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Table of ContentsPreface
1. On the Usage of Hydrophobic and Icephobic Coatings for Aircraft Icing MitigationHaiyang Hu, Linchuan Tian, Chukwudum Eluchie, Harsha Sista and Hui Hu
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Experimental Setup and Test Model
1.2.1 Icing Research Tunnel and the Test Model Used in the Present Study
1.2.2 Surface Coatings Used in the Present Study
1.2.3 Icing Test Conditions and Measurement Systems
1.3 Measurement Results and Discussion
1.3.1 Dynamic Ice Accretion Process Over the Airfoil Surfaces Treated with Different Surface Coatings
1.3.2 Comparison of the Anti-/De-Icing Performance of Hybrid Systems with Different Surface Coatings
1.3.3 IR Thermal Imaging Results to Quantify the Anti-/De-Icing Process with Different Surface Coatings
1.3.4 Determination of the Minimum Electric Power Input Required for Anti-/De-Icing Operation
1.4 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
2. Hydrophobic Coatings: An Insight into Fundamental Concepts and Modern ApplicationsSushil S. Pawar, Rupesh S. Naik, R. Baloji Naik, T. K. Mahato and D. Ratna
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Importance of Hydrophobic Coatings
2.1.2 Historical Background and Evolution of Hydrophobic Coatings
2.1.3 Fundamentals of Hydrophobic Coatings Surface Free Energy and Wettability
2.1.3.1 Surface Free Energy
2.1.3.2 Contact Angle
2.2 Practical Implications and Applications
2.2.1 Theoretical Background
2.2.1.1 Young’s Equation
2.2.1.2 Wenzel Equation
2.2.1.3 Cassie-Baxter Equation
2.2.2 Contact Angle Hysteresis
2.3 Emergence of Synthetic Hydrophobic Coatings
2.3.1 Polymer Structure and Bioadhesion
2.3.2 Recent Advancements and Future Perspectives
2.4 Advancements in Coatings
2.4.1 Multifunctional and Self-Healing Coatings
2.4.1.1 Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Coatings
2.4.2 Conventional Approaches
2.5 Emerging Approaches
2.5.1 Biomimetic Surface Topography
2.5.2 Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)
2.5.3 Organic Hydrophobic Coatings
2.5.3.1 Fluoropolymer Coatings
2.5.3.2 Silicone-Based Coatings
2.5.3.3 Acrylic-Based Coatings
2.5.3.4 Polyurethane Coatings
2.5.3.5 Epoxy-Based Coatings
2.5.3.6 Nanostructured Organic Coatings
2.5.4 Inorganic Hydrophobic Coatings
2.5.4.1 Fluorinated Inorganic Coatings
2.5.5 Potential Challenges and Limitations
2.6 Future Outlook and Research Opportunities
2.7 Summary
References
3. Enhancement of Adhesion of Polymers by Plasma Treatment: A Critical ReviewDipankar Pal and Sudarsan Neogi
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Plasma Processes
3.2.1 Low-Temperature Plasma
3.2.2 Different Techniques for the Formation of a Low-Temperature Plasma Discharge
3.2.3 Advanced Technology Used for the Generation of Low-Temperature Plasma
3.2.4 Properties of Low-Temperature Plasma Discharge
3.3 Plasma-Polymer Interaction
3.3.1 Functionalization
3.3.2 Crosslinking
3.3.3 Surface Etching/Ablation
3.3.4 Deposition
3.4 Effects of Plasma Treatment of Various Polymers
3.4.1 Reactive Plasma
3.4.1.1 Surface Wettability
3.4.1.2 Surface Morphology
3.4.1.3 Surface Chemistry
3.4.2 Non-Reactive Plasma
3.4.2.1 Surface Wettability
3.4.2.2 Surface Morphology
3.4.2.3 Surface Chemistry
3.5 Improvement of Adhesion of Various Polymers by Plasma Treatment
3.5.1 Adhesion Theories
3.5.2 Effect of Reactive Plasma on Adhesion
3.5.3 Effect of Non-Reactive Plasma on Adhesion
3.6 Summary
References
4. Hydrophobicity Modification of Artificial Leather by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma TreatmentC.W. Kan and T.Y. Man
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment
4.3 Applications of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma
4.4 Leatherette
4.5 Changes in Hydrophobicity of Leatherettes After the Atmospheric Plasma Treatment
4.6 Results
4.7 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
5. Sustainable Plasma Technology as Surface Treatment on Footwear Materials: A ReviewCarlos Ruzafa-Silvestre, Carlota Hernández-Fernández, Víctor M. Serrano-Martínez and Elena Orgilés-Calpena
5.1 Introduction to Plasma Technology as Surface Treatment
5.2 Plasma Technology in Footwear Industry
5.3 Types of Plasma Technology Used for Surface Treatment
5.4 Plasma Surface Treatment on Footwear Materials
5.4.1 The Multifaceted Effects of Plasma Treatment on Polymeric Materials
5.4.1.1 Cleaning with Plasma
5.4.1.2 Activation with Plasma
5.4.1.3 Etching with Plasma
5.4.1.4 Coating with Plasma
5.4.1.5 Material-Specific Treatments and Benefits
5.5 Characterization of Plasma Treated Footwear Materials
5.5.1 Chemical Composition
5.5.2 Surface Morphology
5.5.3 Surface Wettability
5.5.4 Adhesion Property
5.6 Plasma Technology in Combination with Other Sustainable Technologies in the Footwear Industry
5.6.1 Coupling with Renewable Energy
5.6.2 Synergy with Recycling and Upcycling Practices
5.6.3 Plasma and Biotechnology
5.6.4 Smart Manufacturing and IoT Integration
5.6.5 Collaborative Research and Development
5.7 Benefits and Limitations of Sustainable Plasma Technology for Reducing Environmental Impact
5.7.1 Benefits
5.7.2 Limitations
5.7.3 Solutions
5.8 Tips and Best Practices
5.9 Summary and Prospects
References
6. Bromination - The Only Selective Plasma ProcessJörg Florian Friedrich
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Reaction Mechanisms of Chemical Bromination
6.2.1 Chemical Bromination of Hydrocarbons and Polyolefins
6.2.2 Bromination of Unsaturations
6.2.3 Bromination of Graphene Substrates
6.2.4 Bromination of Related Carbon Materials
6.3 Plasmachemical Bromination
6.3.1 Polyolefins
6.3.2 Competition Between Bromination and Oxidation via Peroxide Formation
6.3.3 Coating of Polyolefins with Br-Containing Thin Films
6.3.4 Plasma Bromination of Graphene
6.3.5 Carbon Nanotubes
6.3.6 Coating of Polyolefins with Br-Carrying Plasma Polymers
6.4 Reactions at C-Br Moieties
6.4.1 Nucleophilic Substitution of C-Br at Polyolefins
6.4.2 Nucleophilic Substitution of C-Br at Carbon Materials
6.4.3 Post-Plasma Gas Phase Substitution
6.4.4 Catalytic Effect of Brominated Materials
6.5 Summary
Acknowledgement
References
7. Structural Bonding to Low Surface Energy (LSE) MaterialsEmmanuel Pitia
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of Low Surface Energy Materials
7.2.1 Polypropylene (PP)
7.2.2 Polyethylene (PE)
7.2.3 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
7.3 Why are LSE Materials Hard to Bond?
7.3.1 Poor Surface Chemistry and Surface Energy
7.3.1.1 Surface Energy
7.3.1.2 Surface Energy and Wetting
7.3.2 Limited Diffusion
7.3.3 Limited Chemical Bond Formation
7.4 Bonding to LSE Materials
7.4.1 Surface Treatment
7.4.1.1 Cleaning the Surface
7.4.1.2 Flame Treatment
7.4.1.3 Plasma Treatment
7.4.1.4 Laser Treatment
7.4.1.5 Chemical Treatment
7.4.1.6 UV Radiation Treatment
7.4.2 Adhesive Bonding to LSE Materials
7.4.2.1 Thermosetting Acrylic Adhesives
7.4.2.2 Pressure-Sensitive Acrylic Adhesives
7.4.2.3 Cyanoacrylate Adhesive
7.4.2.4 Diazirine Adhesives
7.5 Summary
References
8. A Review on the Effects of a Defect and/or Joint Geometry on Stress Distribution in Tubular Joints Under Tensile LoadsMohammad Shishesaz
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Stress Distribution in Adhesively Bonded Joints Under Tensile Loads
8.2.1 Governing Linear Elasticity Equations for a Tubular Single Lap Joint Under a Tensile Load
8.2.1.1 Governing Linear Elasticity Equations for a Defect-Free Tubular Single Lap Joint Under a Tensile Load
8.2.1.2 Governing Linear Elasticity Equations for a Defective Tubular Single Lap Joint Under a Tensile Load Hosting a Cylindrical Void
8.2.1.3 Governing Linear Elasticity Equations for a Defective Tubular Single Lap Joint Under a Tensile Load Hosting a Cylindrical Debond
8.2.1.4 Solution for Stress Distribution in the Adhesive Layer of a Tubular Joint
Under a Tensile Load
8.3 Estimation of Stress Concentration Factor in the Welded Tubular Joints Under Axial Brace Loads
8.3.1 Estimation of Stress Concentration Factors in Welded T-, K-, and TK-Joints Under Axial Brace Loads
8.3.2 Estimation of Stress Concentration Factors in the Welded T- and TK-Joints with Unequal Brace Diameters Under Axial Brace Loads
8.3.3 More General Expressions for Variation of Stress Concentration Factors in the Tubular Welded Joints
8.3.3.1 T- and Y-Joints
8.3.3.2 DTK-Joint
8.4 Stress Distribution in Welded T-Joints Stiffened by Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Under Axial Brace Load
8.5 Summary
References
9. Failure Cases in Adhesive Joints and CoatingsAlisa Buchman
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 General
9.1.2 Parameters Affecting Joint Strength Leading to Failure
9.1.2.1 Residual Stresses
9.1.2.2 External Temperature and Humidity
9.1.2.3 External Stress
9.1.2.4 Adhesive Thickness
9.1.2.5 Non-Parallel Adherends
9.1.2.6 Surface Treatment
9.1.3 Causes of Failure
9.1.4 Modes of Failure
9.1.5 Determination of Failures
9.1.5.1 Visual Inspection
9.1.5.2 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
9.1.5.3 Mechanical Testing
9.1.5.4 Chemical Analysis
9.1.5.5 Verification
9.1.6 Analytical Techniques
9.1.6.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
9.1.6.2 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
9.1.6.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
9.1.6.4 Acoustic Emission (AE)
9.1.6.5 Microhardness Testing
9.1.7 Stages in Failure Analysis
9.1.7.1 Failure Analysis
9.1.7.2 Root Cause Analysis
9.1.7.3 Preventive Maintenance
9.1.8 Cases of Adhesion Failure
9.1.8.1 General
9.1.8.2 Adhesion Failure in Aircraft
9.1.8.3 Adhesion Failure in Medical Devices
9.1.8.4 Adhesion Failure in Construction
9.1.8.5 Adhesion Failure in Electronics
9.1.8.6 Adhesion Failure in Packaging
9.1.9 Preventing Adhesion Failure
9.1.9.1 Surface Treatment
9.1.9.2 Selection of the Right Adhesive and Coating
9.1.9.3 Correct Application of the Adhesive and Coating
9.2 Case Study One – Coating Failure in a Warehouse Construction
9.2.1 Presentation of Failure
9.2.2 Visual Inspection
9.2.3 Accelerated Corrosion Test in Hot/Wet Environment
9.2.4 Accelerated Corrosion Test by Salt Spray
9.2.5 Mechanical Properties of the Steel
9.2.6 Chemical Composition of the Steel
9.2.7 Metallurgical Testing
9.2.8 Dimensional Measurements
9.2.9 T-Bend Testing, Bending Radius, and Cracking
9.2.10 Discussion
9.2.11 Conclusions
9.3 Case Study Two – Adhesion Failure in a Cooling Device
9.3.1 Presentation of Failure
9.3.2 Experimental
9.3.3 FTIR Analysis
9.3.4 Conclusions
9.4 Case Study Three – Adhesion Failure in Weather Balloon Cloth
9.4.1 Background
9.4.2 Testing
9.4.3 Results
9.4.3.1 Visual Inspection
9.4.3.2 Microscopy
9.4.3.3 SEM Analysis
9.4.3.4 FTIR Scanning
9.4.4 Conclusion
9.4.5 Repair of the Balloon
9.4.5.1 Repair Procedure
9.4.5.2 Peel Test
9.4.5.3 Verification
9.5 Case Study Four – Adhesion Failure in a Composite Cone
9.5.1 Background
9.5.2 Experimental
9.5.2.1 Visual Inspection
9.5.2.2 Surface Treatment Inspection
9.5.2.3 Chemical Analysis - FTIR
9.5.2.4 Acetone Wipe Test
9.5.3 Verification
9.5.4 Conclusions
9.6 Case Study Five – Coating Failure in a Thermoplastic Cylindrical Tube
9.6.1 Background
9.6.2 Experimental
9.6.2.1 Visual Inspection
9.6.2.2 SEM Analysis
9.6.2.3 Impact Test
9.6.2.4 Crazing Test
9.6.3 Conclusion
9.6.4 Solutions
9.7 Summary
References
10. Initiating Systems for Curing Anaerobic Adhesives. Critical ReviewD.A. Aronovich
List of Abbreviations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Peroxide Curing Initiators
10.3 Curing Accelerators for Single-Component Anaerobic Compositions
10.3.1 Complex Compounds of Metals
10.3.2 Accelerators with Electron-Donating and Electron-Accepting Groups
10.3.2.1 Amine-Containing Curing Accelerators
10.3.2.2 Curing Accelerators with Acidic Groups and Other Acceptors
10.3.2.3 Binary Accelerator Systems
10.3.2.4 Alternative Accelerators in Binary Systems
10.4 Peroxide-Free AA Curing Systems
10.5 Controlled Curing of AA Under the Influence of External Factors
10.6 Conclusions
10.7 Summary and Outlook
References
11. Progress in Using Fungal Mycelia as Adhesive in CompositesWenjing Sun, Christopher G. Hunt and Mehdi Tajvidi
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Basics of Fungal Mycelia
11.2.1 Fungal Species and Mycelia Characteristics
11.2.2 Effects of Fungal Mycelia on Lignocellulosic Substrates
11.3 Production Procedures
11.4 Adhesive Performance of Fungal Mycelia in Different Composite Systems
11.4.1 As-Grown Foams
11.4.2 Hot-Pressed or Densified Panels
11.4.3 4-D Printed Composites
11.4.4 Other Forms of Composites
11.5 Knowledge Gaps and Commercial Challenges
11.6 Summary and Perspectives
References
12. Mechanically Responsive Hydrogels as Adhesives for Clinical ApplicationsAnindya Karmaker, Zarin Tasnim Juthi and Shoeb Ahmed
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fundamentals of Hydrogels
12.3 Design and Synthesis of Mechanically Responsive Hydrogels
12.4 Characterization Techniques for Hydrogel Adhesives for Clinical Applications
12.4.1 Assessment of Cytotoxicity
12.4.2 Assessment of Hemolysis
12.4.3 Platelet Adhesion Testing
12.4.4 Evaluation of Macrophage Activation
12.4.5 Assessment of Hydrogel Degradation
12.4.6 Controlled Drug Release from Hydrogels
12.4.7 Assessment of Adhesion Strength
12.4.8 Assessment of Burst Pressure
12.5 Applications of Mechanically Responsive Hydrogel Adhesives
12.6 Summary
References
13. Polyurea Adhesives & CoatingsFabio Sarcina, Marco Signorile and Eleonora Salmoiraghi
List of Abbreviations
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Formulation & Chemistry
13.2.1 Polyurea Cure Mechanism
13.2.2 Starting Raw Materials
13.2.2.1 Polyisocyanates
13.2.2.2 Polyamines
13.2.2.3 Other Components
13.3 Polyurea Properties
13.3.1 Physical Properties
13.3.1.1 Melting Point & Thermal Stability
13.3.1.2 Shrinkage
13.3.1.3 Solubility
13.3.2 Chemical Properties
13.3.2.1 Moisture Resistance
13.3.2.2 Chemical Resistance
13.3.2.3 UV Resistance
13.3.3 Mechanical Properties
13.3.4 Adhesion
13.4 Health & Safety
13.5 Application Method
13.5.1 Surface Preparation
13.5.2 Product Application
13.6 Uses
13.7 Future Directions
13.8 Summary
References
14. Adhesion Strength of Electrode Coatings in Lithium-Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors: Literature ReviewHajar Benhaddou, Leo Mahé, Caroline Richard and François Tran Van
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Materials, Collectors and Foils as Substrates
14.3 Different Delaminations in Energy Storage Systems
14.3.1 Various Failure Mechanisms/Different Scales
14.3.2 Corrosion/Migration Phenomena
14.4 Mechanical Testing and Modeling Techniques for Characterization of Adhesion
14.4.1 Conventional Peel Test/Pull-Off Test/Push-Out Test
14.4.2 Combined Tests (Shear/Tensile Loading)
14.4.3 Mechanical Test In-Situ
14.4.4 Scratch Test
14.4.5 Surface and Interfacial Cutting Analysis System (SAICAS)
14.5 Summary
References
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