6.3.1 Microbial Lipids and Oils
6.3.1.1 Production of Ricinoleic Acid
6.3.1.2 Production of Hydroxy Stearic Acid (HSA)
6.3.2 Exopolysaccharides (EPS)
6.3.3 Microbial Polysaccharides
6.3.3.1 Functional Properties and Applications of Microbial Polysaccharide
6.3.3.2 Commercially Relevant Microbial Polysaccharides
6.3.4 Hydrogels Derived from Microbial Polysaccharides
6.3.5 Bio-Nanocomposites Derived from Microbial Polysaccharides
6.4 Bioactive Polysaccharides from Microalgae
6.4.1 Microalgae
6.4.2 Cyanobacteria
6.4.3 Chemical and Physical Properties of Polysaccharides
6.4.3.1 Molecular Weight
6.4.3.2 Carbohydrate Composition
6.4.3.3 Thermal Stability
6.4.3.4 Crystallinity
6.4.3.5 Rheological Property
6.4.4 Advantages of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria
6.4.5 Challenges in the Production and Application of Biolubricants from Microalgae and Cyanobacteria
6.4.6 Direct Use of Cell Cultures as a Potential Lubricating Fluid
6.5 Biolubricants Synthesis Using Esterification and Transesterification Process
6.5.1 Factors that Affect the Esterification and Transesterification Process
6.5.1.1 Reaction Temperature and Time
6.5.1.2 Catalyst Type and Catalyst Loading
6.5.2 Epoxidation of Oils
6.5.3 Fatty Acid Condensation: Estolide Synthesis
6.6 Biolubricants Physical and Chemical Properties
6.6.1 Viscosity
6.6.2 Foam Resistance
6.6.3 Lubricity (Friction and Wear)
6.6.4 Pour Point
6.7 Expansion and Practical Viability on an Industrial Scale
6.8 Future Aspects
References
7. Multifunctional Materials for Nanotechnology
Aakash Mathur, Ankita Mathur, Prashant Kumar Mishra, Amit Kumar Srivastava and Yogendra Kumar
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Overview of Multifunctional Materials and Nanotechnology
7.1.2 Importance of These Materials in Modern Science and Technology
7.2 Multifunctional Nanomaterials
7.2.1 Definition and Types of Multifunctional Nanomaterials
7.2.2 Properties and Applications of Multifunctional Materials
7.2.3 Examples of Multifunctional Nanomaterials in Different Industries
7.3 Synthesis and Characterization Techniques
7.3.1 Techniques for Synthesizing and Characterizing Multifunctional Materials and Nanomaterials
7.3.2 Advancements in Synthesis and Characterization Techniques
7.4 Challenges and Opportunities
7.4.1 Challenges in Developing and Commercializing Multifunctional Materials and Nanomaterials
7.4.2 Opportunities for Future Research and Development in These Fields
7.5 Conclusion
7.5.1 Future Outlook for Multifunctional Materials and Nanotechnology
References
8. Multifunctional Materials Surface Science
Mansi Sharma
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Background and Importance of Multifunctional Materials
8.2 Surface Science Principles and Techniques
8.3 Multifunctional Surfaces
8.3.1 Superhydrophobic and Superhydrophilic Surfaces
8.3.2 Self-Healing and Anti-Corrosion Surfaces
8.3.3 Stimuli-Responsive Surfaces
8.3.4 Biocompatible and Bioactive Surfaces
8.3.5 Conductive and Electroactive Surfaces
8.3.6 Optical and Photonic Surfaces
8.4 Synthesis and Fabrication of Multifunctional Surfaces
8.4.1 Physical and Chemical Methods
8.4.2 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches
8.4.3 Nanostructuring and Nanofabrication Techniques
8.4.4 Surface Modification and Functionalization Methods
8.5 Applications of Multifunctional Surfaces
8.5.1 Biomedical and Healthcare Applications
8.5.2 Energy and Environment Applications
8.5.3 Electronics and Sensor Applications
8.5.4 Food and Packaging Applications
8.5.5 Aerospace and Automotive Applications
8.6 Challenges and Future Prospects
8.6.1 Materials Design and Selection
8.6.2 Surface Stability and Durability
8.6.3 Scale-Up and Commercialization
8.6.4 Multifunctional Integration and Optimization
8.7 Conclusion and Outlook
8.7.1 Implications for Future Research
8.7.2 Final Thoughts and Recommendations
References
9. Polymer Emulsions, Surface, and Interface
Bharti N. Naik, Subhalaxmi Pradhan and Chandu S. Madankar
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Emulsion, Types of Emulsions, and Properties
9.2.1 Classification of Oil Emulsions
9.2.1.1 Water-in-Oil Emulsions (W/O)
9.2.1.2 Oil-in-Water Emulsions (O/W)
9.2.1.3 Multiple Emulsions
9.2.2 Properties of Emulsion
9.2.3 Types of Emulsion Polymerization
9.2.3.1 Miniemulsion Polymerization (Nanoemulsion)
9.2.3.2 Microemulsion Polymerization
9.2.3.3 Inverse Emulsion Polymerization
9.3 Role of Emulsion in Surface Chemistry
9.4 Polymeric Emulsion, Types, and Their Functions
9.4.1 Acrylic Emulsion
9.4.2 Styrene-Butadiene Emulsion
9.4.3 Vinyl Acetate Emulsions
9.4.4 Polyurethane Emulsion
9.4.5 Epoxy Emulsions
9.4.6 Functions of Polymeric Emulsions
9.5 Preparation Method and Characterization of Polymer Emulsions
9.5.1 Methods of Preparation
9.5.2 Classification of Polymeric Emulsions
9.5.3 Characterization of Polymer Emulsions
9.6 Surface and Interface Characterization of Polymer Emulsion
9.7 Applications of Polymeric Emulsions
9.8 Conclusion
References
10. A Comprehensive Review on Advancement in Nano Polymer System for Drug Targeting
Debashish Paramanick, Deepika Modi, Farheen and K. Nagarani
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Targeted Drug Delivery
10.3 Designing Nano-Based Drug Delivery
10.4 Targeting Strategies
10.4.1 Passive Targeting
10.4.2 Active Targeting
10.5 Types of Nano Drug Delivery Systems
10.5.1 Biopolymeric Nanoparticles
10.5.1.1 Chitosan
10.5.1.2 Cellulose
10.5.2 Dendrimers
10.5.3 Nanosuspensions
10.5.4 Nanocrystals
10.5.5 Polymeric NPs
10.5.6 Polymer-Drug Conjugates (Prodrugs)
10.6 Characterization of Nano-Drug Delivery System
10.7 Challenges of Nanotechnology for Drug Delivery
10.7.1 Biological Understanding
10.7.2 Safety Concern
10.7.3 Manufacturing Issue
10.7.4 Economic and Financial Barriers
10.8 Evaluation of Nanotechnology for Industrial Applications
10.9 Application of Nanoparticle Technology
10.9.1 Cancer Therapy
10.9.2 Diagnostic Testing
10.9.3 HIV and AIDS Treatment
10.9.4 Nutraceutical Delivery
10.9.5 Vaccines
10.9.6 Gene Delivery
10.9.7 Brain Targeting
10.9.8 Anthrax Vaccine Uses Nanoparticles to Produce Immunity
10.10 Future of Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery System
Conclusion
References
11. Multifunctional Materials in Engineering and Processing Engineering of Multifunctional Materials
Akash Kumar, Srasti Yadav and Shelly Kujur
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthesis and Fabrication of Multifunctional Materials
11.3 Characterization Techniques for Multifunctional Materials
11.4 Structure-Property Relationships in Multifunctional Materials
11.4.1 Structure and Composition
11.4.2 Crystal Structure
11.4.3 Interfaces and Boundaries
11.4.4 Processing Methods
11.4.5 Phase Transitions
11.4.6 Doping and Alloying
11.4.7 Nanostructuring
11.4.8 Functionalization
11.5 Processing of Multifunctional Materials
11.5.1 Processing Techniques for Multifunctional Materials
11.5.1.1 Material Manufacture
11.5.1.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
11.5.1.3 Hybrid Material Integration
11.5.1.4 Post-Processing Methodologies/Techniques
11.5.2 Microstructural Evolution During Processing of Multifunctional Materials
11.5.2.1 Mechanical Milling
11.5.2.2 Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP)
11.5.2.3 Extrusion and Sintering
11.5.2.4 Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing)
11.5.3 Effect of Processing Parameters on Properties of Multifunctional Materials
11.5.3.1 Temperature and Pressure
11.5.3.2 Chemical Composition and Stoichiometry
11.5.4 Mechanical and Structural Properties of Multifunctional Materials
11.5.5 Structural Properties of Multifunctional Materials
11.6 Multifunctional Composites and Nanocomposites
11.6.1 Metal-Based Nanomaterials
11.6.2 Sensors
11.6.3 Self-Healing Materials
11.7 Electrical and Thermal Properties of Multifunctional Materials
11.7.1 Electrical Conductivity of Multifunctional Materials
11.7.2 Thermal Conductivity of Multifunctional Materials
11.8 Optical and Magnetic Properties of Multifunctional Materials
11.8.1 Optical Properties of Multifunctional Materials
11.8.1.1 Transparency and Opacity
11.8.1.2 Optical Absorption and Transmission
11.8.1.3 Photoluminescence and Fluorescence
11.8.1.4 Bandgap Engineering
11.8.1.5 Plasmonic and Metamaterial Effects
11.8.1.6 Chiral and Optical Activity
11.8.1.7 Biocompatibility and Bioimaging
11.8.2 Magnetic Properties of Multifunctional Materials
11.8.2.1 Types of Magnetic Property
11.8.2.2 Factors Influencing Magnetic Properties
11.9 Applications of Multifunctional Materials
11.9.1 Energy Applications of Multifunctional Materials
11.9.2 Biomedical Applications of Multifunctional Materials
11.9.3 Electronics Applications of Multifunctional Materials
11.10 Future Directions in Multifunctional Materials
11.10.1 Tailored Properties for Specific Applications
11.10.2 Smart and Adaptive Materials
11.10.3 Advanced Fabrication Techniques
11.10.4 Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Materials
11.10.5 Integration of Multiple Functionalities
11.11 Emerging Trends and Developments in Multifunctional Materials
11.11.1 Nanotechnology Integration
11.11.2 Smart Materials
11.11.3 Biocompatible and Bioinspired Materials
11.11.4 Energy Harvesting and Storage
11.11.5 Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing)
11.11.6 Environmental Sustainability
11.11.7 Cross-Disciplinary Collaborations
11.12 Conclusion
References
12. Multifunction Materials Optoelectronic
Amit Kumar Srivastava, Prashant Kumar Mishra, Aakash Mathur, Gurupada Maity and Yogendra Kumar
12.1 Multifunction Materials Optoelectronic
12.1.1 Overview of Optoelectronic Materials
12.1.2 Introduction to Multifunctional Materials
12.1.3 Application of Multifunctional Materials in Optoelectronics
12.2 Multifunctional Materials for Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
12.2.1 Basic Concept of LEDs
12.2.2 Multifunctional Materials for Improved Efficiency and Color-Tuning of LEDs
12.2.3 Emerging Materials for High-Performance LEDs
12.3 Multifunctional Materials for Solar Cells
12.3.1 Basic Concepts of Solar Cells
12.3.2 Multifunctional Materials for Enhanced Absorption and Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cells
12.3.3 Emerging Materials for High-Performance Solar Cells
12.4 Multifunctional Materials for Photodetectors
12.4.1 Basic Concepts of Photodetectors
12.4.2 Multifunctional Materials for Improved Sensitivity and Response Time of Photodetectors
12.5 Multifunctional Materials for Optical Sensors
12.5.1 Basic Concept of Optical Sensors
12.5.2 Multifunctional Materials for Improved Sensitivity and Selectivity of Optical Sensors
12.5.3 Emerging Materials for High-Performance Optical Sensors
12.6 Multifunctional Materials for Display Technologies
12.6.1 Basic Concept of Display Technologies
12.6.1.1 Display System: Computer Monitor
12.6.1.2 Display System: Cell Phone
12.6.1.3 Computer-Assisted Visualization
12.6.1.4 Performance Requirements and Specifications for Display Screens
12.6.2 Multifunctional Materials for Improved Color Purity and Brightness of Displays
12.6.3 Emerging Materials for High-Performance Displays
12.7 Multifunctional Materials for Optical Communications
12.7.1 Basic Concept of Optical Communication
12.7.2 Multifunctional Materials for Improved Transmission and Modulation of Optical Signals
12.7.3 Emerging Materials for High-Performance Optical Communication
12.8 Multifunctional Materials for Future Optoelectronics
12.8.1 Multifunctional Materials for Emerging Optoelectronic Applications
12.8.2 Challenges and Opportunities in the Field of Multifunctional Materials for Optoelectronic Applications
12.9 Conclusion and Future Directions
12.9.1 Summary of the Key Concepts and Findings
12.9.2 Future Directions and Challenges in the Field of Multifunctional Materials for Optoelectronics
References
13. Analytical Tools for Multifunctional Materials
Javed Khan and Shikha Yadav
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Spectroscopy Technique
13.2.1 UV-Vis Spectroscopy
13.2.2 FTIR Spectroscopy
13.2.3 Raman Spectroscopy
13.2.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
13.2.5 NMR Spectroscopy
13.3 Microscopy Technique
13.3.1 SEM
13.3.2 TEM
13.3.3 AFM
13.3.4 Confocal Microscopy
13.3.5 Fluorescence Microscopy
13.4 Thermal Analysis Technique
13.4.1 DSC
13.4.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
13.4.3 Thermal Conductivity Measurements
13.4.4 DMA
13.4.5 Thermo-Optical Analysis
13.5 Mechanical Testing Technique
13.5.1 Tensile Tests
13.5.2 Compression Testing
13.5.3 Flexure
13.5.4 Hardness
13.5.5 Tribological
13.6 Electrical and Magnetic Techniques
13.6.1 Conductivity Measurements
13.6.2 Dielectric Spectroscopy
13.6.3 Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements
13.6.4 Magnetostriction Measurements
13.6.5 Hall Effect Measurements
13.7 Conclusion
References
14. Novel Study on Different Polysaccharides and Its Application in Solar Cell
Ashlesha P. Kawale, Nishant Shekhar, Arti Srivastava, Navin Pradhan, Pravat K. Swain and S.Y. Bodkhe
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Generation of Photovoltaic Cell
14.2.1 First-Generation Solar Cell
14.2.2 Second-Generation Solar Cells
14.2.3 Third-Generation Solar Cells
14.3 Advantages of Solar Cells
14.4 Disadvantage of All-Generation Solar Cells
14.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
14.6 Component of DSSC
14.6.1 Transparent Conducting Electrode
14.6.2 Photoanode (Semiconductor)
14.6.3 Dye (Sensitizer)
14.6.4 Electrolyte
14.6.5 Counter Electrode
14.7 Operating Principle of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
14.8 Excitation Process
14.9 Roll of Polysaccharides in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
14.9.1 Chitosan
14.9.2 Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Based TiO2 Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
14.9.3 Cellulose
14.9.4 Starch
14.9.5 Xanthan
14.9.6 Carboxy Methyl Cellulose
14.9.7 Carrageenan
14.9.8 Alginate
14.9.9 Gellan Gum
14.10 Results and Discussion
14.11 Future Prospects
14.12 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
15. Multifunctional Biopolymers: Types, Preparation, and Industrial Applications
Surabhi Pandey, Sweekriti Choudhry and Anurag Singh
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Sources of Biopolymers
15.2.1 Cellulose
15.2.2 Starch
15.2.3 Gelatin
15.2.4 Chitosan
15.2.5 Polycaprolactone
15.2.6 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
15.2.7 Protein
15.3 Methods of Biopolymer Processing
15.3.1 Extrusion
15.3.2 Pultrusion
15.3.3 Solvent Casting Method
15.3.4 Coating Method
15.3.5 Electrospinning Method
15.3.6 Three-Dimensional Printing Method
15.3.7 Injection Molding
15.4 Life Cycle Assessment of Biopolymers
15.5 Applications of Biopolymers
15.5.1 Active Packaging
15.5.2 Fruits and Vegetable Industry
15.5.3 Meat Industry
15.5.4 Dairy Industry
15.5.5 Bakery and Confectionery Industry
15.5.6 Medical Industry
15.6 Conclusion and Future Prospectives
References
16. Nano-Pesticides, Nano-Herbicides and Nano-Fertilizers: Future Perspective
Priyanka Chhabra, Akshara Johari, Divya Bajpai Tripathy and Anjali Gupta
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Nanotechnology and Its Importance in Agriculture
16.3 Functions of Nanomaterials in Agriculture
16.3.1 Crop Protections
16.3.2 Crop Growth
16.3.3 Soil Enhancement
16.3.4 Stress Tolerance
16.3.5 Precision Farming
16.4 Focused Nano-Agromaterials
16.4.1 Nano-Fertilizers
16.4.1.1 Macronutrients Nano-Fertilizers
16.4.1.2 Micronutrients Nano-Fertilizers
16.4.1.3 Nano-Biofertilizers
16.4.2 Nano-Pesticides
16.4.3 Nano-Herbicides
16.5 Methods for Synthesis
16.5.1 Top-Down Synthesis
16.5.2 Bottom-Up Method
16.6 Properties of Nanomaterials Used in Agriculture
16.7 Researches and Advancements
16.8 Future Perspective
References
17. Nano-Surfactants: Types, Synthesis, Properties, and Potential Applications
Divya Bajpai Tripathy, Sonali Kesarwani, Anjali Gupta and Priyanka Chhabra
17.1 Introduction
17.2 History of Nano-Surfactants
17.3 Types of Nano-Surfactants
17.3.1 Nano-Surfactants Type 1 (Nanoparticles in Surfactant Moiety)
17.3.2 Nano-Surfactants Type 2 (Formulations with Nanoparticles in Surfactant Solutions)
17.4 Synthesis of Nano-Surfactants
17.5 Characterization
17.6 Properties of Nano-Surfactants
17.6.1 Molecular Self-Assembly
17.6.2 Surface Hydrophobicity and Interfacial Tension
17.6.3 Micellization and Dispersion Stability of Nano-Surfactants
17.6.4 Colloidal Stability
17.6.5 Size, Shape, and Type of Nanoparticle
17.7 Stratification of Nano-Surfactants
17.8 Applications of Nano-Surfactants
17.8.1 Drug Release
17.8.2 3D Printing
17.8.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery
17.8.4 In Agriculture
17.8.5 Others
17.9 Conclusions
References
18. Magnetization Dynamics of Ferromagnetic Nanostructures for Spintronics
and Bio-Medical Applications
Monika Sharma, Ravi Kumar, Anjali Chauhan and Bijoy K. Kuanr
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Magnetization Dynamics in Ferromagnetic Nanostructures
18.2.1 Magnetic Damping
18.2.2 Uniform Ferromagnetic Resonance Mode
18.3 Experimental Techniques to Probe Magnetization Dynamics
18.3.1 Brillouin Light Scattering (BLS)
18.3.2 Conventional Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR)
18.3.2.1 Vector Network Analyzer Ferromagnetic Resonance (VNA-FMR)
18.4 Dynamic Measurements of Magnetic Nanostructures
18.4.1 Fe/Al/Fe Trilayer Ultrathin Films
18.4.2 Permalloy Nanostrips
18.4.3 One-Dimensional Magnetic Nanowires
18.5 Biomedical Applications
18.6 Future Applications
18.7 Conclusions
References
Index
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