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Submit a ProposalEcosystem Management
 | Climate Change and Sustainability Edited by Arnab Banerjee, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Abhishek Raj, and Taher Mechergui Copyright: 2025 | Expected Pub Date:2024// ISBN: 9781394231218 | Hardcover | 704 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
This book is essential for anyone who wants to understand the challenges of environmental degradation and learn about the sustainable solutions needed to address these critical issues.
Audience
Students, researchers, scientist, academicians, policy makers from diverse discipline of ecology, environment, forestry, agriculture, geology, soil science, plant science, climate change, sustainability and allied sciences.
Students, researchers, scientist, academicians, policy makers from diverse discipline of ecology, environment, forestry, agriculture, geology, soil science, plant science, climate change, sustainability and allied sciences.
Description
Today, the entire globe is suffering from various forms of environmental degradation, resource depletion, and an imbalance of natural phenomena. In this context, one of the major issues is loss of ecosystem services and proper functioning of natural ecosystems. Pollution, ecological invasion, loss of biodiversity, land degradation, and loss of productivity across various ecosystems have become the biggest challenges humankind is faced with. Considering Sustainable Development Goals 2030, the major target is to restore degraded ecosystems and their functionality, which will bring back the valuable ecosystem services of a diverse ecosystem. Ecosystem Management: Climate Change and Sustainability addresses all these issues to teach a global readership the dimensions of ecosystem services and ways toward a future sustainable world.
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Today, the entire globe is suffering from various forms of environmental degradation, resource depletion, and an imbalance of natural phenomena. In this context, one of the major issues is loss of ecosystem services and proper functioning of natural ecosystems. Pollution, ecological invasion, loss of biodiversity, land degradation, and loss of productivity across various ecosystems have become the biggest challenges humankind is faced with. Considering Sustainable Development Goals 2030, the major target is to restore degraded ecosystems and their functionality, which will bring back the valuable ecosystem services of a diverse ecosystem. Ecosystem Management: Climate Change and Sustainability addresses all these issues to teach a global readership the dimensions of ecosystem services and ways toward a future sustainable world.
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Author / Editor Details
Arnab Banerjee, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Science, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India. He has published 80 research papers in reputed national and international journals, as well as 17 books and 90 book chapters. Additionally, he is a life member of the Academy of Environmental Biology and is dynamically involved in post-graduate teaching and research, including work as a fellow under a University Grants Commission project.
Arnab Banerjee, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Science, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India. He has published 80 research papers in reputed national and international journals, as well as 17 books and 90 book chapters. Additionally, he is a life member of the Academy of Environmental Biology and is dynamically involved in post-graduate teaching and research, including work as a fellow under a University Grants Commission project.
Manoj Kumar Jhariya, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Farm Forestry at Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Sarguja, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India. He is the author or co-author of more than 86 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 16 books, 86 book chapters, and several extension articles and serves as an editorial board member of several journals. He is a life member of The Indian Science Congress Association, Applied and Natural Science Foundation, Society for Advancement of Human and Nature, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Association of India, and International Journal of Development and Sustainability.
Abhishek Raj, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Forest Product and Utilization, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay College of Horticulture & Forestry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, India. He has published over 20 papers in scientific journals, 60 book chapters, and five books.
Taher Mechergui, PhD is an assistant professor on the faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Forest, Tabarka Pastoral Resources, Jarzouna, Tunisia. He has published various research papers and chapters from reputed international publishers and has a long, well-respected career in academia and research, particularly in research and development. He has a wide specialization in the diverse field of ecophysiology along with allied biological sciences.
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Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
1. Ecosystem Management: Climate Change and Global Sustainability—An Introduction
Arnab Banerjee, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Abhishek Raj and Taher Mechergui
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Ecosystem Management
1.3 Key Principles Behind Ecosystem Management
1.3.1 Importance of Species as a Tool for Ecosystem Management
1.3.2 People are the Integral Part of Ecosystem
1.3.3 Recognizing the Need for Knowledge-Based Adaptive Ecosystem Management
1.3.4 Application of Precautionary Principle in Ecosystem Management
1.3.5 Inter Sectoral Collaboration for Ecosystem Management and Sustainability
1.3.6 Making Ecosystem-Based Management a Mainstream Development Approach
1.4 Climate Change and Ecosystem Management
1.5 Issues and Challenges of Global Sustainability
1.6 Climate Change and Health
1.7 Ecosystem Management and Global Sustainability
1.7.1 Sustainability of Bioresources
1.7.2 Sustainability of Agroecosystem
1.7.3 Energy Resource for Sustainable Harvesting
1.7.4 Sustainability Toward Green Economy and Society
1.8 Conclusion
1.9 Future Perspectives of Ecosystem Management, Climate Change, and Global Sustainability
References
2. Climate Change Mitigation Through Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture
Saikat Mondal and Debnath Palit
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Climate Change Risks on Global Agriculture System
2.3 The History and Fundamental Principles of Sustainable Agriculture
2.4 Climate-Smart Agriculture
2.5 Importance of Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture
2.5.1 Ensuring Access to Food While Preserving Natural Resources
2.5.2 Economic Benefits and Resilience of Smallholder Farmers
2.5.3 Mitigating GHG Emissions
2.5.4 Enhancing Agricultural Resilience Through Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture
2.5.4.1 Diversification
2.5.4.2 Soil Health
2.5.4.3 Water Management
2.5.4.4 Agroforestry
2.5.5 Promoting Sustainable Land Management
2.5.6 Benefits for Smallholder Farmers
2.5.6.1 Increased Productivity and Income
2.5.6.2 Improved Soil Health and Nutrient Management
2.5.6.3 Conservation of Natural Resources
2.6 Various Climate-Smart Technologies Toward CC Mitigation
2.6.1 CC Mitigation Through Conservation Agriculture
2.6.1.1 Soil Carbon Sequestration
2.6.1.2 Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions
2.6.1.3 Water Conservation
2.6.1.4 Biodiversity Conservation
2.6.2 CC Mitigation Through Agroforestry
2.6.2.1 Carbon Sequestration
2.6.2.2 Reduced Emissions
2.6.2.3 Enhanced Resilience
2.6.2.4 Socio-Economic Benefits
2.6.3 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Organic Farming
2.6.3.1 Soil Management
2.6.3.2 Reduced Synthetic Inputs
2.6.3.3 Agroforestry and Biodiversity
2.6.3.4 Livestock Management
2.6.4 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Precision Agriculture
2.6.4.1 Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions
2.6.4.2 Minimizing Methane (CH4) Emissions
2.6.4.3 Enhancing Carbon Sequestration
2.6.5 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Conservation Agriculture
2.6.5.1 Carbon Sequestration
2.6.5.2 Reduced Nitrous Oxide Emissions
2.6.5.3 Methane Emissions
2.7 Policy Support and International Cooperation
2.7.1 Policy Support and International Cooperation for Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture in India
2.8 Future Directives Toward Climate-Smart Practices Toward Sustainable Agriculture
2.9 Conclusion
References
3. Management of Soil Degradation: A Comprehensive Approach for Combating Oil Degradation, Food Insecurity, and Climate Change
Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Muhammad Sohail, Hussein Alserae, Ayesha Abdul Qadir, Tajammal Hussain, Predrag Ilic, Sobia Riaz and Zikria Zafar
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Soil Degradation: Causes and Extent
3.2.1 Soil Salinity
3.2.2 Erosion
3.2.3 Polluted Soils
3.3 Management of Soil Degradation
3.3.1 Salt-Affected Soil
3.3.1.1 Scraping, Leaching, and Salt Flushing
3.3.1.2 Chemical Remediation
3.3.1.3 Organic and Microbial Remediation
3.3.1.4 Irrigation Management
3.3.1.5 Phytoextraction
3.3.2 Soil Erosion
3.3.2.1 Afforestation and Vegetative Cover
3.3.2.2 Controlled Grazing
3.3.2.3 Flood Control
3.3.2.4 Water Conservation
3.3.2.5 Fertilizing and Manuring Schemes
3.3.3 Soil Pollution
3.3.3.1 Encouragement of Permaculture
3.3.3.2 Phytoremediation
3.3.3.3 Soil Carbon Pool
3.3.3.4 Education and Awareness
3.3.3.5 Avoiding Monoculture
3.4 Win-Win Strategies/Effective Resource Utilization in Management of Degraded Soils
3.4.1 Application of Organic Materials
3.4.2 Crop Production
3.4.3 Carbon Sequestration
3.4.4 Soil Degradation Neutralization
3.5 Conclusions
3.6 Future Perspective of Combating Land Degradation
References
4. Green Approaches to Mitigate Climate Change Issues in Indian Subcontinent
Jayati Chakraborti, Saikat Mondal and Debnath Palit
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Climate Change and its Impacts on the Indian Subcontinent
4.1.2 The Importance of Adopting Green Approaches to Mitigate CC
4.1.2.1 Reduction of GHG Emissions
4.1.2.2 Preservation of Ecosystems and Biodiversity
4.1.2.3 Promotion of Renewable Energy
4.1.2.4 Adaptation to CC Impacts
4.2 Renewable Energy Initiatives
4.2.1 Renewable Energy Initiatives Worldwide
4.2.1.1 Paris Agreement (2015)
4.2.1.2 European Green Deal (2019)
4.2.1.3 Renewable Energy Standard in California (2002)
4.2.1.4 Feed-in Tariffs in Germany
4.2.2 Renewable Energy Initiatives in India
4.2.2.1 National Solar Mission
4.2.2.2 Wind Energy Development
4.2.2.3 Hydroelectric Power
4.2.2.4 Bioenergy Initiatives
4.2.3 Role of Different Green Energy in Reducing GHG Emissions
4.2.3.1 Solar Power
4.2.3.2 Wind Power
4.2.3.3 Hydroelectric Power
4.2.4 Government Policies and Initiatives Promoting Renewable Energy
4.2.4.1 Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) and Feed-in Tariffs (FiTs)
4.2.4.2 Investment Tax Credits (ITCs) and Production Tax Credits (PTCs)
4.2.4.3 Renewable Energy Standards and Targets
4.2.4.4 Green Energy Certificates and Tradable Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)
4.2.5 Government Policies in Indian Subcontinent for Promotion of Nonconventional and Renewable Energy Sources
4.2.5.1 Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)
4.2.5.2 Wind Power Policy
4.2.5.3 National Biofuel Policy
4.2.5.4 Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO)
4.3 Sustainable Agriculture Practices
4.3.1 Sustainable Agriculture Practices in Mitigating CCs
4.3.1.1 Conservation Agriculture
4.3.1.2 Agroforestry
4.3.1.3 Precision Agriculture
4.3.1.4 Organic Farming
4.3.1.5 Water Management
4.3.1.6 Livestock Management
4.3.2 Significance of Sustainable Agriculture in Mitigating CC in Indian Subcontinent
4.3.2.1 GHG Emissions
4.3.2.2 Carbon Sequestration
4.3.2.3 Climate Resilience
4.3.2.4 Water Conservation
4.3.2.5 Livelihoods and Food Security
4.3.3 Organic Farming, Agroforestry, and Precision Agriculture as Green Approaches
4.3.3.1 Organic Farming
4.3.3.2 Agroforestry
4.3.3.3 Precision Agriculture
4.3.4 Benefits and Challenges of Adopting Sustainable Agriculture Practices
4.3.4.1 Knowledge and Awareness Gap
4.3.4.2 Financial Constraints
4.3.4.3 Policy and Institutional Support
4.3.4.4 Market Access and Demand
4.3.4.5 Social and Cultural Factors
4.4 Forest Conservation and Reforestation in CC Mitigation
4.4.1 Role of Forests in Carbon Sequestration and Biodiversity Conservation
4.4.2 Focuses on Forest Conservation, Afforestation, and Reforestation in Indian Subcontinent
4.4.2.1 Green India Mission (GIM)
4.4.2.2 National Afforestation Program (NAP)
4.4.2.3 Joint Forest Management (JFM)
4.4.2.4 Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority
(CAMPA)
4.4.2.5 Aranyaani
4.5 Waste Management and Circular Economy as Green Approach
4.5.1 Waste-to-Energy Projects, Recycling Initiatives, and Sustainable Waste Management Practices in Indian Subcontinent
4.5.1.1 Waste-to-Energy Projects
4.5.1.2 Recycling Initiatives
4.5.1.3 Sustainable Waste Management Practices
4.6 Green Transportation and Green Urban Planning
4.6.1 Role of Green Transportation and Green Urban Planning in CC and Air Pollution
4.6.2 Green Transportation Initiatives, Including Electric Vehicles and Improved Public Transportation and Urban Planning in Indian Subcontinent
4.6.2.1 Electric Vehicles (EVs)
4.6.2.2 Improved Public Transportation: Metro Rail Systems
4.6.2.3 Urban Planning
4.7 Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience
4.7.1 Need for Adaptation Strategies in the Indian Subcontinent
4.8 Policies and Governance in Promoting Green Approaches in Indian Subcontinent
4.8.1 National Action Plan on Climate change (NAPCC)
4.8.2 Renewable Energy Policies
4.8.3 Energy Efficiency Initiatives
4.8.4 Waste Management Policies
4.9 Importance of Stakeholder Collaboration and International Cooperation in India in CC Mitigation Through Green Approach
4.9.1 Knowledge Sharing
4.9.2 Resource Mobilization
4.9.3 Policy Development and Implementation
4.9.4 Technology Transfer
4.9.5 Capacity Building
4.10 Challenges and Opportunities Faced in Implementing Green Approaches in the Indian Subcontinent
4.11 Conclusion
4.11.1 GHG Emission Reduction
4.11.2 Climate Adaptation
4.11.3 Natural Resource Conservation
4.11.4 Socio-Economic Benefits
4.11.5 Global Leadership and Collaboration
References
5. Management of Environmental Pollution: Hyperaccumulator Plants, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), and Biochar in Heavy Metal Remediation
Tareq A. Madouh and Merlin K. Davidson
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Heavy Metals and Environmental Pollution
5.2.1 Heavy Metals and Soil Pollution
5.2.2 Heavy Metals and Water Pollution
5.2.3 Heavy Metals and Air Pollution
5.3 Impact of Heavy Metals
5.3.1 Heavy Metals on Plant Growth
5.3.2 Heavy Metals on Animal Growth
5.3.3 Heavy Metal Toxicity of Aquatic Biota
5.3.4 Heavy Metal Toxicity of Human Beings
5.4 Remediation Measures
5.5 Phytoremediation
5.5.1 Plant Heavy Metal Toxicity and Their Survival Mechanisms
5.5.2 Hyperaccumulator Plant Species
5.5.2.1 Classification of Hyperaccumulator Plants
5.5.2.2 Hyperaccumulator Plant Characteristics
5.5.3 Mechanisms of Bioremediation
5.5.3.1 Phytoextraction
5.5.3.2 Phytodegradation
5.5.3.3 Rhizodegradation
5.5.3.4 Rhizofiltration
5.5.3.5 Phytovolatilization
5.5.3.6 Phytostabilization
5.6 AMF in Heavy Metal Remediation
5.6.1 Phytoremediation with AMF
5.6.2 Mutualistic Symbiosis of AMF in Rhizosphere
5.6.2.1 Bioalleivator
5.6.2.2 Biofertilizers
5.6.3 AMF-Induced Heavy Metal Detoxification
5.7 Biochar in Heavy Metal Remediation
5.7.1 Biochar
5.7.2 Organic Residues for Biochar Fabrication
5.7.3 Biochar Attributes
5.7.3.1 Physiochemical Properties of Biochar
5.7.3.2 Biological Properties of Biochar
5.7.4 Nutrient Content of Biochar
5.7.5 Merits of Biochar Supplementation to Soil
5.7.6 Biochar in Environmental Management
5.7.6.1 Biochar–Heavy Metal Interaction
5.7.6.2 Bio-Phytoremediation With Biochar
5.7.7 Biochar Attributes in Affecting Heavy Metal Toxicity
5.7.7.1 Physicochemical Properties of the Contaminated Soil
5.7.7.2 Physicochemical Attributes of Biochar
5.7.7.3 Biochar Application Modes
5.8 Mechanisms of Biochar-AMF–Aided Phytoremediation
5.9 Future Prospects and Research Needs
5.10 Conclusion
References
6. Global Climate Change and Ecosystem Services: An Indian Perspective
Niladri Sekhar Mondal and Apurba Ratan Ghosh
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Understanding Ecosystem Services and Their Importance
6.3 Consequences of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services
6.3.1 Effects on Supporting Services
6.3.1.1 Water Recycling
6.3.1.2 Biomass Production and Carbon Sequestration
6.3.1.3 Nutrient Cycling and Soil Formation
6.3.2 Effects on Provisioning Services
6.3.2.1 Agricultural Productivity
6.3.2.2 Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
6.3.2.3 Forest Resources
6.3.2.4 Livestock and Grazing Resources
6.3.2.5 Energy Resources
6.3.3 Effects on Regulating Services
6.3.3.1 Climate Regulation
6.3.3.2 Disease Regulation
6.3.3.3 Flood Control and Water Regulation
6.3.3.4 Air Quality Regulation
6.3.3.5 Coastal Protection
6.3.4 Effects on Cultural Services
6.3.4.1 Tourism and Aesthetic Values
6.3.4.2 Cultural Heritage
6.3.4.3 Spiritual and Religious Connections
6.3.4.4 Ecotourism and Sustainable Practices
6.4 Policy, Governance, and Future Pathways
6.5 Conclusion
References
7. Mensurational Assessment of Partial, Total Tree, and Stand Mortality of Mangrove Dieback Amidst Climate Change in The Gambia, West Africa
Gordon N. Ajonina and J-Hude E. Moudingo
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Operational Definition of Dieback
7.3 Material and Methods
7.3.1 Biodiversity
7.3.2 Conservation and Restoration Efforts
7.3.3 Integrated Approach to the Dieback Study
7.3.4 Survey of Mangrove Sites and Sampling Strategy
7.3.5 Measurement Protocols
7.3.5.1 Measurement of Tree and Stand Parameters for Forest Structure Following Dieback
7.3.5.2 Tree Diameter Measurements
7.3.5.3 Tree Height Measurements
7.3.5.4 Root, Sapling, and Seedling Inventory
7.3.6 Statistical Data Analysis
7.4 Findings
7.4.1 Situation of Dieback in Study Areas
7.4.1.1 Overview of Vegetation Profile and Structure in Affected and Healthy Sites
7.5 Conclusions
7.6 Management of Mangrove Ecosystem Against Dieback and Future Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
8. Heavy Metal Pollution and Environmental Sustainability: Issues, Challenges, and Bioremediation Strategies
Sudeshna Mitra, Prosanta Saha and Debnath Palit
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Heavy Metal Pollution and Global Sustainability
8.1.2 Metals Considered as “Heavy” Types
8.1.3 Sources of HMs in Environment
8.1.3.1 Lithogenic Sources (Natural Sources)
8.1.3.2 Anthropogenic Sources (Manmade Sources)
8.2 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Heavy Metals
8.3 Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals
8.3.1 Mechanism of Physical Remediation
8.3.1.1 Reverse Osmosis
8.3.1.2 Filtration
8.3.1.3 Electrodialysis
8.3.2 Mechanism of Chemical Remediation
8.3.2.1 Ion Exchange
8.3.2.2 Adsorption
8.3.2.3 Chemical Precipitation
8.3.3 Bioremediation
8.3.3.1 Mechanism of Bioremediation
8.4 Recent Advances and Future Prospects in Heavy Metal Remediation
8.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metals by Biofilms
8.4.2 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Biosurfactants
8.4.3 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Nanoparticles
8.4.4 Genetic Engineering in Heavy Metal Bioremediation
8.4.5 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Biosensors
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Innovative Techniques for Soil and Water Conservation
Maghchiche Abdelhak
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Importance of Soil and Water Conservation
9.2.1 Traditional Soil and Water Conservation Methods
9.2.2 Need for Innovative Techniques
9.3 Emerging Technologies in Soil and Water Conservation
9.3.1 Holistic Climate-Resilient Land, Soil, and Water Management Technologies and Practices
9.3.2 Water-Efficient Technology
9.3.3 AI-Driven Management
9.3.4 Remote Sensing Technology
9.3.5 Atmospheric Water Irrigation System
9.3.6 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
9.3.7 Rainwater Collection Systems
9.3.8 Precision Farming
9.3.9 Conservation Tillage
9.4 Innovative Techniques for Soil Conservation
9.4.1 Polymers and Biopolymers for Soil Conservation
9.4.1.1 Biopolymer-Based Soil Treatment (BPST)
9.4.1.2 Environmentally Friendly Soil Binders
9.4.1.3 Cross-Linked Polymer Soil Stabilizer
9.4.1.4 Polyacrylamide (PAM) and Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)
9.4.1.5 Leather Waste-Derived Fertilizers
9.5 Nanotechnology for Soil and Water Conservation
9.5.1 Water Purification
9.5.2 Soil Remediation
9.5.2.1 Nanomaterials and Soil Stabilization
9.5.2.2 Enhancing Plant Growth with Nanoparticles
9.5.2.3 Soil Erosion Control
9.6 Innovative Techniques for Water Conservation
9.6.1 Rainwater Storage and Reuse
9.6.2 Precision Irrigation Technologies
9.6.3 Water-Saving Technology
9.6.4 Digital Water Management
9.6.5 Nanomaterials for Water Treatment
9.6.6 Desalination
9.6.7 Wastewater Processing
9.6.8 Advanced Filtration
9.6.9 Improved Sensors
9.6.9.1 Soil Moisture Sensors
9.6.9.2 Remote Sensing Technology
9.6.9.3 Wireless Sensors
9.6.9.4 Integration with Decision Support Systems
9.6.10 Satellite Telemetry
9.7 Challenges and Opportunities in Adopting Innovative Techniques for Water and Soil Conservation
9.7.1 Challenges in Adopting Innovative Techniques
9.7.1.1 Traditional Mindset and Resistance to Change
9.7.1.2 Skills and Training Shortage
9.7.1.3 Expense and Investment
9.7.1.4 Time and Resources for Acquiring and Implementing New Tools
9.7.1.5 Adapting to Swift Technological Progress
9.7.2 Opportunities for Adopting Innovative Techniques
9.7.2.1 Enhanced Efficiency
9.7.2.2 Increased Productivity
9.7.2.3 Cost Reduction
9.7.2.4 Competitive Advantage
9.7.2.5 Enhanced Efficiency and Productivity
9.7.2.6 Advanced Resource Management
9.7.2.7 Enhanced Data Collection and Analysis
9.7.2.8 Collaborative Knowledge Sharing
9.7.2.9 Addressing Societal Challenges
9.8 Conclusion
9.9 Future Outlook for Innovative Water and Soil Conservation
References
10. “Green Technology”—Efficient Solution Toward Environmental Management in 21st Century
Sangeeta Banerjee and Debnath Palit
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 General Aims and Objectives of Green Technology
10.1.2 Necessity of Green Technology for Environmental Management
10.1.3 Nexus Between Green Technology, Climate Change, and Global Sustainability
10.1.3.1 Green Technology and Climate Change
10.1.3.2 Green Technology and Ecosystem Management
10.1.3.3 Green Technology and Global Sustainability
10.2 Application of Green Technology in Different Sectors
10.2.1 Energy
10.2.1.1 Renewable Energy Sources
10.2.1.2 Energy-Efficient Technology
10.2.2 Agriculture
10.2.3 Waste Management and Recycling
10.2.4 Building and Construction
10.2.5 Vertical Gardens and Farms
10.2.6 Transportation
10.2.7 Emission Treatment
10.2.8 Water Treatment
10.2.9 Air Purification
10.2.10 Healthcare
10.2.11 Food and Its Processing
10.3 Challenges in Adopting Green Technology
10.4 Government Initiative in Green Technology
10.5 Some Green Companies in India
10.6 Conclusion
10.7 Future Perspective of Green Technology Toward Environmental Management
References
11. Navigating Sustainability and Ecosystem Management Through a Systemic Lens: Core Principles
Leonid Melnyk, Inna Koblianska, Iryna Dehtyarova and Oleksandr Kubatko
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Prerequisites for the Shift Toward Sustainability: A Historical and Resource-Energy Perspective
11.3 Natural and Societal Underpinnings of Sustainability
11.4 Systemic Basics of Natural and Social Object Functioning
11.5 Sustainable Development and Ecosystem Management Through the Prism of System Principles
11.6 Contours of Sustainable Economy
11.7 Key Pathways for Advancing Sustainable Economy
11.8 Principles of Natural and Social Systems’ Sustainable Development
11.9 Ecosystems’ Contributions to Maintaining Equilibrium in a Sustainable Economy
11.10 Mechanisms of Sustainability Transformation
11.11 Conclusions
References
12. A Vulnerability Study on Groundwater Arsenic Exposures and Possible Sustainable Management Options
Alok Chandra Samal, Piyal Bhattacharya, Anusaya Mallick, Manoj Kumar Kar and Subhas Chandra Santra
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Toxicity of Arsenic
12.3 Origin and Mobility of Arsenic in the Environment
12.4 Arsenic in Soil and Crops
12.4.1 Arsenic in Soil
12.4.2 Arsenic in Crops and Vegetables
12.5 Epidemiology of Chronic Arsenicosis
12.6 Arsenic Flow in Ecosystems
12.7 Arsenic-Induced Health Risks Through Dietary Pathway
12.8 Strategic Management of Arsenic Contamination
12.8.1 Arsenic Transport and Control Mechanism
12.8.2 Arsenic Removal Technology Options
12.9 Biological Techniques for Removal of Arsenic
12.9.1 Phytoremediation of Arsenic Through Hyperaccumulation Plants
12.10 Water Resource Management for Minimization of Arsenic Contamination
12.10.1 Watershed Management
12.10.2 Irrigation Planning for Agricultural Practice
12.11 Conclusions
12.12 Future Research and Development Toward Management of Groundwater Contamination of Arsenic
References
13. Lessons Learned From Six Landscape Restoration Initiatives in Cameroon with Focus on the Species Selection and Women’s Involvement
Hermann Taedoumg and Francois Manga Essouma
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Site and Project Selection
13.3 Data Collection Device
13.4 General Characterization
13.5 Species Choice
13.6 Key Aspects and Lessons Learned
13.6.1 Specific Lessons Learned From REPARAC/IRAD (RI1)
13.6.2 Specific Lessons From “Un Parisien, un arbre” (RI2)
13.6.3 Specific Lessons From “Dimako Communal Forestry” (RI3)
13.6.4 Specific Lessons From “Sahel Vert Reforestation Operation” (RI4)
13.6.5 Specific Lessons From “PRODEBALT” (RI5)
13.6.6 Specific Lessons From “Water, Soil, and Trees (ESA)” (RI6)
13.7 Conclusions Recommendations and Future Perspectives
13.7.1 Conclusions
13.7.2 Recommendations
13.7.3 Future Perspective of Landscape Restoration
References
14. Micropollutants in Environment: Sources, Ecotoxicity, and Strategies for Remediation
Abhratanu Ganguly, Sayantani Nanda, Kanchana Das, Siddhartha Ghanty, Gopal Biswas, Moutushi Mandi, Sagarika Mukherjee, Manas Paramanik and Prem Rajak
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Environmental Pollution as a Decade-Old Concern
14.3 Micropollutants in the Environment and Their Sources
14.3.1 Fertilizers and Pesticides
14.3.2 Textile Dyes
14.3.3 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
14.3.4 Particulate Matters
14.3.5 Microplastics
14.3.6 Heavy Metals
14.3.7 Distribution of Micropllutants on Global and Indian Perspective
14.4 Ecotoxicity of Micropollutants
14.4.1 Impacts on Invertebrates
14.4.2 Impacts on Fish
14.4.3 Impacts on Amphibians and Reptiles
14.4.4 Impacts on Birds
14.4.5 Impacts on Mammals and Humans
14.5 Molecular Mechanism of Toxicity
14.6 Remedial Approaches
14.6.1 Bioremediation
14.6.2 Physico-Chemical Remediation
14.7 Future Research and Development on Micropollutants for Sustainable Ecosystem Management
14.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15. Acid Mine Drainage: A Silent Threat to Environmental Health and Its Journey Toward Sustainable Management
Sagarika Mukherjee, Manas Paramanik, Sudip Paramanik, Suman Dasmodak, Prem Rajak and Abhratanu Ganguly
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Understanding the Genesis and Characteristics of AMD
15.3 Scenario of AMD in Globe and Indian Subcontinent
15.4 Impacts of AMD
15.4.1 Impact on Economy
15.4.2 Impact on Environment and Life Forms
15.4.3 Impact on Human Health
15.5 Prevention of AMD
15.5.1 Controlling AMD Formation
15.5.2 Controlling AMD Migration
15.6 Remediation from AMD
15.7 Sustainable Mining Practices
15.7.1 Reuse of Resources
15.7.1.1 Conventional Membrane Methods
15.7.1.2 Alternative Membrane Methods
15.7.2 Resource Recovery
15.8 Conclusion
15.9 Future Researches and Development in AMD
References
16. Bio-Collage Mode of Plantation for Increase in Green Cover to Manage Ecosystem and Environment
Subhra Bandopadhyay and Debnath Palit
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Background
16.3 Objective
16.3.1 Deforestation
16.3.2 Global Warming
16.3.3 Habitat Destruction
16.3.4 Urbanization
16.4 Practices of Plantation
16.4.1 Ancient Practices of Plantation
16.4.2 Social Forestry and Afforestation Practices
16.4.3 Extant Method of Plantation Including Afforestation
16.5 Recast Modality of Plantation
16.5.1 Category 1 (“Add-On” Initiative)
16.5.2 Category 2 (“In-Pair” Initiative)
16.5.3 Category 3 (“Fabric” Initiative)
16.6 Elaboration of Suitable Plant Types
16.6.1 Shade Trees as Found Planted on the Sides of Road Corridors
16.6.2 Edible Fruit Plants as Found Planted Scatteredly or on Isolated Places as well as on the Road Side
16.6.3 Ornamental Plants Usually Found as Avenue Trees in Most Cities/Towns for Showy Flowers or Appreciable Shapes of the Plant
16.6.4 Trees Found Wild or Selectively Planted
16.6.5 Low-Height or Shrubby Plants Beautifying the Median Strip of National Highways and State Highways
16.7 Statutory Precaution
16.8 Future Directive
16.8.1 Innovative Greening Approach for Bio-Decorative Nature and Ecosystem Management
16.8.2 Innovative Greening Approach for Bio-Decorative Nature Toward Combatting Environmental Pollution and Climate Change
16.8.3 Innovative Greening Approach for Bio-Decorative Nature Toward Environmental Sustainability
16.9 Conclusion
References
17. The Impact of Unsustainable Development and Climate Change on Agriculture and Forestry in Nigeria: Predictions, Solutions, and Management
Aroloye O. Numbere, Keayiabarido Jude, Sobomate B. Chuku, Miracle C. Uzoma, Chinedu Obanye, Peace Ohia, Udi Emoyoma and Ibiene W. Dick-Abbey
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Unsustainable Development: The Nigeria Perspective
17.3 Fisheries and Vegetation Resources in Nigeria
17.3.1 Sustainable Fisheries Management
17.4 Climate Change Scenario in Nigeria
17.4.1 Wetland, Agriculture, Forest, and Land Resources
17.4.2 Sand Land Characteristics
17.5 Impacts of Climate Change on Coastal and Land Resources
17.5.1 Impact on Wetlands
17.5.2 Impact of Climate Change on Coastal and Land Resources
17.6 Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Natural Resources
17.6.1 Anthropogenic Activities
17.6.2 Natural Resources
17.6.3 Impact on Water Bodies
17.6.4 Impact on Air
17.6.5 Impact on Land and Soil
17.6.6 Impact on Biodiversity
17.7 Environmental Management of Natural Resources
17.8 Solutions to Present and Future Climate Change Predictions
17.8.1 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
17.8.2 Decarbonizing Transportation
17.8.3 Reforestation and Afforestation
17.8.4 Renewable Energy in Buildings
17.8.5 Methane and Other Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Emission Reduction
17.8.5.1 Methane (CH4)
17.8.5.2 Other Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs)
17.9 Policy Decision and Regulation/Legal Framework
17.10 Conclusion and Recommendations
17.11 Future Perspective
References
18. Monitoring Water Quality to Support Sustainable Development: A Case Study From a Small Tropical Mountain River System, Southwest of Kerala, India
Shabna Sherin, K.S. Arunkumar and Sreechitra Suresh
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Data and Methodology
18.2.1 Study Area
18.2.2 Materials and Methods
18.3 Results and Discussion
18.3.1 Piper Diagram
18.3.2 Gibbs Diagram
18.3.3 Comparison Graphs of HCO3 Versus Ca + Mg, Total Cations Versus Na + K, and Total Cations Versus Ca + Mg
18.3.4 Correlation Matrix
18.3.5 Water Quality Assessments
18.3.5.1 Drinking Water Quality
18.3.5.2 Irrigation Water Quality
18.4 Conclusion
18.5 Future Perspective of Water Quality Monitoring and Environmental Sustainability
Acknowledgment
References
19. Wetland Management Through Integrated Fish Farming: An Institutional Case Study
Saurabh Sarkar, Sukhendu Roy Aparnita Nandi Roy, Ankit Kumar Bhagat, Hemanta Mukhopadhyay and Uday Chand Mete
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Wetlands and Their Importance
19.1.2 Necessity for Wetland Management
19.1.3 Integrated Fish Farming Scenario Across the Globe and Indian Subcontinent
19.2 Wetland/Water Body
19.2.1 Study Area
19.3 Aquaculture Research and Training Unit
19.3.1 Establishment of Aquaculture Research and Training Unit
19.3.2 Objective of Aquaculture Research and Training Unit
19.3.2.1 Education for the Students
19.3.2.2 Research
19.3.2.3 Training Program
19.3.2.4 Entrepreneurship
19.4 Management of Water Body
19.4.1 Pisciculture
19.4.1.1 Pond Preparation
19.4.1.2 Fish Varieties
19.4.1.3 Release of Fingerling
19.4.1.4 Inspection and Sampling
19.4.1.5 Feeding and Rearing
19.4.1.6 Capture of Adult Fishes and Other Aquatic Animals
19.4.1.7 Marketing
19.4.1.8 Education and Training
19.4.2 Larvicidal Fish Culture Hub
19.4.2.1 Pond Preparation
19.4.2.2 Fish Varieties
19.4.2.3 Release of Larvicidal Fishes
19.4.2.4 Rearing/Culture of Larvicidal Fishes
19.4.2.5 Dengue/Mosquito-Borne Disease Prevention
19.4.2.6 Community Service
19.4.3 Sustainable Development
19.4.3.1 Wastewater Management via Phytoremediation
19.4.3.2 Ecosystem Conservation
19.4.3.3 Conservation of Natural Habitat
19.5 Future Plans
19.5.1 Integrated Poultry and Pearl Culture
19.5.2 Larvicidal Fish Marketing, Aquarium Establishment, Ornamental, as well as Training
19.5.3 Medicinal Plant Garden
19.5.4 Butterfly Conservation Center
19.5.5 Establishment of Biodiversity Park
19.6 Future Research and Development in Integrated Fish Farming and Wetland Management
19.7 Conclusion
References
20. Millet-Based Food Adoption for Environmental Sustainability and Nutritional Security
Anusaya Mallick, Kumar Rajnish, Kausik Mondal, Rasmani Hazra and Alok Chandra Samal
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Origin of Millets
20.3 Global Distribution and Production of Millets
20.4 Distribution of Millet Cultivation in India
20.5 Millets with Their Nutritional Value
20.5.1 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
20.5.2 Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum)
20.5.3 Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana)
20.5.4 Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica)
20.5.5 Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum)
20.5.6 Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum)
20.5.7 Little Millet (Panicum miliare)
20.5.8 Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa crusgalli)
20.5.9 Browntop Millet (Brachiaria ramose)
20.6 Millet Cultivation Toward Environmental Resilience and Agricultural Sustainability
20.7 Health Benefits of Millet
20.8 Effect of Millet Consumption on Gut Microbiome
20.9 Constraints of Millet Production
20.10 Millet-Based Value-Added Products
20.10.1 Food Products
20.10.2 Millet as Bio-Fuel
20.10.3 Millet as Fodder
20.10.4 Millet as Beverages
20.11 Millet as the Staple Food for Tribal Community
20.12 Millet Movement Under Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) Program
20.13 Conclusion
20.14 Future Research and Development in Sustainable Millet Production and Environmental Sustainability
References
About the Editors
Index
Back to Top
List of Contributors
Preface
1. Ecosystem Management: Climate Change and Global Sustainability—An Introduction
Arnab Banerjee, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Abhishek Raj and Taher Mechergui
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Ecosystem Management
1.3 Key Principles Behind Ecosystem Management
1.3.1 Importance of Species as a Tool for Ecosystem Management
1.3.2 People are the Integral Part of Ecosystem
1.3.3 Recognizing the Need for Knowledge-Based Adaptive Ecosystem Management
1.3.4 Application of Precautionary Principle in Ecosystem Management
1.3.5 Inter Sectoral Collaboration for Ecosystem Management and Sustainability
1.3.6 Making Ecosystem-Based Management a Mainstream Development Approach
1.4 Climate Change and Ecosystem Management
1.5 Issues and Challenges of Global Sustainability
1.6 Climate Change and Health
1.7 Ecosystem Management and Global Sustainability
1.7.1 Sustainability of Bioresources
1.7.2 Sustainability of Agroecosystem
1.7.3 Energy Resource for Sustainable Harvesting
1.7.4 Sustainability Toward Green Economy and Society
1.8 Conclusion
1.9 Future Perspectives of Ecosystem Management, Climate Change, and Global Sustainability
References
2. Climate Change Mitigation Through Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture
Saikat Mondal and Debnath Palit
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Climate Change Risks on Global Agriculture System
2.3 The History and Fundamental Principles of Sustainable Agriculture
2.4 Climate-Smart Agriculture
2.5 Importance of Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture
2.5.1 Ensuring Access to Food While Preserving Natural Resources
2.5.2 Economic Benefits and Resilience of Smallholder Farmers
2.5.3 Mitigating GHG Emissions
2.5.4 Enhancing Agricultural Resilience Through Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture
2.5.4.1 Diversification
2.5.4.2 Soil Health
2.5.4.3 Water Management
2.5.4.4 Agroforestry
2.5.5 Promoting Sustainable Land Management
2.5.6 Benefits for Smallholder Farmers
2.5.6.1 Increased Productivity and Income
2.5.6.2 Improved Soil Health and Nutrient Management
2.5.6.3 Conservation of Natural Resources
2.6 Various Climate-Smart Technologies Toward CC Mitigation
2.6.1 CC Mitigation Through Conservation Agriculture
2.6.1.1 Soil Carbon Sequestration
2.6.1.2 Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions
2.6.1.3 Water Conservation
2.6.1.4 Biodiversity Conservation
2.6.2 CC Mitigation Through Agroforestry
2.6.2.1 Carbon Sequestration
2.6.2.2 Reduced Emissions
2.6.2.3 Enhanced Resilience
2.6.2.4 Socio-Economic Benefits
2.6.3 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Organic Farming
2.6.3.1 Soil Management
2.6.3.2 Reduced Synthetic Inputs
2.6.3.3 Agroforestry and Biodiversity
2.6.3.4 Livestock Management
2.6.4 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Precision Agriculture
2.6.4.1 Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions
2.6.4.2 Minimizing Methane (CH4) Emissions
2.6.4.3 Enhancing Carbon Sequestration
2.6.5 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Conservation Agriculture
2.6.5.1 Carbon Sequestration
2.6.5.2 Reduced Nitrous Oxide Emissions
2.6.5.3 Methane Emissions
2.7 Policy Support and International Cooperation
2.7.1 Policy Support and International Cooperation for Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture in India
2.8 Future Directives Toward Climate-Smart Practices Toward Sustainable Agriculture
2.9 Conclusion
References
3. Management of Soil Degradation: A Comprehensive Approach for Combating Oil Degradation, Food Insecurity, and Climate Change
Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Muhammad Sohail, Hussein Alserae, Ayesha Abdul Qadir, Tajammal Hussain, Predrag Ilic, Sobia Riaz and Zikria Zafar
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Soil Degradation: Causes and Extent
3.2.1 Soil Salinity
3.2.2 Erosion
3.2.3 Polluted Soils
3.3 Management of Soil Degradation
3.3.1 Salt-Affected Soil
3.3.1.1 Scraping, Leaching, and Salt Flushing
3.3.1.2 Chemical Remediation
3.3.1.3 Organic and Microbial Remediation
3.3.1.4 Irrigation Management
3.3.1.5 Phytoextraction
3.3.2 Soil Erosion
3.3.2.1 Afforestation and Vegetative Cover
3.3.2.2 Controlled Grazing
3.3.2.3 Flood Control
3.3.2.4 Water Conservation
3.3.2.5 Fertilizing and Manuring Schemes
3.3.3 Soil Pollution
3.3.3.1 Encouragement of Permaculture
3.3.3.2 Phytoremediation
3.3.3.3 Soil Carbon Pool
3.3.3.4 Education and Awareness
3.3.3.5 Avoiding Monoculture
3.4 Win-Win Strategies/Effective Resource Utilization in Management of Degraded Soils
3.4.1 Application of Organic Materials
3.4.2 Crop Production
3.4.3 Carbon Sequestration
3.4.4 Soil Degradation Neutralization
3.5 Conclusions
3.6 Future Perspective of Combating Land Degradation
References
4. Green Approaches to Mitigate Climate Change Issues in Indian Subcontinent
Jayati Chakraborti, Saikat Mondal and Debnath Palit
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Climate Change and its Impacts on the Indian Subcontinent
4.1.2 The Importance of Adopting Green Approaches to Mitigate CC
4.1.2.1 Reduction of GHG Emissions
4.1.2.2 Preservation of Ecosystems and Biodiversity
4.1.2.3 Promotion of Renewable Energy
4.1.2.4 Adaptation to CC Impacts
4.2 Renewable Energy Initiatives
4.2.1 Renewable Energy Initiatives Worldwide
4.2.1.1 Paris Agreement (2015)
4.2.1.2 European Green Deal (2019)
4.2.1.3 Renewable Energy Standard in California (2002)
4.2.1.4 Feed-in Tariffs in Germany
4.2.2 Renewable Energy Initiatives in India
4.2.2.1 National Solar Mission
4.2.2.2 Wind Energy Development
4.2.2.3 Hydroelectric Power
4.2.2.4 Bioenergy Initiatives
4.2.3 Role of Different Green Energy in Reducing GHG Emissions
4.2.3.1 Solar Power
4.2.3.2 Wind Power
4.2.3.3 Hydroelectric Power
4.2.4 Government Policies and Initiatives Promoting Renewable Energy
4.2.4.1 Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) and Feed-in Tariffs (FiTs)
4.2.4.2 Investment Tax Credits (ITCs) and Production Tax Credits (PTCs)
4.2.4.3 Renewable Energy Standards and Targets
4.2.4.4 Green Energy Certificates and Tradable Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)
4.2.5 Government Policies in Indian Subcontinent for Promotion of Nonconventional and Renewable Energy Sources
4.2.5.1 Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)
4.2.5.2 Wind Power Policy
4.2.5.3 National Biofuel Policy
4.2.5.4 Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO)
4.3 Sustainable Agriculture Practices
4.3.1 Sustainable Agriculture Practices in Mitigating CCs
4.3.1.1 Conservation Agriculture
4.3.1.2 Agroforestry
4.3.1.3 Precision Agriculture
4.3.1.4 Organic Farming
4.3.1.5 Water Management
4.3.1.6 Livestock Management
4.3.2 Significance of Sustainable Agriculture in Mitigating CC in Indian Subcontinent
4.3.2.1 GHG Emissions
4.3.2.2 Carbon Sequestration
4.3.2.3 Climate Resilience
4.3.2.4 Water Conservation
4.3.2.5 Livelihoods and Food Security
4.3.3 Organic Farming, Agroforestry, and Precision Agriculture as Green Approaches
4.3.3.1 Organic Farming
4.3.3.2 Agroforestry
4.3.3.3 Precision Agriculture
4.3.4 Benefits and Challenges of Adopting Sustainable Agriculture Practices
4.3.4.1 Knowledge and Awareness Gap
4.3.4.2 Financial Constraints
4.3.4.3 Policy and Institutional Support
4.3.4.4 Market Access and Demand
4.3.4.5 Social and Cultural Factors
4.4 Forest Conservation and Reforestation in CC Mitigation
4.4.1 Role of Forests in Carbon Sequestration and Biodiversity Conservation
4.4.2 Focuses on Forest Conservation, Afforestation, and Reforestation in Indian Subcontinent
4.4.2.1 Green India Mission (GIM)
4.4.2.2 National Afforestation Program (NAP)
4.4.2.3 Joint Forest Management (JFM)
4.4.2.4 Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority
(CAMPA)
4.4.2.5 Aranyaani
4.5 Waste Management and Circular Economy as Green Approach
4.5.1 Waste-to-Energy Projects, Recycling Initiatives, and Sustainable Waste Management Practices in Indian Subcontinent
4.5.1.1 Waste-to-Energy Projects
4.5.1.2 Recycling Initiatives
4.5.1.3 Sustainable Waste Management Practices
4.6 Green Transportation and Green Urban Planning
4.6.1 Role of Green Transportation and Green Urban Planning in CC and Air Pollution
4.6.2 Green Transportation Initiatives, Including Electric Vehicles and Improved Public Transportation and Urban Planning in Indian Subcontinent
4.6.2.1 Electric Vehicles (EVs)
4.6.2.2 Improved Public Transportation: Metro Rail Systems
4.6.2.3 Urban Planning
4.7 Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience
4.7.1 Need for Adaptation Strategies in the Indian Subcontinent
4.8 Policies and Governance in Promoting Green Approaches in Indian Subcontinent
4.8.1 National Action Plan on Climate change (NAPCC)
4.8.2 Renewable Energy Policies
4.8.3 Energy Efficiency Initiatives
4.8.4 Waste Management Policies
4.9 Importance of Stakeholder Collaboration and International Cooperation in India in CC Mitigation Through Green Approach
4.9.1 Knowledge Sharing
4.9.2 Resource Mobilization
4.9.3 Policy Development and Implementation
4.9.4 Technology Transfer
4.9.5 Capacity Building
4.10 Challenges and Opportunities Faced in Implementing Green Approaches in the Indian Subcontinent
4.11 Conclusion
4.11.1 GHG Emission Reduction
4.11.2 Climate Adaptation
4.11.3 Natural Resource Conservation
4.11.4 Socio-Economic Benefits
4.11.5 Global Leadership and Collaboration
References
5. Management of Environmental Pollution: Hyperaccumulator Plants, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), and Biochar in Heavy Metal Remediation
Tareq A. Madouh and Merlin K. Davidson
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Heavy Metals and Environmental Pollution
5.2.1 Heavy Metals and Soil Pollution
5.2.2 Heavy Metals and Water Pollution
5.2.3 Heavy Metals and Air Pollution
5.3 Impact of Heavy Metals
5.3.1 Heavy Metals on Plant Growth
5.3.2 Heavy Metals on Animal Growth
5.3.3 Heavy Metal Toxicity of Aquatic Biota
5.3.4 Heavy Metal Toxicity of Human Beings
5.4 Remediation Measures
5.5 Phytoremediation
5.5.1 Plant Heavy Metal Toxicity and Their Survival Mechanisms
5.5.2 Hyperaccumulator Plant Species
5.5.2.1 Classification of Hyperaccumulator Plants
5.5.2.2 Hyperaccumulator Plant Characteristics
5.5.3 Mechanisms of Bioremediation
5.5.3.1 Phytoextraction
5.5.3.2 Phytodegradation
5.5.3.3 Rhizodegradation
5.5.3.4 Rhizofiltration
5.5.3.5 Phytovolatilization
5.5.3.6 Phytostabilization
5.6 AMF in Heavy Metal Remediation
5.6.1 Phytoremediation with AMF
5.6.2 Mutualistic Symbiosis of AMF in Rhizosphere
5.6.2.1 Bioalleivator
5.6.2.2 Biofertilizers
5.6.3 AMF-Induced Heavy Metal Detoxification
5.7 Biochar in Heavy Metal Remediation
5.7.1 Biochar
5.7.2 Organic Residues for Biochar Fabrication
5.7.3 Biochar Attributes
5.7.3.1 Physiochemical Properties of Biochar
5.7.3.2 Biological Properties of Biochar
5.7.4 Nutrient Content of Biochar
5.7.5 Merits of Biochar Supplementation to Soil
5.7.6 Biochar in Environmental Management
5.7.6.1 Biochar–Heavy Metal Interaction
5.7.6.2 Bio-Phytoremediation With Biochar
5.7.7 Biochar Attributes in Affecting Heavy Metal Toxicity
5.7.7.1 Physicochemical Properties of the Contaminated Soil
5.7.7.2 Physicochemical Attributes of Biochar
5.7.7.3 Biochar Application Modes
5.8 Mechanisms of Biochar-AMF–Aided Phytoremediation
5.9 Future Prospects and Research Needs
5.10 Conclusion
References
6. Global Climate Change and Ecosystem Services: An Indian Perspective
Niladri Sekhar Mondal and Apurba Ratan Ghosh
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Understanding Ecosystem Services and Their Importance
6.3 Consequences of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services
6.3.1 Effects on Supporting Services
6.3.1.1 Water Recycling
6.3.1.2 Biomass Production and Carbon Sequestration
6.3.1.3 Nutrient Cycling and Soil Formation
6.3.2 Effects on Provisioning Services
6.3.2.1 Agricultural Productivity
6.3.2.2 Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
6.3.2.3 Forest Resources
6.3.2.4 Livestock and Grazing Resources
6.3.2.5 Energy Resources
6.3.3 Effects on Regulating Services
6.3.3.1 Climate Regulation
6.3.3.2 Disease Regulation
6.3.3.3 Flood Control and Water Regulation
6.3.3.4 Air Quality Regulation
6.3.3.5 Coastal Protection
6.3.4 Effects on Cultural Services
6.3.4.1 Tourism and Aesthetic Values
6.3.4.2 Cultural Heritage
6.3.4.3 Spiritual and Religious Connections
6.3.4.4 Ecotourism and Sustainable Practices
6.4 Policy, Governance, and Future Pathways
6.5 Conclusion
References
7. Mensurational Assessment of Partial, Total Tree, and Stand Mortality of Mangrove Dieback Amidst Climate Change in The Gambia, West Africa
Gordon N. Ajonina and J-Hude E. Moudingo
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Operational Definition of Dieback
7.3 Material and Methods
7.3.1 Biodiversity
7.3.2 Conservation and Restoration Efforts
7.3.3 Integrated Approach to the Dieback Study
7.3.4 Survey of Mangrove Sites and Sampling Strategy
7.3.5 Measurement Protocols
7.3.5.1 Measurement of Tree and Stand Parameters for Forest Structure Following Dieback
7.3.5.2 Tree Diameter Measurements
7.3.5.3 Tree Height Measurements
7.3.5.4 Root, Sapling, and Seedling Inventory
7.3.6 Statistical Data Analysis
7.4 Findings
7.4.1 Situation of Dieback in Study Areas
7.4.1.1 Overview of Vegetation Profile and Structure in Affected and Healthy Sites
7.5 Conclusions
7.6 Management of Mangrove Ecosystem Against Dieback and Future Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
8. Heavy Metal Pollution and Environmental Sustainability: Issues, Challenges, and Bioremediation Strategies
Sudeshna Mitra, Prosanta Saha and Debnath Palit
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Heavy Metal Pollution and Global Sustainability
8.1.2 Metals Considered as “Heavy” Types
8.1.3 Sources of HMs in Environment
8.1.3.1 Lithogenic Sources (Natural Sources)
8.1.3.2 Anthropogenic Sources (Manmade Sources)
8.2 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Heavy Metals
8.3 Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals
8.3.1 Mechanism of Physical Remediation
8.3.1.1 Reverse Osmosis
8.3.1.2 Filtration
8.3.1.3 Electrodialysis
8.3.2 Mechanism of Chemical Remediation
8.3.2.1 Ion Exchange
8.3.2.2 Adsorption
8.3.2.3 Chemical Precipitation
8.3.3 Bioremediation
8.3.3.1 Mechanism of Bioremediation
8.4 Recent Advances and Future Prospects in Heavy Metal Remediation
8.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metals by Biofilms
8.4.2 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Biosurfactants
8.4.3 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Nanoparticles
8.4.4 Genetic Engineering in Heavy Metal Bioremediation
8.4.5 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Biosensors
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Innovative Techniques for Soil and Water Conservation
Maghchiche Abdelhak
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Importance of Soil and Water Conservation
9.2.1 Traditional Soil and Water Conservation Methods
9.2.2 Need for Innovative Techniques
9.3 Emerging Technologies in Soil and Water Conservation
9.3.1 Holistic Climate-Resilient Land, Soil, and Water Management Technologies and Practices
9.3.2 Water-Efficient Technology
9.3.3 AI-Driven Management
9.3.4 Remote Sensing Technology
9.3.5 Atmospheric Water Irrigation System
9.3.6 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
9.3.7 Rainwater Collection Systems
9.3.8 Precision Farming
9.3.9 Conservation Tillage
9.4 Innovative Techniques for Soil Conservation
9.4.1 Polymers and Biopolymers for Soil Conservation
9.4.1.1 Biopolymer-Based Soil Treatment (BPST)
9.4.1.2 Environmentally Friendly Soil Binders
9.4.1.3 Cross-Linked Polymer Soil Stabilizer
9.4.1.4 Polyacrylamide (PAM) and Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)
9.4.1.5 Leather Waste-Derived Fertilizers
9.5 Nanotechnology for Soil and Water Conservation
9.5.1 Water Purification
9.5.2 Soil Remediation
9.5.2.1 Nanomaterials and Soil Stabilization
9.5.2.2 Enhancing Plant Growth with Nanoparticles
9.5.2.3 Soil Erosion Control
9.6 Innovative Techniques for Water Conservation
9.6.1 Rainwater Storage and Reuse
9.6.2 Precision Irrigation Technologies
9.6.3 Water-Saving Technology
9.6.4 Digital Water Management
9.6.5 Nanomaterials for Water Treatment
9.6.6 Desalination
9.6.7 Wastewater Processing
9.6.8 Advanced Filtration
9.6.9 Improved Sensors
9.6.9.1 Soil Moisture Sensors
9.6.9.2 Remote Sensing Technology
9.6.9.3 Wireless Sensors
9.6.9.4 Integration with Decision Support Systems
9.6.10 Satellite Telemetry
9.7 Challenges and Opportunities in Adopting Innovative Techniques for Water and Soil Conservation
9.7.1 Challenges in Adopting Innovative Techniques
9.7.1.1 Traditional Mindset and Resistance to Change
9.7.1.2 Skills and Training Shortage
9.7.1.3 Expense and Investment
9.7.1.4 Time and Resources for Acquiring and Implementing New Tools
9.7.1.5 Adapting to Swift Technological Progress
9.7.2 Opportunities for Adopting Innovative Techniques
9.7.2.1 Enhanced Efficiency
9.7.2.2 Increased Productivity
9.7.2.3 Cost Reduction
9.7.2.4 Competitive Advantage
9.7.2.5 Enhanced Efficiency and Productivity
9.7.2.6 Advanced Resource Management
9.7.2.7 Enhanced Data Collection and Analysis
9.7.2.8 Collaborative Knowledge Sharing
9.7.2.9 Addressing Societal Challenges
9.8 Conclusion
9.9 Future Outlook for Innovative Water and Soil Conservation
References
10. “Green Technology”—Efficient Solution Toward Environmental Management in 21st Century
Sangeeta Banerjee and Debnath Palit
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 General Aims and Objectives of Green Technology
10.1.2 Necessity of Green Technology for Environmental Management
10.1.3 Nexus Between Green Technology, Climate Change, and Global Sustainability
10.1.3.1 Green Technology and Climate Change
10.1.3.2 Green Technology and Ecosystem Management
10.1.3.3 Green Technology and Global Sustainability
10.2 Application of Green Technology in Different Sectors
10.2.1 Energy
10.2.1.1 Renewable Energy Sources
10.2.1.2 Energy-Efficient Technology
10.2.2 Agriculture
10.2.3 Waste Management and Recycling
10.2.4 Building and Construction
10.2.5 Vertical Gardens and Farms
10.2.6 Transportation
10.2.7 Emission Treatment
10.2.8 Water Treatment
10.2.9 Air Purification
10.2.10 Healthcare
10.2.11 Food and Its Processing
10.3 Challenges in Adopting Green Technology
10.4 Government Initiative in Green Technology
10.5 Some Green Companies in India
10.6 Conclusion
10.7 Future Perspective of Green Technology Toward Environmental Management
References
11. Navigating Sustainability and Ecosystem Management Through a Systemic Lens: Core Principles
Leonid Melnyk, Inna Koblianska, Iryna Dehtyarova and Oleksandr Kubatko
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Prerequisites for the Shift Toward Sustainability: A Historical and Resource-Energy Perspective
11.3 Natural and Societal Underpinnings of Sustainability
11.4 Systemic Basics of Natural and Social Object Functioning
11.5 Sustainable Development and Ecosystem Management Through the Prism of System Principles
11.6 Contours of Sustainable Economy
11.7 Key Pathways for Advancing Sustainable Economy
11.8 Principles of Natural and Social Systems’ Sustainable Development
11.9 Ecosystems’ Contributions to Maintaining Equilibrium in a Sustainable Economy
11.10 Mechanisms of Sustainability Transformation
11.11 Conclusions
References
12. A Vulnerability Study on Groundwater Arsenic Exposures and Possible Sustainable Management Options
Alok Chandra Samal, Piyal Bhattacharya, Anusaya Mallick, Manoj Kumar Kar and Subhas Chandra Santra
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Toxicity of Arsenic
12.3 Origin and Mobility of Arsenic in the Environment
12.4 Arsenic in Soil and Crops
12.4.1 Arsenic in Soil
12.4.2 Arsenic in Crops and Vegetables
12.5 Epidemiology of Chronic Arsenicosis
12.6 Arsenic Flow in Ecosystems
12.7 Arsenic-Induced Health Risks Through Dietary Pathway
12.8 Strategic Management of Arsenic Contamination
12.8.1 Arsenic Transport and Control Mechanism
12.8.2 Arsenic Removal Technology Options
12.9 Biological Techniques for Removal of Arsenic
12.9.1 Phytoremediation of Arsenic Through Hyperaccumulation Plants
12.10 Water Resource Management for Minimization of Arsenic Contamination
12.10.1 Watershed Management
12.10.2 Irrigation Planning for Agricultural Practice
12.11 Conclusions
12.12 Future Research and Development Toward Management of Groundwater Contamination of Arsenic
References
13. Lessons Learned From Six Landscape Restoration Initiatives in Cameroon with Focus on the Species Selection and Women’s Involvement
Hermann Taedoumg and Francois Manga Essouma
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Site and Project Selection
13.3 Data Collection Device
13.4 General Characterization
13.5 Species Choice
13.6 Key Aspects and Lessons Learned
13.6.1 Specific Lessons Learned From REPARAC/IRAD (RI1)
13.6.2 Specific Lessons From “Un Parisien, un arbre” (RI2)
13.6.3 Specific Lessons From “Dimako Communal Forestry” (RI3)
13.6.4 Specific Lessons From “Sahel Vert Reforestation Operation” (RI4)
13.6.5 Specific Lessons From “PRODEBALT” (RI5)
13.6.6 Specific Lessons From “Water, Soil, and Trees (ESA)” (RI6)
13.7 Conclusions Recommendations and Future Perspectives
13.7.1 Conclusions
13.7.2 Recommendations
13.7.3 Future Perspective of Landscape Restoration
References
14. Micropollutants in Environment: Sources, Ecotoxicity, and Strategies for Remediation
Abhratanu Ganguly, Sayantani Nanda, Kanchana Das, Siddhartha Ghanty, Gopal Biswas, Moutushi Mandi, Sagarika Mukherjee, Manas Paramanik and Prem Rajak
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Environmental Pollution as a Decade-Old Concern
14.3 Micropollutants in the Environment and Their Sources
14.3.1 Fertilizers and Pesticides
14.3.2 Textile Dyes
14.3.3 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
14.3.4 Particulate Matters
14.3.5 Microplastics
14.3.6 Heavy Metals
14.3.7 Distribution of Micropllutants on Global and Indian Perspective
14.4 Ecotoxicity of Micropollutants
14.4.1 Impacts on Invertebrates
14.4.2 Impacts on Fish
14.4.3 Impacts on Amphibians and Reptiles
14.4.4 Impacts on Birds
14.4.5 Impacts on Mammals and Humans
14.5 Molecular Mechanism of Toxicity
14.6 Remedial Approaches
14.6.1 Bioremediation
14.6.2 Physico-Chemical Remediation
14.7 Future Research and Development on Micropollutants for Sustainable Ecosystem Management
14.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15. Acid Mine Drainage: A Silent Threat to Environmental Health and Its Journey Toward Sustainable Management
Sagarika Mukherjee, Manas Paramanik, Sudip Paramanik, Suman Dasmodak, Prem Rajak and Abhratanu Ganguly
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Understanding the Genesis and Characteristics of AMD
15.3 Scenario of AMD in Globe and Indian Subcontinent
15.4 Impacts of AMD
15.4.1 Impact on Economy
15.4.2 Impact on Environment and Life Forms
15.4.3 Impact on Human Health
15.5 Prevention of AMD
15.5.1 Controlling AMD Formation
15.5.2 Controlling AMD Migration
15.6 Remediation from AMD
15.7 Sustainable Mining Practices
15.7.1 Reuse of Resources
15.7.1.1 Conventional Membrane Methods
15.7.1.2 Alternative Membrane Methods
15.7.2 Resource Recovery
15.8 Conclusion
15.9 Future Researches and Development in AMD
References
16. Bio-Collage Mode of Plantation for Increase in Green Cover to Manage Ecosystem and Environment
Subhra Bandopadhyay and Debnath Palit
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Background
16.3 Objective
16.3.1 Deforestation
16.3.2 Global Warming
16.3.3 Habitat Destruction
16.3.4 Urbanization
16.4 Practices of Plantation
16.4.1 Ancient Practices of Plantation
16.4.2 Social Forestry and Afforestation Practices
16.4.3 Extant Method of Plantation Including Afforestation
16.5 Recast Modality of Plantation
16.5.1 Category 1 (“Add-On” Initiative)
16.5.2 Category 2 (“In-Pair” Initiative)
16.5.3 Category 3 (“Fabric” Initiative)
16.6 Elaboration of Suitable Plant Types
16.6.1 Shade Trees as Found Planted on the Sides of Road Corridors
16.6.2 Edible Fruit Plants as Found Planted Scatteredly or on Isolated Places as well as on the Road Side
16.6.3 Ornamental Plants Usually Found as Avenue Trees in Most Cities/Towns for Showy Flowers or Appreciable Shapes of the Plant
16.6.4 Trees Found Wild or Selectively Planted
16.6.5 Low-Height or Shrubby Plants Beautifying the Median Strip of National Highways and State Highways
16.7 Statutory Precaution
16.8 Future Directive
16.8.1 Innovative Greening Approach for Bio-Decorative Nature and Ecosystem Management
16.8.2 Innovative Greening Approach for Bio-Decorative Nature Toward Combatting Environmental Pollution and Climate Change
16.8.3 Innovative Greening Approach for Bio-Decorative Nature Toward Environmental Sustainability
16.9 Conclusion
References
17. The Impact of Unsustainable Development and Climate Change on Agriculture and Forestry in Nigeria: Predictions, Solutions, and Management
Aroloye O. Numbere, Keayiabarido Jude, Sobomate B. Chuku, Miracle C. Uzoma, Chinedu Obanye, Peace Ohia, Udi Emoyoma and Ibiene W. Dick-Abbey
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Unsustainable Development: The Nigeria Perspective
17.3 Fisheries and Vegetation Resources in Nigeria
17.3.1 Sustainable Fisheries Management
17.4 Climate Change Scenario in Nigeria
17.4.1 Wetland, Agriculture, Forest, and Land Resources
17.4.2 Sand Land Characteristics
17.5 Impacts of Climate Change on Coastal and Land Resources
17.5.1 Impact on Wetlands
17.5.2 Impact of Climate Change on Coastal and Land Resources
17.6 Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Natural Resources
17.6.1 Anthropogenic Activities
17.6.2 Natural Resources
17.6.3 Impact on Water Bodies
17.6.4 Impact on Air
17.6.5 Impact on Land and Soil
17.6.6 Impact on Biodiversity
17.7 Environmental Management of Natural Resources
17.8 Solutions to Present and Future Climate Change Predictions
17.8.1 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
17.8.2 Decarbonizing Transportation
17.8.3 Reforestation and Afforestation
17.8.4 Renewable Energy in Buildings
17.8.5 Methane and Other Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Emission Reduction
17.8.5.1 Methane (CH4)
17.8.5.2 Other Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs)
17.9 Policy Decision and Regulation/Legal Framework
17.10 Conclusion and Recommendations
17.11 Future Perspective
References
18. Monitoring Water Quality to Support Sustainable Development: A Case Study From a Small Tropical Mountain River System, Southwest of Kerala, India
Shabna Sherin, K.S. Arunkumar and Sreechitra Suresh
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Data and Methodology
18.2.1 Study Area
18.2.2 Materials and Methods
18.3 Results and Discussion
18.3.1 Piper Diagram
18.3.2 Gibbs Diagram
18.3.3 Comparison Graphs of HCO3 Versus Ca + Mg, Total Cations Versus Na + K, and Total Cations Versus Ca + Mg
18.3.4 Correlation Matrix
18.3.5 Water Quality Assessments
18.3.5.1 Drinking Water Quality
18.3.5.2 Irrigation Water Quality
18.4 Conclusion
18.5 Future Perspective of Water Quality Monitoring and Environmental Sustainability
Acknowledgment
References
19. Wetland Management Through Integrated Fish Farming: An Institutional Case Study
Saurabh Sarkar, Sukhendu Roy Aparnita Nandi Roy, Ankit Kumar Bhagat, Hemanta Mukhopadhyay and Uday Chand Mete
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Wetlands and Their Importance
19.1.2 Necessity for Wetland Management
19.1.3 Integrated Fish Farming Scenario Across the Globe and Indian Subcontinent
19.2 Wetland/Water Body
19.2.1 Study Area
19.3 Aquaculture Research and Training Unit
19.3.1 Establishment of Aquaculture Research and Training Unit
19.3.2 Objective of Aquaculture Research and Training Unit
19.3.2.1 Education for the Students
19.3.2.2 Research
19.3.2.3 Training Program
19.3.2.4 Entrepreneurship
19.4 Management of Water Body
19.4.1 Pisciculture
19.4.1.1 Pond Preparation
19.4.1.2 Fish Varieties
19.4.1.3 Release of Fingerling
19.4.1.4 Inspection and Sampling
19.4.1.5 Feeding and Rearing
19.4.1.6 Capture of Adult Fishes and Other Aquatic Animals
19.4.1.7 Marketing
19.4.1.8 Education and Training
19.4.2 Larvicidal Fish Culture Hub
19.4.2.1 Pond Preparation
19.4.2.2 Fish Varieties
19.4.2.3 Release of Larvicidal Fishes
19.4.2.4 Rearing/Culture of Larvicidal Fishes
19.4.2.5 Dengue/Mosquito-Borne Disease Prevention
19.4.2.6 Community Service
19.4.3 Sustainable Development
19.4.3.1 Wastewater Management via Phytoremediation
19.4.3.2 Ecosystem Conservation
19.4.3.3 Conservation of Natural Habitat
19.5 Future Plans
19.5.1 Integrated Poultry and Pearl Culture
19.5.2 Larvicidal Fish Marketing, Aquarium Establishment, Ornamental, as well as Training
19.5.3 Medicinal Plant Garden
19.5.4 Butterfly Conservation Center
19.5.5 Establishment of Biodiversity Park
19.6 Future Research and Development in Integrated Fish Farming and Wetland Management
19.7 Conclusion
References
20. Millet-Based Food Adoption for Environmental Sustainability and Nutritional Security
Anusaya Mallick, Kumar Rajnish, Kausik Mondal, Rasmani Hazra and Alok Chandra Samal
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Origin of Millets
20.3 Global Distribution and Production of Millets
20.4 Distribution of Millet Cultivation in India
20.5 Millets with Their Nutritional Value
20.5.1 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
20.5.2 Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum)
20.5.3 Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana)
20.5.4 Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica)
20.5.5 Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum)
20.5.6 Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum)
20.5.7 Little Millet (Panicum miliare)
20.5.8 Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa crusgalli)
20.5.9 Browntop Millet (Brachiaria ramose)
20.6 Millet Cultivation Toward Environmental Resilience and Agricultural Sustainability
20.7 Health Benefits of Millet
20.8 Effect of Millet Consumption on Gut Microbiome
20.9 Constraints of Millet Production
20.10 Millet-Based Value-Added Products
20.10.1 Food Products
20.10.2 Millet as Bio-Fuel
20.10.3 Millet as Fodder
20.10.4 Millet as Beverages
20.11 Millet as the Staple Food for Tribal Community
20.12 Millet Movement Under Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) Program
20.13 Conclusion
20.14 Future Research and Development in Sustainable Millet Production and Environmental Sustainability
References
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