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Submit a ProposalAntioxidants
 | Nature's Defense Against Disease Edited by Rakesh K. Sindhu, Inderbir Singh and M. Arockia Babu Copyright: 2025 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394270545 | Hardcover | 664 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
This book provides a comprehensive exploration of the role antioxidants play in preventing and managing a variety of diseases and critically examines current research on the effects of nutritional antioxidants on specific disease states.
Audience
The core audiences for this book are nutritionists, dieticians, researchers, and graduate students in health sciences, and those interested in preventive healthcare, such as health, nutrition, fitness, and wellness enthusiasts, looking to deepen their understanding of implementing antioxidant strategies and improving lifestyle choices.
The core audiences for this book are nutritionists, dieticians, researchers, and graduate students in health sciences, and those interested in preventive healthcare, such as health, nutrition, fitness, and wellness enthusiasts, looking to deepen their understanding of implementing antioxidant strategies and improving lifestyle choices.
Description
Antioxidants: Nature’s Defense Against Disease investigates the complex relationship between oxidative stress and many health disorders, providing essential insights into the role of antioxidants in disease prevention. It investigates how oxidative stress, induced by an imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants in the body, leads to the development and progression of maladies ranging from cardiovascular disorders to neurological diseases. The book includes evidence-based ways for harnessing antioxidants from natural sources such as fruits, vegetables, and herbs to reduce the impact of oxidative damage and improve general health.
The book presents the most recent scientific advances and clinical findings in antioxidant therapy. It is a comprehensive resource for healthcare professionals and researchers and covers everything from the molecular mechanisms that underpin oxidative stress to the protective benefits of antioxidants against chronic diseases. Through its interdisciplinary approach and practical insights, Antioxidants: Nature’s Defense Against Disease provides readers with the knowledge and tools they need to optimize antioxidant consumption, empowering them to control their health and lower their risk of severe diseases.
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Antioxidants: Nature’s Defense Against Disease investigates the complex relationship between oxidative stress and many health disorders, providing essential insights into the role of antioxidants in disease prevention. It investigates how oxidative stress, induced by an imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants in the body, leads to the development and progression of maladies ranging from cardiovascular disorders to neurological diseases. The book includes evidence-based ways for harnessing antioxidants from natural sources such as fruits, vegetables, and herbs to reduce the impact of oxidative damage and improve general health.
The book presents the most recent scientific advances and clinical findings in antioxidant therapy. It is a comprehensive resource for healthcare professionals and researchers and covers everything from the molecular mechanisms that underpin oxidative stress to the protective benefits of antioxidants against chronic diseases. Through its interdisciplinary approach and practical insights, Antioxidants: Nature’s Defense Against Disease provides readers with the knowledge and tools they need to optimize antioxidant consumption, empowering them to control their health and lower their risk of severe diseases.
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Author / Editor Details
Rakesh K. Sindhu, PhD, is a professor and research and development coordinator, the School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has published 8 books and 25 book chapters, more than 90 papers in reputed journals, and presented papers at 10 international and 30 national conferences. His research focuses on the pharmacological evaluation of herbal drugs/products, nanoformulation development and evaluation, standardization of herbal products, and phytochemical screening.
Rakesh K. Sindhu, PhD, is a professor and research and development coordinator, the School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has published 8 books and 25 book chapters, more than 90 papers in reputed journals, and presented papers at 10 international and 30 national conferences. His research focuses on the pharmacological evaluation of herbal drugs/products, nanoformulation development and evaluation, standardization of herbal products, and phytochemical screening.
Inderbir Singh, PhD, is a professor at Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, and has a total experience of 22 years in both industry and academia. He has published more than 135 research/review articles in national and international journals, 8 books, 22 book chapters, 12 patents granted, 11 patents (applied), and 14 design registrations (applied). His research interests include neurodevelopmental disorders, gastroretentive drug delivery systems, co-processed excipients, co-crystals, biopolymers/ biomaterials/modified polymers in drug delivery, QbD, SeDeM expert system, 3D printing technology.
M. Arockia Babu, PhD is the director of the Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has more than 23 years of expertise in administration and research and has lectured extensively around the world.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Basics of Antioxidants and Their Importance
Shuchi Goyal, Divya Thirumal, Sumitra Singh, Dinesh Kumar, Inderbir Singh, Gautam Kumar and Rakesh K. Sindhu
Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Generalization of Antioxidant
1.3 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Free Radicals
1.4 Importance of Antioxidant in Medicine
Conclusion
2. Antioxidants in Cancer Prevention
Asad Ur Rahman and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Free Radicals
2.2.1 Types of Free Radicals
2.2.2 Sources of Free Radicals
2.2.3 Free Radical Roles in Cancer Development
2.3 Antioxidants
2.3.1 Antioxidants from Fruits
2.3.1.1 Apple
2.3.1.2 Banana
2.3.1.3 Berries
2.3.1.4 Grapes
2.3.1.5 Kiwi
2.3.1.6 Orange
2.3.1.7 Papaya
2.3.1.8 Pomegranate
2.3.1.9 Watermelon
2.3.2 Antioxidants from Vegetables
2.3.2.1 Tomato
2.3.2.2 Chili
2.3.2.3 Potato
2.3.2.4 Vegetables from Cruciferae Family
2.3.2.5 Vegetables of the Cucurbitaceae Family
2.3.2.6 Beetroot
2.3.2.7 Beta-Carotene from Fruits and Vegetables
2.3.2.8 Lutein and Zeaxanthin from Fruits and Vegetables
2.3.3 Antioxidants from Herbs and Spices
2.3.3.1 Garlic
2.3.3.2 Onion
2.3.3.3 Turmeric and Curcumin
2.3.3.4 Clove and Eugenol
2.3.3.5 Black Pepper and Piperine
2.3.3.6 Fenugreek
2.3.3.7 Ginger and Gingerol
2.3.4 Antioxidants from Vitamins and Minerals
2.4 Roles of Antioxidants in Cancer Prevention
2.5 Can Antioxidant Supplements Help to Prevent Cancer?
2.6 Pharmacokinetics of Antioxidants
2.7 Safety Assessment
2.8 Antioxidants can be Pro-Oxidants
2.9 Quality Control of Antioxidant Supplements
2.10 Conclusions
References
3. Antioxidants in Inflammatory Diseases
Sayed Mohammed Firdous, Sourav Pal, Subhajit Mandal and Rakesh K. Sindhu
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Inflammatory Disease: An Overview, Definition and Classification of Inflammatory Diseases
3.3 Pathogenesis of Inflammation, Role of Oxidative Assault in Inflammatory Disease Development
3.3.1 Pathogenesis of Inflammation
3.3.2 Role of Oxidative Assault in Inflammatory Disease Development
3.4 Introduction to Antioxidants, Definition and Classification of Antioxidants,
Mechanisms of Antioxidant Action, Sources of Dietary Antioxidants
3.4.1 Classification of Antioxidants
3.4.2 Mechanisms of Antioxidant Action of Antioxidant
3.4.2.1 Scavenging Free Radicals
3.4.2.2 Metal Chelation
3.4.3 Mechanism of Metal Chelation
3.4.3.1 Binding Affinity
3.4.3.2 Chelation Process
3.4.3.3 Preventing ROS Formation
3.5 Enzymatic Activity
3.5.1 Mechanism of Enzymatic Activity
3.5.1.1 Significance in Cellular Defense
3.6 Sources of Dietary Antioxidants
3.6.1 Fruits and Vegetables
3.6.2 Nuts and Seeds
3.6.3 Whole Grains
3.6.4 Herbs and Spices
3.6.5 Tea and Coffee
3.6.6 Dark Chocolate
3.6.7 Fatty Fish
3.7 Mechanisms of Oxidative Assault in Inflammatory Disease
3.7.1 Generation of ROS and RNS
3.7.2 Sources of Oxidative Assault in Inflammatory Disease
3.7.3 Cellular Targets of Oxidative Damage in Inflammatory Disease
3.8 Antioxidants and Inflammatory Disease
3.8.1 Antioxidants and Regulation of Inflammatory Signaling Pathways (MAPK Pathways Like ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK)
3.8.2 Antioxidants and Modulation of Immune Cell Function (Shifting Macrophages from M1 to M2)
3.8.3 Antioxidants and Oxidative Assault Reduction
3.9 Antioxidants in Specific Inflammatory Diseases
3.9.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Antioxidant Interventions
3.9.1.1 Therapeutic Antioxidants for Rheumatoid Arthritis
3.9.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Antioxidant Therapies
3.9.2.1 Enzymatic and Extracellular Antioxidant for IBD
3.9.2.2 Hormonal Therapy for IBD
3.9.3 Atherosclerosis and the Role of Antioxidants
3.9.3.1 Enzymatic ROS Generation in Atherosclerosis
3.10 Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Oxidative Assault
3.11 Challenges and Future Directions
3.12 Conclusion
References
4. Antioxidants in Cardiovascular Disease: Molecular Interaction and Therapeutic Implications
Sayed Mohammed Firdous and Sourav Pal
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Oxidative Assault and Cardiovascular Health
4.2.1 The Consequences of Oxidative Assault on the Physiology of the CVDs
4.2.2 Pathological Implications of Oxidative Assault in CVDs
4.2.2.1 NADPH Oxidases (NOX)
4.2.2.2 Endothelial Dysfunction
4.2.2.3 Mitochondrial Oxidative Assault
4.3 Oxidative Assault and Association with CVDs
4.3.1 Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) Injury and Oxidative Assault
4.3.2 Heart Failure (HF) and Oxidative Assault
4.3.3 Atherosclerosis and Oxidative Assault
4.3.4 Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and Oxidative Assault
4.3.5 Hypertension and Oxidative Assault
4.4 Antioxidants and Their Sources
4.4.1 The Antioxidant Potential of Nuts
4.4.2 Morus alba-Induced Endothelial Vasorelaxation
4.4.3 White Mulberries Induced Increased eNOS Expression
4.4.4 Hylocereus polyrhizus-Induced Lipid-Lowering Activity
4.4.5 Chinese Wild Rice (Zizania latifolia) and North American Wild Rice (Zizania aquatica) Mediated
4.4.6 The Antioxidant Potential of Rice Bran Protein Hydrolysate
4.4.7 Nepeta deflersiana Mediated Antioxidant Potential
4.4.8 Antioxidant Potential of Nutritional Molecules
4.5 Potential Antioxidant-Based Experimental Interventions
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Antioxidant Therapy: A Promising Avenue for Regulating Inflammation in Psoriasis
Seema Joshi and Dharmesh Trivedi
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pathogenesis of Psoriasis
5.3 Understanding Antioxidants
5.4 The Potential of Antioxidant Therapy in Psoriasis
5.5 Clinical Trials and Evidence-Based Findings
5.6 Future Perspectives and Challenges
5.7 Conclusion
References
6. Antioxidants in Infectious Disease Management
Kenneth C. Ugoeze and Oluwatoyin A. Odeku
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Phytochemicals
6.3 Antioxidants
6.3.1 Classification of Antioxidants
6.3.2 Synthetic vs. Natural Antioxidants
6.3.3 Oxidative Stress
6.3.4 Characteristics of Antioxidants
6.3.5 Mechanism of Action of Antioxidants
6.3.6 Relevance of Antioxidants to Health
6.3.7 Some Undesirable Health-Related Effects of Antioxidants
6.4 Disease and Causes of Death
6.4.1 Infectious Disease
6.4.2 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
6.4.2.1 Transmission of SARS-CoV-2
6.4.2.2 Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19
6.4.2.3 Treatment/Management of COVID-19
6.4.3 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
6.4.3.1 Transmission of Ebola Virus
6.4.3.2 Clinical Features of EVD
6.4.3.3 Treatment of EVD
6.4.4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
6.4.4.1 Transmission of HIV
6.4.4.2 Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
6.4.4.3 Treatment of HIV
6.4.5 Diphtheria
6.4.5.1 Transmission of Diphtheria
6.4.5.2 Treatment of Diphtheria
6.4.6 Influenza
6.4.6.1 Transmission of Influenza
6.4.6.2 Treatment/Management of Influenza
6.4.7 Measles
6.4.7.1 Symptoms of Measles
6.4.7.2 Transmission of Measles
6.4.7.3 Prevention/Treatment of Measles
6.4.8 Mumps
6.4.8.1 Symptoms of Mumps
6.4.8.2 Transmission of Mumps
6.4.8.3 Treatment for Mumps
6.4.9 Rubella
6.4.9.1 Transmission of Rubella Virus Disease
6.4.9.2 Symptoms of Rubella Virus Disease
6.4.9.3 Treatment of Rubella Virus Disease
6.4.10 Haemophilus influenzae Infections
6.4.10.1 Causes of H. influenzae Infections
6.4.10.2 Transmission of H. influenzae Infections
6.4.10.3 Symptoms of H. influenzae Infection
6.4.10.4 Treatment of H. influenzae Infection
6.4.11 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
6.4.12 Salmonella
6.4.12.1 Transmission of Salmonella
6.4.12.2 Symptoms of Salmonellosis
6.4.12.3 Treatment of Salmonellosis
6.4.13 Cholera
6.4.13.1 Transmission of Cholera
6.4.13.2 Symptoms of Cholera
6.4.13.3 Treatment of Cholera
6.4.14 Hepatitis
6.4.14.1 Types of Hepatitis, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
6.4.14.2 Hepatitis A
6.4.14.3 Hepatitis B
6.4.14.4 Hepatitis C
6.4.14.5 Hepatitis D
6.4.14.6 Hepatitis E
6.4.14.7 Hepatitis F and G
6.5 Bases of Use of Antioxidants in the Management of Infectious Diseases
6.6 Sources of Antioxidant Beneficial in the Management of Infectious Diseases
6.6.1 Resveratrol
6.6.2 Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract
6.6.3 Camellia sinensis
6.6.4 Allium cepa
6.6.5 Allium sativum
6.6.6 Aloe vera
6.6.7 Andrographis paniculata
6.6.8 Azadirachta indica
6.6.9 Curcuma longa
6.6.10 Glycyrrhiza glabra
6.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
7. Role of Antioxidant Therapy in Respiratory Disease Management
Bidisha Bhattacharya, Naina Devi, Sanshita, Ameya Sharma, Vivek Puri, Sandeep Kumar, Rakesh K. Sindhu and Inderbir Singh
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Oxygen and its Evolution
7.1.2 Free Radicals
7.1.2.1 Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress
7.1.2.2 Role in Respiratory Diseases
7.1.2.3 Antioxidants and Respiratory Diseases
7.1.2.4 Potential Benefits
7.1.2.5 Limitations and Considerations
7.1.3 Defense Mechanism
7.1.3.1 Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
7.1.3.2 Regeneration of Antioxidant Enzymes
7.1.3.3 Inhibition of Inflammatory Responses
7.1.3.4 Stabilization of Cell Membranes
7.1.3.5 Enhancement of Immune Function
7.2 Respiratory Diseases
7.2.1 Asthma
7.2.1.1 Etiology of Asthma
7.2.1.2 Pathophysiology of Asthma
7.2.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
7.2.2.1 Etiology of COPD
7.2.2.2 Pathophysiology of COPD
7.2.3 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
7.2.3.1 Etiology of IPF
7.2.3.2 Pathophysiology of IPF
7.2.4 Lung Cancer
7.2.4.1 Etiology of Lung Cancer
7.2.4.2 Pathophysiology of Lung Cancer
7.2.5 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
7.2.5.1 Etiology of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
7.2.5.2 Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
7.2.6 Bronchitis
7.2.6.1 Etiology of Bronchitis
7.3 Antioxidants and Their Therapies for Respiratory Diseases
7.3.1 Supplements
7.3.1.1 Vitamin D
7.3.1.2 Vitamin A
7.3.2 Herbal Antioxidants
7.3.2.1 Curcumin
7.3.2.2 Nigella sativa
7.3.2.3 Resveratrol
7.3.2.4 Saffron
7.3.3 Thiol Antioxidants
7.3.4 Nrf2 Activators
7.3.5 Radical Scavengers
7.3.5.1 Vitamin C
7.3.5.2 Vitamin E
7.3.6 Enzymatic Redox Sensor
7.4 Barriers to Pulmonary Delivery
7.4.1 Mechanical Barrier
7.4.2 Chemical and Immunological Barrier
7.4.3 Behavioral Barrier
7.5 Novel Approaches for Antioxidant Drug Delivery
7.6 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
8. Antioxidants in Aging
Harpreet Singh, Sourav Mohanto, Adrija Bhunia, Bhuvnesh Kumar Singh, Kanupriya Chauhan, Arvind Kumar, Amrita Mishra, Arun Kumar Mishra and Alankar Shrivastav
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mechanisms of Action of Various Antioxidant
8.2.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants
8.2.2 Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
8.2.3 Metal-Binding Proteins and Their Role in Redox Regulation
8.3 Antioxidants in the Diet
8.3.1 Analysis of Antioxidant-Rich Foods
8.3.2 Nutritional Supplements and Their Effectiveness in Aging
8.4 The Role of Antioxidants in Cellular Senescence
8.4.1 Cellular Senescence and its Contribution to Aging
8.4.2 Antioxidant Interventions to Counteract Cellular Senescence
8.4.3 Implications for Age-Related Diseases and Longevity
8.5 Antioxidants and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases
8.5.1 Oxidative Stress and its Link to Neurodegeneration
8.5.2 Impact of Antioxidants to Reduce Oxidative Stress that Leads to Neurodegeneration
8.6 Antioxidants and Skin Aging
8.6.1 The Impact of Oxidative Stress on Skin Health and Aging
8.6.2 Anti-Aging Cosmetic Products Containing Antioxidants
8.7 Lifestyle Factors and Antioxidant Defense
8.7.1 The Influence of Exercise on Antioxidant Capacity
8.7.2 Effects of Stress and Sleep on Oxidative Stress Levels
8.7.3 Smoking, Alcohol, and Their Impact on the Body’s Antioxidant System
8.8 Recent Advancements in Antioxidants Research in Aging and Age-Related Diseases
8.8.1 The Potential of Personalized Antioxidant Interventions
8.8.2 Novel Antioxidant Compounds and Their Development
8.8.3 Outlook for Antioxidant Research in Aging and Age-Related Diseases
8.9 Conclusion
References
9. Antioxidants Against Neurological Disorders
Jasjeet Kaur Narang, Anmol Dogra, Tajpreet Kaur, Ramandeep Singh Narang and Amrit Pal Singh
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sources of Antioxidants
9.3 Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Neurological Illnesses
9.4 Role of Antioxidants in Neurological Diseases
9.5 Therapeutic Strategies Using Antioxidants for Treatment of Neurological Disorder
9.5.1 Alzheimer’s Disease
9.5.1.1 Curcumin
9.5.1.2 Class A Scavenger Receptor Activator XD4 (W20/XD4-SPIONs)
9.5.1.3 Pomegranate Seed Oil/Extract
9.5.1.4 Resveratrol
9.5.1.5 Apolipoprotein E
9.5.1.6 Huperzine A
9.5.1.7 Quercetin and Rosmarinic Acid
9.5.1.8 Thymoquinone
9.5.1.9 Memantine
9.5.1.10 Tacrine
9.5.1.11 Green Tea and Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate
9.5.1.12 Rivastigmine
9.5.1.13 Piperine
9.5.1.14 α-Bisabolol
9.5.1.15 Vitamin D-Binding Protein
9.5.1.16 Zinc
9.5.1.17 Osthole
9.5.1.18 Morin Hydrate
9.5.1.19 Genistein
9.5.1.20 Melatonin
9.5.1.21 Berberine
9.5.1.22 Galantamine Hydrobromide
9.5.1.23 Estradiol
9.5.1.24 Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
9.5.1.25 Silica
9.5.1.26 Sialic Acid
9.5.1.27 Ceria Dioxide
9.5.1.28 Erythrop oietin
9.5.1.29 Aβ Generation Inhibitor S1 (PQVGHL Peptide) and Curcumin
9.5.1.30 Ligustrazine Phosphate
9.5.1.31 Naringenin
9.5.1.32 Donepezil
9.5.1.33 Sesamol
9.5.1.34 Ginsenoside Rg3 and Thioflavin T
9.5.2 Parkinson’s Disease
9.5.2.1 Resveratrol
9.5.2.2 Ropinirole
9.5.2.3 Naringenin
9.5.2.4 Curcumin
9.5.2.5 Tannic Acid and Ferulic Acid
9.5.2.6 Cerium Oxide
9.5.2.7 N-Acetylcysteine
9.5.2.8 Selegiline
9.5.2.9 Catalase
9.5.2.10 Pramipexole Dihydrochloride
9.5.2.11 Ceria Dioxide
9.5.2.12 Dopamine
9.5.2.13 Gallic Acid
9.5.2.14 Hydroxytyrosol
9.5.2.15 Graphene Oxide
9.5.2.16 β-Carotene
9.5.2.17 Polydopamine (PDA) with Selenocystine
9.5.3 Huntington’s Disease
9.5.3.1 Rosmarinic Acid
9.5.3.2 Curcumin
9.5.3.3 Selenium
9.5.3.4 Fisetin
9.5.3.5 Poly(trehalose)
9.5.3.6 Thymoquinone
9.5.3.7 Boehmite
9.5.3.8 Ginger
9.5.3.9 Manganese
9.5.4 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
9.5.4.1 Curcumin
9.5.4.2 Riluzole
9.5.4.3 FM19G11
9.5.4.4 Cerium Oxide
9.5.4.5 Mesoporous Silica
9.5.5 Multiple Sclerosis
9.5.5.1 Pomegranate Seed Oil
9.5.5.2 Selenium-Crocin
9.5.5.3 PEG-HCC
9.5.6 Trigeminal Neuralgia
9.5.6.1 Capsaicin
9.6 Clinical Trials of Nanoformulations Containing Antioxidants Against Neurological Disorders
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. Role of Antioxidants for the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders
Sanshita, Mayank Sharma, Payal Dande, Piyush Ghode, Atul A. Shirkhedkar, Amit Chaudhary and Inderbir Singh
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Metabolic Disorders
10.1.2 Classification of Metabolic Disorders
10.1.2.1 Inherited Metabolic Disorders (IMDs)
10.1.2.2 Acquired Metabolic Disorders (AMDs)
10.1.3 Clinical Features of Metabolic Diseases
10.2 Correlation of Metabolic Disorders and Oxidative Stress and ROS
10.3 Role of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Disorders
10.3.1 Obesity
10.3.1.1 Prevalence of Obesity
10.3.1.2 Risk Factors for Obesity
10.3.1.3 Diagnosis
10.3.1.4 Complications
10.3.1.5 Treatment and Prevention
10.3.1.6 Role of Oxidative Stress in Obesity
10.3.2 Diabetes
10.3.2.1 Prevalence
10.3.2.2 Risk Factors
10.3.2.3 Diagnosis
10.3.2.4 Complications
10.3.2.5 Role of Oxidative Stress in Diabetes
10.3.3 Cardiovascular Diseases
10.3.3.1 Prevalence
10.3.3.2 Risk Factors
10.3.3.3 Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases
10.3.3.4 Complications
10.3.3.5 Management Strategies
10.3.3.6 Role of Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases
10.4 Role of Antioxidants in Metabolic Disorders
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. Hepatoprotective Potential of Antioxidants in Medicinal Plants
Sayed Mohammed Firdous, Sahabaj Ali Khan and Amritangshu Maity
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Overview of Liver Function and Importance
11.1.2 Oxidative Stress and Liver Damage
11.1.3 Role of Antioxidants in Liver Protection
11.2 Understanding Antioxidants
11.2.1 Definition of Antioxidants
11.2.2 Mechanisms of Antioxidants
11.2.2.1 Use of Preventive Antioxidants
11.2.2.2 Neutralizers of Free Radicals
11.2.2.3 Inhibitors of Enzymes that Generate Free Radicals
11.2.2.4 Lipid Peroxidation Protection
11.2.2.5 Prevention of Damage to DNA
11.2.3 Types of Antioxidants and Their Sources
11.2.4 Interplay Between Free Radicals and Antioxidants
11.3 Role of Nano-Antioxidants in Liver Function
11.3.1 Antioxidants Encapsulated in Nanoparticles (NP-Antioxidant)
11.3.2 Using Antioxidants to Treat Liver Disorders
11.3.3 Benefits of Antioxidant Treatment Mediated by Nanocarriers
11.4 Medicinal Plants with Hepatoprotective Properties
11.4.1 Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle)
11.4.1.1 Phytochemical Composition
11.4.1.2 Hepatoprotective Mechanisms
11.4.1.3 Experimental and Clinical Evidence
11.4.2 Curcuma Longa (Turmeric)
11.4.2.1 Active Constituents
11.4.2.2 Antioxidant Effects on the Liver
11.4.2.3 Preclinical and Clinical Studies
11.4.2.4 Curcumin Nanoformulations
11.4.2.5 In Vitro Studies of Curcumin Nanoformulations
11.4.2.6 In Vivo Studies of Curcumin Nanoformulations: Kinetics and Efficacy
11.4.2.7 Clinical Trials
11.4.3 Phyllanthus niruri (Stonebreaker)
11.4.3.1 Phytochemicals in Phyllanthus niruri
11.4.3.2 Hepatoprotective Mechanisms
11.4.3.3 Evidence from Studies
11.4.4 Other Medicinal Plants with Hepatoprotective Potential
11.4.4.1 Andrographis paniculata (King of Bitters)
11.4.4.2 Picrorhiza kurroa (Katuki)
11.4.4.3 Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)
11.5 Clinical Studies on Medicinal Plants and Liver Diseases
11.5.1 Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
11.5.2 Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD)
11.5.3 Viral Hepatitis
11.5.4 Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)
11.6 Challenges and Limitations in Utilizing Medicinal Plants as Hepatoprotective Agents
11.6.1 Standardization and Quality Control
11.6.2 Herb-Drug Interactions
11.6.3 Dosage and Formulation Issues
11.7 Future Perspectives and Research Directions
11.7.1 Unexplored Medicinal Plants with Hepatoprotective Properties
11.7.2 Combination Therapies with Antioxidants and Conventional Medications
11.7.3 Nanotechnology and Delivery Systems for Enhanced Efficacy
11.8 Conclusion
References
12. Antioxidant Effects of Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Epilepsy
Sayed Mohammed Firdous, Shouvik Mallik and Bijoy Paria
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Background
12.1.2 Significance of Antioxidant in Epilepsy Treatment
12.2 Epilepsy: An Overview
12.2.1 Definition and Classification
12.2.2 Pathophysiology of Epilepsy
12.3 Oxidative Stress in Epilepsy
12.3.1 Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Epilepsy
12.3.1.1 Mitochondrial ROS Homeostasis
12.3.2 Role of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Epilepsy
12.3.2.1 mtDNA Damage
12.3.2.2 Mitophagy
12.3.2.3 Apoptosis
12.3.2.4 Inflammation
12.3.3 Implication of Oxidative Stress in Epileptogenesis
12.4 Mechanisms of Antioxidant Effects in Medicinal Plants
12.4.1 Scavenging of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
12.4.1.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants
12.4.1.2 Nonenzymatic Antioxidants
12.4.2 Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation
12.4.3 Enhancement of Endogenous Antioxidant Defense Systems
12.5 Medicinal Plant with Antioxidant Effect on Epilepsy Treatment
12.5.1 Flavonoid-Rich Medicinal Plant
12.5.2 Phenolic Compounds in Medicinal Plants
12.5.3 Alkaloids as Antioxidant in Epilepsy
12.5.3.1 Therapeutic Efficacy of Berberine (BBR) in Epilepsy
12.5.3.2 Therapeutic Potential of Montanine in Epilepsy
12.5.4 Therapeutic Efficacy of Piperine in Epilepsy
12.6 The Synergy Between Antioxidants and Conventional Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs)
12.6.1 Mechanistic Interactions Between Antioxidants and AEDs
12.6.2 Clinical Evidence of Combined Therapy
12.7 Challenges and Future Direction
12.7.1 Standardization of Herbal Preparation
12.7.1.1 Need for Standardization
12.7.1.2 The Standardization and Quality Control of Herbal Crude Drugs is a Crucial Aspect in Ensuring Their Reliability and Efficacy
12.7.2 Identification of Active Compound
12.7.2.1 Techniques of Isolation and Purification of Bioactive Molecules from Plants
12.7.2.2 Purification of Bioactive Molecule
12.7.2.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
12.7.2.4 Infrared Spectroscopy
12.7.2.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
12.7.2.6 Mass Spectroscopy for Chemical Compound Identification
12.7.3 Personalized Treatment Approaches
12.7.3.1 Precision Therapy
12.7.3.2 Drug Use
12.8 Conclusion
12.8.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.8.2 Implications for Epilepsy Management
12.8.2.1 Epilepsy and Oral Contraceptives
12.8.2.2 Pregnancy and Epilepsy
12.8.2.3 Breast Feeding
12.8.2.4 Epilepsy in Children
12.8.3 Future Perspectives and Recommendations
References
13. Antioxidants and Obesity
Parul Sood, Gagandeep Kaur, Komal Thapa, Kiran Sharma and Rakesh K. Sindhu
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Pathological Role of Oxidative Stress in Obesity
13.2.1 ROS and Thermogenesis
13.2.2 ROS and Mitochondrial Dysfunction
13.2.3 ROS and Hormonal Imbalance
13.2.3.1 ROS and Leptin Resistance
13.2.3.2 ROS and Decreased Level of Adiponectin
13.2.4 ROS and Altered Iron Metabolism in Obesity
13.2.5 ROS and Altered Gut Microbiota in Obese Patients
13.3 Obesity Regulating Diverse Chemical Groups as Natural Antioxidants from Plant Sources
13.3.1 Alkaloids
13.3.2 Carotenoids
13.3.3 Catechins
13.3.4 Flavonoids
13.3.5 Isoflavones
13.3.6 Polyphenols
13.3.7 Vitamins
13.4 Nano Herbal Formulations with Anti-Obese Effects
13.4.1 Liposomes
13.4.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
13.4.3 Polymeric and Magnetic Nanoparticles
13.4.4 Nanosized Micelles
13.4.5 Gold Nanoparticles
13.4.6 Phytosomal Nanocarriers
13.5 Clinical Trials
13.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
14. Antioxidants in Hypertension
Bharath Harohalli Byregowda, Farmiza Begum, Chaman Bala, Yogendra Nayak, Rakesh K. Sindhu and Gautam Kumar
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Pathophysiology of Hypertension
14.2.1 Oxidative Stress-Induced Hypertension
14.2.2 Neurohumoral System-Induced Blood Pressure
14.2.3 Endothelial and Vascular Smooth Muscle in Hypertension
14.2.4 Decreased Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Hypertension
14.3 Contribution of Antioxidants in Managing Hypertension
14.3.1 Oxidative Stress Encounter
14.3.2 Antioxidative Strategies for Modulating Neurohumoral Activity in Hypertension
14.3.3 Restoration of Endothelial Dysfunction
14.3.4 Protection Against Vascular Damage
14.3.5 Reducing Inflammation
14.3.6 Antioxidants for Managing High Blood Pressure: Recent Research Findings
14.4 Antioxidant Therapy in Hypertension
14.4.1 Vitamins
14.4.2 Carotenoids
14.4.3 Polyphenols
14.4.4 Flavonoids
14.4.5 Other Antioxidants
14.5 Antioxidants to Treat Neurohumoral System-Induced Hypertension
14.6 Translating Antioxidant Research into Hypertension Management: Preclinical to Clinical
14.7 Future Scope and Conclusion
14.8 Acknowledgement
References
15. Antioxidants and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chaman Bala, Bharath Harohalli Byregowda, Farmiza Begum, Yogendra Nayak, Rakesh K. Sindhu and Gautam Kumar
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Oxidative Stress and Rheumatoid Arthritis
15.3 Antioxidants in the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis
15.3.1 Antioxidant Supplements
15.3.2 Dietary Plant Materials
15.4 Mechanisms of Antioxidants in the Prevention of Rheumatoid Arthritis
15.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
16. Antioxidants in Skin Disorders
Satyender Kumar, Dil Prasad Subba, Seema, Sayed Mohammed Firdous, Oluwatoyin A. Odeku, Sandeep Kumar and Rakesh K. Sindhu
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Importance of Antioxidants in Combating Free Radicals
16.3 Types of Antioxidants
16.3.1 Natural Antioxidants
16.3.2 Synthetic Antioxidants
16.4 Antioxidants Relevance to Skin Health
16.4.1 Neutralization of Free Radicals
16.4.2 Cellular Protection
16.4.3 Reduction of Inflammation
16.4.4 Collagen Preservation
16.4.5 Defense Against Environmental Stressors
16.4.6 Prevention of Premature Aging
16.4.7 Support for Skin Repair
16.4.8 Overall Skin Health
16.5 Clinical Studies and Evidences
16.5.1 Green Tea Polyphenols in Acne
16.5.2 Coenzyme Q10 in Wrinkle Reduction
16.5.3 Selenium Products for Skin Care
16.5.4 Antioxidant Supplementation in Dermatitis
16.6 Incorporating Antioxidants in Skincare
16.7 Challenges and Future Directions
16.7.1 Challenges
16.7.1.1 Bioavailability
16.7.1.2 Individual Variability
16.7.1.3 Topical vs. Systemic Benefits
16.7.2 Future Directions
16.7.2.1 Advanced Delivery Systems
16.7.2.2 Personalized Skincare
16.7.2.3 Combination Therapies
16.8 Targeted Solutions for Specific Conditions
16.8.1 Robust Clinical Trials
16.8.2 Educational Initiatives
16.8.3 Environmental Sustainability
16.9 Conclusion
References
17. Antioxidants and Toxicity
Ritu Sanwal, Vichitra Kaushik, Brijendra Singh, Nittan Kumar and Atul Kaushik
17.1 Introduction
References
18. Exploring the Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Potential of Antioxidants
Sumanta Bhattacharya
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Roles of Antioxidants in Medical Science
18.3 Technological Requirements in Improving the Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants
18.4 Economic Implication of the Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants
18.5 Environmental Implication of the Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants
18.6 Industrial Consideration of the Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants
18.7 Quality Control in the Application of Antioxidants
18.8 Legal Considerations of the Application of Antioxidants
18.9 Roles of Antioxidants in the Implication of Policies and Governance in Healthcare Sector
18.10 Roles of Stakeholder’s Interest in Analyzing the Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants
18.11 Health and Safety Consideration of the Application of Antioxidants
18.12 Challenges of the Application of Antioxidants
18.13 Future Perspective
18.14 Conclusion
References
19. Regulatory Aspects of Antioxidants
Kiran Kumar Bellapu, Tejaswini Mergu, Nikhil Vinod Shirsath, Pooja Anil Shende, Pavankumar Yashvantrao Vasu, Deepak Jindal, Parul Grover, Saurabh Srivastava, Rakesh K. Sindhu and Sandeep Kumar
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Antioxidants Classification
19.3 Importance of Regulations in the Approval of Antioxidants
19.4 Regulatory Aspects of Antioxidants in Food
19.5 Toxicological Aspects
19.6 Antioxidant Labeling
19.7 Antioxidants Used as Excipients in Formulations
19.8 Excipient Data Required to be Submitted in Regulatory Dossier
19.9 Antioxidants Used to Treat Diseases
19.10 Clinical Trial Status of Antioxidants
19.11 Antioxidant-Based Clinical Trials for Alzheimer’s and Moderate Cognitive Impairment
19.12 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Basics of Antioxidants and Their Importance
Shuchi Goyal, Divya Thirumal, Sumitra Singh, Dinesh Kumar, Inderbir Singh, Gautam Kumar and Rakesh K. Sindhu
Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Generalization of Antioxidant
1.3 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Free Radicals
1.4 Importance of Antioxidant in Medicine
Conclusion
2. Antioxidants in Cancer Prevention
Asad Ur Rahman and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Free Radicals
2.2.1 Types of Free Radicals
2.2.2 Sources of Free Radicals
2.2.3 Free Radical Roles in Cancer Development
2.3 Antioxidants
2.3.1 Antioxidants from Fruits
2.3.1.1 Apple
2.3.1.2 Banana
2.3.1.3 Berries
2.3.1.4 Grapes
2.3.1.5 Kiwi
2.3.1.6 Orange
2.3.1.7 Papaya
2.3.1.8 Pomegranate
2.3.1.9 Watermelon
2.3.2 Antioxidants from Vegetables
2.3.2.1 Tomato
2.3.2.2 Chili
2.3.2.3 Potato
2.3.2.4 Vegetables from Cruciferae Family
2.3.2.5 Vegetables of the Cucurbitaceae Family
2.3.2.6 Beetroot
2.3.2.7 Beta-Carotene from Fruits and Vegetables
2.3.2.8 Lutein and Zeaxanthin from Fruits and Vegetables
2.3.3 Antioxidants from Herbs and Spices
2.3.3.1 Garlic
2.3.3.2 Onion
2.3.3.3 Turmeric and Curcumin
2.3.3.4 Clove and Eugenol
2.3.3.5 Black Pepper and Piperine
2.3.3.6 Fenugreek
2.3.3.7 Ginger and Gingerol
2.3.4 Antioxidants from Vitamins and Minerals
2.4 Roles of Antioxidants in Cancer Prevention
2.5 Can Antioxidant Supplements Help to Prevent Cancer?
2.6 Pharmacokinetics of Antioxidants
2.7 Safety Assessment
2.8 Antioxidants can be Pro-Oxidants
2.9 Quality Control of Antioxidant Supplements
2.10 Conclusions
References
3. Antioxidants in Inflammatory Diseases
Sayed Mohammed Firdous, Sourav Pal, Subhajit Mandal and Rakesh K. Sindhu
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Inflammatory Disease: An Overview, Definition and Classification of Inflammatory Diseases
3.3 Pathogenesis of Inflammation, Role of Oxidative Assault in Inflammatory Disease Development
3.3.1 Pathogenesis of Inflammation
3.3.2 Role of Oxidative Assault in Inflammatory Disease Development
3.4 Introduction to Antioxidants, Definition and Classification of Antioxidants,
Mechanisms of Antioxidant Action, Sources of Dietary Antioxidants
3.4.1 Classification of Antioxidants
3.4.2 Mechanisms of Antioxidant Action of Antioxidant
3.4.2.1 Scavenging Free Radicals
3.4.2.2 Metal Chelation
3.4.3 Mechanism of Metal Chelation
3.4.3.1 Binding Affinity
3.4.3.2 Chelation Process
3.4.3.3 Preventing ROS Formation
3.5 Enzymatic Activity
3.5.1 Mechanism of Enzymatic Activity
3.5.1.1 Significance in Cellular Defense
3.6 Sources of Dietary Antioxidants
3.6.1 Fruits and Vegetables
3.6.2 Nuts and Seeds
3.6.3 Whole Grains
3.6.4 Herbs and Spices
3.6.5 Tea and Coffee
3.6.6 Dark Chocolate
3.6.7 Fatty Fish
3.7 Mechanisms of Oxidative Assault in Inflammatory Disease
3.7.1 Generation of ROS and RNS
3.7.2 Sources of Oxidative Assault in Inflammatory Disease
3.7.3 Cellular Targets of Oxidative Damage in Inflammatory Disease
3.8 Antioxidants and Inflammatory Disease
3.8.1 Antioxidants and Regulation of Inflammatory Signaling Pathways (MAPK Pathways Like ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK)
3.8.2 Antioxidants and Modulation of Immune Cell Function (Shifting Macrophages from M1 to M2)
3.8.3 Antioxidants and Oxidative Assault Reduction
3.9 Antioxidants in Specific Inflammatory Diseases
3.9.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Antioxidant Interventions
3.9.1.1 Therapeutic Antioxidants for Rheumatoid Arthritis
3.9.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Antioxidant Therapies
3.9.2.1 Enzymatic and Extracellular Antioxidant for IBD
3.9.2.2 Hormonal Therapy for IBD
3.9.3 Atherosclerosis and the Role of Antioxidants
3.9.3.1 Enzymatic ROS Generation in Atherosclerosis
3.10 Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Oxidative Assault
3.11 Challenges and Future Directions
3.12 Conclusion
References
4. Antioxidants in Cardiovascular Disease: Molecular Interaction and Therapeutic Implications
Sayed Mohammed Firdous and Sourav Pal
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Oxidative Assault and Cardiovascular Health
4.2.1 The Consequences of Oxidative Assault on the Physiology of the CVDs
4.2.2 Pathological Implications of Oxidative Assault in CVDs
4.2.2.1 NADPH Oxidases (NOX)
4.2.2.2 Endothelial Dysfunction
4.2.2.3 Mitochondrial Oxidative Assault
4.3 Oxidative Assault and Association with CVDs
4.3.1 Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) Injury and Oxidative Assault
4.3.2 Heart Failure (HF) and Oxidative Assault
4.3.3 Atherosclerosis and Oxidative Assault
4.3.4 Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and Oxidative Assault
4.3.5 Hypertension and Oxidative Assault
4.4 Antioxidants and Their Sources
4.4.1 The Antioxidant Potential of Nuts
4.4.2 Morus alba-Induced Endothelial Vasorelaxation
4.4.3 White Mulberries Induced Increased eNOS Expression
4.4.4 Hylocereus polyrhizus-Induced Lipid-Lowering Activity
4.4.5 Chinese Wild Rice (Zizania latifolia) and North American Wild Rice (Zizania aquatica) Mediated
4.4.6 The Antioxidant Potential of Rice Bran Protein Hydrolysate
4.4.7 Nepeta deflersiana Mediated Antioxidant Potential
4.4.8 Antioxidant Potential of Nutritional Molecules
4.5 Potential Antioxidant-Based Experimental Interventions
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Antioxidant Therapy: A Promising Avenue for Regulating Inflammation in Psoriasis
Seema Joshi and Dharmesh Trivedi
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pathogenesis of Psoriasis
5.3 Understanding Antioxidants
5.4 The Potential of Antioxidant Therapy in Psoriasis
5.5 Clinical Trials and Evidence-Based Findings
5.6 Future Perspectives and Challenges
5.7 Conclusion
References
6. Antioxidants in Infectious Disease Management
Kenneth C. Ugoeze and Oluwatoyin A. Odeku
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Phytochemicals
6.3 Antioxidants
6.3.1 Classification of Antioxidants
6.3.2 Synthetic vs. Natural Antioxidants
6.3.3 Oxidative Stress
6.3.4 Characteristics of Antioxidants
6.3.5 Mechanism of Action of Antioxidants
6.3.6 Relevance of Antioxidants to Health
6.3.7 Some Undesirable Health-Related Effects of Antioxidants
6.4 Disease and Causes of Death
6.4.1 Infectious Disease
6.4.2 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
6.4.2.1 Transmission of SARS-CoV-2
6.4.2.2 Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19
6.4.2.3 Treatment/Management of COVID-19
6.4.3 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
6.4.3.1 Transmission of Ebola Virus
6.4.3.2 Clinical Features of EVD
6.4.3.3 Treatment of EVD
6.4.4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
6.4.4.1 Transmission of HIV
6.4.4.2 Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
6.4.4.3 Treatment of HIV
6.4.5 Diphtheria
6.4.5.1 Transmission of Diphtheria
6.4.5.2 Treatment of Diphtheria
6.4.6 Influenza
6.4.6.1 Transmission of Influenza
6.4.6.2 Treatment/Management of Influenza
6.4.7 Measles
6.4.7.1 Symptoms of Measles
6.4.7.2 Transmission of Measles
6.4.7.3 Prevention/Treatment of Measles
6.4.8 Mumps
6.4.8.1 Symptoms of Mumps
6.4.8.2 Transmission of Mumps
6.4.8.3 Treatment for Mumps
6.4.9 Rubella
6.4.9.1 Transmission of Rubella Virus Disease
6.4.9.2 Symptoms of Rubella Virus Disease
6.4.9.3 Treatment of Rubella Virus Disease
6.4.10 Haemophilus influenzae Infections
6.4.10.1 Causes of H. influenzae Infections
6.4.10.2 Transmission of H. influenzae Infections
6.4.10.3 Symptoms of H. influenzae Infection
6.4.10.4 Treatment of H. influenzae Infection
6.4.11 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
6.4.12 Salmonella
6.4.12.1 Transmission of Salmonella
6.4.12.2 Symptoms of Salmonellosis
6.4.12.3 Treatment of Salmonellosis
6.4.13 Cholera
6.4.13.1 Transmission of Cholera
6.4.13.2 Symptoms of Cholera
6.4.13.3 Treatment of Cholera
6.4.14 Hepatitis
6.4.14.1 Types of Hepatitis, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
6.4.14.2 Hepatitis A
6.4.14.3 Hepatitis B
6.4.14.4 Hepatitis C
6.4.14.5 Hepatitis D
6.4.14.6 Hepatitis E
6.4.14.7 Hepatitis F and G
6.5 Bases of Use of Antioxidants in the Management of Infectious Diseases
6.6 Sources of Antioxidant Beneficial in the Management of Infectious Diseases
6.6.1 Resveratrol
6.6.2 Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract
6.6.3 Camellia sinensis
6.6.4 Allium cepa
6.6.5 Allium sativum
6.6.6 Aloe vera
6.6.7 Andrographis paniculata
6.6.8 Azadirachta indica
6.6.9 Curcuma longa
6.6.10 Glycyrrhiza glabra
6.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
7. Role of Antioxidant Therapy in Respiratory Disease Management
Bidisha Bhattacharya, Naina Devi, Sanshita, Ameya Sharma, Vivek Puri, Sandeep Kumar, Rakesh K. Sindhu and Inderbir Singh
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Oxygen and its Evolution
7.1.2 Free Radicals
7.1.2.1 Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress
7.1.2.2 Role in Respiratory Diseases
7.1.2.3 Antioxidants and Respiratory Diseases
7.1.2.4 Potential Benefits
7.1.2.5 Limitations and Considerations
7.1.3 Defense Mechanism
7.1.3.1 Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
7.1.3.2 Regeneration of Antioxidant Enzymes
7.1.3.3 Inhibition of Inflammatory Responses
7.1.3.4 Stabilization of Cell Membranes
7.1.3.5 Enhancement of Immune Function
7.2 Respiratory Diseases
7.2.1 Asthma
7.2.1.1 Etiology of Asthma
7.2.1.2 Pathophysiology of Asthma
7.2.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
7.2.2.1 Etiology of COPD
7.2.2.2 Pathophysiology of COPD
7.2.3 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
7.2.3.1 Etiology of IPF
7.2.3.2 Pathophysiology of IPF
7.2.4 Lung Cancer
7.2.4.1 Etiology of Lung Cancer
7.2.4.2 Pathophysiology of Lung Cancer
7.2.5 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
7.2.5.1 Etiology of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
7.2.5.2 Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
7.2.6 Bronchitis
7.2.6.1 Etiology of Bronchitis
7.3 Antioxidants and Their Therapies for Respiratory Diseases
7.3.1 Supplements
7.3.1.1 Vitamin D
7.3.1.2 Vitamin A
7.3.2 Herbal Antioxidants
7.3.2.1 Curcumin
7.3.2.2 Nigella sativa
7.3.2.3 Resveratrol
7.3.2.4 Saffron
7.3.3 Thiol Antioxidants
7.3.4 Nrf2 Activators
7.3.5 Radical Scavengers
7.3.5.1 Vitamin C
7.3.5.2 Vitamin E
7.3.6 Enzymatic Redox Sensor
7.4 Barriers to Pulmonary Delivery
7.4.1 Mechanical Barrier
7.4.2 Chemical and Immunological Barrier
7.4.3 Behavioral Barrier
7.5 Novel Approaches for Antioxidant Drug Delivery
7.6 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
8. Antioxidants in Aging
Harpreet Singh, Sourav Mohanto, Adrija Bhunia, Bhuvnesh Kumar Singh, Kanupriya Chauhan, Arvind Kumar, Amrita Mishra, Arun Kumar Mishra and Alankar Shrivastav
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mechanisms of Action of Various Antioxidant
8.2.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants
8.2.2 Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
8.2.3 Metal-Binding Proteins and Their Role in Redox Regulation
8.3 Antioxidants in the Diet
8.3.1 Analysis of Antioxidant-Rich Foods
8.3.2 Nutritional Supplements and Their Effectiveness in Aging
8.4 The Role of Antioxidants in Cellular Senescence
8.4.1 Cellular Senescence and its Contribution to Aging
8.4.2 Antioxidant Interventions to Counteract Cellular Senescence
8.4.3 Implications for Age-Related Diseases and Longevity
8.5 Antioxidants and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases
8.5.1 Oxidative Stress and its Link to Neurodegeneration
8.5.2 Impact of Antioxidants to Reduce Oxidative Stress that Leads to Neurodegeneration
8.6 Antioxidants and Skin Aging
8.6.1 The Impact of Oxidative Stress on Skin Health and Aging
8.6.2 Anti-Aging Cosmetic Products Containing Antioxidants
8.7 Lifestyle Factors and Antioxidant Defense
8.7.1 The Influence of Exercise on Antioxidant Capacity
8.7.2 Effects of Stress and Sleep on Oxidative Stress Levels
8.7.3 Smoking, Alcohol, and Their Impact on the Body’s Antioxidant System
8.8 Recent Advancements in Antioxidants Research in Aging and Age-Related Diseases
8.8.1 The Potential of Personalized Antioxidant Interventions
8.8.2 Novel Antioxidant Compounds and Their Development
8.8.3 Outlook for Antioxidant Research in Aging and Age-Related Diseases
8.9 Conclusion
References
9. Antioxidants Against Neurological Disorders
Jasjeet Kaur Narang, Anmol Dogra, Tajpreet Kaur, Ramandeep Singh Narang and Amrit Pal Singh
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sources of Antioxidants
9.3 Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Neurological Illnesses
9.4 Role of Antioxidants in Neurological Diseases
9.5 Therapeutic Strategies Using Antioxidants for Treatment of Neurological Disorder
9.5.1 Alzheimer’s Disease
9.5.1.1 Curcumin
9.5.1.2 Class A Scavenger Receptor Activator XD4 (W20/XD4-SPIONs)
9.5.1.3 Pomegranate Seed Oil/Extract
9.5.1.4 Resveratrol
9.5.1.5 Apolipoprotein E
9.5.1.6 Huperzine A
9.5.1.7 Quercetin and Rosmarinic Acid
9.5.1.8 Thymoquinone
9.5.1.9 Memantine
9.5.1.10 Tacrine
9.5.1.11 Green Tea and Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate
9.5.1.12 Rivastigmine
9.5.1.13 Piperine
9.5.1.14 α-Bisabolol
9.5.1.15 Vitamin D-Binding Protein
9.5.1.16 Zinc
9.5.1.17 Osthole
9.5.1.18 Morin Hydrate
9.5.1.19 Genistein
9.5.1.20 Melatonin
9.5.1.21 Berberine
9.5.1.22 Galantamine Hydrobromide
9.5.1.23 Estradiol
9.5.1.24 Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
9.5.1.25 Silica
9.5.1.26 Sialic Acid
9.5.1.27 Ceria Dioxide
9.5.1.28 Erythrop oietin
9.5.1.29 Aβ Generation Inhibitor S1 (PQVGHL Peptide) and Curcumin
9.5.1.30 Ligustrazine Phosphate
9.5.1.31 Naringenin
9.5.1.32 Donepezil
9.5.1.33 Sesamol
9.5.1.34 Ginsenoside Rg3 and Thioflavin T
9.5.2 Parkinson’s Disease
9.5.2.1 Resveratrol
9.5.2.2 Ropinirole
9.5.2.3 Naringenin
9.5.2.4 Curcumin
9.5.2.5 Tannic Acid and Ferulic Acid
9.5.2.6 Cerium Oxide
9.5.2.7 N-Acetylcysteine
9.5.2.8 Selegiline
9.5.2.9 Catalase
9.5.2.10 Pramipexole Dihydrochloride
9.5.2.11 Ceria Dioxide
9.5.2.12 Dopamine
9.5.2.13 Gallic Acid
9.5.2.14 Hydroxytyrosol
9.5.2.15 Graphene Oxide
9.5.2.16 β-Carotene
9.5.2.17 Polydopamine (PDA) with Selenocystine
9.5.3 Huntington’s Disease
9.5.3.1 Rosmarinic Acid
9.5.3.2 Curcumin
9.5.3.3 Selenium
9.5.3.4 Fisetin
9.5.3.5 Poly(trehalose)
9.5.3.6 Thymoquinone
9.5.3.7 Boehmite
9.5.3.8 Ginger
9.5.3.9 Manganese
9.5.4 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
9.5.4.1 Curcumin
9.5.4.2 Riluzole
9.5.4.3 FM19G11
9.5.4.4 Cerium Oxide
9.5.4.5 Mesoporous Silica
9.5.5 Multiple Sclerosis
9.5.5.1 Pomegranate Seed Oil
9.5.5.2 Selenium-Crocin
9.5.5.3 PEG-HCC
9.5.6 Trigeminal Neuralgia
9.5.6.1 Capsaicin
9.6 Clinical Trials of Nanoformulations Containing Antioxidants Against Neurological Disorders
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. Role of Antioxidants for the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders
Sanshita, Mayank Sharma, Payal Dande, Piyush Ghode, Atul A. Shirkhedkar, Amit Chaudhary and Inderbir Singh
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Metabolic Disorders
10.1.2 Classification of Metabolic Disorders
10.1.2.1 Inherited Metabolic Disorders (IMDs)
10.1.2.2 Acquired Metabolic Disorders (AMDs)
10.1.3 Clinical Features of Metabolic Diseases
10.2 Correlation of Metabolic Disorders and Oxidative Stress and ROS
10.3 Role of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Disorders
10.3.1 Obesity
10.3.1.1 Prevalence of Obesity
10.3.1.2 Risk Factors for Obesity
10.3.1.3 Diagnosis
10.3.1.4 Complications
10.3.1.5 Treatment and Prevention
10.3.1.6 Role of Oxidative Stress in Obesity
10.3.2 Diabetes
10.3.2.1 Prevalence
10.3.2.2 Risk Factors
10.3.2.3 Diagnosis
10.3.2.4 Complications
10.3.2.5 Role of Oxidative Stress in Diabetes
10.3.3 Cardiovascular Diseases
10.3.3.1 Prevalence
10.3.3.2 Risk Factors
10.3.3.3 Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases
10.3.3.4 Complications
10.3.3.5 Management Strategies
10.3.3.6 Role of Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases
10.4 Role of Antioxidants in Metabolic Disorders
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. Hepatoprotective Potential of Antioxidants in Medicinal Plants
Sayed Mohammed Firdous, Sahabaj Ali Khan and Amritangshu Maity
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Overview of Liver Function and Importance
11.1.2 Oxidative Stress and Liver Damage
11.1.3 Role of Antioxidants in Liver Protection
11.2 Understanding Antioxidants
11.2.1 Definition of Antioxidants
11.2.2 Mechanisms of Antioxidants
11.2.2.1 Use of Preventive Antioxidants
11.2.2.2 Neutralizers of Free Radicals
11.2.2.3 Inhibitors of Enzymes that Generate Free Radicals
11.2.2.4 Lipid Peroxidation Protection
11.2.2.5 Prevention of Damage to DNA
11.2.3 Types of Antioxidants and Their Sources
11.2.4 Interplay Between Free Radicals and Antioxidants
11.3 Role of Nano-Antioxidants in Liver Function
11.3.1 Antioxidants Encapsulated in Nanoparticles (NP-Antioxidant)
11.3.2 Using Antioxidants to Treat Liver Disorders
11.3.3 Benefits of Antioxidant Treatment Mediated by Nanocarriers
11.4 Medicinal Plants with Hepatoprotective Properties
11.4.1 Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle)
11.4.1.1 Phytochemical Composition
11.4.1.2 Hepatoprotective Mechanisms
11.4.1.3 Experimental and Clinical Evidence
11.4.2 Curcuma Longa (Turmeric)
11.4.2.1 Active Constituents
11.4.2.2 Antioxidant Effects on the Liver
11.4.2.3 Preclinical and Clinical Studies
11.4.2.4 Curcumin Nanoformulations
11.4.2.5 In Vitro Studies of Curcumin Nanoformulations
11.4.2.6 In Vivo Studies of Curcumin Nanoformulations: Kinetics and Efficacy
11.4.2.7 Clinical Trials
11.4.3 Phyllanthus niruri (Stonebreaker)
11.4.3.1 Phytochemicals in Phyllanthus niruri
11.4.3.2 Hepatoprotective Mechanisms
11.4.3.3 Evidence from Studies
11.4.4 Other Medicinal Plants with Hepatoprotective Potential
11.4.4.1 Andrographis paniculata (King of Bitters)
11.4.4.2 Picrorhiza kurroa (Katuki)
11.4.4.3 Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)
11.5 Clinical Studies on Medicinal Plants and Liver Diseases
11.5.1 Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
11.5.2 Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD)
11.5.3 Viral Hepatitis
11.5.4 Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)
11.6 Challenges and Limitations in Utilizing Medicinal Plants as Hepatoprotective Agents
11.6.1 Standardization and Quality Control
11.6.2 Herb-Drug Interactions
11.6.3 Dosage and Formulation Issues
11.7 Future Perspectives and Research Directions
11.7.1 Unexplored Medicinal Plants with Hepatoprotective Properties
11.7.2 Combination Therapies with Antioxidants and Conventional Medications
11.7.3 Nanotechnology and Delivery Systems for Enhanced Efficacy
11.8 Conclusion
References
12. Antioxidant Effects of Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Epilepsy
Sayed Mohammed Firdous, Shouvik Mallik and Bijoy Paria
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Background
12.1.2 Significance of Antioxidant in Epilepsy Treatment
12.2 Epilepsy: An Overview
12.2.1 Definition and Classification
12.2.2 Pathophysiology of Epilepsy
12.3 Oxidative Stress in Epilepsy
12.3.1 Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Epilepsy
12.3.1.1 Mitochondrial ROS Homeostasis
12.3.2 Role of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Epilepsy
12.3.2.1 mtDNA Damage
12.3.2.2 Mitophagy
12.3.2.3 Apoptosis
12.3.2.4 Inflammation
12.3.3 Implication of Oxidative Stress in Epileptogenesis
12.4 Mechanisms of Antioxidant Effects in Medicinal Plants
12.4.1 Scavenging of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
12.4.1.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants
12.4.1.2 Nonenzymatic Antioxidants
12.4.2 Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation
12.4.3 Enhancement of Endogenous Antioxidant Defense Systems
12.5 Medicinal Plant with Antioxidant Effect on Epilepsy Treatment
12.5.1 Flavonoid-Rich Medicinal Plant
12.5.2 Phenolic Compounds in Medicinal Plants
12.5.3 Alkaloids as Antioxidant in Epilepsy
12.5.3.1 Therapeutic Efficacy of Berberine (BBR) in Epilepsy
12.5.3.2 Therapeutic Potential of Montanine in Epilepsy
12.5.4 Therapeutic Efficacy of Piperine in Epilepsy
12.6 The Synergy Between Antioxidants and Conventional Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs)
12.6.1 Mechanistic Interactions Between Antioxidants and AEDs
12.6.2 Clinical Evidence of Combined Therapy
12.7 Challenges and Future Direction
12.7.1 Standardization of Herbal Preparation
12.7.1.1 Need for Standardization
12.7.1.2 The Standardization and Quality Control of Herbal Crude Drugs is a Crucial Aspect in Ensuring Their Reliability and Efficacy
12.7.2 Identification of Active Compound
12.7.2.1 Techniques of Isolation and Purification of Bioactive Molecules from Plants
12.7.2.2 Purification of Bioactive Molecule
12.7.2.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
12.7.2.4 Infrared Spectroscopy
12.7.2.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
12.7.2.6 Mass Spectroscopy for Chemical Compound Identification
12.7.3 Personalized Treatment Approaches
12.7.3.1 Precision Therapy
12.7.3.2 Drug Use
12.8 Conclusion
12.8.1 Summary of Key Findings
12.8.2 Implications for Epilepsy Management
12.8.2.1 Epilepsy and Oral Contraceptives
12.8.2.2 Pregnancy and Epilepsy
12.8.2.3 Breast Feeding
12.8.2.4 Epilepsy in Children
12.8.3 Future Perspectives and Recommendations
References
13. Antioxidants and Obesity
Parul Sood, Gagandeep Kaur, Komal Thapa, Kiran Sharma and Rakesh K. Sindhu
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Pathological Role of Oxidative Stress in Obesity
13.2.1 ROS and Thermogenesis
13.2.2 ROS and Mitochondrial Dysfunction
13.2.3 ROS and Hormonal Imbalance
13.2.3.1 ROS and Leptin Resistance
13.2.3.2 ROS and Decreased Level of Adiponectin
13.2.4 ROS and Altered Iron Metabolism in Obesity
13.2.5 ROS and Altered Gut Microbiota in Obese Patients
13.3 Obesity Regulating Diverse Chemical Groups as Natural Antioxidants from Plant Sources
13.3.1 Alkaloids
13.3.2 Carotenoids
13.3.3 Catechins
13.3.4 Flavonoids
13.3.5 Isoflavones
13.3.6 Polyphenols
13.3.7 Vitamins
13.4 Nano Herbal Formulations with Anti-Obese Effects
13.4.1 Liposomes
13.4.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
13.4.3 Polymeric and Magnetic Nanoparticles
13.4.4 Nanosized Micelles
13.4.5 Gold Nanoparticles
13.4.6 Phytosomal Nanocarriers
13.5 Clinical Trials
13.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
14. Antioxidants in Hypertension
Bharath Harohalli Byregowda, Farmiza Begum, Chaman Bala, Yogendra Nayak, Rakesh K. Sindhu and Gautam Kumar
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Pathophysiology of Hypertension
14.2.1 Oxidative Stress-Induced Hypertension
14.2.2 Neurohumoral System-Induced Blood Pressure
14.2.3 Endothelial and Vascular Smooth Muscle in Hypertension
14.2.4 Decreased Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Hypertension
14.3 Contribution of Antioxidants in Managing Hypertension
14.3.1 Oxidative Stress Encounter
14.3.2 Antioxidative Strategies for Modulating Neurohumoral Activity in Hypertension
14.3.3 Restoration of Endothelial Dysfunction
14.3.4 Protection Against Vascular Damage
14.3.5 Reducing Inflammation
14.3.6 Antioxidants for Managing High Blood Pressure: Recent Research Findings
14.4 Antioxidant Therapy in Hypertension
14.4.1 Vitamins
14.4.2 Carotenoids
14.4.3 Polyphenols
14.4.4 Flavonoids
14.4.5 Other Antioxidants
14.5 Antioxidants to Treat Neurohumoral System-Induced Hypertension
14.6 Translating Antioxidant Research into Hypertension Management: Preclinical to Clinical
14.7 Future Scope and Conclusion
14.8 Acknowledgement
References
15. Antioxidants and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chaman Bala, Bharath Harohalli Byregowda, Farmiza Begum, Yogendra Nayak, Rakesh K. Sindhu and Gautam Kumar
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Oxidative Stress and Rheumatoid Arthritis
15.3 Antioxidants in the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis
15.3.1 Antioxidant Supplements
15.3.2 Dietary Plant Materials
15.4 Mechanisms of Antioxidants in the Prevention of Rheumatoid Arthritis
15.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
16. Antioxidants in Skin Disorders
Satyender Kumar, Dil Prasad Subba, Seema, Sayed Mohammed Firdous, Oluwatoyin A. Odeku, Sandeep Kumar and Rakesh K. Sindhu
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Importance of Antioxidants in Combating Free Radicals
16.3 Types of Antioxidants
16.3.1 Natural Antioxidants
16.3.2 Synthetic Antioxidants
16.4 Antioxidants Relevance to Skin Health
16.4.1 Neutralization of Free Radicals
16.4.2 Cellular Protection
16.4.3 Reduction of Inflammation
16.4.4 Collagen Preservation
16.4.5 Defense Against Environmental Stressors
16.4.6 Prevention of Premature Aging
16.4.7 Support for Skin Repair
16.4.8 Overall Skin Health
16.5 Clinical Studies and Evidences
16.5.1 Green Tea Polyphenols in Acne
16.5.2 Coenzyme Q10 in Wrinkle Reduction
16.5.3 Selenium Products for Skin Care
16.5.4 Antioxidant Supplementation in Dermatitis
16.6 Incorporating Antioxidants in Skincare
16.7 Challenges and Future Directions
16.7.1 Challenges
16.7.1.1 Bioavailability
16.7.1.2 Individual Variability
16.7.1.3 Topical vs. Systemic Benefits
16.7.2 Future Directions
16.7.2.1 Advanced Delivery Systems
16.7.2.2 Personalized Skincare
16.7.2.3 Combination Therapies
16.8 Targeted Solutions for Specific Conditions
16.8.1 Robust Clinical Trials
16.8.2 Educational Initiatives
16.8.3 Environmental Sustainability
16.9 Conclusion
References
17. Antioxidants and Toxicity
Ritu Sanwal, Vichitra Kaushik, Brijendra Singh, Nittan Kumar and Atul Kaushik
17.1 Introduction
References
18. Exploring the Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Potential of Antioxidants
Sumanta Bhattacharya
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Roles of Antioxidants in Medical Science
18.3 Technological Requirements in Improving the Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants
18.4 Economic Implication of the Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants
18.5 Environmental Implication of the Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants
18.6 Industrial Consideration of the Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants
18.7 Quality Control in the Application of Antioxidants
18.8 Legal Considerations of the Application of Antioxidants
18.9 Roles of Antioxidants in the Implication of Policies and Governance in Healthcare Sector
18.10 Roles of Stakeholder’s Interest in Analyzing the Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidants
18.11 Health and Safety Consideration of the Application of Antioxidants
18.12 Challenges of the Application of Antioxidants
18.13 Future Perspective
18.14 Conclusion
References
19. Regulatory Aspects of Antioxidants
Kiran Kumar Bellapu, Tejaswini Mergu, Nikhil Vinod Shirsath, Pooja Anil Shende, Pavankumar Yashvantrao Vasu, Deepak Jindal, Parul Grover, Saurabh Srivastava, Rakesh K. Sindhu and Sandeep Kumar
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Antioxidants Classification
19.3 Importance of Regulations in the Approval of Antioxidants
19.4 Regulatory Aspects of Antioxidants in Food
19.5 Toxicological Aspects
19.6 Antioxidant Labeling
19.7 Antioxidants Used as Excipients in Formulations
19.8 Excipient Data Required to be Submitted in Regulatory Dossier
19.9 Antioxidants Used to Treat Diseases
19.10 Clinical Trial Status of Antioxidants
19.11 Antioxidant-Based Clinical Trials for Alzheimer’s and Moderate Cognitive Impairment
19.12 Conclusion
References
Index
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