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Sustainable Nanomaterials for Treatment and Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Suvardhan Kanchi and Gan G. Redhi
Copyright: 2025   |   Expected Pub Date:2025/01/30
ISBN: 9781394200016  |  Hardcover  |  
462 pages

One Line Description
The book focuses on the design and novel synthetic routes of sustainable nanomaterials in diagnosing and treating infectious diseases offering potential benefits in terms of efficiency, biocompatibility, and environmental impact.

Audience
The book targets nanotechnology researchers, scientists, and healthcare professionals interested in understanding nanotechnology’s critical role in sustainable healthcare solutions.

Description
The fifteen chapters in this book provide a comprehensive exploration of how sustainable nanotechnology can revolutionize infectious disease management and bridge the gap between the fundamental principles of nanotechnology and their practical applications in combating infectious diseases. Subjects covered include: the rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the limitations of existing therapies; the challenges of infectious disease management including the rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the limitations of existing therapies; nano-pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics in the treatment of infectious diseases; the advancements in nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems, vaccines, and diagnostic tools, and the future of personalized medicine; nanotheranostic mechanisms outlining how nanomaterials can be engineered to simultaneously diagnose and treat infections; nano drug delivery systems that contribute to enhancing the efficacy and precision of treatment modalities; biocompatibility and toxicity of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases; regulatory perspectives of nanomaterials ensuring they meet safety and efficacy standards; green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide, carbon dots, and its composites for infectious diseases and biosurfactants; nanomaterials of polymeric design underscoring their potential to create more effective and sustainable therapeutic options; how nanomaterials can be engineered to simultaneously diagnose and treat infections.

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Author / Editor Details
Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, PhD, is an associate in the Department of Chemistry, Aditya College of Engineering, Andhra Pradesh, India. His primary research interests span the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors for various pharmaceutical drugs, the green synthesis of nanoparticles, separation techniques, and the synthesis of ionic-functionalized nanocomposites. He has authored more than 30 research articles.

Suvardhan Kanchi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India. He is dedicated to the field of chemistry, with a particular focus on nanoelectrochemistry and separation sciences.

Gan G. Redhi, PhD, is Professor Emeritus and former head of the Chemistry Department at Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa. He has published more than 100 research papers in peer-reviewed journals and his main research interests are in physical and electroanalytical chemistry.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Introduction of Sustainable Nanotechnology and Its Potentiality
Sandeep Yadav, Prashant Singh, Pallavi Jain, Kamlesh Kumari, Bakusele Kabane, Lebogang Maureen Katata-Seru and Indra Bahadur
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Principles of Sustainable Nanotechnology
1.2.1 Reduction of Hazardous Substances
1.2.2 Green and Sustainable Synthesis and Processes
1.2.3 Resource Efficiency and Waste Reduction
1.2.4 Life Cycle Assignment and Eco-Design
1.2.5 Social Responsibility and Ethical Considerations
1.3 Applications of Sustainable Nanotechnology
1.3.1 Energy Generation and Storage
1.3.2 Water Treatment and Environmental Remediation
1.3.3 Food Safety and Agriculture
1.3.4 Healthcare and Medical Applications
1.3.4.1 Drug Delivery
1.3.4.2 Imaging
1.3.4.3 Diagnostics
1.4 Conclusion
References
2. A Review on Infectious Disease Management and Their Challenges
Dasari Sravani
2.1 Infectious Diseases
2.2 Types of Infectious Illnesses
2.3 Epidemics Diseases in 19th Century
2.4 Disease Epidemics in the 20th Century
2.5 Epidemics Diseases in 21st Century
2.6 Vaccination for Humans
2.7 Results and Discussion
2.8 Challenges Faced by People Due to Sudden Microbial Outbreaks
2.9 Recommendations for the Global Community
2.10 Measures for Prevention of Infectious Diseases Threats
2.11 Authors Contributions
2.12 Acknowledgements
2.13 Conclusions
References
3. Challenges in Infectious Disease Management
Aishwarya Rathore, Sheelu Sharma and Manu Sharma
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Challenges Faced to Control Infectious Disease
3.3 Global Warming and Its Impact on the Management of Infectious Diseases
3.4 Antibiotic Resistance
3.5 Demographic Shift and Aging Population
3.6 Modern Food Technology as a Threat
3.7 Key to Overcome the Challenges
3.8 Conclusion
References
4. Nanopharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics
Sulochana G., Rajeshkumar S. and Prabhu Manickam Natarajan
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Method of Synthesis
4.2.1 Physical Synthesis
4.2.2 Biological Methods
4.2.3 Chemical Methods
4.3 Different Classes of Nanoparticles
4.3.1 Organic Nanoparticles
4.3.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles
4.3.2.1 Metal-Based Nanoparticles
4.3.2.2 Metal Oxide–Based Nanoparticles
4.4 Fundamental Concepts of Pharmacology
4.4.1 Pharmacokinetics
4.4.2 Pharmacodynamics
4.4.3 Pharmacogenomics
4.5 Route of Administration
4.5.1 Enteral Administration
4.5.2 Paternal Administration
4.6 Interaction Within the Body Pharmacotherapeutic of the Nanoparticles
4.6.1 Mechanism of Action
4.6.1.1 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
4.6.1.2 Antimicrobial Activity
4.6.1.3 Antioxidant Activity
4.7 Potential Drug Delivery System
4.8 Toxicity of Nanoparticles
4.8.1 Silver Nanoparticles
4.8.2 Gold Nanoparticles
4.8.3 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
4.8.4 Silica Nanoparticles
4.9 Conclusion
References
5. Vaccines, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infectious Diseases
K. Ganesh Kadiyala, Kommuru Goutham, Naresh Kumar Katari and Yamini Vanipenta
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Contemporary Methods for Combating Infectious Disease
5.3 Focusing and Implementing Specialized Assistance for Infection Control
5.4 Prominence of Prompt Discrepancy Diagnosis in Infection Control
5.4.1 Significant Infectious Diseases Discoursed in this Chapter
5.4.1.1 Bacterial Infections
5.4.1.2 Mechanism of Bacterial Disease
5.4.1.3 Types of Bacterial Infections
5.4.1.4 Common Bacterial Infections
5.4.1.5 Treatment Options for a Bacterial Infection
5.4.2 Viral Infections
5.4.2.1 Mechanism of Diseases Caused by Viruses
5.4.2.2 Symptoms of a Viral Infection
5.4.2.3 Causes of Viral Infection
5.4.2.4 Types of Viral Infections
5.4.2.5 Respiratory Infections
5.4.2.6 Viral Infections in Your Digestive System
5.4.2.7 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
5.4.2.8 Sexually Transmitted Viruses
5.4.2.9 Exanthematous Viral Infections
5.4.2.10 Neurological Infections
5.4.2.11 Congenital Viral Infections
5.4.2.12 Common Viruses
5.4.2.13 Treatment Options for a Viral Infection
5.4.3 Fungal Infections
5.4.3.1 Common Fungal Infections: Candidiasis
5.4.3.2 Cryptococcosis
5.4.3.3 Aspergillosis
5.4.3.4 Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)
5.4.3.5 Histoplasmosis
5.4.3.6 Blastomycosis
5.4.3.7 Pneumocystis Pneumonia
5.4.3.8 Treatment Options for a Fungal Infection
5.4.4 Parasites
5.4.4.1 Treatment Options for a Parasitic Infection
5.4.4.2 Studying Infectious Diseases
5.5 The Immune System
5.5.1 White Blood Cells Circulate in the Blood and Lymphatic Vessels
5.5.2 How an Immune Response Works
5.5.3 Types of White Blood Cells
5.5.3.1 Phagocytes
5.5.3.2 Lymphocytes
5.5.3.3 The Role of B Lymphocytes
5.5.3.4 The Role of T Lymphocytes
5.5.3.5 The Role of Natural Killer Cells
5.5.4 Immunity
5.5.4.1 Innate Immunity
5.5.4.2 Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity
5.5.4.3 Passive Immunity
5.5.5 Vaccines
5.5.6 Types of Vaccines
5.5.7 Working Mechanism of Vaccines
5.6 Conclusion
References
6. Society Strategies in Infectious Diseases
Anirudh Pratap Singh Raman, Prashant Singh, Pallavi Jain, Kamlesh Kumari, Bakusele Kabane and Indra Bahadur
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Combating Emerging Infections of COVID-19—Strategies and Response Capacities
6.2.1 Chikungunya Fever
6.3 Candida albicans
6.4 Black Fungus
6.5 Typhoid
6.6 Tuberculosis (TB)
6.7 Conclusion
References
7. Nanotheranostic Mechanism against Infectious Diseases
Tharani M. and Rajeshkumar S.
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nanomaterials as an Emerging Promising Tool
7.3 Nanotheranostics
7.4 Infectious Diseases
7.4.1 Bacterial Infectious Diseases
7.4.2 Viral Infectious Diseases
7.4.3 Tropical Infectious Diseases
7.5 Drug Delivery Challenges in Infectious Diseases
7.5.1 Antimicrobial Resistance
7.5.2 Proposed Conventional Treatments
7.6 Nanotheranostic Applications for Treating Infectious Diseases
7.7 Diagnostic Imaging Contrast Agents
7.8 Advantages of Nanotheranostics for Infectious Diseases
7.8.1 Gold Nanoparticles
7.8.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
7.8.3 Quantum Dots
7.8.4 Carbon Nanotubes
7.8.5 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
7.8.6 Polymeric Nanoparticles
7.9 Challenges and Limitations of Nanotheranostics
7.9.1 Nanoparticle Toxicity
7.9.2 Stability and Shelf-Life
7.9.3 Delivery
7.9.4 Regulatory Challenges
7.9.5 Cost-Effectiveness
7.10 Conclusion
References
8. Trends in Nano Drug Delivery System for Infectious Diseases
Rutuja Shah, Sameer Nadaf, Durgacharan Bhagwat and Shailendra Gurav
8.1 Background of Infectious Diseases
8.2 Current Treatments for Infectious Diseases
8.2.1 Use of Different Antibiotic Agents
8.2.2 Treatment of Highly Infectious Disease (HID)
8.2.3 Use of Antimicrobial Drugs
8.2.4 Use of Vaccines
8.2.5 Use of Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)
8.3 Drawbacks of Current Treatments
8.4 Nanotechnology
8.5 Application of Nanotechnology in Treating Infectious Diseases
8.5.1 Liposomes
8.5.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
8.5.3 Implant Coating with Nano-Silver
8.5.4 Polymeric NPs
8.5.4.1 Different Methods for Preparation of Polymeric NPs
8.5.4.2 Applications
8.5.5 Nano Vaccines
8.5.6 Inorganic NPs
8.5.6.1 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
8.5.6.2 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
8.5.6.3 Other Inorganic NPs
8.6 Future Prospects and Challenges
8.7 Conclusion
References
9. Sustainable Nanotechnology and Multidrug Resistance toward the Pathogens of Infectious Diseases
Eswara Rao Puppala and Vaskuri G. S. Sainaga Jyothi
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Causes and Concerns of MDR
9.3 Mechanism of MDR in Pathogens
9.3.1 Efflux of Antibiotics or Decreased Permeability
9.3.2 Modification of the Target of Antibiotics
9.3.3 Modification and Inactivation of Antibiotics
9.3.4 Alteration of Metabolic Pathway
9.3.5 Persister Cells
9.3.6 Biofilm Formation
9.4 Nanomaterials Exhibiting Antimicrobial Properties
9.5 Nanocarrier-Based Approach to Combat MDR
9.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
10. Trends in Development of Multidrug Resistance Toward to the Pathogens of Infectious Diseases by Sustainable Nanotechnology
Mridula Sreedharan, Sushma Narayanan, Sabu Thomas, Yves Grohens and Nandakumar Kalarikkal
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Current Threats in Clinics due to Multidrug Resistance
10.3 Mechanism of Drug Resistance in Bacteria
10.4 Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Action
10.5 Properties of Nanoparticles which Effect Bacterial Growth
10.5.1 Shape
10.5.2 Size
10.5.3 Concentration
10.5.4 Stability
10.6 Commonly Utilized Metal Nanoparticles
10.7 Nanoparticles as Carriers of Antibiotics
10.8 Novel Nano Drug Delivery Systems
10.8.1 Liposome-Based Antibiotic Delivery
10.8.2 Solid Lipid Nanocarriers (SLNs)
10.9 Challenges and Future Prospects in Using Nanoparticles as Antimicrobials
Acknowledgment
References
11. Exploration of Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases
Puvvada Nagaprasad, Basavaiah Chandu and Pravas Kumar Panigrahi
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Organic Nanoparticles
11.2.1 Liposomes
11.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
11.2.3 Micelles
11.2.4 Dendrimers
11.2.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
11.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles
11.3.1 Gold NPs
11.3.2 Silver NPs
11.3.3 Iron NPs
11.3.4 Other Metallic Nanoparticles
11.3.5 Quantum Dots
11.4 Sustained Systemic Delivery of Anti-Infectives
11.4.1 Local Delivery
11.4.2 Vaginal Drug Delivery
11.5 Nanomaterials Role in Infection Diseases
11.5.1 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
11.5.2 Hepatitis C Virus
11.5.3 Influenza
11.5.4 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
11.5.5 Human Papillomavirus
11.5.6 Malaria
11.5.7 Tuberculosis (TB)
11.5.8 Inflammatory Arthritis
11.6 Treatment for Arthritis Inflammation
11.7 Other Viruses
11.8 Nanovaccines
11.9 Nanoparticles Biodegradation and Elimination
11.10 Toxicity
11.11 Limitations of Nanoparticles as Therapeutics
Acknowledgment
References
12. Regulatory Perspectives of Nanomaterials in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Infectious Dental Diseases
Harmesh Lal Chouhan, Sakshi Joshi, Shikha Dogra, Rini Chacko, Parika Vaid and Arunima Guru
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Nanoparticles Used in Dentistry
12.2.1 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
12.2.2 Hydroxyapatite (HAp)
12.2.3 Iron Oxide
12.2.4 Zirconia
12.2.5 Silica
12.2.6 Titanium Oxide (TiO2)
12.2.7 Silver Nanoparticle (AgNP)
12.2.8 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
12.2.9 Copper Oxide (CuO)
12.2.10 Gold Nanoparticle
12.3 Nanotechnology Used for Diagnosis
12.3.1 Atomic Force Microscopy and Oral Biofilms
12.3.2 Imaging Contrast Enhancers and Oral Cancers
12.3.3 Biochips and Salivary Biomarkers
12.4 Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases
12.4.1 Dental Caries Management
12.4.2 Periodontal Treatment
12.4.3 Endodontic Management
12.4.4 Prosthodontic Treatment
12.4.5 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD)
12.4.6 Oral Herpes
12.5 Conclusion
References
13. Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide, Carbon Dots, and Its Composites for Infectious Diseases
Gangaraju Gedda, Ganesh Gollavelli and Sarojani Kommoju
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites
13.3 Antibacterial Activity
13.4 Green Synthesis of Carbon Dots
13.5 Antibacterial Activity of CDs
13.6 Antifungal Activity of CDs
13.7 Antiviral Activity of CDs
13.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
14. Biosurfactants: Production Methods, Properties and Their Applications in Food Industry
Manu Sharma, Aishwarya Rathore, Sheelu Sharma, Veera Sadhu and Kakarla Raghava Reddy
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Classification of Biosurfactants
14.3 Method of Production of Biosurfactants from Microorganisms
14.4 Mechanism of Action
14.5 Economics in Production of Biosurfactants
14.6 Use of Yeast Over Bacteria
14.7 Properties of Biosurfactants Used in the Food Industry
14.8 Application of Biosurfactant in the Food Industry
14.9 Conclusions
References
15. Nanomaterials of Polymeric Design for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases
K. Ganesh Kadiyala, Kommuru Goutham, Naresh Kumar Katari and Yamini Vanipenta
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Malaria
15.2.1 Transmission
15.2.2 Common Symptoms
15.2.3 Current Treatment Methods
15.2.4 Polymeric Nanomaterials as Antimalarial
15.3 Tuberculosis
15.3.1 Transmission
15.3.2 Symptoms
15.3.3 Current Treatment Methods
15.3.4 Polymeric Nanomaterials to Treat Tuberculosis
15.4 Cholera
15.4.1 Transmission
15.4.2 Common Symptoms
15.4.3 Current Treatment Methods
15.4.4 Treatment of Cholera with Polymeric Nanomaterials
15.5 Polymeric Nanomaterial to Treat Pulmonary Infections
15.6 Nanoparticles Coated with Polymers to Treat Urinary Tract Infections
15.7 HIV
15.7.1 Transmission
15.7.2 Common Symptoms
15.7.3 Current Treatment Methods
15.7.4 Nanomaterials Coated with Polymers Used as Antiretroviral Drugs
15.8 Hepatitis B
15.8.1 Transmission
15.8.2 Common Symptoms
15.8.3 Existing Treatment Methods
15.8.4 Nanomaterials Used Against Hepatitis B
15.9 COVID-19
15.9.1 Transmission
15.9.2 Common Symptoms
15.9.3 Current Treatment Methods
15.9.4 Nanomaterials Coated with Polymers Against COVID-19
15.10 Zika Virus
15.10.1 Transmission
15.10.2 Common Symptoms
15.10.3 Present Methods of Treatment
15.10.4 Nanomaterials Coated with Polymers Against Zika Virus
15.11 Influenza
15.11.1 Transmission
15.11.2 Common Symptoms
15.11.3 Existing Treatment Methods
15.11.4 Nanomaterials Coated with Polymers Against Influenza
15.12 Polymeric Nanoparticles for Neuro-Infections
15.13 Conclusion and Future Trends
References
Index

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