Table of Contents
Preface
1. Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs): Technology, Applications, and Challenges
Tarun Kumar Vashishth, Vikas Sharma, Kewal Krishan Sharma, Bhupendra Kumar, Sachin Chaudhary and Shahanawaj Ahamad
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Overview of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
1.1.2 Historical Development and Evolution of UAS
1.1.3 Importance and Impact of UAS Technology
Organization of Chapter
1.2 UAS Fundamentals
1.2.1 UAS Components and Architecture
1.2.2 UAS Control and Navigation Systems
1.3 Literature Review
1.4 UAS Applications
1.4.1 Military and Defense Applications
1.4.2 Civil and Commercial Applications
1.4.3 Scientific and Research Applications
1.5 UAS Regulations and Challenges
1.5.1 Regulatory Framework for UAS Operations
1.5.1.1 National and International Regulations
1.5.1.2 Licensing and Certification Requirements
1.5.1.3 Airspace Integration and Traffic Management
1.5.2 Safety and Security Considerations
1.5.2.1 Collision Avoidance and Risk Mitigation
1.5.2.2 Cybersecurity and Data Protection
1.5.2.3 Emergency Procedures and Contingency Planning
1.5.3 Ethical and Legal Challenges
1.5.3.1 Privacy and Surveillance Concerns
1.5.3.2 Liability and Accountability Issues
1.5.3.3 Public Perception and Acceptance
1.5.3.4 UAS Performance Metrics
1.6 Technological Advancements and Future Trends
1.6.1 Emerging Technologies in UAS
1.6.1.1 AI and ML
1.6.1.2 Swarming and Cooperative Systems
1.6.1.3 Extended Flight Endurance and Range
1.6.2 Integration of UAS with Other Technologies
1.6.2.1 IoT and Sensor Networks
1.6.2.2 5G and Communication Infrastructure
1.6.2.3 Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)
1.6.3 Future Applications and Impacts of UAS
1.6.3.1 Urban Air Mobility and Air Taxi Services
1.6.3.2 Medical Delivery and Emergency Response
1.6.3.3 Space Exploration and Planetary Science
1.7 Conclusion
1.7.1 Summary of UAS Technology and Applications
1.7.2 Key Challenges and Opportunities in the UAS Industry
1.7.3 Prospects for Future Development and Adoption of UAS
1.8 Future Scope
References
2. Enhancing the Effectiveness of Drones to Monitor Mars Surface Exploration: A Study
Harneet Kour, Sachin Kumar Gupta, Shachi Mall, Radha Raman Chandan, Mohd Najim and Pankaj Jain
2.1 Introduction
2.2 UAVs’ Exploration on Earth’s Surface
2.2.1 Surveillance
2.2.2 Mapping and Cartography
2.2.3 Environmental Monitoring
2.2.4 Infrastructure Inspection
2.2.5 Agriculture and Crop Monitoring
2.3 UAVs’ Exploration on Mars’ Surface
2.4 In-Depth Analysis of UAVs for Mission Planning and Safety: A Martian Body
2.4.1 Mars Environment and Challenges
2.4.2 Design Considerations for Martian UAVs
2.4.3 Development
2.5 Modeling and Simulation of Martian UAVs
2.5.1 Path Planning and Navigation
2.5.2 Image Processing and Data Analysis
2.5.3 Communication and Data Transmission
2.6 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
3. IoT-Enabled UAV: A Comprehensive Review of Technological Change in Indian Farming
Rahul Joshi and Krishna Pandey
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Indian Perspective on Drone Technology
3.2 Utilization of Drones in Agricultural Practices
3.3 Types of Drones and Sensors
3.3.1 Drones Based on Design
3.3.2 Drones Based on Weight
3.3.3 Drones Based on Sensors
3.4 Agricultural Drone Industry in India
3.4.1 An Overview of India’s Farming Drone Business
3.4.2 Major Organizations in India’s Agricultural Drone Industry
3.5 Competitive Analysis of the Drone Market in the Agriculture Sector in India
3.5.1 Prominent International Stakeholders
3.5.2 Strategic Approach Used by Market Players
3.5.3 Newest Trends in the Indian Market
3.5.4 Barriers to Entry in the Indian Market
3.6 Revenue and Growth of the Indian Drone Market
3.6.1 Past Revenue Patterns and Future Growth Forecasts for the Drone Industry in the Farming Sector
3.6.2 Revenue-Growing Components
3.7 Successful Case Studies of Agriculture Drone in India
3.8 Regulatory Frameworks Impacting the Use of Drones in Agriculture
3.8.1 Directorate General of Civil Aviation Guidelines for Farming Drones
3.8.2 Restricted Zone for Drone Flying in India
3.9 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
4. Applications of AI in UAVs Using In-Flight Parameters
Yogesh Beeharry and Raviduth Ramful
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 UAV Technology
4.1.2 UAV Navigation Technology
4.1.2.1 Autonomous Navigation Systems
4.1.3 Artificial Intelligence for UAV Navigation
4.1.4 Regression-Based Predictive Models
4.1.4.1 Linear Regression
4.1.4.2 Regression Decision Tree
4.1.4.3 Ensemble of Regression Learners
4.1.4.4 Gaussian Process Regression
4.1.4.5 Kernel Regression
4.1.4.6 Regression Neural Network
4.1.4.7 Regression Support Vector Machine
4.2 Methodology
4.2.1 Existing Datasets for UAV Navigation
4.2.1.1 UAV Delivery Dataset
4.2.1.2 Hull Drone Indoor Navigation (HDIN) Dataset
4.2.1.3 UAVVAste Dataset
4.2.2 Selected Dataset
4.2.3 System Model
4.3 Results for Instantaneous Power versus Wind Speed
4.3.1 Linear Regression Model
4.3.2 Regression Decision Tree Model
4.3.3 Ensemble of Regression Learners Model
4.3.4 Gaussian Process Regression Model
4.3.5 Kernel Regression Model
4.3.6 Regression Neural Network Model
4.3.7 Regression Support Vector Machine
4.4 Results for Instantaneous Power versus Wind Speed and Wind Angle
4.4.1 Linear Regression Model
4.4.2 Regression Decision Tree Model
4.4.3 Ensemble of Regression Learners Model
4.4.4 Gaussian Process Regression Model
4.4.5 Kernel Regression Model
4.4.6 Regression Neural Network Model
4.4.7 Regression Support Vector Machine Model
4.5 Comparative Analysis of Results
4.6 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
5. AVFD: Autonomous Vision-Based Fleet Management for Drone Delivery Optimization in E-Commerce
Vu Duy Trung, Phuong Anh Nguyen, Toh Yan Chi, Phung Thao Vi, Satyam Mishra and Le Anh Ngoc
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Literature Review
5.2.1 Overview of Drone Technology in E-Commerce
5.2.2 Current Challenges in Drone Fleet Management for Last-Mile Delivery
5.2.3 State-of-the-Art Machine Learning Algorithms for Drone Optimization
5.2.4 Previous Studies on Face-Tracking and Line-Follower Drones
5.3 Methodology
5.3.1 Research Design and Approach
5.3.2 Data Collection and Sources
5.3.3 Programming Process
5.3.4 Experimental Setup for Face-Tracking Drone Development
5.3.5 Experimental Setup for Line-Follower Drone Development
5.4 Results and Discussion
5.4.1 Performance Analysis of Face-Tracker Drone
5.4.2 Performance Analysis of Line-Follower Drone
5.4.3 Comparison with Existing Solutions
5.4.4 Interpretation of Findings
5.5 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
6. STEDSDR: Simulated Testing and Evaluation of Drone Surveillance for Disaster Response
Yan Chi Toh, Phuong Anh Nguyen, Satyam Mishra, Vu Duy Trung, Phung Thao Vi and Le Anh Ngoc
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Literature Review
6.3 Research Methodology
6.3.1 Research Design
6.3.2 Test Case Development
6.3.3 Drone Platform and Equipment
6.3.4 Surveillance and Mapping Software
6.3.5 Test Execution
6.3.6 Data Analysis
6.3.7 Ethical Considerations
6.3.8 Drone Surveillance
6.3.9 Drone Mapping
6.4 Data Collection and Analysis
6.4.1 Data Collection
6.4.2 Quantitative Analysis
6.4.3 Key Results
6.5 Results and Discussion
6.6 Conclusion, Recommendations, and Future Scope
References
7. Review on Assessment of Land Degradation in Watershed Using Geospatial Technique Based on Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Soumya Pandey, Neeta Kumari and Lovely Mallick
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Global Initiatives Towards Land Degradation
7.2 Processes of Land Degradation
7.2.1 Soil Loss
7.2.2 Land Use Land Cover
7.2.3 Climate Change
7.2.4 Hydrological Cycles
7.2.5 Salinization
7.2.6 Heavy Metal Pollution
7.2.7 Plastic Pollution
7.3 Geospatial Application in Addressing the Land Degradation
7.4 Components of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs)
7.5 Data Collection and Processing for UAVs
7.5.1 Pre-Flight Planning
7.5.2 Sensors
7.5.2.1 Optical Sensors
7.5.2.2 Fluorescence Sensors
7.5.2.3 Thermal Infrared Sensors
7.5.2.4 LiDAR Sensors
7.5.2.5 Gas Sensors
7.5.2.6 Photogrammetric Sensors
7.5.3 Platforms—Advantages and Disadvantages
7.5.3.1 Fixed-Wing UAS
7.5.3.2 Multirotor UAS
7.5.3.3 Hybrid UAS
7.5.3.4 Tethered UAS
7.6 Advantages of UAS Integrated with GIS for Land Degradation Monitoring
7.6.1 Selection of UAS
7.7 Application of UAV in Land Degradation Monitoring and Assessment
7.8 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
8. Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), Surveillance, Risk Management to Cybersecurity and Legal Regulation Landscape: Unraveling the Future Analysis, Challenges, Demand, and Benefits in the High Sky Exploring the Strange New World
Bhupinder Singh
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Significance of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs): Exponential Growth Across Industries
8.1.2 Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs): High Sky Exploring the Strange New World
8.1.3 Scope of the Chapter
8.2 Evolution of Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Origin and Widespread Applications in Commercial and Civilian Sectors
8.2.1 Motivations for UAS Assimilation
8.3 Surveillance Applications and Ethical Considerations: Advantages and Challenges Associated with Surveillance Operations
8.4 Risk Management and Safety Aspects within the UAS Ecosystem
8.5 Cybersecurity Risks and Challenges in UAS: Highlighting Vulnerabilities, Potential Threats, and Need for Robust Cybersecurity Measures to Protect UAS Systems from Hacking, Data Breaches, and Malicious Activities
8.6 Legal and Regulatory Framework: Airspace Integration and Challenges of Creating Adaptable Frameworks to Accommodate Evolving UAS Technologies
8.7 Benefits of UAS Adoption: Economic, Environmental, and Societal Advantages to Enhance Efficiency and Reduce Costs via Contributing Toward Agriculture, Logistics, and Disaster Management
8.8 Challenges and Mitigation Strategies: UAS Integration and Offer Strategies to Mitigate Issues of Privacy Concerns, Regulatory Hurdles, Technological Limitations, and Public Perception
8.8.1 International Collaboration and Standardization
8.8.2 Ethical Considerations and Societal Implications
8.9 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
9. Navigating the Future: Unmanned Aerial Systems in IoT Paradigms
Chandrakant Mahobiya, Sailesh Iyer, Mahendra Verma, Prabhat Ranjan Mishra and Shailendra Kumar Bohidar
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Setting the Stage
9.1.2 Importance of the Convergence
9.2 The Anatomy of UAS and IoT
9.2.1 Understanding UAS
9.2.2 Capabilities
9.2.3 Classifications
9.2.4 Exploring IoT
9.2.5 Architecture
9.2.5.1 Device Layer
9.2.5.2 Communication Layer
9.2.5.3 Data Processing Layer
9.2.5.4 Application Layer
9.2.6 Type of Devices
9.2.7 UAS as IoT Nodes
9.2.8 History of UAS and IoT
9.2.8.1 Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs)
9.2.8.2 Internet of Things (IoT)
9.3 Technical Infrastructure
9.3.1 Communication Protocols
9.3.1.1 LoRaWAN
9.3.1.2 25G
9.3.1.3 ZigBee
9.3.2 Data Management and Analytics
9.3.2.1 Edge Computing
9.3.2.2 Cloud Computing
9.3.2.3 Data Analytics
9.3.3 Security Measures
9.3.4 Types of Drones and Its Applications
9.4 Application and Use Cases
9.4.1 Agriculture
9.4.2 Public Safety
9.4.3 Industrial Inspection
9.4.4 Environmental Monitoring
9.4.5 Media and Entertainment
9.4.6 Delivery Services
9.4.7 Surveying and Mapping
9.4.8 Research and Development
9.5 Ethical and Legal Dimensions
9.5.1 Privacy Concerns
9.5.2 Regulatory Aspects
9.6 Challenges and Opportunities
9.6.1 Technological Obstacles
9.6.1.1 Battery Life
9.6.1.2 Range
9.6.1.3 Data Security
9.7 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
10. Dynamic Modeling and Designing Robust MIMO Controller for Rudderless Flying-Wing UAVs
Sevda Rezazadeh Movahhed and Mohammad Ali Hamed
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Literature Review
10.3 Materials and Methods
10.3.1 Physical Model of Rudderless Flying-Wing UAV
10.3.2 Coordinate System
10.3.3 Equations of Motion
10.3.4 Forces and Moments
10.3.5 Linearized Equations of Motion
10.3.5.1 Small-Disturbance Theory
10.3.5.2 Longitudinal and Lateral Motions
10.3.5.3 State-Space Form
10.3.6 LQG/LTR Method
10.4 Proposed Methodology: LQG/LTR Method
10.4.1 Optimal State Estimator: Kalman Filter
10.4.2 Optimal State Feedback Controller: LQR Method
10.4.3 Output Feedback Closed-Loop System
10.4.4 Loop Transfer Recovery
10.4.4.1 Kalman Filter-Based Adjustment Approach
10.4.4.2 LQR Controller-Based Adjustment Approach
10.5 Results and Discussion
10.5.1 Case Study
10.5.2 Longitudinal System Setup
10.5.3 Lateral System Setup
10.5.4 Tracking Behavior and Control Signals
10.5.4.1 Longitudinal Motion
10.5.4.2 Lateral Motion
10.5.5 Input Disturbance Rejection
10.6 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
11. Enhancing Security for Unmanned Aircraft Systems in IoT Environments: Defense Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies
C.V. Suresh Babu and Abhinaba Pal
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Background
11.1.2 Objective of Chapter
11.1.3 Scope of the Chapter
11.2 Security Challenges in IoT-Enabled UAS
11.2.1 Complexity and Heterogeneity of IoT Systems
11.2.2 Distributed Nature and Access Control Issues
11.2.3 Authentication and Confidentiality Concerns
11.2.4 Data Protection and Firmware Security
11.3 Case Study: SkySoftware Incident
11.3.1 Exploiting an Unprotected Communications Link
11.3.2 Intercepting Live Video Feeds from U.S. Predator Drones
11.3.3 Implications of the Security Breach
11.4 GPS Spoofing Attacks on UAS
11.4.1 Equipment Used and Basic Functioning
11.4.2 Comprehending GPS Spoofing and Its Corresponding Techniques
11.4.3 Effects on UAS Navigation and Control
11.4.4 Limitations of GPS Spoofing and Mitigation Tactics
11.5 Sensor Based Attacks on UAS
11.5.1 Laser Attacks
11.5.2 Mitigation Strategies
11.6 Trust Architectures for UAS Security
11.6.1 Application Layer Defensive Security Mechanisms (e.g., MQTT, CoAP)
11.6.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Techniques for Secure Drone-to-Drone Communication
11.7 Subsequent Trends in UAS Security
11.7.1 A Machine Learning Approach Promoting UAS Edge-Security and Performance
11.8 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
12. Foldable Quadcopters: Design, Analysis, and Additive Manufacturing for Enhanced Aerial Mobility
Yash H. Thummar and Mohammad Irfan Alam
12.1 Background and Introduction
12.2 Design Methodology
12.2.1 Selection of Frame
12.2.2 Understanding the Flight Dynamics
12.2.3 Creating the Base
12.2.4 CAD Modeling
12.2.5 Quadcopter Foldable Arm Design
12.2.6 Thrust and Total Flight Time Calculation
12.3 Analysis of Design
12.3.1 Material Selection
12.3.2 Loads and Constraints Estimation
12.3.3 Static Stress Analysis
12.4 Fabrication Using 3D Printing
12.4.1 3D Printing Filament
12.4.2 CAD Part Slicing
12.4.3 Printing the Quadcopter Parts
12.5 Components and Assembly
12.6 Testing and Verification
12.7 Making to the First Flight
12.8 Discussions and Applications
12.9 Conclusions and Future Scope
References
13. A Perspective Analysis of UAV Flight Control Architecture Incorporating Ground Control Stations and Near-Actual Techniques
Imran Mir, Muhammad Amir Tahir and Suleman Mir
13.1 Introduction
13.2 UAV Dynamics and Control Algorithms
13.2.1 Flight Control Techniques
13.2.2 Stability and Robustness
13.3 Near-Actual Simulation Techniques
13.3.1 Model-in-Loop Simulation
13.3.2 Software-in-Loop Simulation
13.3.3 Processor-in-Loop Simulation
13.3.4 Hardware-in-Loop Simulation
13.4 Visualization Software
13.4.1 X-Plane
13.4.2 FlightGear
13.4.3 jMAVSim
13.4.4 Gazebo
13.5 Ground Control Station
13.5.1 QGroundControl
13.5.2 Mission Planner
13.5.3 Universal Ground Control Software
13.5.4 MAVProxy
13.6 Existing Challenges
13.7 Conclusion
13.7.1 Future Directions
References
14. Optimal Transportation System Based on Adaptive Federated Learning Techniques for Healthcare IoV (HIoV)
Pallati Narsimhulu, Rashmi Sahay and Premkumar Chithaluru
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Impacts of AI/ML/FL Techniques in HIoV
14.3 Research Challenges in IoV Transportation
14.4 Comparative Study
14.5 Conclusions and Future Scope
References
Index

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