Search

Browse Subject Areas

For Authors

Submit a Proposal

Customized Technologies for Sustainable Management of Industrial Wastewater

Edited by Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, Vhahangwele Masindi, Johannes Maree and Bhekie Mamba
Copyright: 2025   |   Expected Pub Date:2025/07/30
ISBN: 9781394214372  |  Hardcover  |  
634 pages

One Line Description
The book is essential for understanding innovative solutions to the critical challenges posed by increasing wastewater pollution and the urgent need for sustainable practices in light of climate change and resource scarcity.

Audience
Researchers, mining and industrial professionals, environmental managers, and policymakers involved in environmental, chemical, engineering, and mineral processing fields in the industries; water treatment plants managers and operators, water authorities, government regulatory bodies officers, and environmentalists.

Description
Increased population growth and climate change put continuous pressure on freshwater resources across the globe. The volume and diversity of pollutants in wastewater discharged from industry have significantly increased over the years, making conventional wastewater treatment systems unfit for managing industrial wastewater released into the environment. The limitations of existing treatments appear not only in the suitability of the technologies to abate emerging pollutants, but also in the approach used to mitigate the situation and ensure sustainability of the process. For wastewater treatment, the circular economy, which is based on the principles reduce, reuse, recycle, restore, and recover, will ensure that waste is minimized and the life-cycle value of natural resources and products is maximized. Considerable progress has been made in developing new technologies that can adequately address the issue. However, with larger volumes of wastewater to treat every day, the cost of treatment is overwhelming, necessitating the right combination of technologies that will promote the reuse of pollutants recovered during the treatment process to offset the treatment cost. Customized Technologies for Sustainable Management of Industrial Wastewater: Circular Economy Approach presents fifteen comprehensive chapters that cover the sustainability of industrial wastewater treatment technologies with consideration to the circular economy.
Readers will find the volume:
• Emphasizes the mechanisms and strategic combination of technologies that maximize the recovery of valuables during industrial wastewater treatment and deliver effluents treated to the acceptable standard;
• Discusses the characteristics, purity, and potential uses and applications of the recovered products;
• Focuses on the strategic development of technologies for the sustainable treatment of industrial wastewater at large.

Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, PhD is a professor in the Department of Mining Engineering at the University of South Africa. He has over 220 publications, including journal articles, books, book chapters, and conference proceeding papers. His research focuses on the hydrometallurgical extraction of metal from solid phases, the prediction of pollutant dispersion from industrial areas, and the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from polluted water.

Vhahangwele Masindi, PhD is the Research and Development Manager at Magalies Water, a research associate at the University of South Africa, and a visiting research scientist at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. He has over 117 publications, including journal articles, books, book chapters, patents, and conference proceeding papers. His research focuses on environmental quality modeling, water resource management, water and wastewater treatment, sustainability, circular economy in water treatment, and waste beneficiation and valorization.

Johannes Maree, PhD is the founder of ROC Water Technologies, a company focused on processing mining waste to recover drinking water and other products. His current projects include a Water Research Center project where the ROC process needs to be demonstrated to treat iron-rich acid mine water, a THRIP focusing on the thermal processing of sodium sulphate, and brine treatment with freeze crystallization for the selective recovery of ice, sodium sulphate, and sodium chloride.

Bhekie Mamba is the executive dean of the College of Science, Engineering and Technology at the University of South Africa. He has published seven book chapters, over 250 journal papers, 12 technical reports, and over 50 conference proceedings. His research interests include nanotechnology, polymer chemistry, and water treatment technologies.

Back to Top

Table of Contents
Preface
Part I: Stepwise Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Using a Combination of Approaches
1. A Review of the Reducing and Alkalinity-Producing System (RAPS) for Acid Mine Drainage Neutralization
Mafeto Malatji, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and Bhekie B. Mamba
1.1 Background
1.1.1 AMD Generation
1.1.2 Effects of AMD on the Environment
1.1.3 AMD Treatment Options
1.1.3.1 Passive Treatment Systems
1.1.3.2 Selection Criteria
1.2 The Reducing and Alkalinity-Producing System (RAPS) as a Passive Treatment System
1.2.1 Setup of the RAPS
1.2.2 Principles of the RAPS
1.2.2.1 Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
1.2.2.2 Limestone Dissolution
1.2.2.3 Metal Removal Processes
1.2.2.4 Performance of RAPS in Treating AMD
1.2.2.5 Advantages of RAPS
1.2.2.6 Disadvantages
1.2.3 Novelty Opportunities of the RAPS
1.2.4 Applicability of the RAPS in South Africa
1.3 Geochemical Modeling for the Prediction of the Dispersion of Metals in Water Systems
1.3.1 Equilibrium Models
1.3.1.1 PHREEQC
1.3.2 Kinetics Models
1.3.2.1 TOUGHREACT
1.3.3 Transport Models
1.3.3.1 MODFLOW
1.3.4 Empirical Modeling
1.4 Conclusion
References
2. Novel Hybrid Nature-Based Solutions for the Sustainable Treatment of Industrial Wastewater: Alkaline and Acid Mine Drainage
Schoeman, Y., Erasmus, M., Naidoo, N. and Oberholster, P.J.
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Importance of Industrial and Mining Waste Water Treatment
2.1.2 Nature of Alkaline and AMD Water Influencing Treatment Methods Toward Environmental and Public Health Protection
2.1.2.1 Alkaline Wastewater
2.1.2.2 Acid Mine Drainage
2.1.3 Challenges with Conventional Treatment Methods
2.1.3.1 Alkaline Wastewater
2.1.3.2 Acid Mine Drainage
2.2 Nature-Based Treatment Options for Environmental and Public Health Protection
2.2.1 Importance
2.2.2 Constructed Wetlands
2.2.3 Bioremediation
2.2.3.1 Microbial Bioremediation
2.2.3.2 Phyco- and Phytoremediation
2.2.4 Natural Filtration Systems
2.3 NBS for Industrial and Mining Wastewater Treatment
2.3.1 Alkaline Wastewater
2.3.2 Acid Mine Drainage
2.3.2.1 Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
2.3.2.2 Integrated Constructed Surface Water Wetlands and Algae Pond Systems
2.3.2.3 Algal-Bacterial Integrated Ponding System
2.3.2.4 Ecologically Engineered Wetlands
2.4 Novel Hybrid NBS
2.4.1 Concept
2.4.2 Framework for Selecting Hybrid NBS for Treating Alkaline and AMD Wastewater
2.4.3 Design Principles for NBS for Treating Alkaline and AMD
2.4.4 Importance of Addressing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Contributing to the Global Sustainability Agenda
2.5 Conclusion
References
3. Use of Chemical and Physical Techniques in Stepwise Treatment of Industrial Wastewater
Zvinowanda, Caliphs and Ncube Pauline
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Stepwise Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Using Chemical Operations
3.2.1 Stepwise Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Metallurgical Wastewater Stream
3.2.1.1 Removal of Chromium and Other Heavy Metal Ions
3.2.1.2 Removal of Heavy Metal Ions and Organic Pollutants in Wastewater by
Electrocoagulation
3.2.2 Stepwise Treatment of Wastewater Streams from Automotive Assembly Operations
3.2.3 Stepwise Treatment of Wastewater Streams from Abattoir Processing Industries
3.2.3.1 Dissolved Air Floatation and Anaerobic Treatment
3.2.3.2 Physicochemical and Advanced Oxidation Processes for Abattoir Wastewater Treatment
3.2.4 Stepwise Treatment of Wastewater Streams from Pharmaceutical Operations
3.2.5 Stepwise Treatment of Wastewater Streams from Dairy Processing Industries
3.2.6 Stepwise Treatment of Wastewater Streams from Food Processing Operations
3.2.7 Stepwise Treatment of Wastewater Streams from Textile Manufacturing
References
4. Trends on the Occurrence, Challenges, Migration, and Remediation of Emerging Contaminants in Aquatic Environments
Paki Israel Dikobe, Memory Tekere, Beauclair Nguegang and Vhahangwele Masindi
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Emerging Contaminants in the Environment
4.3 Classes of Emerging Contaminants
4.3.1 Personal Care Products
4.3.2 Pharmaceuticals
4.3.2.1 Different Type of Pharmaceutical Compounds
4.3.3 Pesticides
4.4 Sources of Emerging Contaminants
4.4.1 Agricultural Practices
4.4.2 Wastewater Treatment Facilities
4.4.3 Landfill Leachates
4.4.4 Industrial Effluents and Pharmaceutical Companies
4.4.5 Hospital Wastes
4.4.6 Lifestyle Waste
4.5 The Effects of the Emerging Contaminants
4.5.1 Effects on Human and Animal Health
4.5.2 Effects on the Environment and Ecosystem
4.6 Variation of Emerging Contaminants in Aqueous Environments
4.7 Required Limits of Potable Water Quality Standards and Guidelines
4.8 Treatment of Emerging Contaminants
4.8.1 Oxidation
4.8.1.1 Chlorination
4.8.1.2 Potassium Permanganate Solution
4.8.1.3 Ozonation
4.8.1.4 Adsorption
4.8.1.5 Filtration
4.8.1.6 Photocatalysis
4.8.1.7 Electro Fenton Process
4.8.1.8 Electrocoagulation
4.9 Conclusions
4.10 Future Research Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
5. An Update on the Progress, Trends and Challenges of Drinking Water Treatment and Provision
Maphanga Donald, Mapula Lucey Moropeng, Vhahangwele Masindi and Beauclair Nguegang
5.1 Raw Water
5.2 Drinking Water Treatment Process
5.3 Functionalities of Drinking Water Treatment Process
5.4 Final Water and Challenges
5.5 Distribution Water Challenges
5.6 Types of Disinfectants and Oxidants
5.6.1 Chlorine Gas
5.6.2 Chlorine Dioxide
5.6.3 Sodium Hypochlorite Solution
5.6.4 Calcium Hypochlorite
5.6.5 Chloramines
5.6.6 Ozonation
5.6.7 Ultraviolet Light (UV)
5.6.8 Photocatalysis
5.7 Role of Chlorine in Water Treatment
5.7.1 Aqueous Chlorine Chemistry
5.7.2 Organic Compounds
5.7.3 Inorganic Compounds
5.8 Effects of Chlorine as a Post-Disinfectant
5.9 Regulatory Requirements
5.10 Chlorine Decay
5.10.1 Chlorine Degradation in Water Distribution Network
5.10.1.1 Bulk Decay Reaction Mechanism
5.10.1.2 Wall Reaction Mechanism
5.11 Chlorine Decay Models
5.11.1 Zero-Order Model
5.11.2 First-Order Model
5.11.3 Second-Order Model
5.11.4 The Nth-Order Model
5.11.5 Determining the Bulk Reaction Order of the Samples
5.12 The Limitations of Traditional Chlorine Decay Models
5.13 Experimental Approaches
5.13.1 Bulk Chlorine Decay Using Analytical Methods
5.13.1.1 Effect of Water Indexes (Dissolved Organic Carbon, UV254, Ammonia, and EEM)
5.13.1.2 Effect of Natural Organic Matters Toward Chlorine Decay
5.13.1.3 Effect of Temperature and pH
5.13.2 Wall Chlorine Decay Using Analytical Methods
5.13.2.1 The Effect of Biofilm
5.14 Simulations and Mathematical Estimates
5.14.1 Bulk Chlorine Decay Rate Using Simulations and Mathematical Estimates
5.14.1.1 Effect of Temperature on Bulk Chlorine Decay Rate (NOM and THMs)
5.14.1.2 Influence of Hydraulic Conditions
5.14.1.3 The Initial Chlorine Dose Effect on Bulk Decay Rate
5.15 The Rate Constant of Chlorine Decay with the Wall of Water Pipe
5.15.1 Effect of Hydraulic Conditions
5.16 Tools for Simulations and Mathematical Estimates
5.16.1 Integrated Chlorine Decay Mathematical Models Derived from Traditional Models
5.17 Software Packages for Chlorine Decay Simulations
5.17.1 EPANET Software
5.17.2 COMSOL Multiphysics Software
5.17.3 AQUASIM Software
5.17.4 Other Modeling Software
5.18 Challenges of Simulations
5.19 Conclusion and Avenues for Future Research
5.19.1 Conclusion
5.19.2 Avenues for Future Research
Acknowledgments
References
Part II: Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Using Sustainable Technologies that are Effective and Affordable
6. A Comprehensive Assessment of the Chemical-Based Technologies for Waste(Water) Treatment
Linda L. Sibali, Zolani Dyosi, Beauclair Nguegang and Vhahangwele Masindi
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview of Chemical Treatment Technologies
6.2.1 Water Treatment Processes Based on Chemical Technology
6.2.1.1 Chemical Precipitation (Coagulation and Flocculation)
6.2.1.2 Disinfection
6.2.1.3 Adsorption
6.2.1.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
6.2.1.5 Ion Exchange Water Treatment Process
6.3 Advantages of Chemical Technology Treatment Processes over Biological Processes
6.3.1 Limitations and Challenges
6.4 Overview on Technical Expertise
6.4.1 Technical Expertise Required in Chemical Technology Water Treatment Process
6.4.1.1 Expertise in Chemical Process Design
6.4.1.2 Expertise in Chemical Process Operation
6.4.1.3 Expertise in Chemical Process Optimization
6.4.1.4 Technical Expertise in Understanding Chemical Reactions, Kinetics,
and Thermodynamics
6.5 Overview on Equipment and Machinery
6.5.1 Equipment and Machinery in Chemical Technology Processes for Water Treatment
6.5.1.1 Pumps
6.5.1.2 Mixers
6.5.1.3 Reactors
6.5.1.4 Filters
6.5.1.5 Disinfection Systems
6.5.2 Integration of Equipment and Machinery
6.6 Overview Recent Chemical Materials Used in Wastewater Treatment Plants
6.6.1 Recent Chemical Materials Used in Wastewater Treatment Plants
6.6.1.1 Coagulants and Flocculants for Solid-Liquid Separation
6.6.1.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) Utilizing Ozone and Hydrogen Peroxide
6.6.1.3 Adsorbents and Ion Exchange Resins for Contaminant Removal
6.6.1.4 Advancements in Disinfectants for Microbial Control
6.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
7. Treatment of Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater from Power Stations Using Freeze Crystallization
A.L. Tau and J.P. Maree
Abbreviations and Acronyms
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Background
7.1.2 Description of the Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization System
7.1.3 Current Wastewater Disposal
7.1.4 Objectives
7.2 Literature Review on Freeze Crystallization
7.2.1 Basic Theory
7.2.1.1 Operating Principle
7.2.1.2 Supersaturation
7.2.1.3 Crystallization
7.2.1.4 Solubility, Phase Diagrams, and Metastable Zone
7.2.2 Techniques in Freeze Crystallization
7.2.2.1 Direct Contact Freeze-Crystallization
7.2.2.2 Indirect Contact Freeze Crystallization
7.2.2.3 Vacuum Freeze Desalination
7.2.2.4 Eutectic Freeze Crystallization
7.2.2.5 Secondary Refrigerant Freezing
7.2.2.6 HybridICE Freeze-Crystallization Technology
7.2.2.7 Heat Pump
7.3 Water Treatment with the Integrated Power Plant
7.3.1 Block Diagram of Power Station
7.3.2 Water Losses
7.3.3 Coal Usage and Ash Production
7.3.4 Quality of FGD Wastewater
7.4 Treatment Options
7.4.1 Evaporation
7.4.2 Freeze Crystallization
7.4.2.1 Ice Crystals and Concentrate Recovery
7.5 Conclusions
7.6 Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
8. Sustainabilities and Challenges of Safe Drinking Water Provisions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Siphelele Nduli, Memory Tekere, Vhahangwele Masindi and Beauclair Nguegang
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sources of Surface Water Contamination
8.3 Common Microbial Contaminants of Water and Their Public Health Implications
8.4 Processes for Surface Water Treatment for Drinking Purposes
8.4.1 Screening
8.4.2 Pre-Oxidation
8.4.3 Coagulation-Flocculation
8.4.4 Sedimentation
8.4.5 Air Flotation
8.4.6 Filtration
8.4.7 Disinfection
8.5 Factors Shaping Microbial Community Composition of Water
8.5.1 Raw Water Source, Treatment Regime, and Pipe Material
8.5.2 Biofilms as a Contributing Factor to Microbial Community Composition of Water
8.5.3 Biofilm Formation and Development
8.5.4 Planktonic and Biofilm Bacteria Community Structure
8.6 Sampling for Microbial Community Composition Studies
8.6.1 Bulk Water-Phase Sampling
8.6.2 Biofilm-Phase Sampling
8.7 Approaches to Studying Microbial Community Composition
8.7.1 Culture-Dependent Methods
8.7.2 Culture-Independent Methods
8.7.2.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction
8.7.2.2 Amplicon Metagenomic Sequencing
8.7.2.3 Whole-Metagenome DNA Sequencing
8.7.3 Developments in Sequencing Platforms
8.7.3.1 Sanger and Clone-Based Sequencing
8.7.3.2 Next-Generation Sequencing
8.7.3.3 Third-Generation Sequencing
8.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Part III: Optimization of the Recovery of Valuable By-Products from the Treatment Process (Circular Economy)
9. Avenues for the Recovery and Synthesis of Valuable Minerals from Municipal Wastewater and Their Valorization
Collen Nepfumbada, Tavenga Nikita, Beauclair Nguegang and Vhahangwele Masindi
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Streams and Their Composition
9.2.1 Influent and Effluent Composition
9.2.2 Dewatering Stream
9.2.3 Sludge
9.3 Ecological Impacts of Municipal Wastewater
9.3.1 Effects on Agriculture
9.3.2 Effects on Living Organisms
9.3.3 Effects on the Economy
9.3.4 Effects on River Health
9.4 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Methods
9.4.1 Biological Treatment Method
9.4.2 Chemical Treatment Method
9.4.3 Integrated or Multi-Staged Approach
9.5 Water Treatment Challenges
9.6 Beneficiation and Valorization of Products
9.6.1 Biogas Production
9.6.2 Fertilizer Production
9.6.3 Biochar Synthesis
9.6.4 Clean Water Reclamation
9.6.5 Acid Mine Drainage Treatment
9.7 Valorization Challenges and Sustainability
9.8 Conclusions
9.9 Future Outlook and Research Avenues
Acknowledgments
References
10. Recovery, Valorization, and Beneficiation of Valuable Minerals From Natural Acid Mine Drainage and Their Respective Application in Wastewater Treatment
Khathutshelo Lilith Muedi, Vhahangwele Masindi and Hendrik Gideon Brink
List of Abbreviations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Acid Mine Drainage and Its Mechanisms
10.3 Diverse Mine Effluents and Their Elemental Composition
10.3.1 Acid Mine Effluents
10.3.2 Neutral Mine Effluents
10.3.3 Basic Mine Effluents
10.3.4 Saline Mine Effluents
10.4 Ramifications of Acid Mine Drainage
10.4.1 Impacts on Human Health
10.4.2 Ecological Ramifications on Aquatic Flora and Fauna
10.4.3 Phytotoxicity Effects
10.4.4 Impacts on Water Quality
10.4.5 Economic Impacts
10.4.6 Impacts on Infrastructure
10.5 Treatment Technologies of Acid Mine Drainage
10.5.1 Passive Remediation Technologies
10.5.1.1 Natural and Constructed Wetlands
10.5.1.2 Microbial Degradation
10.5.1.3 Sedimentation
10.5.2 Active Remediation Technologies
10.5.3 Integrated Remediation Technologies
10.6 Acid Mine Drainage Exploitation Opportunities
10.6.1 Reclamation of Valuable Minerals From Acidic Mine Effluents
10.6.1.1 Recovery Technologies for Valuable Minerals From AMD
10.6.2 Valorization of Recovered Minerals From Acid Mine Drainage
10.6.2.1 Industrial Applications
10.6.2.2 Environmental Remediation
10.6.2.3 Economic Potential
10.6.2.4 Iron Oxides
10.6.2.5 Aluminum Oxides
10.6.2.6 Other Derivatives
10.6.3 Beneficiation of Acid Mine Drainage Derivatives
10.6.4 Comparison of Acid Mine Drainage Technologies in South Africa
10.7 Heavy Metal Contaminants in Wastewater
10.7.1 Arsenic
10.7.1.1 Impacts of Arsenic on Human Health
10.7.1.2 Impacts of Arsenic on Aquatic Organisms
10.7.1.3 Impacts of Arsenic on Plants
10.7.1.4 Technologies for Arsenic Removal From Aqueous Systems
10.7.2 Chromium
10.7.2.1 Impacts of Chromium on Human Health
10.7.2.2 Impacts of Chromium on Aquatic Organisms
10.7.2.3 Impacts of Chromium on Plants
10.7.2.4 Technologies for Chromium Removal From Aqueous Systems
10.8 Other Paramount Water Contaminants
10.8.1 Congo Red Dye
10.8.1.1 Impacts of Congo Red Dye on Human Health
10.8.1.2 Impacts of Congo Red Dye on Aquatic Organisms
10.8.1.3 Impacts of Congo Red Dye on Plants
10.8.1.4 Technologies for Removal of Congo Red Dye From Aqueous Systems
10.8.2 Ammonia
10.8.2.1 Impacts of Ammonia on Human Health
10.8.2.2 Impacts of Ammonia on Aquatic Organisms
10.8.2.3 Impacts of Ammonia on Plants
10.8.2.4 Technologies for Removal of Ammonia From Aqueous Systems
10.8.3 Nitrates
10.8.3.1 Impacts of Nitrates on Human Health
10.8.3.2 Impacts of Nitrates on Aquatic Organisms
10.8.3.3 Impacts of Nitrates on Plants
10.8.3.4 Technologies for Removal of Nitrates From Aqueous Systems
10.8.4 Phosphates
10.8.4.1 Impacts of Phosphate on Human Health
10.8.4.2 Impacts of Phosphate on Aquatic Organisms
10.8.4.3 Impacts of Phosphate on Plants
10.8.4.4 Technologies for Phosphate Removal From Aqueous Systems
10.8.5 Sulfates
10.8.5.1 Impacts of Sulfates on Human Health
10.8.5.2 Impacts of Sulfates on Aquatic Organisms
10.8.5.3 Impacts of Sulfates on Plants
10.8.5.4 Technologies for Sulfate Removal From Aqueous Systems
10.9 Adsorption Phenomena
10.9.1 Categorization of Adsorption Mechanisms
10.9.1.1 Physical Adsorption (Physisorption)
10.9.1.2 Chemical Adsorption (Chemisorption)
10.9.2 Adsorption Kinetics
10.9.3 Types of Adsorbents and Their Properties
10.9.3.1 Activated Carbon
10.9.3.2 Zeolites
10.9.3.3 Silica Gel
10.9.3.4 Metal-Organic Frameworks
10.9.3.5 Iron-Based Adsorbents
10.9.3.6 Aluminum-Based Adsorbents
10.9.4 Applications of Adsorption
10.9.5 Advantages of Adsorption
10.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
11. Recovery of Na2CO3 and Mg(OH)2 from Alkali Earth Metal Sulfates
Conny P. Mokgohloa, Johannes P. Maree, Malose P. Mokhonoana and Mary P. Motaung
Remark
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Literature
11.2.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases
11.2.2 Kinetics
11.2.3 Thermodynamics
11.2.3.1 Gibbs Free Energy
11.2.3.2 Enthalpy and Heat of Reaction
11.2.4 Freeze Crystallization by the ROC Process
11.2.4.1 Introduction
11.2.4.2 Types of Freeze Crystallization
11.3 Materials and Methods
11.3.1 Feedstock, Chemicals, and Reagents
11.3.2 Equipment
11.3.3 Experimental and Procedure
11.3.3.1 Thermal Treatment
11.3.3.2 Na2S Formation
11.3.3.3 Na2S Processing
11.3.4 Analysis
11.3.4.1 Pyrosim Mintek Simulation
11.3.5 OLI Software Simulations
11.4 Results and Discussion
11.4.1 Thermodynamic Values for CaSO4, BaSO4, and Na2SO4
11.4.1.1 Standard Enthalpy/Heat of Formation
11.4.1.2 Standard Gibbs Free Energy of Formation
11.4.1.3 Standard Entropy Values
11.4.1.4 Specific Heat Capacity Values for Reactant and Products
11.4.1.5 Reaction Energy Values for Various Reactions
11.4.2 Mass and Energy Balance Models for Reduction of Na2SO4, CaSO4, and BaSO4
11.4.3 Reduction of CaSO4 and BaSO4
11.4.4 Oxidation of CaS and BaS
11.4.5 Conversion of Na2SO4 to Na2S
11.4.5.1 Solubility of Sulfate, Sulfide, and Bicarbonate Compounds
11.4.5.2 Processing of Na2S via BaS from Na2SO4
11.4.6 Production of NaHCO3 and NaHS From Na2S and CO2
11.4.6.1 Solubilities of Sodium Compounds
11.4.6.2 Separation of NaHCO3 and NaHS
11.4.6.3 Na2CO3 from NaHCO3
11.4.7 Production of MgO from MgSO4 and NaHS
11.4.7.1 Reaction Between Na2S and MgSO4
11.4.7.2 Separation of Na2SO4 and NaHS
11.4.7.3 Up-Concentration of NaHS
11.4.8 Sulfur from H2S
11.4.8.1 H2S Oxidation with Fe3+
11.4.8.2 H2S Oxidation with O2
11.4.8.3 Fe2+-Oxidation with O2
11.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
12. Trends, Prospects, and Challenges of Treatment, Recovering, and Synthesizing Valuable Minerals from Acid Mine Drainage
N. Tshikosi, B. Nguegang, Vhahangwele Masindi and M.M. Ramakokovhu
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Formation of Acid Mine Drainage
12.3 Composition of Different Mine Drainages
12.3.1 Acid Mine Drainage
12.3.2 Neutral Mine Drainage
12.3.3 Basic Mine Drainage
12.3.4 Saline Drainage
12.4 Challenges of Acid Mine Drainage
12.4.1 Effect on Human Health
12.4.2 Effect on Aquatic Organisms
12.4.3 Effect on Plants
12.5 Treatment Strategies of AMD (Active, Passive, and Integrated)
12.5.1 Passive Technologies
12.5.1.1 Wetlands
12.5.1.2 Aerobic Wetlands
12.5.1.3 Anaerobic Wetlands
12.5.2 Active Technologies
12.5.2.1 Chemical Neutralization
12.5.2.2 Membrane Technology
12.5.2.3 Integrated Technologies
12.6 Adsorption
12.6.1 Factors that Affect the Adsorption Process
12.6.1.1 Effect of Solution pH
12.6.1.2 Effect of Contact Time
12.6.1.3 Effect of Temperature
12.6.1.4 Effect of Initial Ion Concentration
12.6.1.5 Effect of Adsorbent Dose
12.7 Types of the Adsorption Process
12.7.1 Physisorption
12.7.2 Chemisorption
12.8 Adsorbents
12.8.1 Magnetite
12.9 Opportunities of Acid Mine Drainage
12.9.1 Recovery of Valuable Minerals from AMD
12.9.2 Valorization of Iron Oxides and Adsorbents from Acid Mine Drainage
12.9.3 Synthesis of Valuable Minerals from Acid Mine Drainage
12.9.3.1 Synthesis of Goethite
12.9.3.2 Synthesis of Magnetite
12.9.3.3 Recovery of Water
12.10 Conclusions and Future Research Directions
12.10.1 Conclusions
12.10.2 Future Research Directions
Acknowledgment
References
13. Technical and Economic Feasibility of Pigment and Drinking Water Recovery from Iron-Rich Acid Mine Water
Mokgadi Gladness Rapeta, Johannes Philippus Maree and Tumelo Monty Mogashane
13.1 Background
13.1.1 ROC Process Description
13.1.2 Biological Iron(II) Oxidation
13.1.3 Pigment Formation
13.1.4 Objectives
13.2 Literature
13.2.1 Nanofiltration Technologies
13.2.2 Reverse Osmosis
13.2.3 Electro-Dialysis
13.2.4 Brine Treatment with Freezing Technologies
13.2.4.1 Basics
13.2.4.2 Freeze Desalination
13.2.4.3 Eutectic Freeze Crystallization
13.2.4.4 Pipe Freeze Crystallization
13.3 Materials and Methods
13.3.1 Study Area
13.3.2 Feedstock
13.3.3 Equipment
13.3.4 Analytical
13.3.5 OLI Software
13.4 Results and Discussion
13.4.1 Neutralization
13.4.2 Desalination
13.4.3 Brine Treatment
13.4.4 Thermal Processing of Na2SO4 to Na2CO3 to Further Improve the Salability
13.4.5 Feasibility
13.5 Intensive Farming
13.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Index

Back to Top



Description
Author/Editor Details
Table of Contents
Bookmark this page