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Submit a ProposalNano-Biosensor Technologies for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
 | Edited by Suvardhan Kanchi, Ayyappa Bathinapatla, Anitha Varghese, Phumlane Selby Mdluli
Copyright: 2025 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394287666 | Hardcover | 508 pages |
One Line Description
The book offers a thorough exploration of revolutionary nano-biosensor
technologies that enables rapid, accurate detection of infectious dis
Audience
Biomedical engineers, material chemists, researchers, students, policymakers, and healthcare professionals interested in integrating nanomaterials in infectious disease care
Biomedical engineers, material chemists, researchers, students, policymakers, and healthcare professionals interested in integrating nanomaterials in infectious disease care
Description
Nano-Biosensor Technologies for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases delves into the cutting-edge developments in nano-biosensor technology, a transformative innovation for the field of medical diagnostics. Nano-biosensors integrate nanomaterials like nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanotubes with biological recognition elements such as antibodies, nucleic acids, or enzymes to create highly sensitive and specific detection systems. These sensors exploit unique properties of nanomaterials to detect minute quantities of pathogens or biomarkers with remarkable accuracy, enabling early diagnosis and monitoring of infectious diseases. The integration of electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric detection mechanisms further enhances the versatility and efficiency of these nano-biosensors, allowing for rapid, real-time analysis that is crucial for effective disease management.
In the context of infectious diseases, nano-biosensors become particularly significant, as they can facilitate point-of-care testing (POCT), offering rapid and portable diagnostic solutions. This capability is invaluable in resource-limited settings and during outbreaks where traditional laboratory infrastructure may be lacking. The COVID-19 pandemic underscores the importance of swift and accurate diagnostic tools, spurring accelerated innovation and commercialization efforts in this domain. Nano-biosensors are now being developed and deployed to detect a wide range of pathogens with high sensitivity, providing a powerful tool in the global fight against infectious diseases. Nano-Biosensor Technologies for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases provides a comprehensive overview of these technological advancements, exploring their applications, challenges, and future directions in the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases.
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Nano-Biosensor Technologies for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases delves into the cutting-edge developments in nano-biosensor technology, a transformative innovation for the field of medical diagnostics. Nano-biosensors integrate nanomaterials like nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanotubes with biological recognition elements such as antibodies, nucleic acids, or enzymes to create highly sensitive and specific detection systems. These sensors exploit unique properties of nanomaterials to detect minute quantities of pathogens or biomarkers with remarkable accuracy, enabling early diagnosis and monitoring of infectious diseases. The integration of electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric detection mechanisms further enhances the versatility and efficiency of these nano-biosensors, allowing for rapid, real-time analysis that is crucial for effective disease management.
In the context of infectious diseases, nano-biosensors become particularly significant, as they can facilitate point-of-care testing (POCT), offering rapid and portable diagnostic solutions. This capability is invaluable in resource-limited settings and during outbreaks where traditional laboratory infrastructure may be lacking. The COVID-19 pandemic underscores the importance of swift and accurate diagnostic tools, spurring accelerated innovation and commercialization efforts in this domain. Nano-biosensors are now being developed and deployed to detect a wide range of pathogens with high sensitivity, providing a powerful tool in the global fight against infectious diseases. Nano-Biosensor Technologies for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases provides a comprehensive overview of these technological advancements, exploring their applications, challenges, and future directions in the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases.
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Author / Editor Details
Suvardhan Kanchi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at Christ University, India, with over ten years of experience in teaching and research and development. He has published eight patents and over 150 papers in national and international journals and has participated in several international conferences. His research interests include smart materials, nanodiagnostics, nanoelectrochemistry, and green nanotechnology.
Suvardhan Kanchi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at Christ University, India, with over ten years of experience in teaching and research and development. He has published eight patents and over 150 papers in national and international journals and has participated in several international conferences. His research interests include smart materials, nanodiagnostics, nanoelectrochemistry, and green nanotechnology.
Ayyappa Bathinapatla, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry at CMR Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India. He has published over 20 articles in national and international journals, two book chapters, and six patents in addition to attending and presenting at international conferences. His research interests include engineering chemistry, electrochemical biosensors, and nanomaterials for energy and environmental applications.
Anitha Varghese, PhD, is a professor and the Head of the Department of Chemistry, Christ University, Bangalore, India. She has published over 150 articles in national and international journals and seven patents, co-edited one book, and presented at over 40 international conferences. Her main research focus is on the development of electrochemical sensors, electrorganic synthesis, electrocatalytic oxidation reactions, electrochemical synthesis, and characterization of novel mono/bimetallic nanocluster electrocatalysts.
Phumlane Selby Mdluli, PhD, is a Head of the Health Platform at Mintek and a National Research Foundation C2-rated researcher with over 15 years of industry and teaching experience. He was trained at Diagnostic Consultation and Biodot in California to develop and commercialize in vitro diagnostic devices. He has published 70 publications in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters. At Mintek, his role involves the development of rapid diagnostic assays and supervising postgraduate students in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Biosensor Technology: Basic Principles, Fundamentals, and History
Mariyam Thomas, Mathew George, Derry Holaday M. G. and P. J. Jandas
1.1 Introduction
References
2. Design and Synthesis of Novel Nanomaterials Emphasizing Infectious Diseases
Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Antifungal Therapy
2.3 Cutting-Edge Advances in Tailoring the Size, Shape, and Functionality of Nanoparticles and Nanostructures
2.4 Gold Silver Nanoparticle to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogen
2.5 Mechanism of Gold Silver Nanoparticle to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogen
2.6 MXenes and Borophene Nanomaterials: Highly Efficient Sensor Activity and Energy Storage Properties
2.7 Immunomodulatory Nanosystems
2.8 Lateral Flow Assays (LFAs)
2.9 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)
2.10 Microfluidic Devices: For Detecting Disease-Specific Proteins
2.11 Comprehensive Overview of Nanomaterials in the Context of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
2.12 Graphene Oxide (GO): A Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterial
Conclusion
Future Prospect
Acknowledgement
Authors’ Contributions
References
3. Role of Nanomaterials in the Development of Nanobiosensors for Infectious Diseases
Ayyappa Bathinapatla, Ravikumar Mulpuri, Aseena Azeez and Suvardhan Kanchi
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Classifying SARS-CoV-2
3.1.2 Morphology and Genome Structure of SARS-CoV-2
3.1.3 Characteristics of Nanomaterials in the Development of Nanobiosensors
3.1.4 Current Conventional Methods Used in SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostics
3.2 Designing Biosensor for SARS-CoV-2
3.2.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
3.2.2 POC Devices
3.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
4. Nanobiosensors: Versatile Tool for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nanobiosensors as Promising Devices for the Diagnosis of Coronavirus Family Members
4.3 Nanobiosensors for Plant Analysis
4.4 Three-Way Junctions Skeleton of Biosensor
4.5 The SpACE-CCM: Biosensor for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-ACE2 Interaction
4.6 Wearable Biosensor Nano and Microsystems Have Emerged as Innovative Solutions for Medical Diagnostics
4.7 Biosensors are Analytical Devices
4.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
Authors’ Contributions
References
5. Trends in the Development of Immunosensors for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin, Eli José Miranda Ribeiro Júnior, Sam Phinehas Gnana Sekar, Rosa Fireman Dutra and Geanne Matos de Andrade
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Biosensors
5.1.2 Immunosensing Components or Bioreceptors
5.1.3 Strategies Towards Immobilization of Antibodies
5.1.4 Biotransducer Component
5.2 Immunosensors
5.2.1 Recent Advances in Immunosensor-Based Virus Detection
5.2.2 Electrochemical Immunosensor
5.3 Optical Immunosensor
5.3.1 Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
5.3.2 Surface Plasma Resonance Sensor (SPR)
5.4 Nanomaterials Immunosensor
5.5 Paper-Based Immunosensors
5.6 Viral Infectious Diseases
5.6.1 COVID-19
5.6.2 Dengue
5.6.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
5.6.4 Hepatitis
5.6.5 Zika
5.6.6 Alphavirus-Chikungunya
5.6.7 Influenza
5.7 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
6. Electrochemical Nanobiosensors Approaches for Rapid Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Tahmina Foyez and Abu Bin Imran
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Conventional Methods for the Determination of Infectious Pathogens
6.3 Building Blocks of Biosensor
6.3.1 Transduction Elements
6.3.2 Biorecognition Elements
6.3.3 Biosensing and Surface Immobility
6.4 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors
6.4.1 Potentiometric Biosensors
6.4.2 Amperometric Biosensors
6.4.3 Conductometric Biosensors
6.4.4 Impedimetric Biosensors
6.4.5 Voltammetric Biosensors
6.5 Impact of Nanomaterials on Biosensor Performance
6.6 Noble Metal Nanomaterials
6.6.1 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
6.6.2 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPS)
6.6.3 Palladium Nanoparticles (PdNPs)
6.6.4 Platinum Nanoparticles (PtNPs)
6.7 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
6.7.1 Cerium Oxide Nanomaterials
6.7.2 Copper Oxide Nanomaterials
6.7.3 Magnetic Nanomaterials
6.8 Carbon Nanomaterials
6.8.1 CNTs
6.8.2 Graphene
6.9 Polymer Nanomaterials
6.9.1 Dendrimers
6.9.2 CPs
6.9.3 MIPs
6.10 Bionanomaterials
6.10.1 Aptamers
6.10.2 DNA Nanostructures
6.11 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgement
References
7. Enzymatic Nanobiosensor Strategies to Contain the Spread of Infectious Diseases
Soumendu Patra, Harshita Shand, Swarnab Dutta, Rittick Mondal and Suvankar Ghorai
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Components of Enzymatic Biosensor
7.3 Enzymatic Nanobiosensors for Pathogen Detection
7.4 Nanozymes
7.5 Future Aspects
References
8. Development of Optical Nanosensors for the Detection of Infectious Diseases
Ndivhuwo Shumbula, Nosipho Moloto, Phumlane Mdluli and Mbuso Mlambo
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview of Biosensor
8.3 Introduction to Optical Nanosensors
8.3.1 Types of Optical Nanosensors—Towards Detection of Infectious Diseases
8.3.1.1 SERS-Based Nanosensors
8.3.1.2 SPR and LSPR-Based Nanosensors
8.3.1.3 Colorimetric Nanosensors
8.3.1.4 Fluorescence Nanosensors
8.4 Remarks
8.4.1 Advantages of Nanosensors for Infectious Disease Detection
8.4.2 Drawbacks of Nanosensors for Infectious Disease Detection
8.4.3 Recent Breakthroughs in Nanosensor-Based Disease Detection
8.4.4 Gaps in Nanosensor-Based Disease Detection
References
9. Aptasensors: Selective and Powerful Tools for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis
Seele, P. P., Van der Walt, H., Sibuyi, N.R.S. and Maserumule, M.C.
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Aptamers as Selective and Powerful Tools for Diagnostics
9.2.1 Architecture of RNA and DNA Aptamer Molecules
9.2.2 Adaptive Conformational Change
9.2.3 Impact of the Electrode Surface on Aptamer Conformation
9.2.4 Impact of Nucleotide Sequence, Ionic Strength, Temperature, and pH on Functionality of Aptasensors
9.3 Synthesis of Aptamers
9.3.1 Types of SELEX Methodologies
9.3.1.1 Isolation-Based Techniques
9.3.1.2 PCR Modification-Based Techniques
9.3.1.3 SELEX Process Modification Techniques
9.3.1.4 Aptamer Modifications-Based Techniques
9.4 Application of Aptasensors in PoC Diagnostics
9.4.1 Colorimetric Aptasensors
9.5 Aptasensors Impact on Infectious Disease Diagnosis
9.5.1 Aptasensors for PoC (Vs. Other Clinical Methods of Diagnosis)
9.5.2 Aptasensors Versus Immunosensors
9.5.3 Aptasensors Used in Infectious Disease Diagnosis: The Research Versus Commercial Picture
9.5.4 Aptasensors in the Commercialization Pipeline
9.5.5 Potential Impact
9.6 Drawbacks and Potential Future Work
9.7 Conclusions
References
10. Nanobiosensors: A Platform for the Diagnosis of Microbial Pathogens
Ranjita Misra and Naomi Sanjana Sharath
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Microbial Pathogens
10.2.1 Bacteria
10.2.2 Fungi
10.2.3 Parasites
10.3 Diseases Caused by Pathogens
10.3.1 Viruses
10.3.2 Bacteria
10.3.3 Fungi
10.3.4 Parasites
10.4 Importance of Pathogen Detection or Disease Diagnosis
10.5 Biosensors
10.5.1 Optical-Based Biosensors
10.5.2 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors
10.5.3 Thermal Biosensors
10.5.4 Mass-Based Biosensors
10.6 Nanobiosensors as Diagnostic Platform
10.7 Stabilization of Biomolecules with Nanoparticles
10.7.1 Catalysis of Reactions with Nanoparticles
10.7.2 Improving Electron Transfer with Nanoparticles
10.7.3 Nanoparticles Used in Labelling of Biomolecules
10.7.4 Nanoparticles as Reactants
10.7.5 Nanomaterials for the Development of Biosensors
10.7.5.1 Quantum Dots
10.7.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes
10.7.5.3 Graphene
10.7.5.4 Silicon-Based Nanomaterials
10.8 Types of Nanoparticles Used in Biosensor Development
10.8.1 Metal Nanoparticles
10.8.2 Gold Nanoparticles
10.8.3 Silver Nanoparticles
10.8.4 Other Metal Nanoparticles
10.9 Challenges and Future Prospects
Conclusion
References
11. Micro/Nanofluidics-Integrated Biosensors for Respiratory Viral Diseases Diagnosis
Aiswarya Chandrasekaran and G.H.R. Eranga Karunaratne
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Common Respiratory Viruses and Their Detection Components
11.3 Biosensors
11.4 Fluidic Technology
11.4.1 Microfluidics
11.4.1.1 Types of Microfluidic Devices
11.4.2 Nanofluidics
11.5 Applications of Micro/Nanofluidic-Based Biosensors in Respiratory Virus Detection
11.6 Advantages of Micro/Nanofluidic Diagnosis Tools Over the Other Diagnostic Methods
11.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
12. Nanobiosensor System: A Robust Analytical Tool for Pandemics
Mohammad Harun-Ur-Rashid, Israt Jahan and Abu Bin Imran
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Nanobiosensors for Global Pandemics
12.2.1 Rapid Pathogen Detection and Identification
12.2.2 POC Diagnostics
12.2.3 Multiplexed Detection
12.2.4 Real-Time Monitoring
12.2.5 Integration With Digital Technologies
12.2.6 Environmental Monitoring
12.2.7 Vaccine and Treatment Development
12.2.8 Surveillance and Outbreak Prediction
12.3 Nanobiosensors for COVID-19
12.4 Nanobiosensors for Influenza
12.5 Nanobiosensors for MERS
12.6 Nanobiosensors for HIV/AIDS
12.7 Nanobiosensors for Other Human Viruses
12.8 Selection and Optimization of Nanomaterials for Nanobiosensors
12.9 Current Challenges and Prospective Solutions
12.10 Conclusion
References
13. Biosensing Technologies to Improve Neurological Disease Management
Poojith Nuthalapati, Arjun Singh, Brinda Niravkumar Desai, Preeti Reddy Yendapalli, Reethika Gongireddy, Karan Singh, Bhaswanth Bollu and Dheeraj K. Pinninty
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Trends, Challenges, and the Disease Burden
13.3 CNS Diseases
13.4 Utility of Neurobiosensors
13.5 The Technology Behind Biosensor Development
13.5.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
13.5.2 Optical Biosensors
13.5.3 Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)
13.5.4 Biosensors Based on Fluorescence
13.5.5 Microelectrode Arrays
13.6 Clinical Applications
13.7 Conclusion
References
14. Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Improvement of Disease Diagnostic Systems for Future Outbreaks
Busiswa Dyan, Tintswalo N. Mgwenya, Kamogelo S. Setlolamathe, Phumlane S. Mdluli and Nicole R.S. Sibuyi
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Infectious Disease Outbreaks
14.2.1 Significant Epidemics and Pandemics Across the Globe
14.3 Pandemic-Potential Priority Diseases for Future Outbreaks
14.4 Combating Infectious Diseases Through Diagnostics
14.4.1 Clinical Methods for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
14.4.2 LFAs for PoC Diagnostics (PoCD)
14.5 Nanotechnology in Diagnostics
14.5.1 Rapid AuNPs-Based Diagnostics
14.5.1.1 AuNPs-Based LFAs
14.5.1.2 AuNPs-Based In-Solution Assays
14.6 Conclusion
References
15. Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Nanomaterials in the Designing of Tools for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Manju Manuel
15.1 Introduction
15.2 An Overview of Nanomaterials in Infectious Disease Diagnosis
15.2.1 Bacteria-Targeting Nanomaterials
15.2.2 Nanotechnology in Clinical Infectious Diseases
15.2.3 Nanomaterial Vaccines
15.3 Biocompatibility Assessment
15.4 Mechanism of Nanoparticles in the Infectious Disease Diagnosis
15.4.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Formation
15.4.2 Interaction With Surface-Exposed Groups
15.4.3 Penetration Into the Cell
15.5 In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation Methods of Biocompatibility Analysis
15.6 Toxicity of Nanomaterials
15.6.1 Particle Size and Surface Area
15.6.2 Chemical Composition
15.6.3 Shape and Crystallinity
15.6.4 Dose
15.6.5 Exposure Routes
15.7 The Environmental and Health Hazards Caused by Nanoparticles
15.8 The Tools Developed for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
15.8.1 Nanosensors
15.8.2 Drug Delivery System
15.8.3 Biosensors
15.8.4 Biomedical Imaging Tools
15.8.5 In Vitro Diagnostic Platform
15.9 Conclusion
References
16. Strengthening the Health System of the Communities in the Battle Against Infectious Diseases
Dinoy Mathew, Anu P. Mathew, Bobby Simon and Ancy Joseph
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Primary Healthcare
16.2.1 Health Information System
16.2.2 Education and Awareness
16.2.3 Vaccination
16.2.4 Preventive Mechanism
16.2.5 Surveillance
16.2.6 Networking and Collaboration
16.3 Impact of COVID-19 on Infectious Diseases and Health Systems
16.4 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Biosensor Technology: Basic Principles, Fundamentals, and History
Mariyam Thomas, Mathew George, Derry Holaday M. G. and P. J. Jandas
1.1 Introduction
References
2. Design and Synthesis of Novel Nanomaterials Emphasizing Infectious Diseases
Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Antifungal Therapy
2.3 Cutting-Edge Advances in Tailoring the Size, Shape, and Functionality of Nanoparticles and Nanostructures
2.4 Gold Silver Nanoparticle to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogen
2.5 Mechanism of Gold Silver Nanoparticle to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogen
2.6 MXenes and Borophene Nanomaterials: Highly Efficient Sensor Activity and Energy Storage Properties
2.7 Immunomodulatory Nanosystems
2.8 Lateral Flow Assays (LFAs)
2.9 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)
2.10 Microfluidic Devices: For Detecting Disease-Specific Proteins
2.11 Comprehensive Overview of Nanomaterials in the Context of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
2.12 Graphene Oxide (GO): A Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterial
Conclusion
Future Prospect
Acknowledgement
Authors’ Contributions
References
3. Role of Nanomaterials in the Development of Nanobiosensors for Infectious Diseases
Ayyappa Bathinapatla, Ravikumar Mulpuri, Aseena Azeez and Suvardhan Kanchi
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Classifying SARS-CoV-2
3.1.2 Morphology and Genome Structure of SARS-CoV-2
3.1.3 Characteristics of Nanomaterials in the Development of Nanobiosensors
3.1.4 Current Conventional Methods Used in SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostics
3.2 Designing Biosensor for SARS-CoV-2
3.2.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
3.2.2 POC Devices
3.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
4. Nanobiosensors: Versatile Tool for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nanobiosensors as Promising Devices for the Diagnosis of Coronavirus Family Members
4.3 Nanobiosensors for Plant Analysis
4.4 Three-Way Junctions Skeleton of Biosensor
4.5 The SpACE-CCM: Biosensor for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-ACE2 Interaction
4.6 Wearable Biosensor Nano and Microsystems Have Emerged as Innovative Solutions for Medical Diagnostics
4.7 Biosensors are Analytical Devices
4.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
Authors’ Contributions
References
5. Trends in the Development of Immunosensors for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin, Eli José Miranda Ribeiro Júnior, Sam Phinehas Gnana Sekar, Rosa Fireman Dutra and Geanne Matos de Andrade
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Biosensors
5.1.2 Immunosensing Components or Bioreceptors
5.1.3 Strategies Towards Immobilization of Antibodies
5.1.4 Biotransducer Component
5.2 Immunosensors
5.2.1 Recent Advances in Immunosensor-Based Virus Detection
5.2.2 Electrochemical Immunosensor
5.3 Optical Immunosensor
5.3.1 Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
5.3.2 Surface Plasma Resonance Sensor (SPR)
5.4 Nanomaterials Immunosensor
5.5 Paper-Based Immunosensors
5.6 Viral Infectious Diseases
5.6.1 COVID-19
5.6.2 Dengue
5.6.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
5.6.4 Hepatitis
5.6.5 Zika
5.6.6 Alphavirus-Chikungunya
5.6.7 Influenza
5.7 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
6. Electrochemical Nanobiosensors Approaches for Rapid Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Tahmina Foyez and Abu Bin Imran
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Conventional Methods for the Determination of Infectious Pathogens
6.3 Building Blocks of Biosensor
6.3.1 Transduction Elements
6.3.2 Biorecognition Elements
6.3.3 Biosensing and Surface Immobility
6.4 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors
6.4.1 Potentiometric Biosensors
6.4.2 Amperometric Biosensors
6.4.3 Conductometric Biosensors
6.4.4 Impedimetric Biosensors
6.4.5 Voltammetric Biosensors
6.5 Impact of Nanomaterials on Biosensor Performance
6.6 Noble Metal Nanomaterials
6.6.1 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
6.6.2 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPS)
6.6.3 Palladium Nanoparticles (PdNPs)
6.6.4 Platinum Nanoparticles (PtNPs)
6.7 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
6.7.1 Cerium Oxide Nanomaterials
6.7.2 Copper Oxide Nanomaterials
6.7.3 Magnetic Nanomaterials
6.8 Carbon Nanomaterials
6.8.1 CNTs
6.8.2 Graphene
6.9 Polymer Nanomaterials
6.9.1 Dendrimers
6.9.2 CPs
6.9.3 MIPs
6.10 Bionanomaterials
6.10.1 Aptamers
6.10.2 DNA Nanostructures
6.11 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgement
References
7. Enzymatic Nanobiosensor Strategies to Contain the Spread of Infectious Diseases
Soumendu Patra, Harshita Shand, Swarnab Dutta, Rittick Mondal and Suvankar Ghorai
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Components of Enzymatic Biosensor
7.3 Enzymatic Nanobiosensors for Pathogen Detection
7.4 Nanozymes
7.5 Future Aspects
References
8. Development of Optical Nanosensors for the Detection of Infectious Diseases
Ndivhuwo Shumbula, Nosipho Moloto, Phumlane Mdluli and Mbuso Mlambo
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview of Biosensor
8.3 Introduction to Optical Nanosensors
8.3.1 Types of Optical Nanosensors—Towards Detection of Infectious Diseases
8.3.1.1 SERS-Based Nanosensors
8.3.1.2 SPR and LSPR-Based Nanosensors
8.3.1.3 Colorimetric Nanosensors
8.3.1.4 Fluorescence Nanosensors
8.4 Remarks
8.4.1 Advantages of Nanosensors for Infectious Disease Detection
8.4.2 Drawbacks of Nanosensors for Infectious Disease Detection
8.4.3 Recent Breakthroughs in Nanosensor-Based Disease Detection
8.4.4 Gaps in Nanosensor-Based Disease Detection
References
9. Aptasensors: Selective and Powerful Tools for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis
Seele, P. P., Van der Walt, H., Sibuyi, N.R.S. and Maserumule, M.C.
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Aptamers as Selective and Powerful Tools for Diagnostics
9.2.1 Architecture of RNA and DNA Aptamer Molecules
9.2.2 Adaptive Conformational Change
9.2.3 Impact of the Electrode Surface on Aptamer Conformation
9.2.4 Impact of Nucleotide Sequence, Ionic Strength, Temperature, and pH on Functionality of Aptasensors
9.3 Synthesis of Aptamers
9.3.1 Types of SELEX Methodologies
9.3.1.1 Isolation-Based Techniques
9.3.1.2 PCR Modification-Based Techniques
9.3.1.3 SELEX Process Modification Techniques
9.3.1.4 Aptamer Modifications-Based Techniques
9.4 Application of Aptasensors in PoC Diagnostics
9.4.1 Colorimetric Aptasensors
9.5 Aptasensors Impact on Infectious Disease Diagnosis
9.5.1 Aptasensors for PoC (Vs. Other Clinical Methods of Diagnosis)
9.5.2 Aptasensors Versus Immunosensors
9.5.3 Aptasensors Used in Infectious Disease Diagnosis: The Research Versus Commercial Picture
9.5.4 Aptasensors in the Commercialization Pipeline
9.5.5 Potential Impact
9.6 Drawbacks and Potential Future Work
9.7 Conclusions
References
10. Nanobiosensors: A Platform for the Diagnosis of Microbial Pathogens
Ranjita Misra and Naomi Sanjana Sharath
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Microbial Pathogens
10.2.1 Bacteria
10.2.2 Fungi
10.2.3 Parasites
10.3 Diseases Caused by Pathogens
10.3.1 Viruses
10.3.2 Bacteria
10.3.3 Fungi
10.3.4 Parasites
10.4 Importance of Pathogen Detection or Disease Diagnosis
10.5 Biosensors
10.5.1 Optical-Based Biosensors
10.5.2 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors
10.5.3 Thermal Biosensors
10.5.4 Mass-Based Biosensors
10.6 Nanobiosensors as Diagnostic Platform
10.7 Stabilization of Biomolecules with Nanoparticles
10.7.1 Catalysis of Reactions with Nanoparticles
10.7.2 Improving Electron Transfer with Nanoparticles
10.7.3 Nanoparticles Used in Labelling of Biomolecules
10.7.4 Nanoparticles as Reactants
10.7.5 Nanomaterials for the Development of Biosensors
10.7.5.1 Quantum Dots
10.7.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes
10.7.5.3 Graphene
10.7.5.4 Silicon-Based Nanomaterials
10.8 Types of Nanoparticles Used in Biosensor Development
10.8.1 Metal Nanoparticles
10.8.2 Gold Nanoparticles
10.8.3 Silver Nanoparticles
10.8.4 Other Metal Nanoparticles
10.9 Challenges and Future Prospects
Conclusion
References
11. Micro/Nanofluidics-Integrated Biosensors for Respiratory Viral Diseases Diagnosis
Aiswarya Chandrasekaran and G.H.R. Eranga Karunaratne
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Common Respiratory Viruses and Their Detection Components
11.3 Biosensors
11.4 Fluidic Technology
11.4.1 Microfluidics
11.4.1.1 Types of Microfluidic Devices
11.4.2 Nanofluidics
11.5 Applications of Micro/Nanofluidic-Based Biosensors in Respiratory Virus Detection
11.6 Advantages of Micro/Nanofluidic Diagnosis Tools Over the Other Diagnostic Methods
11.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
12. Nanobiosensor System: A Robust Analytical Tool for Pandemics
Mohammad Harun-Ur-Rashid, Israt Jahan and Abu Bin Imran
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Nanobiosensors for Global Pandemics
12.2.1 Rapid Pathogen Detection and Identification
12.2.2 POC Diagnostics
12.2.3 Multiplexed Detection
12.2.4 Real-Time Monitoring
12.2.5 Integration With Digital Technologies
12.2.6 Environmental Monitoring
12.2.7 Vaccine and Treatment Development
12.2.8 Surveillance and Outbreak Prediction
12.3 Nanobiosensors for COVID-19
12.4 Nanobiosensors for Influenza
12.5 Nanobiosensors for MERS
12.6 Nanobiosensors for HIV/AIDS
12.7 Nanobiosensors for Other Human Viruses
12.8 Selection and Optimization of Nanomaterials for Nanobiosensors
12.9 Current Challenges and Prospective Solutions
12.10 Conclusion
References
13. Biosensing Technologies to Improve Neurological Disease Management
Poojith Nuthalapati, Arjun Singh, Brinda Niravkumar Desai, Preeti Reddy Yendapalli, Reethika Gongireddy, Karan Singh, Bhaswanth Bollu and Dheeraj K. Pinninty
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Trends, Challenges, and the Disease Burden
13.3 CNS Diseases
13.4 Utility of Neurobiosensors
13.5 The Technology Behind Biosensor Development
13.5.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
13.5.2 Optical Biosensors
13.5.3 Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)
13.5.4 Biosensors Based on Fluorescence
13.5.5 Microelectrode Arrays
13.6 Clinical Applications
13.7 Conclusion
References
14. Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Improvement of Disease Diagnostic Systems for Future Outbreaks
Busiswa Dyan, Tintswalo N. Mgwenya, Kamogelo S. Setlolamathe, Phumlane S. Mdluli and Nicole R.S. Sibuyi
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Infectious Disease Outbreaks
14.2.1 Significant Epidemics and Pandemics Across the Globe
14.3 Pandemic-Potential Priority Diseases for Future Outbreaks
14.4 Combating Infectious Diseases Through Diagnostics
14.4.1 Clinical Methods for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
14.4.2 LFAs for PoC Diagnostics (PoCD)
14.5 Nanotechnology in Diagnostics
14.5.1 Rapid AuNPs-Based Diagnostics
14.5.1.1 AuNPs-Based LFAs
14.5.1.2 AuNPs-Based In-Solution Assays
14.6 Conclusion
References
15. Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Nanomaterials in the Designing of Tools for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Manju Manuel
15.1 Introduction
15.2 An Overview of Nanomaterials in Infectious Disease Diagnosis
15.2.1 Bacteria-Targeting Nanomaterials
15.2.2 Nanotechnology in Clinical Infectious Diseases
15.2.3 Nanomaterial Vaccines
15.3 Biocompatibility Assessment
15.4 Mechanism of Nanoparticles in the Infectious Disease Diagnosis
15.4.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Formation
15.4.2 Interaction With Surface-Exposed Groups
15.4.3 Penetration Into the Cell
15.5 In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation Methods of Biocompatibility Analysis
15.6 Toxicity of Nanomaterials
15.6.1 Particle Size and Surface Area
15.6.2 Chemical Composition
15.6.3 Shape and Crystallinity
15.6.4 Dose
15.6.5 Exposure Routes
15.7 The Environmental and Health Hazards Caused by Nanoparticles
15.8 The Tools Developed for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
15.8.1 Nanosensors
15.8.2 Drug Delivery System
15.8.3 Biosensors
15.8.4 Biomedical Imaging Tools
15.8.5 In Vitro Diagnostic Platform
15.9 Conclusion
References
16. Strengthening the Health System of the Communities in the Battle Against Infectious Diseases
Dinoy Mathew, Anu P. Mathew, Bobby Simon and Ancy Joseph
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Primary Healthcare
16.2.1 Health Information System
16.2.2 Education and Awareness
16.2.3 Vaccination
16.2.4 Preventive Mechanism
16.2.5 Surveillance
16.2.6 Networking and Collaboration
16.3 Impact of COVID-19 on Infectious Diseases and Health Systems
16.4 Conclusion
References
Index
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