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Submit a ProposalSoft Materials-Based Biosensing Medical Applications
 | Edited by Deepak Gupta, Milan Singh, Rishabha Malviya and Sonali Sundram Copyright: 2025 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394213559 | Hardcover | 520 pages |
One Line Description
The book offers a comprehensive, interdisciplinary overview of how innovative soft
materials are revolutionizing biosensing technologies, making it an essential read for anyone interested in cutting-edge advancements in biomedical research and healthcare.
Audience
The book will be read by researchers, materials scientists, electronic and AI engineers, as well as pharmaceutical and biomedical professionals interested in the uses of biosensing.
The book will be read by researchers, materials scientists, electronic and AI engineers, as well as pharmaceutical and biomedical professionals interested in the uses of biosensing.
Description
Soft materials include granular materials, foams, gels, polymers, surfactants, functional organics, and biological molecules. These structures can be altered by thermal or mechanical stress due to their ability to self-organize into mesoscopic physical structures. They are becoming increasingly significant as functional
materials for broader applications because of their rich surface chemistry and versatile functions.
A biosensor is an analytical tool for chemical compound detection that combines a biological element with a physicochemical detector. Sensitive biological components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, tissue, bacteria, and enzymes, are collected from a biomimetic element that interacts and binds with the analyte under investigation. In biosensors, soft matter may function as both a sensing and transducing component. The interplay of soft matter with biomolecular analytes results in cell signaling pathways, diagnostic tests for applications in low-resource environments, prospective drug development, molecular biodetection, chemical sensors, and biological sensors. Understanding these biomolecular interactions
in the context of acute illnesses is critical for biomedical research and healthcare. This has fueled efforts to create a biosensor that is effective, low-cost, and label-free.
Several approaches using soft materials to functionalize and tailor structures have greatly advanced science, including chemistry, physics, pharmaceutical science, materials science, and engineering. Soft Materials-Based Biosensing Medical Applications summarizes recent advances in soft materials with unique physicochemical properties that synergistically promote biosensing systems.
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Soft materials include granular materials, foams, gels, polymers, surfactants, functional organics, and biological molecules. These structures can be altered by thermal or mechanical stress due to their ability to self-organize into mesoscopic physical structures. They are becoming increasingly significant as functional
materials for broader applications because of their rich surface chemistry and versatile functions.
A biosensor is an analytical tool for chemical compound detection that combines a biological element with a physicochemical detector. Sensitive biological components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, tissue, bacteria, and enzymes, are collected from a biomimetic element that interacts and binds with the analyte under investigation. In biosensors, soft matter may function as both a sensing and transducing component. The interplay of soft matter with biomolecular analytes results in cell signaling pathways, diagnostic tests for applications in low-resource environments, prospective drug development, molecular biodetection, chemical sensors, and biological sensors. Understanding these biomolecular interactions
in the context of acute illnesses is critical for biomedical research and healthcare. This has fueled efforts to create a biosensor that is effective, low-cost, and label-free.
Several approaches using soft materials to functionalize and tailor structures have greatly advanced science, including chemistry, physics, pharmaceutical science, materials science, and engineering. Soft Materials-Based Biosensing Medical Applications summarizes recent advances in soft materials with unique physicochemical properties that synergistically promote biosensing systems.
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Author / Editor Details
Deepak Gupta, PhD, is an assistant professor in the School of Basic and Applied Sciences at Galgotias University, India. He has two patents to his credit, has published more than nine research papers, and has attended and organized more than 20 national and international conferences and workshops. His areas of
interest include liquid crystals, molecular electronics, soft matter computation, and computational chemistry.
Deepak Gupta, PhD, is an assistant professor in the School of Basic and Applied Sciences at Galgotias University, India. He has two patents to his credit, has published more than nine research papers, and has attended and organized more than 20 national and international conferences and workshops. His areas of
interest include liquid crystals, molecular electronics, soft matter computation, and computational chemistry.
Milan Singh, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Physics, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, with more than six years of research experience. She has published 12 articles in international journals of repute. Her areas of interest include energy storage devices,
supercapacitors, Li-ion batteries, nanoscience, nanotechnology, nanofibers, and nanocomposites.
supercapacitors, Li-ion batteries, nanoscience, nanotechnology, nanofibers, and nanocomposites.
Rishabha Malviya, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, with over 12 years of research experience. He has authored more than 150 research papers for national and international journals of repute, edited twelve books, and
has been granted 15 patents, with 40 more under evaluation. He also serves as an editorial board member for more than 40 journals. His areas of interest include formulation optimization, nanoformulation, targeted drug delivery, artificial intelligence in healthcare, localized drug delivery, and natural polymers
as pharmaceutical excipients.
has been granted 15 patents, with 40 more under evaluation. He also serves as an editorial board member for more than 40 journals. His areas of interest include formulation optimization, nanoformulation, targeted drug delivery, artificial intelligence in healthcare, localized drug delivery, and natural polymers
as pharmaceutical excipients.
Sonali Sundram, PhD, is a researcher in Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India. She has worked as a research scientist at King George’s Medical University, Lucknow. Her PhD (Pharmacy) work was in the area of neurodegeneration and nanoformulation and her area of interest is neurodegeneration, clinical research, and artificial intelligence. She has authored/edited more than 30 books and has more than eight patents national and international in her credit.
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Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
1. Introduction to Soft Materials
Athul Satya and Ayon Bhattacharjee
List of Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Brief Introduction to Theories of Soft Matter
1.3 Classification of Soft Materials
1.3.1 Colloids
1.3.2 Polymers
1.3.3 Liquid Crystals
1.3.4 Foams
1.4 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Materials
1.5 Characteristics of Soft Matter
1.5.1 Length Scale Between Atomic and Macroscopic
1.5.2 The Importance of Thermal Fluctuations and Brownian Motion
1.5.3 Tendency to Self-Assemble Into a Hierarchical Structure
1.5.4 Importance of Short-Range Force and Intermolecular Forces
1.5.5 Why Quantum Mechanics is Insignificant in Soft Matter?
1.6 Summary
References
2. Synthesizing Soft Materials: Lab to an Industrial Approach
Varsha Jain, Tarang Gupta and Madhusudan Maity
List of Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Soft Condensed Matter
2.2.1 Colloids
2.2.1.1 Challenges and Outlook
2.2.2 Polymers
2.2.2.1 Challenges and Outlook
2.2.3 Liquid Crystals
2.2.3.1 Thermotropic LCs
2.2.3.2 Lyotropic LCs
2.2.3.3 Metallotropic LCs
2.3 Synthesis of Smart Functional LCs
2.3.1 Calamatic LC
2.3.1.1 Acyclic Compounds
2.3.1.2 Cyclic Compounds
2.3.1.3 Steroids
2.3.1.4 Metal Complexes
2.3.1.5 Salts
2.3.2 Discotic LC
2.3.2.1 Physical Properties of Columnar Mesogens
2.3.2.2 Classes of Compounds
2.3.3 Bent-Core LCs (BLCs)
2.3.3.1 Structure of BLC
2.3.3.2 Structure–Property Relationship
2.4 Conclusions
References
3. Liquid Crystal as a Potential Biosensing Material
Athul Satya, Tayssir Missaoui, Gurumurthy Hegde and Ayon Bhattacharjee
List of Abbreviations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classification of LC Biosensor
3.2.1 LC-Solid Interface Biosensor
3.2.2 LC-Aqueous Interface Biosensor
3.2.3 LC-Droplet Interface Biosensor
3.3 LC-Microfluidic Biosensor
3.3.1 Microfluidics at LC-Solid Interface
3.3.2 Microfluidics at LC-Aqueous Interface
3.3.3 Microfluidics at LC-Droplet Interface
3.4 Electric Field-Assisted Signal Amplified LC Biosensor
3.5 LC-Based Whispering Gallery Mode Microcavity Biosensing
3.6 LC Biosensors Using Different Sensing Targets
3.7 Summary
References
4. Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Emulsions for Biosensing
Buchaiah Gollapelli and Jayalakshmi Vallamkondu
List of Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Introduction to Biosensors
4.1.2 Introduction to LCs
4.1.3 Classification of LCs
4.1.4 Optical Properties of CLCs
4.1.5 LCs in Flat Geometries
4.1.6 LCs in Curved Geometries
4.2 Fabrication of LC Emulsions
4.3 CLCs in Biosensor Applications
4.3.1 Biosensing Based on Flat Geometry of CLCs
4.3.2 Biosensing Based on CLC Droplets
4.3.3 Biosensing Based on CLC Double Emulsions
4.4 Challenges and Opportunities
4.5 Conclusions
References
5. Design and Study of Ionic Hydrogel Strain Sensors for Biomedical Applications
Aanchal Saxena
List of Abbreviations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Applications in Biomedicine
5.2.1 Strain Gauges
5.2.2 Drug Delivery
5.2.3 Electronic Skins
5.2.4 Human Motion Detection
5.2.5 Health Monitoring and Medical Diagnosis
5.3 Hydrogels
5.3.1 Conductive Ionic Hydrogels
5.3.2 Fabrication
5.4 Hardware
5.5 Characteristics of the Hydrogel
5.6 Limitations
5.7 Conclusions and Further Study
Acknowledgments
References
6. Colloidal Nanoparticles as Potential Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
Karthika Lakshmi Servarayan, Maziah Mohd Ghazaly, Manickam Sundarapandi, Jagathiswary Ganasan, Kavin Tamilselvan, Syahidatun Nisak Amir, Nur Arisya Farazuana Dzulkifli, Noor Fatin Shabira Mohd Azli, Rameshkumar Santhanam and Vasantha Vairathevar Sivasamy
List of Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cancer Biomarkers
6.3 Colloidal NP–Based Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
6.3.1 Gold NP–Based Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Detection
6.3.2 Silver NP–Based Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Detection
6.3.3 Quantum Dot–Based Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Detection
6.3.4 Graphene-Based Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Detection
6.3.5 Composite Colloidal NP–Based Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Detection
6.4 Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
6.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
7. Polymeric Composite Soft Materials for Anticancer Drug Delivery and Detection
Thangarasu Mohanraj, Thavasilingam Nagendraraj, Jamespandi Annaraj and Vairathevar Sivasamy Vasantha
List of Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Soft Materials
7.1.1.1 Polymer Nanocomposites as Soft Materials
7.1.1.2 Role of Polymer Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery and Biosensors
7.1.1.3 Importance of Drug Delivery and Detection of Anticancer Drugs
7.2 Polymer Composite Soft Material–Based Anticancer Drug Delivery
7.2.1 Factors Affecting Drug Release
7.2.2 Drug Delivery Systems for Antimetabolites
7.2.3 Drug Delivery Systems for Alkylating Agents
7.2.4 Drug Delivery Systems for Anthracyclines
7.2.5 Drug Delivery Systems for Plant Alkaloids
7.2.6 Drug Delivery Systems for Kinase Inhibitors
7.3 Polymer Composite Soft Material–Based Sensors for Anticancer Drug Detection
7.3.1 Electrochemical Sensors for Anticancer Drugs
7.3.1.1 Electrochemical Sensors for Antimetabolites
7.3.1.2 Electrochemical Sensors for Alkylating Agents
7.3.1.3 Electrochemical Sensors for Plant Alkaloids
7.3.1.4 Electrochemical Sensors for Anthracyclines
7.3.1.5 Electrochemical Sensors for Kinase Inhibitors
7.3.1.6 Electrochemical Sensors for Some Other Anticancer Drugs
7.3.2 Polymer Composite Soft Material–Based Optical Sensors for Anticancer Drugs
7.3.2.1 Optical Sensor for Antimetabolites
7.3.2.2 Optical Sensor for Alkylating Agents
7.3.2.3 Optical Sensor for Plant Alkaloids
7.3.2.4 Optical Sensors for Anthracyclines
7.3.2.5 Optical Sensor for Kinase Inhibitors
7.3.2.6 Optical Sensors for Other Anticancer Drugs
7.4 Discussion
7.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
8. Nanotechnology-Doped Soft Material–Based Biosensors
Smriti Ojha, Ankita Moharana, Gowri Shankar Chintapalli, Shivendra Mani Tripathi and Sudhanshu Mishra
List of Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Principle Behind Doped Soft Nanomaterial–Based Biosensor
8.2.1 Immobilization of Biological Molecules
8.2.2 Transduction of Biochemical Signals
8.2.3 Readout of the Sensor Signal
8.3 Classification of Soft Materials
8.3.1 Organic Soft Matter
8.3.2 Soft Organic Thermoelectric Materials
8.3.3 Soft Magnetic Materials
8.3.4 Biological Soft Materials
8.4 Physical and Chemical Behavior of Soft Material
8.5 Synthesis of Soft Nanomaterial–Based Biosensor
8.5.1 Selection of Soft Nanomaterial
8.5.2 Functionalization of the Soft Nanomaterial
8.5.3 Integration of Transducer
8.5.4 Optimization of Sensor Performance
8.6 Application of Nano-Based Biosensor
8.7 Emerging Trends and Future Directions in Nanotechnology-Doped Soft Material–Based Biosensors
8.8 Challenges and Limitations
8.9 Conclusion
References
9. Cancer Cell Biomarker Exosomes are Detected by Biosensors Based on Soft Materials
Subha Ranjan Das
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Exosome Biogenesis, Isolation, and Study of Exosome Composition
9.3 Exosome Profiling
9.3.1 Protein Profiling
9.3.2 Nucleic Acid Profiling
9.3.3 Assessment of a Single Exosome
9.4 Exosomes Produced by Cancer: Clinical Evaluation
9.4.1 Pancreatic Cancer
9.4.2 Lung Cancer
9.4.3 Colorectal Cancer
9.4.4 Breast Cancer
9.4.5 Other Cancers
9.5 Important Biosensor-Related Components
9.5.1 Recognition
9.5.1.1 Recognition Moieties
9.5.1.2 Surface Functionalization
9.5.2 Transducers for Biosensor
9.5.3 Signal Processing
9.6 Soft Material–Based Biosensors are a Recent Development in Cancer Cell
Biomarker Exosome Detection
9.6.1 Colorimetric Biosensors
9.6.2 Fluorescent Biosensors
9.6.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors
9.6.4 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Biosensors
9.6.5 Electrochemical Biosensors
9.6.5.1 Voltammetric Biosensors
9.6.5.2 Impedimetric Biosensors
9.6.5.3 Amperometric Biosensors
9.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
10. Natural-Product-Based Soft Materials in Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
Shunmuga Nainar Shunmuga Nathan, Wan Iryani Wan Ismail, Piraman Shakkthivel, Vairathevar Sivasamy Vasantha and Mathew Mathew
List of Abbreviations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biopolymer Composite-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
10.2.1 β-Cyclodextrin-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
10.2.2 Chitosan-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
10.2.3 Other Biopolymer Composite-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
10.3 Protein/Amino Acid-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
10.3.1 Streptavidin-Based Proteins in the Electrochemical Detection of Cancer Biomarkers
10.3.2 Cysteamine-Based Amino Acid Derivatives in the Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
10.3.3 Other Proteins/Amino Acid Derivatives in the Electrochemical Detection of Cancer Biomarkers
10.4 Opportunities, Future Recommendations, and Challenges
10.5 Conclusions
10.6 Acknowledgments
References
11. Recent Advances and Development in 3D Printable Biosensors
Lata Sheo Bachan Upadhyay and Pratistha Bhagat
List of Abbreviations
11.1 Introduction
11.2 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Technology
11.2.1 Role of Material Extrusion in Biosensor Development
11.2.1.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
11.2.1.2 Inkjet Printing
11.2.1.3 Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP)
11.2.2 Role of Vat Photopolymerization in Biosensor Development
11.2.2.1 Stereolithography (SLA)
11.2.2.2 Digital Light Processing (DLP)
11.2.3 Role of Material Jetting in Biosensor Development
11.3 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Product Type
11.3.1 Wearable Biosensors
11.3.2 Non-Wearable Biosensors
11.4 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Medical Applications
11.4.1 Disease Diagnosis
11.4.2 Pathogen Detection
11.4.3 Drug Detection and Drug Delivery
11.5 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Sensor Types
11.5.1 Enzymatic Biosensors
11.5.2 Optical Biosensors
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Computational Panorama of Soft Material for Biosensing Applications
Deepak Kajla, Dinesh Kumar Sharma and Amit Mittal
Abbreviations
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 The Computational Landscape of Soft Materials for Biosensing Application
12.1.2 Basics and Uses of Nanomaterials in Biosensors
12.1.3 Nano-Inspired Plant Biosensor Trends
12.1.4 Electrochemical Biosensors: An Examination of Functional Nanomaterials for Real-Time Monitoring
12.1.5 The Bio-Nano Internet of Things with Redox and Electrochemistry
12.1.6 A Rigorous Evaluation of Nanomaterial-Based Fluorescence Biosensors for Environmental Pollutant Detection
12.1.7 Carbon Nano-Tube Yarn to Generate Electricity Using Ferritin Biscrolled
12.1.8 Biosensors Built on Nanomaterials for the Identification of Cancer Cells
12.1.9 A Look at Biosensors and the Most Current Developments in Nanostructured Material-Enabled Biosensors
12.1.10 Hybrid Materials That are Both Active and Based on Soft Matter
12.2 Computational Application of Soft Gel Biosensing Techniques in Microfluids
12.2.1 Fluorescence Biosensors for Monitoring Essential Body Fluids
12.2.2 Studying the Use of Disposable Voltammetric Immunosensors on Microfluidic Apparatus for Biomedical, Industrial, and Culinary Research
12.2.3 3D Printed Microfluidic Devices and Advancement
12.3 Computational Panorama of Soft Hydrogel Technique in Diagnostics
12.3.1 Diagnostic Biosensors in Medicine
12.3.2 Advancements and Problems in Chemiluminescence for Bioimaging and Therapies
12.3.3 Immunosensors with Bio-Chemiluminescence Detection
12.3.4 High-Sensitivity Bioaffinity Electrochemiluminescence Sensors: Achievements to Date and Possibilities for the Future
12.3.5 Cell-Based Biosensors: Present Trends, Issues, and Possibilities
12.3.6 Point-of-Care Nucleic Acid and Blood Diagnostics
12.3.7 Biosensing for Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever
12.3.8 Continuous Cerebral Neural Activity Could be Recorded Using Biosensing Neural Devices
12.4 Computational Landscaping of Spectroscopy-Based Biosensors and Their
Applications
12.4.1 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy-Based Biosensor Applications
12.4.2 Portable Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy-Based Sensing System and their Application
12.4.3 Computational Uses of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy’s Chemometrics Techniques
12.4.4 Enhancements to Surface-Enhanced Point-of-Care Raman Scattering Sensors
12.4.5 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering in Biochemical and Pharmacological Studies
12.5 Use of Wearable Biosensors in Computation for Treatment, Diagnosis, and Medical Monitoring
12.5.1 Biosensors for Medical Monitoring that are Wearable
12.5.2 A Novel Device that Uses EEG Data to Identify Seizures in Real-Time
12.5.3 Hybrid Gelatin Gels in a Wearable Device for Artificial Olfaction, and the Effect of Film Thickness on Biosensing
12.6 Computational Panorama of Optical Biosensor
12.6.1 Applications at the Point-of-Care with Integrated Photonic Biosensors
12.6.2 Hydrogel-Based Nanocarbon for Nonlinear Optical Applications
12.7 Computational Applications of Hydrogel-Based Sensor Networks
12.8 Hydrogel-Based Self-Supporting Materials with Computational Panorama for Flexible/Stretchable Sensors
12.9 Waterborne Pathogen Detection Using Biosensors and Molecular Techniques
12.10 Applications of Biomimetic Electrochemical Devices in Detecting
12.11 The Latest Developments in Hydrogels for Sensing Applications
12.12 Novel Aerial Image of Dissolving Microneedles Used for Transdermal
Medicine Delivery
12.13 Making Use of Potentiometric Biosensors to Find Biomarkers
12.14 Biosensor Framework Enabled by Multiphoton Effects and Machine Learning
12.15 Conclusion
References
13. Soft Materials for Implantable Biosensors for Humans
Periyasamy Ananthappan, Karuppathevan Ramki, Jayalakshmi Mariakuttikan,
Fatimah binti Hashim and Vairathevar Sivasamy Vasantha
List of Abbreviations
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nature of Implantable Materials
13.3 Importance of Soft Materials in the Field of Implantable Biosensors
13.4 Types of Soft Materials
13.4.1 Nanomaterial-Based Soft Materials
13.4.1.1 Carbon Nanocomposites
13.4.1.2 Metallic Nanocomposites
13.4.2 Polymer Composite-Based Soft Materials
13.5 Factors Influencing the Implantable Biosensors
13.5.1 Chemical Inertness
13.5.2 Potential Window
13.5.3 High Conductivity
13.5.4 Biocompatibility
13.5.5 Facile Surface Chemical Modification
13.5.6 Mechanical Deformability
13.5.7 Self-Powered Implantable Biosensors
13.6 Applications of Soft Materials for Implantable Biosensors in Humans
13.6.1 Soft Material-Based Implantable Sensors for Diabetic Monitoring
13.6.2 Soft Material-Based Implantable Sensors for Cancer Diagnosis
13.6.3 Soft Material-Based Implantable Sensors for Kidney Dysfunction
13.6.4 Soft Material-Based Implantable Biosensors for the Neuro Degeneracy Disease
13.6.5 In Vivo Monitoring of pH Using Implantable Biosensors
13.7 Challenges for Soft Materials for Implantable Biosensors
13.8 Recommendation
13.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
14. Treatment of Diabetic Patients with Functionalized Biomaterials
Jyotsna Priyam
List of Abbreviations
14.1 Background and Introduction
14.2 Mechanism of Insulin Release in Diabetes Mellitus
14.3 Relationship Between Diabetic Complications and Glycation Process
14.4 Biomaterials and Their Surface Functionalization
14.5 Surface Functionalization of Biomaterials Using Surface Modification Technologies
14.6 Biomaterials with Natural Polymer Bases to Treat Diabetes
14.7 Biomaterials Based on Chitosan for the Treatment of Diabetes
14.8 Synthetic Polymer-Based Biomaterials for the Treatment of Diabetes
14.9 Hydrogel-Based Adaptable Biomaterials for Managing and Treating Diabetes
14.10 Topical Gel-Based Biomaterials for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Therapy
14.11 Creating Immunomodulatory Biomaterials to Treat Diabetes
14.12 Using Functionalized Biomaterials in Diabetic Wound Management
14.12.1 Delivery System for Diabetic Wound Management
14.12.2 As a Means of Administering Medications with Anti-Inflammatory Properties
14.12.3 Application of Functionalized Biomaterials in Diabetic Wounds as Bioactive Agencies Like Exosomes, Growth Factors, and Probiotics
14.12.4 Role of Antibacterial Nanoparticles to Enhance Diabetic Wound Recovery
14.12.5 Effects of Composite Biodegradable Biomaterials on the Healing of Diabetic Wounds
14.13 Applications of Functionalized Biomaterials for Diabetes Mellitus-Related
Tissue Engineering
14.14 Conclusion and Future Scope
Acknowledgments
References
15. Treatment and Detection of Oral Cancer Using Biosensors: Advances and Prospective
Shatrudhan Prajapati, Rishabha Malviya and Priyanshi Goyal
List of Abbreviations
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Biosensors are Necessary for Treatment
15.1.2 Several Biosensor Types for Detecting Cancer
15.1.3 Genomic Sensors
15.1.4 RNA Biosensor
15.1.5 Protein Biosensor
15.2 Therapeutic Value of Mouth Liquids as a Bio Medium
15.2.1 Saliva-Based Biosensors
15.3 Salivary Metabolomics
15.3.1 Salivary Proteomics
15.4 Electrochemical Biosensors
15.4.1 Bio-Optical Sensors
15.5 Biosensors on a Nanoscale
15.6 Conclusions
References
16. Environmental Aspect of Soft Material: Journey of Sustainable and Cost-Effective Biosensors from Lab to Industry
Harshita Rana, Pratichi Singh, Ashish Kumar Agrahari and Shikha Yadav
List of Abbreviations
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Soft Materials
16.2.1 Conducting Polymers
16.2.2 Carbon Nanomaterials
16.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
16.2.4 Carbon Metal Nanocomposites
16.2.5 Metallic Noble Material
16.2.6 Biomaterials and Biological Materials
16.2.7 Additional Soft Materials
16.3 Environmental Impact
16.4 Biosensors
16.4.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
16.4.2 Optical Biosensors
16.4.3 Wearable Biosensor
16.4.4 Enzymatic Biosensors
16.4.5 Immunosensors
16.4.6 Whole Cell Biosensors
16.5 Applications of Biosensors in Several Disciplines
16.5.1 Detection of Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
16.5.2 Food Industry
16.5.3 Medical Field
16.5.4 Engineering in Metabolism and Biology of Plants
16.5.5 Pharmaceutical Industries
16.5.6 Detection of Pathogens
16.6 Advancement in Biosensors
16.6.1 Biosensor Immobilization
16.6.2 Photochemical Biosensor
16.6.3 Colorimetric Biosensor
16.7 Fluorescent Tag Biosensors
16.7.1 FRET-Based Assays
16.7.2 Fluorescence Aptawitches
16.7.3 FRET-Based Fluorescence Immunoassays
16.7.4 Time-Resolved Fluorescence (TRF) Immunoassay
16.8 Plasmonic Fiber Optic Biosensors
16.8.1 Plasmonic Fiber Optic Absorbance Biosensor
16.8.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance
16.8.3 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance
16.8.4 Surface Plasmon Sensor Implementations in Optical Fiber
16.9 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Foreword
Preface
1. Introduction to Soft Materials
Athul Satya and Ayon Bhattacharjee
List of Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Brief Introduction to Theories of Soft Matter
1.3 Classification of Soft Materials
1.3.1 Colloids
1.3.2 Polymers
1.3.3 Liquid Crystals
1.3.4 Foams
1.4 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Materials
1.5 Characteristics of Soft Matter
1.5.1 Length Scale Between Atomic and Macroscopic
1.5.2 The Importance of Thermal Fluctuations and Brownian Motion
1.5.3 Tendency to Self-Assemble Into a Hierarchical Structure
1.5.4 Importance of Short-Range Force and Intermolecular Forces
1.5.5 Why Quantum Mechanics is Insignificant in Soft Matter?
1.6 Summary
References
2. Synthesizing Soft Materials: Lab to an Industrial Approach
Varsha Jain, Tarang Gupta and Madhusudan Maity
List of Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Soft Condensed Matter
2.2.1 Colloids
2.2.1.1 Challenges and Outlook
2.2.2 Polymers
2.2.2.1 Challenges and Outlook
2.2.3 Liquid Crystals
2.2.3.1 Thermotropic LCs
2.2.3.2 Lyotropic LCs
2.2.3.3 Metallotropic LCs
2.3 Synthesis of Smart Functional LCs
2.3.1 Calamatic LC
2.3.1.1 Acyclic Compounds
2.3.1.2 Cyclic Compounds
2.3.1.3 Steroids
2.3.1.4 Metal Complexes
2.3.1.5 Salts
2.3.2 Discotic LC
2.3.2.1 Physical Properties of Columnar Mesogens
2.3.2.2 Classes of Compounds
2.3.3 Bent-Core LCs (BLCs)
2.3.3.1 Structure of BLC
2.3.3.2 Structure–Property Relationship
2.4 Conclusions
References
3. Liquid Crystal as a Potential Biosensing Material
Athul Satya, Tayssir Missaoui, Gurumurthy Hegde and Ayon Bhattacharjee
List of Abbreviations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classification of LC Biosensor
3.2.1 LC-Solid Interface Biosensor
3.2.2 LC-Aqueous Interface Biosensor
3.2.3 LC-Droplet Interface Biosensor
3.3 LC-Microfluidic Biosensor
3.3.1 Microfluidics at LC-Solid Interface
3.3.2 Microfluidics at LC-Aqueous Interface
3.3.3 Microfluidics at LC-Droplet Interface
3.4 Electric Field-Assisted Signal Amplified LC Biosensor
3.5 LC-Based Whispering Gallery Mode Microcavity Biosensing
3.6 LC Biosensors Using Different Sensing Targets
3.7 Summary
References
4. Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Emulsions for Biosensing
Buchaiah Gollapelli and Jayalakshmi Vallamkondu
List of Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Introduction to Biosensors
4.1.2 Introduction to LCs
4.1.3 Classification of LCs
4.1.4 Optical Properties of CLCs
4.1.5 LCs in Flat Geometries
4.1.6 LCs in Curved Geometries
4.2 Fabrication of LC Emulsions
4.3 CLCs in Biosensor Applications
4.3.1 Biosensing Based on Flat Geometry of CLCs
4.3.2 Biosensing Based on CLC Droplets
4.3.3 Biosensing Based on CLC Double Emulsions
4.4 Challenges and Opportunities
4.5 Conclusions
References
5. Design and Study of Ionic Hydrogel Strain Sensors for Biomedical Applications
Aanchal Saxena
List of Abbreviations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Applications in Biomedicine
5.2.1 Strain Gauges
5.2.2 Drug Delivery
5.2.3 Electronic Skins
5.2.4 Human Motion Detection
5.2.5 Health Monitoring and Medical Diagnosis
5.3 Hydrogels
5.3.1 Conductive Ionic Hydrogels
5.3.2 Fabrication
5.4 Hardware
5.5 Characteristics of the Hydrogel
5.6 Limitations
5.7 Conclusions and Further Study
Acknowledgments
References
6. Colloidal Nanoparticles as Potential Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
Karthika Lakshmi Servarayan, Maziah Mohd Ghazaly, Manickam Sundarapandi, Jagathiswary Ganasan, Kavin Tamilselvan, Syahidatun Nisak Amir, Nur Arisya Farazuana Dzulkifli, Noor Fatin Shabira Mohd Azli, Rameshkumar Santhanam and Vasantha Vairathevar Sivasamy
List of Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cancer Biomarkers
6.3 Colloidal NP–Based Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
6.3.1 Gold NP–Based Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Detection
6.3.2 Silver NP–Based Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Detection
6.3.3 Quantum Dot–Based Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Detection
6.3.4 Graphene-Based Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Detection
6.3.5 Composite Colloidal NP–Based Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Detection
6.4 Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
6.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
7. Polymeric Composite Soft Materials for Anticancer Drug Delivery and Detection
Thangarasu Mohanraj, Thavasilingam Nagendraraj, Jamespandi Annaraj and Vairathevar Sivasamy Vasantha
List of Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Soft Materials
7.1.1.1 Polymer Nanocomposites as Soft Materials
7.1.1.2 Role of Polymer Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery and Biosensors
7.1.1.3 Importance of Drug Delivery and Detection of Anticancer Drugs
7.2 Polymer Composite Soft Material–Based Anticancer Drug Delivery
7.2.1 Factors Affecting Drug Release
7.2.2 Drug Delivery Systems for Antimetabolites
7.2.3 Drug Delivery Systems for Alkylating Agents
7.2.4 Drug Delivery Systems for Anthracyclines
7.2.5 Drug Delivery Systems for Plant Alkaloids
7.2.6 Drug Delivery Systems for Kinase Inhibitors
7.3 Polymer Composite Soft Material–Based Sensors for Anticancer Drug Detection
7.3.1 Electrochemical Sensors for Anticancer Drugs
7.3.1.1 Electrochemical Sensors for Antimetabolites
7.3.1.2 Electrochemical Sensors for Alkylating Agents
7.3.1.3 Electrochemical Sensors for Plant Alkaloids
7.3.1.4 Electrochemical Sensors for Anthracyclines
7.3.1.5 Electrochemical Sensors for Kinase Inhibitors
7.3.1.6 Electrochemical Sensors for Some Other Anticancer Drugs
7.3.2 Polymer Composite Soft Material–Based Optical Sensors for Anticancer Drugs
7.3.2.1 Optical Sensor for Antimetabolites
7.3.2.2 Optical Sensor for Alkylating Agents
7.3.2.3 Optical Sensor for Plant Alkaloids
7.3.2.4 Optical Sensors for Anthracyclines
7.3.2.5 Optical Sensor for Kinase Inhibitors
7.3.2.6 Optical Sensors for Other Anticancer Drugs
7.4 Discussion
7.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
8. Nanotechnology-Doped Soft Material–Based Biosensors
Smriti Ojha, Ankita Moharana, Gowri Shankar Chintapalli, Shivendra Mani Tripathi and Sudhanshu Mishra
List of Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Principle Behind Doped Soft Nanomaterial–Based Biosensor
8.2.1 Immobilization of Biological Molecules
8.2.2 Transduction of Biochemical Signals
8.2.3 Readout of the Sensor Signal
8.3 Classification of Soft Materials
8.3.1 Organic Soft Matter
8.3.2 Soft Organic Thermoelectric Materials
8.3.3 Soft Magnetic Materials
8.3.4 Biological Soft Materials
8.4 Physical and Chemical Behavior of Soft Material
8.5 Synthesis of Soft Nanomaterial–Based Biosensor
8.5.1 Selection of Soft Nanomaterial
8.5.2 Functionalization of the Soft Nanomaterial
8.5.3 Integration of Transducer
8.5.4 Optimization of Sensor Performance
8.6 Application of Nano-Based Biosensor
8.7 Emerging Trends and Future Directions in Nanotechnology-Doped Soft Material–Based Biosensors
8.8 Challenges and Limitations
8.9 Conclusion
References
9. Cancer Cell Biomarker Exosomes are Detected by Biosensors Based on Soft Materials
Subha Ranjan Das
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Exosome Biogenesis, Isolation, and Study of Exosome Composition
9.3 Exosome Profiling
9.3.1 Protein Profiling
9.3.2 Nucleic Acid Profiling
9.3.3 Assessment of a Single Exosome
9.4 Exosomes Produced by Cancer: Clinical Evaluation
9.4.1 Pancreatic Cancer
9.4.2 Lung Cancer
9.4.3 Colorectal Cancer
9.4.4 Breast Cancer
9.4.5 Other Cancers
9.5 Important Biosensor-Related Components
9.5.1 Recognition
9.5.1.1 Recognition Moieties
9.5.1.2 Surface Functionalization
9.5.2 Transducers for Biosensor
9.5.3 Signal Processing
9.6 Soft Material–Based Biosensors are a Recent Development in Cancer Cell
Biomarker Exosome Detection
9.6.1 Colorimetric Biosensors
9.6.2 Fluorescent Biosensors
9.6.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors
9.6.4 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Biosensors
9.6.5 Electrochemical Biosensors
9.6.5.1 Voltammetric Biosensors
9.6.5.2 Impedimetric Biosensors
9.6.5.3 Amperometric Biosensors
9.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
10. Natural-Product-Based Soft Materials in Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
Shunmuga Nainar Shunmuga Nathan, Wan Iryani Wan Ismail, Piraman Shakkthivel, Vairathevar Sivasamy Vasantha and Mathew Mathew
List of Abbreviations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biopolymer Composite-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
10.2.1 β-Cyclodextrin-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
10.2.2 Chitosan-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
10.2.3 Other Biopolymer Composite-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
10.3 Protein/Amino Acid-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
10.3.1 Streptavidin-Based Proteins in the Electrochemical Detection of Cancer Biomarkers
10.3.2 Cysteamine-Based Amino Acid Derivatives in the Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers
10.3.3 Other Proteins/Amino Acid Derivatives in the Electrochemical Detection of Cancer Biomarkers
10.4 Opportunities, Future Recommendations, and Challenges
10.5 Conclusions
10.6 Acknowledgments
References
11. Recent Advances and Development in 3D Printable Biosensors
Lata Sheo Bachan Upadhyay and Pratistha Bhagat
List of Abbreviations
11.1 Introduction
11.2 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Technology
11.2.1 Role of Material Extrusion in Biosensor Development
11.2.1.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
11.2.1.2 Inkjet Printing
11.2.1.3 Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP)
11.2.2 Role of Vat Photopolymerization in Biosensor Development
11.2.2.1 Stereolithography (SLA)
11.2.2.2 Digital Light Processing (DLP)
11.2.3 Role of Material Jetting in Biosensor Development
11.3 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Product Type
11.3.1 Wearable Biosensors
11.3.2 Non-Wearable Biosensors
11.4 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Medical Applications
11.4.1 Disease Diagnosis
11.4.2 Pathogen Detection
11.4.3 Drug Detection and Drug Delivery
11.5 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Sensor Types
11.5.1 Enzymatic Biosensors
11.5.2 Optical Biosensors
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Computational Panorama of Soft Material for Biosensing Applications
Deepak Kajla, Dinesh Kumar Sharma and Amit Mittal
Abbreviations
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 The Computational Landscape of Soft Materials for Biosensing Application
12.1.2 Basics and Uses of Nanomaterials in Biosensors
12.1.3 Nano-Inspired Plant Biosensor Trends
12.1.4 Electrochemical Biosensors: An Examination of Functional Nanomaterials for Real-Time Monitoring
12.1.5 The Bio-Nano Internet of Things with Redox and Electrochemistry
12.1.6 A Rigorous Evaluation of Nanomaterial-Based Fluorescence Biosensors for Environmental Pollutant Detection
12.1.7 Carbon Nano-Tube Yarn to Generate Electricity Using Ferritin Biscrolled
12.1.8 Biosensors Built on Nanomaterials for the Identification of Cancer Cells
12.1.9 A Look at Biosensors and the Most Current Developments in Nanostructured Material-Enabled Biosensors
12.1.10 Hybrid Materials That are Both Active and Based on Soft Matter
12.2 Computational Application of Soft Gel Biosensing Techniques in Microfluids
12.2.1 Fluorescence Biosensors for Monitoring Essential Body Fluids
12.2.2 Studying the Use of Disposable Voltammetric Immunosensors on Microfluidic Apparatus for Biomedical, Industrial, and Culinary Research
12.2.3 3D Printed Microfluidic Devices and Advancement
12.3 Computational Panorama of Soft Hydrogel Technique in Diagnostics
12.3.1 Diagnostic Biosensors in Medicine
12.3.2 Advancements and Problems in Chemiluminescence for Bioimaging and Therapies
12.3.3 Immunosensors with Bio-Chemiluminescence Detection
12.3.4 High-Sensitivity Bioaffinity Electrochemiluminescence Sensors: Achievements to Date and Possibilities for the Future
12.3.5 Cell-Based Biosensors: Present Trends, Issues, and Possibilities
12.3.6 Point-of-Care Nucleic Acid and Blood Diagnostics
12.3.7 Biosensing for Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever
12.3.8 Continuous Cerebral Neural Activity Could be Recorded Using Biosensing Neural Devices
12.4 Computational Landscaping of Spectroscopy-Based Biosensors and Their
Applications
12.4.1 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy-Based Biosensor Applications
12.4.2 Portable Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy-Based Sensing System and their Application
12.4.3 Computational Uses of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy’s Chemometrics Techniques
12.4.4 Enhancements to Surface-Enhanced Point-of-Care Raman Scattering Sensors
12.4.5 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering in Biochemical and Pharmacological Studies
12.5 Use of Wearable Biosensors in Computation for Treatment, Diagnosis, and Medical Monitoring
12.5.1 Biosensors for Medical Monitoring that are Wearable
12.5.2 A Novel Device that Uses EEG Data to Identify Seizures in Real-Time
12.5.3 Hybrid Gelatin Gels in a Wearable Device for Artificial Olfaction, and the Effect of Film Thickness on Biosensing
12.6 Computational Panorama of Optical Biosensor
12.6.1 Applications at the Point-of-Care with Integrated Photonic Biosensors
12.6.2 Hydrogel-Based Nanocarbon for Nonlinear Optical Applications
12.7 Computational Applications of Hydrogel-Based Sensor Networks
12.8 Hydrogel-Based Self-Supporting Materials with Computational Panorama for Flexible/Stretchable Sensors
12.9 Waterborne Pathogen Detection Using Biosensors and Molecular Techniques
12.10 Applications of Biomimetic Electrochemical Devices in Detecting
12.11 The Latest Developments in Hydrogels for Sensing Applications
12.12 Novel Aerial Image of Dissolving Microneedles Used for Transdermal
Medicine Delivery
12.13 Making Use of Potentiometric Biosensors to Find Biomarkers
12.14 Biosensor Framework Enabled by Multiphoton Effects and Machine Learning
12.15 Conclusion
References
13. Soft Materials for Implantable Biosensors for Humans
Periyasamy Ananthappan, Karuppathevan Ramki, Jayalakshmi Mariakuttikan,
Fatimah binti Hashim and Vairathevar Sivasamy Vasantha
List of Abbreviations
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nature of Implantable Materials
13.3 Importance of Soft Materials in the Field of Implantable Biosensors
13.4 Types of Soft Materials
13.4.1 Nanomaterial-Based Soft Materials
13.4.1.1 Carbon Nanocomposites
13.4.1.2 Metallic Nanocomposites
13.4.2 Polymer Composite-Based Soft Materials
13.5 Factors Influencing the Implantable Biosensors
13.5.1 Chemical Inertness
13.5.2 Potential Window
13.5.3 High Conductivity
13.5.4 Biocompatibility
13.5.5 Facile Surface Chemical Modification
13.5.6 Mechanical Deformability
13.5.7 Self-Powered Implantable Biosensors
13.6 Applications of Soft Materials for Implantable Biosensors in Humans
13.6.1 Soft Material-Based Implantable Sensors for Diabetic Monitoring
13.6.2 Soft Material-Based Implantable Sensors for Cancer Diagnosis
13.6.3 Soft Material-Based Implantable Sensors for Kidney Dysfunction
13.6.4 Soft Material-Based Implantable Biosensors for the Neuro Degeneracy Disease
13.6.5 In Vivo Monitoring of pH Using Implantable Biosensors
13.7 Challenges for Soft Materials for Implantable Biosensors
13.8 Recommendation
13.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
14. Treatment of Diabetic Patients with Functionalized Biomaterials
Jyotsna Priyam
List of Abbreviations
14.1 Background and Introduction
14.2 Mechanism of Insulin Release in Diabetes Mellitus
14.3 Relationship Between Diabetic Complications and Glycation Process
14.4 Biomaterials and Their Surface Functionalization
14.5 Surface Functionalization of Biomaterials Using Surface Modification Technologies
14.6 Biomaterials with Natural Polymer Bases to Treat Diabetes
14.7 Biomaterials Based on Chitosan for the Treatment of Diabetes
14.8 Synthetic Polymer-Based Biomaterials for the Treatment of Diabetes
14.9 Hydrogel-Based Adaptable Biomaterials for Managing and Treating Diabetes
14.10 Topical Gel-Based Biomaterials for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Therapy
14.11 Creating Immunomodulatory Biomaterials to Treat Diabetes
14.12 Using Functionalized Biomaterials in Diabetic Wound Management
14.12.1 Delivery System for Diabetic Wound Management
14.12.2 As a Means of Administering Medications with Anti-Inflammatory Properties
14.12.3 Application of Functionalized Biomaterials in Diabetic Wounds as Bioactive Agencies Like Exosomes, Growth Factors, and Probiotics
14.12.4 Role of Antibacterial Nanoparticles to Enhance Diabetic Wound Recovery
14.12.5 Effects of Composite Biodegradable Biomaterials on the Healing of Diabetic Wounds
14.13 Applications of Functionalized Biomaterials for Diabetes Mellitus-Related
Tissue Engineering
14.14 Conclusion and Future Scope
Acknowledgments
References
15. Treatment and Detection of Oral Cancer Using Biosensors: Advances and Prospective
Shatrudhan Prajapati, Rishabha Malviya and Priyanshi Goyal
List of Abbreviations
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Biosensors are Necessary for Treatment
15.1.2 Several Biosensor Types for Detecting Cancer
15.1.3 Genomic Sensors
15.1.4 RNA Biosensor
15.1.5 Protein Biosensor
15.2 Therapeutic Value of Mouth Liquids as a Bio Medium
15.2.1 Saliva-Based Biosensors
15.3 Salivary Metabolomics
15.3.1 Salivary Proteomics
15.4 Electrochemical Biosensors
15.4.1 Bio-Optical Sensors
15.5 Biosensors on a Nanoscale
15.6 Conclusions
References
16. Environmental Aspect of Soft Material: Journey of Sustainable and Cost-Effective Biosensors from Lab to Industry
Harshita Rana, Pratichi Singh, Ashish Kumar Agrahari and Shikha Yadav
List of Abbreviations
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Soft Materials
16.2.1 Conducting Polymers
16.2.2 Carbon Nanomaterials
16.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
16.2.4 Carbon Metal Nanocomposites
16.2.5 Metallic Noble Material
16.2.6 Biomaterials and Biological Materials
16.2.7 Additional Soft Materials
16.3 Environmental Impact
16.4 Biosensors
16.4.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
16.4.2 Optical Biosensors
16.4.3 Wearable Biosensor
16.4.4 Enzymatic Biosensors
16.4.5 Immunosensors
16.4.6 Whole Cell Biosensors
16.5 Applications of Biosensors in Several Disciplines
16.5.1 Detection of Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
16.5.2 Food Industry
16.5.3 Medical Field
16.5.4 Engineering in Metabolism and Biology of Plants
16.5.5 Pharmaceutical Industries
16.5.6 Detection of Pathogens
16.6 Advancement in Biosensors
16.6.1 Biosensor Immobilization
16.6.2 Photochemical Biosensor
16.6.3 Colorimetric Biosensor
16.7 Fluorescent Tag Biosensors
16.7.1 FRET-Based Assays
16.7.2 Fluorescence Aptawitches
16.7.3 FRET-Based Fluorescence Immunoassays
16.7.4 Time-Resolved Fluorescence (TRF) Immunoassay
16.8 Plasmonic Fiber Optic Biosensors
16.8.1 Plasmonic Fiber Optic Absorbance Biosensor
16.8.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance
16.8.3 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance
16.8.4 Surface Plasmon Sensor Implementations in Optical Fiber
16.9 Conclusion
References
Index
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