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Submit a ProposalGreen Technologies for Industrial Contaminants
 | Edited by Riti Thapar Kapoor and Rachana Singh Copyright: 2025 | Expected Pub Date:2025// ISBN: 9781394159284 | Hardcover | 370 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
Green Technologies for Industrial Contaminants is essential for understanding innovative, eco-friendly solutions to combat the pressing challenges of pollution and water scarcity faced by our planet.
Audience
Researchers, environmentalists, microbiologists, biotechnologists, environmental engineers, waste treatment engineers and managers, scientists, environmental science managers, administrators, policymakers, environmental consultants, and industry persons who aspire to work on the treatment and reuse of industrial effluent and contaminated soil for environmental safety and sustainable development
Researchers, environmentalists, microbiologists, biotechnologists, environmental engineers, waste treatment engineers and managers, scientists, environmental science managers, administrators, policymakers, environmental consultants, and industry persons who aspire to work on the treatment and reuse of industrial effluent and contaminated soil for environmental safety and sustainable development
Description
Increasing population, environmental pollution, rampant industrialization, and scarcity of water are all major global threats. Significant amounts of pollutants are released from various industries such as textile, paper, leather, rubber, plastic, cosmetics, food, pharmaceuticals, and petroleum industries. A lack of proper treatment facilities has proliferated the discharge of effluents enriched with toxic pollutants such as dyes, heavy metals, organic compounds, and other hazardous chemicals in the environment. Water is a natural treasure and availability of safe and clean water is essential for human health, ecosystems, and sustainable development. The continuous decline of the groundwater table and deterioration of water quality are matters of serious concern. The presence of color in water poses a serious threat to the environment, affecting light penetration and reducing photosynthesis and dissolved oxygen. Most dyes and heavy metals are toxic in nature, which may cause skin irritation, allergies, respiratory disease, mental disorders, tumors, and cancer. Different physical and chemical methods are available for the treatment of industrial effluents but due to their high cost, low efficiency, and sludge generation, these methods are not feasible at large scale.
The synergistic approaches of biochar and microbes have an edge over other techniques, including being eco-friendly, cost-competitive and efficient, achieving complete mineralization, and showing low-waste production. Therefore, the combined application of biochar and microbes for pollutant degradation can be a viable option as it is a low-cost and sustainable effluent treatment system for industries. Green Technologies for Industrial Contaminants provides useful information and applications of microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi) and biochar for the removal of contaminants from industrial effluent and reutilization of waste sludge in the production of biofuel and bioenergy.
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Increasing population, environmental pollution, rampant industrialization, and scarcity of water are all major global threats. Significant amounts of pollutants are released from various industries such as textile, paper, leather, rubber, plastic, cosmetics, food, pharmaceuticals, and petroleum industries. A lack of proper treatment facilities has proliferated the discharge of effluents enriched with toxic pollutants such as dyes, heavy metals, organic compounds, and other hazardous chemicals in the environment. Water is a natural treasure and availability of safe and clean water is essential for human health, ecosystems, and sustainable development. The continuous decline of the groundwater table and deterioration of water quality are matters of serious concern. The presence of color in water poses a serious threat to the environment, affecting light penetration and reducing photosynthesis and dissolved oxygen. Most dyes and heavy metals are toxic in nature, which may cause skin irritation, allergies, respiratory disease, mental disorders, tumors, and cancer. Different physical and chemical methods are available for the treatment of industrial effluents but due to their high cost, low efficiency, and sludge generation, these methods are not feasible at large scale.
The synergistic approaches of biochar and microbes have an edge over other techniques, including being eco-friendly, cost-competitive and efficient, achieving complete mineralization, and showing low-waste production. Therefore, the combined application of biochar and microbes for pollutant degradation can be a viable option as it is a low-cost and sustainable effluent treatment system for industries. Green Technologies for Industrial Contaminants provides useful information and applications of microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi) and biochar for the removal of contaminants from industrial effluent and reutilization of waste sludge in the production of biofuel and bioenergy.
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Author / Editor Details
Riti Thapar Kapoor, PhD is an assistant professor at the Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, India with 14 years of teaching and research experience. She has published five books and over 80 research papers in various journals of national and international repute. Additionally, she has visited eight countries to participate in various academic programs and has supervised and mentored a number of research projects funded by different governmental funding agencies.
Riti Thapar Kapoor, PhD is an assistant professor at the Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, India with 14 years of teaching and research experience. She has published five books and over 80 research papers in various journals of national and international repute. Additionally, she has visited eight countries to participate in various academic programs and has supervised and mentored a number of research projects funded by different governmental funding agencies.
Rachana Singh, PhD is a professor at the Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, India with over 21 years of teaching and research experience in analytical and environmental chemistry. She has published one book and more than 50 research articles and chapters in reputed national and international journals. She has also filed six patents and been granted one patent in India. Additionally, she has supervised and mentored a number of research projects funded by different governmental funding agencies.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Membrane-Assisted Technologies for Treating Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater
Richa Aggrawal, Jitender Dhiman, Anshu, Shrutikona Das, Kumar Anupam and Ashwani Kumar Dixit
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Membrane-Based Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
1.2.1 Ultrafiltration
1.2.1.1 Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (MEUF)
1.2.1.2 Polymer-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (PEUF)
1.2.1.3 Submerged Ultrafiltration Membranes
1.2.1.4 Conventional Ultrafiltration Membranes
1.2.2 Nanofiltration
1.2.3 Microfiltration
1.2.4 Forward Osmosis
1.2.5 Reverse Osmosis
1.2.6 Electrodialysis
1.2.7 Membrane Distillation
1.2.8 Liquid Membrane Technology
1.3 Membrane Classification
1.3.1 Microporous Membranes
1.3.1.1 Cellulose Acetate
1.3.1.2 Polysulfone
1.3.1.3 Polyvinylidene Difluoride
1.3.2 Asymmetric Membranes
1.3.2.1 Integral Asymmetric Membranes
1.3.2.2 Composite Membranes
1.4 Application of Membrane Technology in the Pulp and Paper Industry
1.4.1 Nano and RO Membrane-Based Separation
1.4.2 Flocculent-Based Pre-Treated RO Membrane Separation
1.4.3 Ultrafiltration Membrane Separation
1.4.4 Combination of Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration Membrane-Based Separation
1.4.5 Pilot Scale-Based Membrane Separation in Pulp and Paper Industry
1.4.5.1 Pilot Plant for the Demonstration of Membrane Filtration (MF) in Indian Pulp and Paper Mills
1.4.5.2 UF Membrane E-Stage Bleach Plant Effluent – Commercial Application
1.5 Conclusion
References
2. Review of Recent Advances in Hazardous Waste Management of Chemical and Textile Industries Using Microbial-Assisted/Algae-Based Technologies
Bibhab Kumar Lodh
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Different Types of Waste from Chemical and Textile Industries
2.3 Microalgae and their Various Uses
2.4 Waste Treatment Using Microbial-Assisted/Algae-Based Technologies
2.5 Mechanisms of Remediation and the Factors which Influence Them
2.6 Application of Various Bioremediation in Managing Industrial Pollution
2.7 Conclusion and Future Aspects for Waste Treatment Using Algae-Based Biomass
References
3. Environmental Contaminants: Sources, Types and Future Challenges: An Update
Ravi Kumar Gangwar, Neha Singh, Pashupati Nath, Anamika Agarwal and Jaspal Singh
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Algal and Cyanobacterial Toxins
3.3 Novel Brominated Flame Retardants
3.4 Disinfection by-Products
3.5 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
3.6 Hormones and Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds (EDCs)
3.7 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
3.8 Surfactants and Their Metabolites
3.9 Benzotriazoles and Dioxane
3.10 Plasticizers and Pesticides
3.11 Consequences of Current Trends of Environmental Contaminants
3.12 Future Challenges
References
4. Efficacy of Microbes in the Removal of Pesticides from Watershed System
Prasann Kumar, Debjani Choudhury and Padmanabh Dwivedi
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Remediation of Pesticides through the Biological Pathway—A Green and Prospective Approach
4.3 Enzymatic Degradation of Pesticide
4.4 Mechanism and Molecular Advancement of Pesticide Degradation
4.5 In-Vitro Treatment Using Microbial Consortium
References
5. Emerging Environmental Contaminants: Sources, Consequences and Future Challenges
Neetu Talreja, Chitrakara Hegde, Enamala Manoj Kumar and Murthy Chavali
5.1 Introduction to Environmental Contaminants
5.2 Sources of Environmental Contaminants
5.2.1 Land
5.2.2 Water
5.2.2.1 Point Sources
5.2.2.2 Non-Point Sources
5.2.3 Air Contamination
5.3 Emerging Micro-Pollutants from Various Sources
5.3.1 Pharmaceutical Industry
5.3.2 Industrial Wastewater
5.3.2.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
5.3.2.2 Phthalate Esters
5.3.2.3 Perfluorinated Compounds
5.3.2.4 Engineered Nanomaterials
5.3.3 Pesticide Wastewater
5.4 Consequences of Emerging Environmental Contaminants
5.4.1 Microplastics (MP)
5.4.1.1 Consequences for Humans
5.4.1.2 Consequences for Animals
5.4.1.3 Consequences for Plants
5.4.1.4 Consequences for the Environment
5.4.2 PFAS
5.4.3 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
5.4.4 Pesticides
5.4.5 Nanoparticles
5.4.6 Bisphenol A (BPA)
5.4.7 Heavy Metals
5.5 Contaminations and Their Routes
5.6 Types of Environmental Contaminants
5.6.1 Biological Contaminants
5.6.2 Physical Contaminants
5.6.3 Chemical Contaminants
5.6.3.1 Inorganic Contamination
5.6.3.2 Organic Contamination
5.6.3.3 Radiological Contaminants
5.7 Conclusion
References
6. Microbial Degradation of Textile Dyes: A Sustainable Approach for Treatment of Industrial Effluents
Shivanshi Tyagi, Rachana Singh and Riti Thapar Kapoor
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Textile Dyes
6.3 Toxicity of Textile Dyes
6.4 Decolourization and Degradation of Textile Dyes
6.5 Microbial Degradation of Dyes
6.6 Fungal Dye Degradation
6.7 Dye Degradation by Fungal Consortia
6.8 Dye Degradation by Co-Microbial Cultures (Bacterial-Fungal Consortia)
6.9 Recent Advances and Future Prospects
6.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
7. Environmental Cleanup: Xenobiotic Degradation with Enzymes as Decontaminating Agents
Sonia Sethi and Gokulendra Singh Bhatti
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification of Xenobiotics
7.3 Catabolic Enzymes of Degradation Pathways
7.4 Hydrocarbon Degradation
7.5 Bioremediation Potential of Microorganisms for Xenobiotic Compounds
7.6 Enzymes
7.6.1 Hydrolases
7.6.2 Protease
7.6.3 Lipase
7.6.4 Cellulases
7.6.5 Phosphotriesterases
7.6.6 Haloalkane Dehalogenases
7.6.7 Oxidoreductases
7.6.8 Laccases
7.6.9 Tyrosinase
7.6.10 Peroxidases
7.6.11 Oxygenases
7.6.12 Dioxygenases
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Removal of Microplastics from Wastewater: An Approach towards a Sustainable Ecosystem
Neha Rana and Piyush Gupta
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Detection Methods for MPs
8.2.1 Physical Detection Techniques
8.2.2 Chemical Detection Techniques
8.3 Removal Techniques for MPs
8.3.1 Physical Treatment Methods
8.3.2 Chemical Treatment Methods
8.3.3 Biological Treatment Methods
8.4 Recent Techniques for Removal of MPs
8.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
8.6 Conclusion
References
9. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Current Technologies for Removal from Aqueous Systems
Neha Rana and Piyush Gupta
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Common Forms of EDCs
9.2.1 BPA
9.2.2 Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP)
9.2.3 NP
9.2.4 TCS
9.2.5 Estrone
9.3 Wastewater Treatment and EDCs Removal
9.4 Treatment Technologies for EDCs
9.4.1 Adsorption Technology
9.4.2 Membrane and Filtration Technologies
9.4.3 Chlorination
9.4.4 Ozonation
9.4.5 Photocatalysis
9.4.6 Fenton, Photo-Fenton and Electro-Fenton Processes
9.4.7 Electrocoagulation
9.4.8 Anodic Oxidation (AO)
9.4.9 Aerobic Wastewater Treatment Processes
9.4.9.1 Activated Sludge Treatment Process
9.4.9.2 Membrane Bioreactors
9.4.9.3 Aerated Lagoons
9.4.10 Anaerobic Treatment Process
9.4.11 Removal of EDCs Mediated by Microalgae
9.4.12 Removal of EDCs Mediated by Fungi
9.5 Future Prospects
9.6 Conclusion
References
10. Current Status on Emerging Soil Applications of Biochar
Piyush Gupta and Neha Rana
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biochar and Its Contents
10.3 Potential of Biochar to Influence Different Chemical Properties of Soil
10.3.1 Role of Biochar on Soil Carbon Enhancement
10.3.2 Influence of Biochar on Major Nutrients Availability (N, P, K) in Soil
10.3.3 Biochar Capacity to Retain Nutrients in Soil
10.4 Pyrolyzing Conditions, Nutrient Supplying Capacity, and Decomposition of Biochar
10.5 Impact of Biochar on Physical and Hydrological Properties of Soil
10.5.1 Soil Porosity
10.5.2 Bulk density
10.5.3 Soil Aggregate Stability
10.5.4 Soil Water Retention Properties
10.5.5 Soil Crack Formation
10.5.6 Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil
10.6 Effect of Biochar on Soil Biological Properties and Greenhouse Gases Emission
10.6.1 Microbiome
10.6.2 Greenhouse Gases Emission
10.6.2.1 Soil Methane Emission
10.6.2.2 Soil Carbon Dioxide Emission
10.6.2.3 Soil Nitrous Oxide Emission
10.7 Influence of Biochar on Crop Yields
10.8 Biochar as a Slow Release Fertilizer
10.9 Conclusion
References
11. Microalgal Biorefineries: An Ingenious Framework towards Wastewater Treatment Coupled with Biofuel Production
Poulomi Ghosh and Saprativ P. Das
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microalgal Cultivation System
11.2.1 Open Pond Systems
11.2.2 Closed Photo-Bioreactor Systems
11.2.3 Tubular Systems
11.2.4 Flat Panel Systems
11.2.5 Hybrid Systems
11.2.6 Floating Systems
11.3 Generation of Value-Added Products Deploying Microalgae
11.3.1 Microalgae-Based Bioethanol
11.3.2 Microalgae-Based Biogas
11.3.3 Microalgae-Based Biodiesel
11.3.4 Microalgae-Based Biohydrogen (Bio-H2)
11.3.5 Microalgae-Based Biochar
11.4 Biorefinery Development through Microalgae
11.5 Microalgae-Mediated Wastewater Treatment
11.5.1 Process Conditions
11.5.2 Process Feasibility
11.6 Integrated Wastewater Treatment and Algal Biofuel Production
11.6.1 Current Scenario of Integrated Approaches
11.6.2 Impediments and Alternatives
11.7 Future Prospects
11.8 Conclusions
References
12. Plastic Pollution: Microbial Degradation of Plastic Waste
Sushma Rani Tirkey, Remojit Biswas, Trisha Rajsi Topno, Aswathi K., Nagachandra Reddy C., Shristi Ram and Dineshkumar Ramalingam
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Plastic Degradation Methods
12.2.1 Environmental Factors
12.2.1.1 Abiotic Degradation
12.2.1.2 Biotic Degradation
12.2.2 Physical
12.2.2.1 Photo Degradation
12.2.2.2 Thermal Degradation
12.2.2.3 pH and CO2
12.2.3 Chemical
12.2.3.1 Solvolysis or Hydrolysis
12.2.3.2 Ozone Degradation
12.2.4 Biological Degradation
12.2.4.1 Biodegradation of Plastics by Insects
12.2.4.2 Microbial-Based Degradation
12.2.5 Pretreatment of Plastic for Degradation as Recent Approach
12.3 Mechanism Involved in Plastic Degradation
12.3.1 Enzyme-Mediated Biodegradation
12.3.1.1 PETase a Recent Discovery
12.3.2 Mechanism Involved in Bond Breakage
12.4 Genetic Engineering for Plastic Degradation
12.4.1 Protein Engineering of Enzymes
12.4.2 Strain Improvement
12.5 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Membrane-Assisted Technologies for Treating Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater
Richa Aggrawal, Jitender Dhiman, Anshu, Shrutikona Das, Kumar Anupam and Ashwani Kumar Dixit
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Membrane-Based Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
1.2.1 Ultrafiltration
1.2.1.1 Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (MEUF)
1.2.1.2 Polymer-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (PEUF)
1.2.1.3 Submerged Ultrafiltration Membranes
1.2.1.4 Conventional Ultrafiltration Membranes
1.2.2 Nanofiltration
1.2.3 Microfiltration
1.2.4 Forward Osmosis
1.2.5 Reverse Osmosis
1.2.6 Electrodialysis
1.2.7 Membrane Distillation
1.2.8 Liquid Membrane Technology
1.3 Membrane Classification
1.3.1 Microporous Membranes
1.3.1.1 Cellulose Acetate
1.3.1.2 Polysulfone
1.3.1.3 Polyvinylidene Difluoride
1.3.2 Asymmetric Membranes
1.3.2.1 Integral Asymmetric Membranes
1.3.2.2 Composite Membranes
1.4 Application of Membrane Technology in the Pulp and Paper Industry
1.4.1 Nano and RO Membrane-Based Separation
1.4.2 Flocculent-Based Pre-Treated RO Membrane Separation
1.4.3 Ultrafiltration Membrane Separation
1.4.4 Combination of Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration Membrane-Based Separation
1.4.5 Pilot Scale-Based Membrane Separation in Pulp and Paper Industry
1.4.5.1 Pilot Plant for the Demonstration of Membrane Filtration (MF) in Indian Pulp and Paper Mills
1.4.5.2 UF Membrane E-Stage Bleach Plant Effluent – Commercial Application
1.5 Conclusion
References
2. Review of Recent Advances in Hazardous Waste Management of Chemical and Textile Industries Using Microbial-Assisted/Algae-Based Technologies
Bibhab Kumar Lodh
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Different Types of Waste from Chemical and Textile Industries
2.3 Microalgae and their Various Uses
2.4 Waste Treatment Using Microbial-Assisted/Algae-Based Technologies
2.5 Mechanisms of Remediation and the Factors which Influence Them
2.6 Application of Various Bioremediation in Managing Industrial Pollution
2.7 Conclusion and Future Aspects for Waste Treatment Using Algae-Based Biomass
References
3. Environmental Contaminants: Sources, Types and Future Challenges: An Update
Ravi Kumar Gangwar, Neha Singh, Pashupati Nath, Anamika Agarwal and Jaspal Singh
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Algal and Cyanobacterial Toxins
3.3 Novel Brominated Flame Retardants
3.4 Disinfection by-Products
3.5 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
3.6 Hormones and Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds (EDCs)
3.7 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
3.8 Surfactants and Their Metabolites
3.9 Benzotriazoles and Dioxane
3.10 Plasticizers and Pesticides
3.11 Consequences of Current Trends of Environmental Contaminants
3.12 Future Challenges
References
4. Efficacy of Microbes in the Removal of Pesticides from Watershed System
Prasann Kumar, Debjani Choudhury and Padmanabh Dwivedi
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Remediation of Pesticides through the Biological Pathway—A Green and Prospective Approach
4.3 Enzymatic Degradation of Pesticide
4.4 Mechanism and Molecular Advancement of Pesticide Degradation
4.5 In-Vitro Treatment Using Microbial Consortium
References
5. Emerging Environmental Contaminants: Sources, Consequences and Future Challenges
Neetu Talreja, Chitrakara Hegde, Enamala Manoj Kumar and Murthy Chavali
5.1 Introduction to Environmental Contaminants
5.2 Sources of Environmental Contaminants
5.2.1 Land
5.2.2 Water
5.2.2.1 Point Sources
5.2.2.2 Non-Point Sources
5.2.3 Air Contamination
5.3 Emerging Micro-Pollutants from Various Sources
5.3.1 Pharmaceutical Industry
5.3.2 Industrial Wastewater
5.3.2.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
5.3.2.2 Phthalate Esters
5.3.2.3 Perfluorinated Compounds
5.3.2.4 Engineered Nanomaterials
5.3.3 Pesticide Wastewater
5.4 Consequences of Emerging Environmental Contaminants
5.4.1 Microplastics (MP)
5.4.1.1 Consequences for Humans
5.4.1.2 Consequences for Animals
5.4.1.3 Consequences for Plants
5.4.1.4 Consequences for the Environment
5.4.2 PFAS
5.4.3 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
5.4.4 Pesticides
5.4.5 Nanoparticles
5.4.6 Bisphenol A (BPA)
5.4.7 Heavy Metals
5.5 Contaminations and Their Routes
5.6 Types of Environmental Contaminants
5.6.1 Biological Contaminants
5.6.2 Physical Contaminants
5.6.3 Chemical Contaminants
5.6.3.1 Inorganic Contamination
5.6.3.2 Organic Contamination
5.6.3.3 Radiological Contaminants
5.7 Conclusion
References
6. Microbial Degradation of Textile Dyes: A Sustainable Approach for Treatment of Industrial Effluents
Shivanshi Tyagi, Rachana Singh and Riti Thapar Kapoor
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Textile Dyes
6.3 Toxicity of Textile Dyes
6.4 Decolourization and Degradation of Textile Dyes
6.5 Microbial Degradation of Dyes
6.6 Fungal Dye Degradation
6.7 Dye Degradation by Fungal Consortia
6.8 Dye Degradation by Co-Microbial Cultures (Bacterial-Fungal Consortia)
6.9 Recent Advances and Future Prospects
6.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
7. Environmental Cleanup: Xenobiotic Degradation with Enzymes as Decontaminating Agents
Sonia Sethi and Gokulendra Singh Bhatti
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification of Xenobiotics
7.3 Catabolic Enzymes of Degradation Pathways
7.4 Hydrocarbon Degradation
7.5 Bioremediation Potential of Microorganisms for Xenobiotic Compounds
7.6 Enzymes
7.6.1 Hydrolases
7.6.2 Protease
7.6.3 Lipase
7.6.4 Cellulases
7.6.5 Phosphotriesterases
7.6.6 Haloalkane Dehalogenases
7.6.7 Oxidoreductases
7.6.8 Laccases
7.6.9 Tyrosinase
7.6.10 Peroxidases
7.6.11 Oxygenases
7.6.12 Dioxygenases
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Removal of Microplastics from Wastewater: An Approach towards a Sustainable Ecosystem
Neha Rana and Piyush Gupta
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Detection Methods for MPs
8.2.1 Physical Detection Techniques
8.2.2 Chemical Detection Techniques
8.3 Removal Techniques for MPs
8.3.1 Physical Treatment Methods
8.3.2 Chemical Treatment Methods
8.3.3 Biological Treatment Methods
8.4 Recent Techniques for Removal of MPs
8.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
8.6 Conclusion
References
9. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Current Technologies for Removal from Aqueous Systems
Neha Rana and Piyush Gupta
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Common Forms of EDCs
9.2.1 BPA
9.2.2 Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP)
9.2.3 NP
9.2.4 TCS
9.2.5 Estrone
9.3 Wastewater Treatment and EDCs Removal
9.4 Treatment Technologies for EDCs
9.4.1 Adsorption Technology
9.4.2 Membrane and Filtration Technologies
9.4.3 Chlorination
9.4.4 Ozonation
9.4.5 Photocatalysis
9.4.6 Fenton, Photo-Fenton and Electro-Fenton Processes
9.4.7 Electrocoagulation
9.4.8 Anodic Oxidation (AO)
9.4.9 Aerobic Wastewater Treatment Processes
9.4.9.1 Activated Sludge Treatment Process
9.4.9.2 Membrane Bioreactors
9.4.9.3 Aerated Lagoons
9.4.10 Anaerobic Treatment Process
9.4.11 Removal of EDCs Mediated by Microalgae
9.4.12 Removal of EDCs Mediated by Fungi
9.5 Future Prospects
9.6 Conclusion
References
10. Current Status on Emerging Soil Applications of Biochar
Piyush Gupta and Neha Rana
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biochar and Its Contents
10.3 Potential of Biochar to Influence Different Chemical Properties of Soil
10.3.1 Role of Biochar on Soil Carbon Enhancement
10.3.2 Influence of Biochar on Major Nutrients Availability (N, P, K) in Soil
10.3.3 Biochar Capacity to Retain Nutrients in Soil
10.4 Pyrolyzing Conditions, Nutrient Supplying Capacity, and Decomposition of Biochar
10.5 Impact of Biochar on Physical and Hydrological Properties of Soil
10.5.1 Soil Porosity
10.5.2 Bulk density
10.5.3 Soil Aggregate Stability
10.5.4 Soil Water Retention Properties
10.5.5 Soil Crack Formation
10.5.6 Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil
10.6 Effect of Biochar on Soil Biological Properties and Greenhouse Gases Emission
10.6.1 Microbiome
10.6.2 Greenhouse Gases Emission
10.6.2.1 Soil Methane Emission
10.6.2.2 Soil Carbon Dioxide Emission
10.6.2.3 Soil Nitrous Oxide Emission
10.7 Influence of Biochar on Crop Yields
10.8 Biochar as a Slow Release Fertilizer
10.9 Conclusion
References
11. Microalgal Biorefineries: An Ingenious Framework towards Wastewater Treatment Coupled with Biofuel Production
Poulomi Ghosh and Saprativ P. Das
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microalgal Cultivation System
11.2.1 Open Pond Systems
11.2.2 Closed Photo-Bioreactor Systems
11.2.3 Tubular Systems
11.2.4 Flat Panel Systems
11.2.5 Hybrid Systems
11.2.6 Floating Systems
11.3 Generation of Value-Added Products Deploying Microalgae
11.3.1 Microalgae-Based Bioethanol
11.3.2 Microalgae-Based Biogas
11.3.3 Microalgae-Based Biodiesel
11.3.4 Microalgae-Based Biohydrogen (Bio-H2)
11.3.5 Microalgae-Based Biochar
11.4 Biorefinery Development through Microalgae
11.5 Microalgae-Mediated Wastewater Treatment
11.5.1 Process Conditions
11.5.2 Process Feasibility
11.6 Integrated Wastewater Treatment and Algal Biofuel Production
11.6.1 Current Scenario of Integrated Approaches
11.6.2 Impediments and Alternatives
11.7 Future Prospects
11.8 Conclusions
References
12. Plastic Pollution: Microbial Degradation of Plastic Waste
Sushma Rani Tirkey, Remojit Biswas, Trisha Rajsi Topno, Aswathi K., Nagachandra Reddy C., Shristi Ram and Dineshkumar Ramalingam
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Plastic Degradation Methods
12.2.1 Environmental Factors
12.2.1.1 Abiotic Degradation
12.2.1.2 Biotic Degradation
12.2.2 Physical
12.2.2.1 Photo Degradation
12.2.2.2 Thermal Degradation
12.2.2.3 pH and CO2
12.2.3 Chemical
12.2.3.1 Solvolysis or Hydrolysis
12.2.3.2 Ozone Degradation
12.2.4 Biological Degradation
12.2.4.1 Biodegradation of Plastics by Insects
12.2.4.2 Microbial-Based Degradation
12.2.5 Pretreatment of Plastic for Degradation as Recent Approach
12.3 Mechanism Involved in Plastic Degradation
12.3.1 Enzyme-Mediated Biodegradation
12.3.1.1 PETase a Recent Discovery
12.3.2 Mechanism Involved in Bond Breakage
12.4 Genetic Engineering for Plastic Degradation
12.4.1 Protein Engineering of Enzymes
12.4.2 Strain Improvement
12.5 Conclusion
References
Index
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