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Smart Hospitals

5G, 6G, and Moving Beyond Connectivity
Edited by Arun Kumar, Manoj Gupta, Sanjeev Sharma, Er. Himanshu Sharma, and Khursheed Aurangzeb
Series: Advances in Antenna, Microwave and Communication Engineering
Copyright: 2025   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781394275441  |  Hardcover  |  
336 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
Discover the potential of 5G, 6G, and smart hospitals beyond connectivity in Smart Hospitals: 5G, 6G, and Moving Beyond Connectivity and learn how these advancements are revolutionizing healthcare and the digital world.

Audience
Healthcare professionals, IT professionals, researchers, students, educators, industry leaders, policymakers, and government officials who are interested in understanding the impact of 5G, 6G, and smart hospitals on healthcare delivery, patient care, and operational efficiency

Description
The advancement of wireless communication technologies has revolutionized the way we connect and interact with the digital world. The introduction of 5G networks has paved the way for faster, more reliable, and low-latency wireless connections. However, as technology continues to evolve, the focus is now shifting toward exploring the future potential of 5G and 6G and their applications in various industries. One such industry that stands to benefit significantly from these advancements is healthcare, particularly with the concept of smart hospitals. The development of smart hospitals relies on IT infrastructure, software solutions, and data management systems. IT professionals and software developers work with healthcare professionals on designing and implementing systems that enable seamless connectivity, data integration, analytics, and security in smart hospital environments. Smart Hospitals: 5G, 6G, and Moving Beyond Connectivity delves into the potential of 5G, 6G, and smart hospitals, highlighting how they go beyond mere connectivity.

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Author / Editor Details
Arun Kumar, PhD is an associate professor in Electronics and Communication Engineering at the New Horizon College of Engineering in Bengaluru, India. He has over nine years of teaching experience and has published more than 80 research articles in SCI-E and Scopus Index journals. Additionally, he has successfully implemented different reduction techniques for multi-carrier waveforms such as non-orthogonal multiple-access, filterbank multicarrier, and universal filtered multicarrier waveforms and has also implemented and compared different waveform techniques for the 5G system. Currently, he is working on the requirements of a 5G-based smart hospital system.

Manoj Gupta, PhD is a professor in the School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Andhra Pradesh, Amravati, India. He has over 18 years of experience and has published more than 50 research papers in international journals and national and international conferences and book chapters, as well as two patent grants, five published patents, and two Indian Research Copyrights. Additionally, he is a member of numerous professional societies, serves as an editor for several reputed journals, and has been a keynote speaker at various international conferences.

Sanjeev Sharma, PhD is a professor and the Dean of the Quality Assurance and Skill Development Center at the New Horizon College of Engineering. He has over seven years of industrial, 10 years of research, and 15 years of academic experience and has published more than 52 technical papers in reputed journals and conference proceedings with four international book chapters and authored books and five provisionally published patents out of 11 filed patents.

Himanshu Sharma, PhD is an assistant professor at the Jaipur Engineering College and Research Centre with over ten years of experience. He has published 13 SCI/Scopus Indexed international journals, as well as a patent at the national level and application for another patent with the German Patent Office. His areas of interest in research include wireless communication, spectrum sensing, detection techniques and networking.

Khursheed Aurangzeb, PhD is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Engineering at the College of Computer and Information Sciences at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He has more than fifteen years of experience as an instructor and researcher in data analytics, machine and deep learning, signal processing, electronics circuits and systems, and embedded systems. He has authored and co-authored more than 70 publications and been involved in many research projects as a principal investigator and a co-principal investigator.

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Table of Contents
1. Smart Hospitals: Integrating Connectivity and Intelligence
Yashwanth S., Varshini Kulkarni, Chethana H. T. and Chaitra N. C.
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Exploring the Concept of Smart Hospitals
1.1.2 Working of Smart Hospitals
1.2 Implementation of Smart Hospitals
1.2.1 Benefits of Smart Hospitals
1.2.1.1 Benefits of Implementing IoT in Healthcare
1.2.1.2 Benefits of Adopting 5G in Healthcare
1.2.2 Challenges of Smart Hospitals
1.2.3 Opportunities
1.3 Literature Review
1.4 Conclusion
References
2. Evolution of 5G and 6G Cellular Systems
Kama Ramudu, Bodla Rushikesh, Pingili Shiva Chandana, B. Jagadish Kumar and Venkat Tulasi Krishna Gannavaram
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Objectives of the Study
2.3 Scope and Significance
2.4 Basics of Cellular Technology
2.4.1 Overview of 1G to 4G
2.4.2 Key Features and Advancements
2.5 5G Technology
2.5.1 Introduction to 5G
2.5.2 Key Features and Components
2.5.3 Deployment Challenges
2.5.4 Use Cases and Applications
2.6 Towards 6G
2.6.1 Definition and Concept of 6G
2.6.2 Envisioned Applications and Use Cases
2.6.3 Key Technology Requirements
2.7 Technologies Enabling 6G
2.7.1 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
2.7.2 Terahertz Communication
2.7.3 Quantum Communication
2.8 Challenges in 6G Developments
2.8.1 Technical Challenges
2.8.2 Regularity and Standardization Challenges
2.8.3 Security and Privacy Concerns
2.9 Future Prospects and Industry Impacts
2.9.1 Anticipated Benefits of 6G
2.9.2 Potential Disruptions in Industries
2.9.3 Economic and Social Implications
2.10 Comparative Analysis: 5G Versus 6G
2.10.1 Speed and Latency
2.10.2 Network Capacity
2.10.3 Energy Efficiency
2.10.4 User Experience
2.11 Main Contribution of 5G and 6G Evolution
2.12 Limitations of 5G and 6G Cellular System
2.12.1 Limitations of 5G
2.12.2 Potential Limitations of 6G (Anticipated)
2.13 Conclusion
2.13.1 Summary of Findings
2.13.2 Future Research Directions
References
3. A Review on Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality Technologies in the Field of Healthcare
Deekshitha S. Nayak and R. Shivarudraswamy
Abbreviation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Augmented Reality in Healthcare
3.2.1 Surgical Guidance
3.2.2 Enhancement of Decision-Making
3.2.3 Improved Collaboration and Training
3.2.4 Medical Diagnosis and Visualization
3.2.5 Remote Assistance and Collaboration
3.3 Virtual Reality in Healthcare
3.3.1 Medical Training and Education
3.3.2 Exposure Therapy
3.3.3 Painless Treatment
3.3.4 Physical Rehabilitation
3.4 Advantages of AR and VR in the Healthcare
3.4.1 Possible Remedies for Bridging the Gap
3.5 Challenges and Future Scope
3.6 Conclusion
References
4. Compressed Sensing Reconstruction Algorithms for Medical Images – A Comparison
Kavitha K. J., Vishwaraj B. Manur, Suprith P. G., Mahendra S. Naik and Chaitra S. N.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Concept of Compressed Sensing Theory
4.3 Comprehensive Sensing Reconstruction Algorithms
4.4 Results and Discussion
4.5 Contribution of the Work
4.6 Limitations
4.7 Conclusion
References
5. Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)
Gobinath A., Rajeswari P., Suresh Kumar N. and Anandan M.
5.1 Introduction: Internet of Medical Things
5.1.1 Defining the IoMT
5.1.2 Development and Growth of IoMT Technologies
5.1.2.1 Early Beginnings of IoMT
5.1.2.2 Advancements in Sensor Technologies
5.1.2.3 Connectivity Solutions for IoMT
5.1.2.4 Data Analytics and AI in IoMT
5.2 Wearable Devices and Sensors for IoMT
5.2.1 Types of Wearable Devices
5.2.1.1 Smartwatches
5.2.1.2 Wristbands
5.2.1.3 Neckbands
5.2.1.4 Belts
5.2.1.5 Smart Clothing
5.2.1.6 Smart Rings
5.2.1.7 Smart Glasses
5.2.1.8 Smart Patches
5.2.1.9 Smart Earbuds
5.3 Challenges Faced in Customizing Wearable Devices
5.4 Real-World Examples of IoMT Implementation
5.4.1 Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM)
5.4.2 Wearable Devices for Chronic Disease Management
5.4.3 Smart Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities
5.4.4 Telemedicine and Virtual Care
5.4.5 Clinical Trials and Research
5.5 Conclusions
References
6. The Impact of 5G and 6G on Healthcare
Rajeswari P., Gobinath A., Suresh Kumar N. and Anandan M.
6.1 Introduction: The Evolution of Wireless Connectivity: A Journey from 4G to 6G
6.1.1 4G Technology: The Foundation of Mobile Broadband
6.1.2 5G Technology: Unleashing the Power of Connectivity
6.1.3 6G Technology: Envisioning the Future Frontier
6.1.4 Revolutionizing Healthcare: Significance of 4G, 5G, and the Anticipated Impact of 6G
6.2 Telemedicine and Remote Patient Monitoring
6.3 IoT in Healthcare and Advanced Medical Imaging
6.4 Anticipated Impact of 6G in Healthcare
6.5 Current State of Healthcare Connectivity
6.5.1 Traditional Communication Methods
6.5.2 Electronic Health Records (EHR) and Health Information Exchange (HIE)
6.5.3 Telemedicine and Video Conferencing
6.5.4 Mobile Health (mHealth) Apps and Wearables
6.5.5 Unified Communication Platforms
6.5.6 Challenges and Future Trends
6.6 Limitations and Hurdles in Current Healthcare Communication Systems
6.6.1 Interoperability Issues
6.6.2 Security and Privacy Concerns
6.6.3 Fragmented Communication Channels
6.6.4 Resistance to Technology Adoption
6.6.5 Limited Patient Engagement
6.6.6 Inadequate Infrastructure and Connectivity
6.7 Impact of 5G on Healthcare
6.7.1 Enhanced Telemedicine and Remote Care
6.7.2 Precision Medicine and Personalized Care
6.8 The 6G Horizon: Unveiling the Potential Frontiers of Advanced Connectivity
6.9 Terahertz-Frequency Communication
6.10 Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Communication (URLLC)
6.11 Holographic Communication
6.12 Advanced Artificial Intelligence Integration
6.13 Massive Device Connectivity
6.14 Environmental and Energy Efficiency
6.15 Designing an Antenna for Healthcare Applications
6.16 Conclusion
References
7. Design and Fabrication of Vehicle Automation Systems
Dhivya V., Karthikeyan M. and Selvam M.
Nomenclatures
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Related Work
7.2.1 Innovation in Autonomous Vehicles
7.3 Design of the Project
7.3.1 Arduino Uno
7.3.2 Ultrasonic Sensor
7.3.3 Motor Driver Shield
7.3.4 Servo Motor
7.3.5 Battery
7.3.6 Switch
7.3.7 DC Motors
7.4 Fabrication
7.4.1 Algorithm
7.5 Conclusion
7.5.1 Implementation
7.6 Future Scope
References
8. Design and Optimization of Antennas with Improved ON–OFF Body Performance for Biomedical Applications
A.B. Gurulakshmi, Bhawna Khokher, G. Rajesh, Sanjeev Sharma, S. Meghana, Y. Veni, S. Bhavishya and Mohammed H. Alsharif
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Literature Review
8.3 Antenna Design
8.3.1 Antenna Without Phantom Model
8.3.1.1 Parametric Analysis
8.3.1.2 Stack Diagram
8.3.1.3 Results Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters)
8.3.1.4 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
8.3.1.5 Radiation Pattern
8.3.2 Antenna with Implantable Phantom Model
8.3.2.1 Parametric List of the Phantom Model
8.3.2.2 Results S-Parameters
8.3.2.3 VSWR
8.3.2.4 Radiation Pattern
8.3.2.5 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
8.3.3 Antenna with a Wearable Phantom Model
8.3.3.1 Results S-Parameters
8.3.3.2 VSWR
8.3.3.3 Radiation Pattern
8.3.3.4 SAR
8.3.4 Antenna Placed 10mm Away from the Phantom Model
8.3.4.1 Result S-Parameters
8.3.4.2 VSWR
8.3.4.3 Radiation Pattern
8.3.4.4 SAR
8.3.5 Antenna Placed 15mm Away from Phantom Model
8.3.5.1 Results S-Parameters
8.3.5.2 VSWR
8.3.5.3 Radiation Pattern
8.3.5.4 SAR
8.4 Comparison Results
8.4.1 S-Parameters
8.4.2 Gain
8.4.3 SAR
8.5 Limitations
8.6 Conclusion
References
9. Beyond 5G-Based Smart Hospitals: Integrating Connectivity and Intelligence
Kiran Chand Ravi, G. Kavitha, Lakkakula Hari Prasad, Narni V. V. S. Srinivasa Rao, Shanmugavel Deivasigamani, Janjhyam Venkata Naga Ramesh and Shams Tabrez Siddiqui
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Related Works
9.3 Methodology
9.4 6G-Enabled SHS Applications and Challenges
9.4.1 Applications
9.4.1.1 In-Body, On-Body, Off-Body Communications
9.4.1.2 Intelligent Nanoscale Inner Body Communications
9.4.1.3 Human Bond Communications
9.4.1.4 Visible Light Communication
9.4.2 Research Challenges
9.4.2.1 Security and Privacy
9.4.2.2 Data Sharing
9.4.2.3 Voluminous Data
9.4.2.4 High Power Consumption
9.4.2.5 Lack of Standardization
9.4.2.6 Computationally Expensive
9.4.2.7 Ownership of Data and Ethical Considerations
9.5 Future Research Directions and Recommendations
9.5.1 Future Directions
9.5.2 Recommendations
9.6 Conclusions
References
10. Patient Monitoring Using 5G, with MIMO-NOMA for mm-Wave Communications in Heterogeneous Networks
Suprith P. G., Mohammed Riyaz Ahmed, Mahendra Shridhar Naik, Kavitha K. J. and Chaitra S. N.
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Related Works
10.3 NOMA Architecture
10.4 Power Allocation to the 5G-Enabled NOMA Users and Hospital
10.5 NOMA-MIMO System
10.6 Results and Discussion
10.6.1 BER Analysis of Number of Users
10.6.2 Outage Probability Using NOMA Power Allocation
10.6.3 Power Consumption Between NOMA and OMA Users
10.7 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
11. A Review on the Internet of Medical Things
Sowmith Prajwal, Tharun Salgar S., Chethana H.T. and Karthik R.
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Definition
11.2 Architecture of IoMT
11.2.1 The Role of IoMT in Healthcare
11.2.1.1 Data-Driven Decisions
11.2.1.2 Smart Medical Devices
11.2.1.3 Efficient Processes
11.2.1.4 Global Assistance
11.2.2 Types of IoMT Devices
11.2.2.1 On-Body Segment
11.2.2.2 In-Home Segment
11.2.2.3 Community Segment
11.2.2.4 In-Hospital Segment
11.3 IoMT – Applications, Benefits and Challenges
11.3.1 Applications of IoMT
11.3.1.1 The Sensor Patch Detects Blood Leakage During Hemodialysis
11.3.1.2 Disease Surveillance and Tracking
11.3.1.3 Digital Biomarkers
11.3.1.4 Wearable Ozone Therapy
11.3.1.5 Seizure Detection
11.3.1.6 Automatic Insulin Injection
11.3.2 Benefits of IoMT
11.3.2.1 Improved Patient Experience
11.3.2.2 Lower Costs
11.3.2.3 Research and Population Health Management
11.3.2.4 Reduces Workload on Human Personnel
11.3.3 Challenges of IoMT
11.3.3.1 Privacy and Security of Data
11.3.3.2 Power Consumption
11.3.3.3 Data Management
11.3.3.4 Interoperability
11.3.3.5 Environmental Impacts
11.4 Literature Review
11.4.1 Early Pioneers
11.4.2 Advancements in Wearable Health Monitoring
11.4.3 Telemedicine and Remote Patient Care
11.4.4 Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence
11.5 Conclusion
References
12. 6G Networks Technology: An Exhaustive Survey
Nishant Gaur, Sumit Chakravarty and Aziz Nanthaamornphong
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Problem Statement and Motivation
12.1.2 Research Methodology
12.1.3 Key Contributions
12.1.4 Outline of the Survey
12.2 Wireless Networks Evolution: 1G to 6G
12.2.1 First Generation Wireless Communication (1G)
12.2.2 Second Generation Wireless Communication (2G)
12.2.3 Third Generation Wireless Communication (3G)
12.2.4 Fourth Generation Wireless Communication (4G)
12.2.5 Fifth Generation Wireless Communication (5G)
12.3 Methods
12.3.1 Key Enabling Technologies in 6G
12.3.2 Driving Trends and Potential Applications in 6G
12.4 Results and Discussion
12.4.1 Machine-Centric Communications
12.4.2 Factors Hindering Evolution to 6G
12.4.3 Major Trade-Offs in the 6G Evolution
12.5 Conclusion
References
13. Smart Hospitals: Integrating Connectivity and Intelligence: A Comprehensive Study and Challenges
Nishi Singh, Nidhi Gour and Ankit Kumar Tiwari
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Overview of Smart Hospital
13.1.2 Smart Hospital Objectives
13.1.2.1 Seamless Patient Flow
13.1.2.2 Intelligent Medical Care
13.1.2.3 Patient Safety
13.1.2.4 Cyber Facility
13.1.2.5 Trustworthiness
13.1.3 Smart Hospital Assets
13.1.3.1 Remote Care System
13.1.3.2 Networked Medical Devices
13.1.3.3 Mobile Client Device
13.1.3.4 Identification Systems
13.1.3.5 Networking Equipment
13.1.3.6 Interconnected Clinical Information System
13.1.3.7 Buildings
13.1.3.8 Data
13.2 Smart Hospital Challenges and Opportunities
13.2.1 Challenges
13.2.1.1 Patient Monitoring
13.2.1.2 Data Accuracy
13.2.1.3 Security and Privacy
13.2.1.4 Cost-Effectiveness
13.2.1.5 Data Validations and Intelligent Data Processing
13.2.1.6 Interoperability and Standardization
13.2.2 Opportunities
13.3 Smart Hospital System Design
13.3.1 Energy Efficiency
13.3.2 Building Management System
13.3.3 Security and Interoperability Solution
13.4 Smart and Connect Health
13.4.1 Artificial Intelligence for SCH
13.4.1.1 Machine Learning
13.4.1.2 Neural Network/Deep Learning
13.4.1.3 Virtual Systems
13.4.2 Technology Support SCH
13.4.2.1 Big Data
13.4.2.2 Cloud Computing
13.4.2.3 Fog/Edge
13.4.2.4 Drones
13.4.2.5 Mobile Computing
13.4.3 IoT Application in SCH
13.4.3.1 Architecture
13.4.3.2 Sensor-Based Systems
13.4.3.3 Blockchain
13.4.4 Application Context of SCH
13.4.4.1 Disease Management
13.4.4.2 Monitoring
13.4.4.3 Environment
13.4.4.4 Application Awareness
13.4.5 Futuristic SCH
13.4.5.1 Predictive Analytics
13.4.5.2 Smart Innovations
13.4.5.3 Personalized Health
13.5 IoT Design Architecture for Healthcare
13.5.1 IoT Healthcare Network Architecture
13.5.2 IoT Architecture for Remote Patient Healthcare
13.5.3 IoT Architecture for Ambient Assisted Living
13.5.4 IoT Architecture for Mobile Healthcare
13.5.5 IoT Architecture for Smart Healthcare Coaching Systems
13.6 Conclusion
References
14. Exploring the Role of 6G Technology in Smart Healthcare Systems: Challenges, and Future Trends
Sajja Suneel, Manjula K., Sowmya B. K., Venkateshmurthy B. S., Shams Tabrez Siddiqui and Lakshmana Phaneendra Maguluri
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Theoretical Background
14.3 Taxonomy
14.3.1 Services of Intelligent Healthcare Systems
14.3.1.1 Smart Hospital Service
14.3.1.2 Remote Monitoring Service
14.3.1.3 Disaster Response Unit Service
14.3.1.4 IIoMT Service
14.3.1.5 Telesurgery Service
14.3.1.6 Response in Pandemic Service
14.3.1.7 Tactile/Haptic Internet Service
14.3.2 Requirements
14.3.2.1 Quality of Services (QoS)
14.3.2.2 Quality of Experiences (QoE)
14.3.2.3 Quality of Life (QoL)
14.3.2.4 Changeover from Smart to Intelligent
14.3.3 Communication Enhancement
14.3.3.1 Capacity Enhancement
14.3.3.2 Coverage Enhancement
14.3.3.3 Reliable and Low Latency
14.4 Key Enabling Technologies for 6G Smart Healthcare
14.4.1 Edge Computing
14.4.2 Artificial Intelligence
14.4.3 Holographic Communication
14.4.4 Blockchain
14.5 Research Challenges and Future Directions
14.5.1 Challenges
14.5.1.1 Security and Privacy
14.5.1.2 Technology Aspect
14.5.1.3 Ethical Aspects
14.5.1.4 Patient Point of View
14.5.1.5 Doctors Point of View
14.5.1.6 Society Point of View
14.5.2 Future Research Directions
14.5.2.1 ML and DL in 6G Intelligent Healthcare
14.5.2.2 6G-Enabled Healthcare with Blockchain
14.5.3 Enhanced Security
14.5.4 Terahertz Communiqué
14.5.4.1 Self-Sustaining
14.5.4.2 Zero-Energy-Enabled
14.5.4.3 Routing Schemes
14.6 Conclusion
References
Index

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