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Submit a ProposalStem Cell Therapeutics
 | 9781394313754 Edited by Ayush Madan, Sumel Ashique, Deepika Arora, and Mantosh Kumar Satapathy Copyright: 2025 | Expected Pub Date:2025// ISBN: 9781394313754 | Hardcover | 796 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
Discover the revolutionary potential of stem cell therapy and gain a comprehensive understanding of its applications, challenges, and ethical considerations across various medical fields with Stem Cell Therapeutics, a must-read for anyone interested in the future of medicine.
Audience
Researchers, academics, students, medical professionals, and biotechnologists with an interest in stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and translational research
Researchers, academics, students, medical professionals, and biotechnologists with an interest in stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and translational research
Description
Stem Cell Therapeutics delves into the forefront of medical research, exploring the revolutionary potential of stem cell therapy in combating a wide array of diseases. This comprehensive volume provides a thorough examination of the subject matter, offering insights into the latest advancements, methodologies, and applications of stem cell therapeutics.
The book adopts a multidisciplinary approach, drawing upon expertise from fields such as biology, medicine, biotechnology, and bioengineering. Readers can expect to encounter in-depth discussions on the use of stem cells in treating various medical conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune conditions, and cancer. Each chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research for each disease, highlighting the challenges, successes, and prospects of stem cell-based therapies. Additionally, the book explores ethical considerations, regulatory frameworks, and commercialization strategies surrounding the field, ensuring a well-rounded understanding of the subject matter for readers at all levels of expertise.
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Stem Cell Therapeutics delves into the forefront of medical research, exploring the revolutionary potential of stem cell therapy in combating a wide array of diseases. This comprehensive volume provides a thorough examination of the subject matter, offering insights into the latest advancements, methodologies, and applications of stem cell therapeutics.
The book adopts a multidisciplinary approach, drawing upon expertise from fields such as biology, medicine, biotechnology, and bioengineering. Readers can expect to encounter in-depth discussions on the use of stem cells in treating various medical conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune conditions, and cancer. Each chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research for each disease, highlighting the challenges, successes, and prospects of stem cell-based therapies. Additionally, the book explores ethical considerations, regulatory frameworks, and commercialization strategies surrounding the field, ensuring a well-rounded understanding of the subject matter for readers at all levels of expertise.
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Author / Editor Details
Ayush Madan is an assistant professor in the Department of Biotechnology at the People’s University, Bhopal, and a research assistant at the Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries. He has published over 45 book chapters and articles in international journals. His research interests include animal biotechnology, bioprocess engineering, and downstream processing.
Ayush Madan is an assistant professor in the Department of Biotechnology at the People’s University, Bhopal, and a research assistant at the Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries. He has published over 45 book chapters and articles in international journals. His research interests include animal biotechnology, bioprocess engineering, and downstream processing.
Sumel Ashique is a researcher in the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Lovely Professional University. He has over 200 publications, including eight books and numerous book chapters and journal articles. His research focuses on nanoformulations, targeted drug delivery, probiotics, and postbiotics.
Deepika Arora, PhD is the Lab Director at the Regenerative Cell Research Institute. She has published over 19 book chapters and articles in international journals. Her research focuses on cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.
Mantosh Kumar Satapathy, PhD is a postdoctoral researcher in the College of Biomedical Engineering at Taipei Medical University with over a decade of experience. He has published over 20 articles in international journals and conferences. He specializes in cell culture, tissure engineering, nanocomposites, and nanobiotechnology.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Unraveling the Mechanisms: Insights Into Stem Cell Behavior in Disease Microenvironments
Pranshul Sethi, Aniruddha Sen, Sonima, Ayush Madan, Syed Mohsin Waheed and Bibhas Kumar Bhunia
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Stem Cell Biology and the Stem Cell Niche
1.2.1 Characteristics of Stem Cells
1.2.1.1 Self-Renewal
1.2.1.2 Differentiation Potential
1.2.2 The Stem Cell Niche
1.2.2.1 Normal Physiological Conditions
1.2.2.2 Key Components and Their Roles
1.3 Disease Microenvironments and Their Impact on Stem Cells
1.3.1 Alterations in the Extracellular Matrix
1.3.2 Role of Inflammation
1.3.3 Effects of Hypoxia
1.3.4 Disease-Specific Factors
1.4 Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms
1.4.1 Signaling Pathways Involved
1.4.1.1 Wnt Signaling Pathway
1.4.1.2 Notch Signaling Pathway
1.4.1.3 Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
1.4.2 Molecular Interactions
1.4.3 Mechanical and Biochemical Cues
1.5 Techniques for Studying Stem Cell Behavior in Diseased States
1.5.1 Advanced Imaging Techniques
1.5.2 Single-Cell RNA Sequencing
1.5.3 In Vitro Models
1.5.4 In Vivo Models
1.6 Stem Cell Dynamics in Various Diseases
1.6.1 Cancer
1.6.1.1 Tumor Microenvironment
1.6.1.2 Stem Cell Behavior in Cancer
1.6.2 Neuro-Degenerative Diseases
1.6.2.1 Microenvironmental Changes
1.6.2.2 Stem Cell Responses
1.6.3 Cardiovascular Diseases
1.6.3.1 Ischemic Conditions
1.6.3.2 Stem Cell Behavior and Repair Mechanisms
1.7 Therapeutic Implications
1.7.1 Potential Therapeutic Targets
1.7.2 Strategies to Enhance Stem Cell Function
1.7.3 Tailoring Treatments to Microenvironmental Contexts
1.8 Case Studies
1.8.1 Successful Regenerative Therapies
1.8.2 Challenges and Lessons Learned
1.9 Future Directions
1.9.1 Emerging Research Areas
1.9.2 Innovations in Therapeutic Approaches
1.9.3 Long-Term Goals and Visions for Stem Cell Therapy
References
2. CRISPR-Cas9 and Beyond: Gene Editing Frontiers in Stem Cell Therapeutics
Pranshul Sethi, Sonali Rastogi, Kajal Sherawat, Neetu Panwar, Ayush Madan and Mojahidul Islam
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Background of Gene Editing
2.2 Significance of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology
2.3 Overview of Stem Cell Therapeutics
2.4 Fundamentals of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology
2.4.1 Mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9
2.4.2 Advances in CRISPR-Cas9 Precision and Efficiency
2.5 Ethical and Regulatory Considerations
2.6 Applications in Stem Cell Research
2.7 Stem Cells: A Therapeutic Frontier
2.7.1 Types of Stem Cells: Embryonic, Adult, and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
2.7.2 Current and Emerging Stem Cell Therapies
2.7.2.1 Current Stem Cell Therapies
2.7.2.2 Emerging Applications in Tissue Regeneration and Organ Repair
2.7.3 Challenges in Stem Cell Therapeutics
2.8 CRISPR-Cas9 in Stem Cell Therapeutics
2.8.1 Genetic Modification of Stem Cells Using CRISPR-Cas9
2.8.2 Case Studies: Successful Applications in Disease Models
2.8.3 Limitations and Challenges in Clinical Applications
2.8.4 Safety and Long-Term Implications
2.9 Beyond CRISPR-Cas9: Emerging Gene Editing Technologies
2.9.1 CRISPR-Cas12 and CRISPR-Cas13 Systems
2.9.1.1 CRISPR-Cas12
2.9.1.2 CRISPR-Cas13
2.9.2 Base Editing and Prime Editing
2.9.2.1 Base Editing
2.9.2.2 Prime Editing
2.9.3 Other Gene Editing Tools (TALENs, ZFNs)
2.9.3.1 TALENs
2.9.3.2 ZFNs
2.9.3.3 Comparing TALENs and ZFNs with CRISPR-Cas9
2.9.4 Comparative Analysis with CRISPR-Cas9 in Stem Cell Therapy
2.9.4.1 Precision and Specificity
2.9.4.2 Versatility
2.9.4.3 Safety and Off-Target Effects
2.9.4.4 Applications in Stem Cell Therapy
2.9.5 Future Roles
2.10 Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI)
2.10.1 Ethical Concerns in Gene Editing and Stem Cell Research
2.10.2 Public Perception and Misconceptions
2.10.2.1 Public Engagement and Education
2.10.3 Legal and Regulatory Frameworks Globally
2.10.3.1 Regulatory Approaches in Different Countries
2.10.3.2 Impact on Research and Clinical Applications
2.10.3.3 Challenges in Creating International Guidelines
2.10.4 Future Directions in Ethical Governance
2.10.4.1 The Need for Balanced Policies
2.10.4.2 Public Engagement and Stakeholder Involvement
2.10.4.3 International Cooperation and Harmonization
2.10.4.4 Adaptive Governance
2.11 Future Prospects and Challenges
2.11.1 Advances in Precision Medicine through Gene Editing
2.11.1.1 CRISPR-Cas9 in Precision Medicine
2.11.1.2 Ongoing Research and Anticipated Breakthroughs
2.11.2 Overcoming Technical Barriers in Stem Cell Editing
2.11.3 Potential for Personalized Stem Cell Therapies
2.11.3.1 Personalized Therapies Using iPSCs
2.11.3.2 Current State of Research and Clinical Applications
2.11.3.3 Timeline for Clinical Application
2.11.4 The Road Ahead: Speculative Futures and Technological Innovations
2.12 Conclusion
2.12.1 Implications for Future Research and Clinical Practice
2.12.2 Final Thoughts on the Integration of Gene Editing and Stem Cell Therapeutics
References
3. Future Vistas: Revolutionary Technologies and Paradigms in Stem Cell Therapeutics
Dattatraya M. Shinkar, Sharayu P. Rathod, Priyanka D. Dabir, Sandip R. Purkar, Deepali D. Bhandari and Sunil V. Amrutkar
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Characteristics of Several Stem Cell Types Employed in Therapeutic Applications
3.2.1 Embryonic Stem Cells
3.2.2 Totipotent Stem Cells
3.2.3 Pluripotent Stem Cells
3.2.4 Multipotent Stem Cells
3.2.5 Oligopotent Stem Cells
3.2.6 Unipotent Stem Cells
3.2.7 Adult Stem Cells
3.2.7.1 Hematopoietic Stem Cells
3.2.7.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells
3.2.8 Neutral Stem Cells
3.2.9 Epithelial Stem Cells
3.2.10 Skin Stem Cells
3.2.11 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
3.2.12 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
3.3 Recent Advancements and Applications of Stem Cell Therapy
3.3.1 HSC Transplantation
3.3.2 HSC Therapy (HSCT)
3.3.3 Placental Stem Cell Therapy
3.3.4 Autologous Transplantation of Limbal Embryonic Stem Cells
3.3.5 Advancements in the Field of Synthetic Organ Engineering
3.3.6 Hollow Organ Engineering
3.3.7 Anti-Aging Effects
3.3.8 Minimizing Mitochondrial Injury
3.3.9 Treatment of Diabetes
3.3.10 Modeling Diseases and Researching Differentiation
3.3.11 Cell-Free Therapy
3.3.12 Wound Healing
3.3.13 Treatment of Burn Wounds
3.3.14 Significance in Research
3.4 Current Limitations
3.5 Innovative Isolation and Culture Techniques and Their Use in Research on Stem Cells
3.5.1 Conventional Methods of Separation
3.5.2 New Approaches
3.5.3 Prospects and Difficulties
3.6 Future Prospects
3.6.1 Stem Cell in Gene Editing
3.6.2 Stem Cell for Autoimmune Illnesses
3.6.3 Regenerative Medicine
3.6.3.1 ESCs in Regenerative Medicine
3.6.3.2 TSPSCs in Regenerative Medicine
3.6.3.3 Stem Cells and MSCs in Regenerative Medicine
3.6.3.4 UCSCs in Regenerative Medicine
3.6.3.5 BMSCs in Bioregenerative Therapy
3.6.4 Personalized Medicine
3.6.5 Tissue Engineering
3.6.6 Artificial Organs and Body Parts
3.6.6.1 Artificial Oxygen Carriers
3.6.6.2 Cardiac Support and Blood Pumps
3.6.6.3 Membrane Oxygenation and Cardiopulmonary Support
3.6.6.4 Functional Electrical Stimulation and Neuromuscular Support
3.6.6.5 Pancreatic Support
3.6.6.6 Pulmonary Support
3.6.6.7 Renal Support and Dialysis
3.6.6.8 Vascular and Valve Support
3.6.6.9 Visual Support
3.6.7 Use in Research
References
4. Nanobiomaterials at the Nexus: Integrating Stem Cells and Nanotechnology for Precision Therapeutics
Aditya Banerjee and Deepika Arora
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 The Rise of Precision Therapy
4.1.2 Challenges in Conventional Therapy
4.1.3 Integration of Nanotechnology and Stem Cell Therapy
4.2 Nanobiomaterials: Tailoring the Cellular Microenvironment
4.2.1 Revolutionizing Medical Applications with Nanobiomaterials
4.2.2 Tailoring the Nanoworld: Properties Engineering Toward Precision Medicine
4.2.2.1 Biocompatibility
4.2.2.2 Drug Delivery Efficiency
4.2.2.3 Targeting Capabilities
4.2.2.4 Novel Approaches and Intelligent Materials
4.2.3 Design Strategies for Stem Cell–Nanobiomaterial Integration
4.2.3.1 Biocompatibility and Surface Modification
4.2.3.2 Scaffold Design and Tissue Engineering
4.2.3.3 Control of Biologically Active Particle Release
4.2.3.4 Advanced Functionalities
4.2.3.5 Immunomodulation
4.2.3.6 Integration with Smart Technologies
4.3 Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine
4.3.1 Adult vs. Pluripotent Stem Cells
4.3.1.1 Sources
4.3.1.2 Characteristics
4.3.1.3 Therapeutic Potentials
4.3.1.4 Comparative Advantages and Challenges
4.3.1.5 Can Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Pave a New Wave in Regenerative Medicine?
4.3.2 Differentiation and Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells
4.3.2.1 Mechanisms of Differentiation
4.3.2.2 Therapeutic Potential in Regenerative Medicine
4.3.2.3 Future Direction
4.3.3 Challenges in Stem Cell Transplantation
4.3.3.1 Immune Rejection
4.3.3.2 Ensuring Cell Viability
4.3.3.3 Homing and Engraftment
4.3.3.4 Safety Concerns
4.3.3.5 Ethical and Regulatory Issues
4.3.3.6 Cost and Accessibility
4.4 Exosomes: Natural Nanocarriers for Intercellular Communication
4.4.1 Biogenesis and Properties of Exosomes
4.4.1.1 Biogenesis
4.4.1.2 Structure of Exosomes
4.4.1.3 Natural Functions of Exosomes in Cellular Communication
4.4.2 Targeted Delivery Using Engineered Exosomes
4.4.2.1 Surface Alteration for Targeting
4.4.2.2 Increasing Cargo Capacity
4.4.2.3 Enhancing Stability and Circulation
4.4.2.4 Controlled Release Mechanisms
4.4.3 Exosome-Based Therapeutics
4.4.3.1 Drug Delivery
4.4.3.2 Immune Modulation
4.4.3.3 Regenerative Medicine
4.4.3.4 Applications for Diagnosis
4.5 Reprogramming Immunity for Cancer Through CAR-T Cell Therapy
4.5.1 CAR-T Cell Design and Engineering
4.5.1.1 CAR-T Cell Design
4.5.1.2 Genetic Engineering of CAR-T Cells
4.5.2 Clinical Applications and Efficacy of CAR-T Cell Therapy
4.5.2.1 Hematologic Malignancies
4.5.2.2 Solid Tumors
4.5.2.3 Efficacy and Long-Term Outcomes
4.5.3 Challenges and Future Directions of CAR-T Cell Therapy
4.5.3.1 Toxicity
4.5.3.2 Resistance and Relapse
4.5.3.3 Manufacturing and Accessibility
4.5.3.4 Future Directions
4.6 Integrating Nanobiomaterials with Stem Cells and CAR-T Cells
4.6.1 Nanobiomaterials for Enhanced Stem Cell Therapy
4.6.1.1 Proliferation Enhancement
4.6.1.2 Differentiation Enhancement
4.6.1.3 Improvement of Homing and Engraftment
4.6.2 Nanocarriers for Delivery and Activation of CAR-T Cells
4.6.2.1 Enhanced Delivery to Tumor Sites
4.6.2.2 Improved Activation and Expansion
4.6.2.3 Enhancement of Persistence and Survival
4.6.3 Combination Treatments for Improved Therapeutic Effectiveness
4.6.3.1 Nanobiomaterials and Stem Cells
4.6.3.2 CAR-T Cells and Nanobiomaterials
4.6.3.3 CAR-T Cells and Stem Cells
4.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives
4.7.1 Regulatory Considerations for Nanobiomaterial-Based Therapeutics
4.7.1.1 Approval Processes
4.7.1.2 Safety Standards
4.7.1.3 Challenges in Regulation
4.7.1.4 Future Perspectives
4.7.2 Conquering Biocompatibility and Safety Issues
4.7.2.1 Material Selection and Surface Engineering
4.7.2.2 Incorporating Biodegradability
4.7.2.3 Mitigating Immune Responses
4.7.2.4 Evaluating Long-Term Safety
4.7.2.5 Regulatory Guidelines and Standardization
4.7.2.6 Interdisciplinary Collaboration
4.7.3 Personalized Medicine and Patient-Specific Therapeutics
4.7.3.1 Customized Drug Delivery
4.7.3.2 Stem Cell Treatments for Particular Patients
4.7.3.3 Genomic and Proteomic Profiling
4.7.3.4 Customized Cancer Immunotherapy
4.7.3.5 Precision Diagnostics
4.7.3.6 Real-Time Monitoring and Feedback
4.7.3.7 Ethical and Social Considerations
4.8 Conclusion
4.8.1 Stem Cells, Nanotechnology, Exosomes, and CAR-T Cells: What the Future Holds
4.8.1.1 Stem Cell Treatment Improvement
4.8.1.2 Targeted Release Mechanisms
4.8.1.3 Therapeutics Based on Exosome
4.8.1.4 CAR-T Cell Engineering
4.8.1.5 Combination Therapy
4.8.1.6 Personalized Medicine
4.8.1.7 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations
4.8.2 The Potential of Nanobiomaterials for Precision Therapeutics
4.8.2.1 Improved Drug Delivery
4.8.2.2 More Accurate Diagnosis
4.8.2.3 Regenerative Medicine
4.8.2.4 Cancer Treatment
4.8.2.5 Gene Therapy
4.8.2.6 Individualized Approach
4.8.2.7 Future Outlook
4.9 Summary
References
5. Exosomes from Stem Cells as Therapeutic Agents for Cardiovascular Regeneration
Maryam Taghavi Narmi, Nikoo Baghal Darbandi, Abdulwahab Teflischi Gharavi, Ali Babaeizad and Mohsen Sheykhhasan
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Background on Cardiovascular Diseases
5.1.2 The Role of Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine
5.1.3 Overview of Exosomes and their Biological Functions
5.2 Biogenesis and Characteristics of Stem-Cell-Derived Exosomes
5.2.1 Exosome Formation and Release
5.2.2 Molecular Composition and Functional Properties
5.3 Mechanism of Cardiovascular Regeneration Mediated by Exosomes
5.3.1 Modulation of Inflammation
5.3.2 Promotion of Angiogenesis
5.3.3 Enhancement of Cell Survival and Proliferation
5.3.4 Reduction of Fibrosis
5.4 Therapeutic Applications of Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases
5.4.1 Myocardial Infarction
5.4.2 Heart Failure
5.4.3 Peripheral Artery Disease
5.5 Preclinical and Clinical Studies
5.5.1 Animal Models of Cardiovascular Disease
5.5.2 Human Clinical Trials
5.6 Challenges and Future Directions
5.7 Conclusion
References
6. Cardiovascular Renaissance: Stem Cell Strategies for Heart Diseases
Apurva, Pracheta Janmeda, Divya Kumari, Narotam Sharma and Priya Chaudhary
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Stem Cell Types Considered for the Treatment of Heart Disease
6.2.1 Skeletal Myoblast
6.2.2 Bone-Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Cells
6.2.3 BM-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs)
6.2.4 BM-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
6.2.5 Mobilized Stem and Progenitor Cells
6.2.6 Adipose-Derived Stem and Progenitor Cells (ASPCs)
6.2.7 Cardiac Stem and Progenitor Cells
6.2.8 Embryonic Stem Cells
6.2.9 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
6.2.10 Adult Stem Cell
6.3 Stem Cell Therapy Against Different Heart Diseases
6.3.1 Acute and Chronic Coronary Syndromes
6.3.2 Myocardial Infarction
6.3.3 Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury
6.3.4 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
6.3.5 Ischemic Heart Failure
6.3.6 Modeling Heart Diseases on a Chip
6.4 Mechanism of Stem-Cell Based Therapy for Heart Disease
6.4.1 Differentiation of Transplanted Stem Cells into Cardiac Cells
6.4.2 Formation of New Blood Vessels from Transplanted Stem Cells
6.4.3 Paracrine Effect
6.4.4 Cell Fusion
6.4.5 Treatment by Extracellular Vesicle-Derived Stem Cells
6.5 Gene-Modified Stem Cells
6.5.1 Increase the Capacity of Antiapoptotic
6.5.2 Promote Migration
6.5.3 Anti-Inflammatory
6.5.4 Multigene-Modified MSC Exploration
6.6 Limitations of Stem Cell Strategies for Cardiovascular Diseases
6.6.1 Heterogeneity of Stem Cells
6.6.2 Survival of Transplanted Stem Cell In Vivo
6.6.3 Migration and Homing of Stem Cell In Vivo
6.6.4 Immunogenicity of Stem Cells After Transplantation
6.6.5 Uncontrolled Differentiation of Stem Cells In Vivo Resulting in Undesired Phenotype
6.6.6 Acquisition of Adequate Stem Cells
6.6.7 Ex Vivo Expansion Efficiency
6.7 Strategies for Improving Stem Cell Therapy
6.7.1 Stem Cell Delivery
6.7.2 Homing
6.7.3 Survival/Engraftment
6.8 Bioengineering Strategies: New Era
6.8.1 Cell-Free Therapy
6.8.2 Improving Target Ability
6.8.3 Overcoming Low Cell Retention
6.8.4 Biomimetic Strategies in Stem-Cell-Based Therapy
6.9 Conclusion
References
7. Neurological Disorders: Advancements in Stem-Cell-Based Treatments
Dheeraj Sharma and Shriyansh Srivastava
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of Stem Cells
7.2.1 Embryonic Stem Cells
7.2.2 Adult Stem Cells
7.2.3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
7.2.4 Neural Stem Cells
7.3 Mechanisms of Action
7.3.1 Differentiation and Integration
7.3.2 Neuroprotection
7.3.3 Immunomodulation
7.3.4 Paracrine Effects
7.4 Technological Advancements in Stem Cell Research
7.4.1 CRISPR and Gene Editing
7.4.2 Organoids and 3D Bioprinting
7.4.3 Biomaterials and Scaffolding
7.4.4 Single-Cell Sequencing
7.5 Stem-Cell-Based Treatments for Specific Neurological Disorders
7.5.1 Parkinson’s Disease
7.5.2 Alzheimer’s Disease
7.5.3 Multiple Sclerosis
7.5.4 Stroke
7.5.5 Spinal Cord Injuries
7.5.6 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
7.6 Clinical Trials and Case Studies
7.6.1 Overview of Current Clinical Trials
7.6.2 Success Stories and Outcomes
7.6.3 Challenges and Setbacks
7.7 Ethical Considerations and Regulatory Challenges
7.7.1 Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research
7.7.2 Regulatory Landscape
7.7.3 Patient Consent and Safety
7.8 Future Directions and Potential Innovations
7.8.1 Potential for Preventive Therapies
7.8.2 The Future of Stem-Cell-Based Treatments in Neurology
7.9 Conclusion
References
8. Stem Cell Therapy for Metabolic Disorders: Harnessing the Power of Stem Cells to Treat Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders
Sindhu D. Bali, Anand Kumar Shukla, Rosaleen Sahoo, Varsha A. Mahadik and Narendra Kadoo
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Overview of Metabolic Disorders and Their Current Treatment Options
8.1.2 Significance of Stem Cell Therapy in Metabolic Disorders
8.1.3 Fundamental Principles of Stem Cell Therapy
8.1.3.1 Stem Cell Types
8.1.3.2 Unique Characteristics of Stem Cells
8.2 Clinical Applications of Stem Cell Therapy for Metabolic Disorders
8.2.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
8.2.2 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
8.2.3 Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
8.2.4 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
8.2.5 Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)
8.3 Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Action of Stem Cells in Metabolic Disorders
8.3.1 Homing to Target Tissues
8.3.2 Tissue Repair and Regeneration
8.3.3 Modulation of Immune Response
8.3.4 Signaling Pathways Involved in Metabolic Disorders
8.3.4.1 The mTOR Signaling Pathway
8.3.4.2 The JNK Signaling Pathway
8.3.4.3 The AMPK Pathway
8.3.4.4 Inflammatory Signaling Pathways
8.3.4.5 Signaling by Leptin and Ghrelin
8.4 Challenges and Limitations of Stem Cell Therapy for Metabolic Disorders
8.4.1 Off-Target Effects
8.4.2 Immune Responses
8.4.3 Tissue Heterogeneity
8.4.4 Stem Cell Exhaustion
8.5 Future Directions for Stem Cell Therapy in Metabolic Disorders
8.5.1 Advancements in Sources of Stem Cells
8.5.2 Enhancing Treatment Safety and Efficacy
8.5.3 Personalized Medicine Approaches
8.5.4 Combination Therapies
8.5.5 Longitudinal Studies and Clinical Trials
8.5.6 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations
8.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9. Immunomodulation in Autoimmune Disorders: Harnessing the Power of Stem Cell
Neha Kamboj, Rahul Kumar and Debasis Mitra
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Importance of Immunomodulation in Managing Autoimmune Diseases
9.1.2 Role of SCs in Medical Research and Treatment
9.2 SCs: Types and Characteristics
9.3 Mechanisms of SC-Based Immunomodulation
9.3.1 SC Interactions with the Immune System
9.3.2 Anti-Inflammatory Effects of SCs
9.3.3 Paracrine Signaling and Secretion of Immunomodulatory Factors
9.3.4 Regulation of Immune Cell Populations (e.g., T Cells, B Cells, Dendritic Cells)
9.4 Clinical Applications of SCs in Autoimmune Disorders
9.4.1 Hematopoietic SC Transplantation (HSCT)
9.4.2 Mechanism of Action and Therapeutic Effects
9.4.3 Clinical Outcomes and Case Studies
9.4.4 Mesenchymal SCs (MSCs)
9.4.5 Mechanism of Action and Therapeutic Effects
9.4.6 Clinical Trials and Outcomes in Autoimmune Diseases (e.g., Rheumatoid Arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis)
9.4.7 Induced Pluripotent SCs (iPSCs)
9.4.8 Challenges and Future Directions
9.5 Challenges and Considerations in SC Therapy
9.5.1 Safety Concerns and Risk of Tumorigenesis
9.5.2 Immunogenicity and Rejection Issues
9.5.3 Standardization and Quality Control in SC Production
9.5.4 Regulatory and Clinical Trial Design Challenges
9.5.5 Advances in SC Engineering and Gene Editing
9.5.6 Combination Therapies with SCs and Other Immunomodulatory Agents
9.6 Conclusion
References
10. The Microbiome Connection: Exploring Interactions with Stem Cell Therapies
Rizwan Ahamad, Asad Ali, Priya Manna, Neha Quadri, Zuber Khan, Radheshyam Pal, Mohammad Muztaba, Shakira Ghazanfar, Anas Islam, Asif Iqbal and Sumel Ashique
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Function of Microbiota in Gut Health
10.3 The Intersection of Microbiome and Stem Cell Research
10.4 Microbiota Metabolites and Stem Cell Differentiation
10.5 Modulation of Mucosal Immunity and Intestinal Inflammation
10.5.1 Fungal Colonization in the Gut
10.5.2 Fungi’s Role in Gut Immune Balance
10.5.3 Fungal–Immune Interactions Extend Beyond the Gut: Gut Fungi Influence Lung Health
10.5.4 Gut Fungi Influence Overall Immune Defense
10.5.5 Impact of Different Fungi on Immune Response
10.6 Influences on Stem Cell Engraftment
10.6.1 Factors Influencing Stem Cell Engraftment
10.6.2 Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD)
10.6.3 Additional Factors
10.6.4 A Novel Approach to Improving Outcomes
10.7 Role in Neurological Diseases
10.7.1 Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis in Neuro-Inflammation
10.7.2 Gut–Brain Axis
10.7.3 Gut Dysbiosis, an Imbalance of Gut Bacteria, is Linked to Brain Problems
10.7.4 The Gut Microbiota Influences Brain Function
10.7.5 The Gut–Brain Axis: An Intricate Connection
10.8 Emerging Significance of Gut Microbiota in Neurogenesis
10.8.1 Gut Bacteria Significantly Impact Brain Health
10.8.2 Neurological Pathway in the Gut–Brain Axis (GBA)
10.8.3 Neurological Disorders and the Gut–Brain Axis (GBA)
10.8.4 The Gut–Brain Axis and Neurological Disorders
10.9 Clinical Trials
10.10 Role in Gastrointestinal Diseases
10.10.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
10.10.2 COVID-19 Vaccines in IBD Patients
10.10.3 Bivalent Vaccines are Suggested for IBD Patients Due to Higher Breakthrough Infections
10.10.4 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines are Safe and Effective in IBD Patients, with No Increased Risk of Disease Flares
10.10.5 COVID-19 Complications in IBD Patients Include Mental Health Issues and Potential Long-Term Effects (Long COVID)
10.10.6 COVID-19 and IBD: Key Findings
10.10.7 Patients’ Perspectives on COVID-19 and IBD
10.10.8 Significance of the Microbiota to Liver Pathophysiology
10.10.9 Gut–Liver Axis: A Bidirectional Relationship
10.11 Microbiome Influence on Tumor Microenvironment
10.11.1 Microbiome-Supported Stem Cell Treatment
10.11.2 Microbiome Diversity
10.12 Challenges of Stem Cell Therapy
10.12.1 Inadequate Source of Stem Cells
10.12.2 Presence of Optimal Time Window
10.12.3 Inherited Limitation of Stem Cells
10.12.4 Adverse Effect
10.13 Microbiome Engineering and Integration of Multi-Omics for Personalized Medicine
References
11. Cellular Synchrony: Coordinated Strategies for Effective Tissue Regeneration Using Stem Cells
Amit Anand, Santhepete Nanjundiah Manjula and Mruthunjaya Kenganora
Abbreviations
11.1 Introduction to Cellular Synchrony and Tissue Regeneration
11.1.1 Overview of Tissue Regeneration
11.1.2 Importance of Cellular Synchrony
11.1.3 Function of Stem Cells in Tissue Repair and Regeneration
11.2 Fundamentals of Stem Cells
11.2.1 Types of Stem Cells
11.2.1.1 Embryonic Stem Cells
11.2.1.2 Adult Stem Cells (ASCs)
11.2.2 Potency of Stem Cells
11.2.2.1 Totipotent
11.2.2.2 Pluripotent
11.2.2.3 Unipotent
11.2.2.4 Multipotent
11.2.2.5 Oligopotent
11.2.3 Properties of Stem Cells
11.2.3.1 Differentiation of Stem Cells
11.2.3.2 Self-Renewal of Stem Cells
11.2.3.3 Clonogenicity of Stem Cells
11.3 Mechanisms of Cellular Synchrony
11.3.1 Signaling Pathways Involved in Synchrony
11.3.1.1 MAPK Signaling Pathways
11.3.1.2 P13K/AKT Signaling Pathway
11.3.1.3 JAK-STAT Signaling Pathways
11.3.1.4 Wnt Signaling Pathway
11.4 Methods of Investigating Cell Synchrony
11.4.1 Gene Regulation Model
11.4.2 Simulation Studies
11.4.3 Biological Methods
11.4.3.1 Serum Starvation
11.4.3.2 Double Thymidine Block
11.5 Strategies for Enhancing Cellular Synchrony in Tissue Regeneration
11.5.1 Overexpression of Cell Cycle Regulators
11.5.1.1 Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase
11.5.2 Controlled Release of Growth Factors
11.5.3 Electrical and Mechanical Stimulation
11.6 Applications of Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration
11.6.1 Bone and Cartilage Tissue Regeneration
11.6.2 Cardiac Tissue Regeneration
11.6.3 Regeneration of Neural Tissue
11.6.4 Regeneration of Sensory Organ
11.7 Challenges and Future Directions
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
12. Tissue Engineering Paradigms: Creating Functional Replacements with Stem Cells
Karan Goel, Isha Chawla, Garima, Sarita Sharma and Sumeet Gupta
12.1 Introduction to Tissue Engineering
12.2 Fundamentals of Stem Cells
12.2.1 Types of Stem Cells
12.2.2 Characteristics and Properties
12.2.2.1 Pluripotency and Multipotency
12.2.2.2 Self-Renewal and Differentiation Potential
12.2.2.3 Regenerative Medicine Applications
12.3 Biomaterials and Components in Tissue Engineering
12.3.1 Types of Biomaterials
12.3.2 Components in Tissue Engineering
12.3.3 Properties and Selection Criteria
12.3.4 Biomaterial Scaffolds: Designing the Extracellular Matrix
12.3.4.1 Scaffold Architecture
12.4 Cell-Seeding Techniques
12.4.1 Scaffold-Based Methods
12.4.1.1 Scaffold Fabrication Techniques
12.4.1.2 Seeding Efficiency
12.4.1.3 Dynamic Seeding Methods
12.4.2 Bioprinting Technologies
12.4.2.1 Bioprinting Principles
12.4.2.2 Types of Bioprinting
12.5 Bioreactor Systems for Tissue Culture
12.5.1 Types of Bioreactors
12.5.1.1 Static Bioreactors
12.5.1.2 Dynamic Bioreactors
12.5.1.3 Microfluidic Bioreactors
12.5.2 Applications in Tissue Engineering
12.6 Clinical Applications of Tissue Engineering
12.7 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations
12.8 Future Directions in Tissue Engineering
12.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
13. Personalized Medicine Frontiers: Interrelating Stem Cell Microenvironments with Stem Cell Therapies for Individual Patients
Sagar Mondal, Swati Priya, Jutishna Bora, Smita Lata, Ajay Kumar Mahalka and Sumira Malik
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Stem Cells and their Microenvironments as Personalized Medicine
13.3 The Disease Microenvironment: A Complex Ecosystem
13.3.1 Intercellular Interaction
13.3.2 Extracellular Matrix Interaction
13.3.3 Role of Soluble Bioactive Agents
13.4 Stem Cell Plasticity and Adaptation
13.4.1 Influence of Signaling Pathways
13.5 Stem Cell Dysfunction in Disease
13.5.1 Stem Cell-Derived Cancer Stem Cells
13.5.2 Therapeutic Implications
13.6 Stem Cell Therapy for Human Diseases
13.7 Conclusion
References
14. Stem Cell Therapy for Cancer Treatment: Current Advances and Future Directions
Anand Kumar Shukla, Sindhu D. Bali, Varsha A. Mahadik, Rosaleen Sahoo and Narendra Kadoo
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Importance of Stem Cell Therapy in Cancer Treatment
14.1.1.1 Enhanced Targeting of Tumors
14.1.1.2 Overcoming Therapy Resistance
14.1.1.3 Regenerative Potential
14.1.1.4 Immune Modulation
14.1.2 Fundamental Principles of Stem Cell Therapy
14.1.3 Types of Stem Cells
14.1.3.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
14.1.3.2 Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)
14.1.3.3 Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
14.1.4 Unique Properties of Stem Cells
14.2 Current Clinical Applications of Stem Cell Therapy for Cancer
14.2.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
14.2.2 Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)
14.2.3 Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
14.2.4 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
14.2.5 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
14.3 Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Action of Stem Cells
14.3.1 Homing to Bone Marrow
14.3.2 Tumor-Tropic Effect
14.3.3 Secretion of Paracrine Factors and Differentiation Capacity
14.3.4 Signaling in Cancer Stem Cells
14.4 Challenges and Limitations of Stem Cell Therapy for Cancer
14.5 Future Directions for Stem Cell Therapy in Cancer Treatment
14.5.1 Integration with Other Therapeutic Approaches
14.5.2 Development of New Stem Cell Sources
14.5.3 Gene Editing and Gene Therapy
14.5.4 Clinical Trials and Regulatory Mechanisms
14.6 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
15. Challenges and Breakthroughs: Lessons from Stem-Cell-Based Cancer Therapies
Priya Chaudhary, Ayush Madan, Divya Kumari, Apurva and Pracheta Janmeda
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Current Hurdles in Stem-Cell-Based Treatment for Cancer
15.2.1 Ethical Considerations
15.2.2 Technical Constraints
15.2.3 Regulatory Restrictions
15.2.4 Unanticipated Clinical Results
15.3 Stem Cell Classification and their Properties
15.4 Mechanism Underlying the Action of Stem Cells in Cancer
15.4.1 Homing to Bone Marrow
15.4.2 Tumor-Tropic Effect
15.4.3 Paracrine Factor Secretion and Differentiation Capacity
15.4.4 Signaling in Cancer Stem Cells
15.5 Potential Application of Stem Cell Therapy in Cancer Treatment
15.5.1 HSC Transplantation
15.5.2 MSC Transplantation After Cancer Treatment
15.5.3 Enzyme Therapy
15.5.4 Secreted Agents
15.5.5 Viral Therapy
15.5.6 Nanoparticle Carrier
15.5.7 Exosomes as Therapeutic Carrier
15.6 Other Applications of Stem-Cell-Based Cancer Therapy
15.6.1 Inhibition of Angiogenesis
15.6.2 Regenerative Medicine
15.6.3 Immunotherapy
15.6.4 Anticancer Drug Screening
15.6.5 Targeting Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)
15.7 Factors Influencing Stem Cell Therapy
15.7.1 Stem Cell Type
15.7.2 Transplantation Route
15.7.3 Cell Number and Transplanting Time
15.8 Diapause and Hibernation Mechanism in Cancer Stem Cells
15.9 Cancer Stem Cell Models
15.9.1 Cell-Line-Derived Models
15.9.2 Patient-Derived Xenografts
15.9.3 3D Culture Systems
15.9.4 Genetically Engineered Mouse Models (GEMMs)
15.9.5 Spheroids
15.10 Biomarkers Associated with Cancer
15.11 Side Effects Related with Stem Cell Therapy
15.11.1 Tumorigenesis
15.11.2 Drug Toxicity and Resistance
15.11.3 Adverse Events in Allogenic HSC Transplantation
15.11.4 Increased Immune Responses and Autoimmunity
15.11.5 Viral Infection
15.12 Challenges to Stem Cell Therapy
15.12.1 Treatment Durability
15.12.2 Potential Tumorigenesis Concerns
15.12.3 Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
15.12.4 High Levels of Multidrug Resistance or Detoxification Proteins
15.12.5 Tumor Microenvironment
15.13 Strategies to Improve the Anticancer Efficacy of Stem-Cell-Based Therapy
15.13.1 Improvement of Stem Cell Immunotolerance
15.13.2 Enhancement of the Stem Cell Tumor Tropism
15.13.3 Optimal Choice of the Stem Cell Administration Route
15.13.4 Combinational Approaches
15.14 Conclusion
References
16. Clinical Trials and Triumphs: Navigating the Path from Bench to Bedside
Abdelmonem Siddiq, Al-Hassan Soliman Wadan, Abdalla Ali, Shubham Shrestha and Ejaz Ahmad Khan
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Current and Ongoing Clinical Trials
16.3 Approved Stem Cell Therapies
16.4 Challenges in Clinical Trials
16.5 Conclusion
References
17. Beyond Borders: Global Perspectives on Stem Cell Therapeutics
N.L. Swathi, Praveen Mallari, Mihir Dabhi and Shweta Shrivastava
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Overview of Stem Cell Therapies
17.2 Global Advances in Stem Cell Research
17.2.1 Breakthroughs in North America
17.2.2 Innovations in Europe
17.2.3 Progress in Asia-Pacific
17.2.4 Developments in Latin America
17.2.5 Research in Africa and the Middle East
17.3 Regional Regulatory Frameworks
17.3.1 Regulatory Environment in the USA
17.4 Ethical Considerations and Public Perception
17.4.1 Ethical Dilemmas in Stem Cell Research
17.4.1.1 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
17.4.1.2 Safety and Efficacy of Therapy
17.4.1.3 Animal Models and Chimeras
17.4.1.4 Responsible and Ethical Research
17.4.2 Cultural Influences on Public Perception
17.4.2.1 Religious Viewpoints
17.4.3 Case Studies of Public Engagement
17.4.3.1 UK Stem Cell Network (UKSCN)
17.4.3.2 Stem Cell Network (SCN) Canada
17.4.3.3 California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM)
17.5 Challenges and Barriers
17.5.1 Scientific and Technical Challenges
17.5.1.1 Cell Source and Differentiation
17.5.1.2 Cell Homing, Survival, and Integration
17.5.1.3 Immune Tolerance and Tumorigenicity
17.5.2 Logistical and Financial Barriers
17.5.2.1 Cost of Therapy
17.5.2.2 Copyright and Competition
17.5.3 Overcoming Obstacles: Best Practices
17.6 Future Directions
17.6.1 Emerging Technologies in Stem Cell Research
17.6.2 Predictions for the Next Decade
17.6.3 Global Impact and Potential Developments
17.7 Conclusion
References
18. Ethical Considerations in Stem Cell Therapeutics: Striking a Balance
Rahul Kumar, Ayush Madan, Debasis Mitra and Jyotsana Singh Chandravanshi
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Properties of Stem Cells
18.3 Sources of Stem Cell
18.4 Research on Stem Cells
18.5 Source and Ethical Concerns of Deriving Stem Cells
18.5.1 Utilizing Human Embryonic Stem Cells
18.5.2 Utilizing Extra/Spare Embryos Created During IVF Applications
18.5.3 Utilization of Fetal Tissue Received From Termination of Pregnancy (Intentionally Induced or Miscarriages)
18.5.4 Producing Embryos for Use in Stem Cell Studies
18.5.5 Somatic Cell Uses
18.6 Research Ethics Concerns and Process
18.6.1 Concerns of Ethics in Relation to Women’s Reproductive Rights
18.6.2 Informed Consent During the Research Process to Volunteers
18.6.3 Privacy Confidentiality and Information Masking During the Research Process
18.7 Ethical Concerns Throughout the Clinical Phase and After
18.7.1 Problems Caused by Business Interests Taking the Initiative and Persistently Pursuing Research
18.7.2 Promotion, Deception of the Public, Amazing Therapies, and Sharing of Research Findings with Unproven Theories
18.7.3 During the Research Process, Several Treatment Methods That Have Not Been Proven to be Effective Were Reflected as Miraculous Treatments
18.7.4 Copyright and Patent Issues
18.7.5 Issues with Treatment Accessibility and Costs to be Developed as a Result of Stem Cell Research
18.7.6 Disregarding Other Regional and Worldwide Health Issues Unrelated to Stem Cell Research
18.8 Fundamental Methods of Stem Cell Research in Different Nations
18.8.1 International Law and National Strategies for Research on Stem Cells
18.8.2 Oviedo Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, Article 18
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Unraveling the Mechanisms: Insights Into Stem Cell Behavior in Disease Microenvironments
Pranshul Sethi, Aniruddha Sen, Sonima, Ayush Madan, Syed Mohsin Waheed and Bibhas Kumar Bhunia
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Stem Cell Biology and the Stem Cell Niche
1.2.1 Characteristics of Stem Cells
1.2.1.1 Self-Renewal
1.2.1.2 Differentiation Potential
1.2.2 The Stem Cell Niche
1.2.2.1 Normal Physiological Conditions
1.2.2.2 Key Components and Their Roles
1.3 Disease Microenvironments and Their Impact on Stem Cells
1.3.1 Alterations in the Extracellular Matrix
1.3.2 Role of Inflammation
1.3.3 Effects of Hypoxia
1.3.4 Disease-Specific Factors
1.4 Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms
1.4.1 Signaling Pathways Involved
1.4.1.1 Wnt Signaling Pathway
1.4.1.2 Notch Signaling Pathway
1.4.1.3 Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
1.4.2 Molecular Interactions
1.4.3 Mechanical and Biochemical Cues
1.5 Techniques for Studying Stem Cell Behavior in Diseased States
1.5.1 Advanced Imaging Techniques
1.5.2 Single-Cell RNA Sequencing
1.5.3 In Vitro Models
1.5.4 In Vivo Models
1.6 Stem Cell Dynamics in Various Diseases
1.6.1 Cancer
1.6.1.1 Tumor Microenvironment
1.6.1.2 Stem Cell Behavior in Cancer
1.6.2 Neuro-Degenerative Diseases
1.6.2.1 Microenvironmental Changes
1.6.2.2 Stem Cell Responses
1.6.3 Cardiovascular Diseases
1.6.3.1 Ischemic Conditions
1.6.3.2 Stem Cell Behavior and Repair Mechanisms
1.7 Therapeutic Implications
1.7.1 Potential Therapeutic Targets
1.7.2 Strategies to Enhance Stem Cell Function
1.7.3 Tailoring Treatments to Microenvironmental Contexts
1.8 Case Studies
1.8.1 Successful Regenerative Therapies
1.8.2 Challenges and Lessons Learned
1.9 Future Directions
1.9.1 Emerging Research Areas
1.9.2 Innovations in Therapeutic Approaches
1.9.3 Long-Term Goals and Visions for Stem Cell Therapy
References
2. CRISPR-Cas9 and Beyond: Gene Editing Frontiers in Stem Cell Therapeutics
Pranshul Sethi, Sonali Rastogi, Kajal Sherawat, Neetu Panwar, Ayush Madan and Mojahidul Islam
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Background of Gene Editing
2.2 Significance of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology
2.3 Overview of Stem Cell Therapeutics
2.4 Fundamentals of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology
2.4.1 Mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9
2.4.2 Advances in CRISPR-Cas9 Precision and Efficiency
2.5 Ethical and Regulatory Considerations
2.6 Applications in Stem Cell Research
2.7 Stem Cells: A Therapeutic Frontier
2.7.1 Types of Stem Cells: Embryonic, Adult, and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
2.7.2 Current and Emerging Stem Cell Therapies
2.7.2.1 Current Stem Cell Therapies
2.7.2.2 Emerging Applications in Tissue Regeneration and Organ Repair
2.7.3 Challenges in Stem Cell Therapeutics
2.8 CRISPR-Cas9 in Stem Cell Therapeutics
2.8.1 Genetic Modification of Stem Cells Using CRISPR-Cas9
2.8.2 Case Studies: Successful Applications in Disease Models
2.8.3 Limitations and Challenges in Clinical Applications
2.8.4 Safety and Long-Term Implications
2.9 Beyond CRISPR-Cas9: Emerging Gene Editing Technologies
2.9.1 CRISPR-Cas12 and CRISPR-Cas13 Systems
2.9.1.1 CRISPR-Cas12
2.9.1.2 CRISPR-Cas13
2.9.2 Base Editing and Prime Editing
2.9.2.1 Base Editing
2.9.2.2 Prime Editing
2.9.3 Other Gene Editing Tools (TALENs, ZFNs)
2.9.3.1 TALENs
2.9.3.2 ZFNs
2.9.3.3 Comparing TALENs and ZFNs with CRISPR-Cas9
2.9.4 Comparative Analysis with CRISPR-Cas9 in Stem Cell Therapy
2.9.4.1 Precision and Specificity
2.9.4.2 Versatility
2.9.4.3 Safety and Off-Target Effects
2.9.4.4 Applications in Stem Cell Therapy
2.9.5 Future Roles
2.10 Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI)
2.10.1 Ethical Concerns in Gene Editing and Stem Cell Research
2.10.2 Public Perception and Misconceptions
2.10.2.1 Public Engagement and Education
2.10.3 Legal and Regulatory Frameworks Globally
2.10.3.1 Regulatory Approaches in Different Countries
2.10.3.2 Impact on Research and Clinical Applications
2.10.3.3 Challenges in Creating International Guidelines
2.10.4 Future Directions in Ethical Governance
2.10.4.1 The Need for Balanced Policies
2.10.4.2 Public Engagement and Stakeholder Involvement
2.10.4.3 International Cooperation and Harmonization
2.10.4.4 Adaptive Governance
2.11 Future Prospects and Challenges
2.11.1 Advances in Precision Medicine through Gene Editing
2.11.1.1 CRISPR-Cas9 in Precision Medicine
2.11.1.2 Ongoing Research and Anticipated Breakthroughs
2.11.2 Overcoming Technical Barriers in Stem Cell Editing
2.11.3 Potential for Personalized Stem Cell Therapies
2.11.3.1 Personalized Therapies Using iPSCs
2.11.3.2 Current State of Research and Clinical Applications
2.11.3.3 Timeline for Clinical Application
2.11.4 The Road Ahead: Speculative Futures and Technological Innovations
2.12 Conclusion
2.12.1 Implications for Future Research and Clinical Practice
2.12.2 Final Thoughts on the Integration of Gene Editing and Stem Cell Therapeutics
References
3. Future Vistas: Revolutionary Technologies and Paradigms in Stem Cell Therapeutics
Dattatraya M. Shinkar, Sharayu P. Rathod, Priyanka D. Dabir, Sandip R. Purkar, Deepali D. Bhandari and Sunil V. Amrutkar
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Characteristics of Several Stem Cell Types Employed in Therapeutic Applications
3.2.1 Embryonic Stem Cells
3.2.2 Totipotent Stem Cells
3.2.3 Pluripotent Stem Cells
3.2.4 Multipotent Stem Cells
3.2.5 Oligopotent Stem Cells
3.2.6 Unipotent Stem Cells
3.2.7 Adult Stem Cells
3.2.7.1 Hematopoietic Stem Cells
3.2.7.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells
3.2.8 Neutral Stem Cells
3.2.9 Epithelial Stem Cells
3.2.10 Skin Stem Cells
3.2.11 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
3.2.12 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
3.3 Recent Advancements and Applications of Stem Cell Therapy
3.3.1 HSC Transplantation
3.3.2 HSC Therapy (HSCT)
3.3.3 Placental Stem Cell Therapy
3.3.4 Autologous Transplantation of Limbal Embryonic Stem Cells
3.3.5 Advancements in the Field of Synthetic Organ Engineering
3.3.6 Hollow Organ Engineering
3.3.7 Anti-Aging Effects
3.3.8 Minimizing Mitochondrial Injury
3.3.9 Treatment of Diabetes
3.3.10 Modeling Diseases and Researching Differentiation
3.3.11 Cell-Free Therapy
3.3.12 Wound Healing
3.3.13 Treatment of Burn Wounds
3.3.14 Significance in Research
3.4 Current Limitations
3.5 Innovative Isolation and Culture Techniques and Their Use in Research on Stem Cells
3.5.1 Conventional Methods of Separation
3.5.2 New Approaches
3.5.3 Prospects and Difficulties
3.6 Future Prospects
3.6.1 Stem Cell in Gene Editing
3.6.2 Stem Cell for Autoimmune Illnesses
3.6.3 Regenerative Medicine
3.6.3.1 ESCs in Regenerative Medicine
3.6.3.2 TSPSCs in Regenerative Medicine
3.6.3.3 Stem Cells and MSCs in Regenerative Medicine
3.6.3.4 UCSCs in Regenerative Medicine
3.6.3.5 BMSCs in Bioregenerative Therapy
3.6.4 Personalized Medicine
3.6.5 Tissue Engineering
3.6.6 Artificial Organs and Body Parts
3.6.6.1 Artificial Oxygen Carriers
3.6.6.2 Cardiac Support and Blood Pumps
3.6.6.3 Membrane Oxygenation and Cardiopulmonary Support
3.6.6.4 Functional Electrical Stimulation and Neuromuscular Support
3.6.6.5 Pancreatic Support
3.6.6.6 Pulmonary Support
3.6.6.7 Renal Support and Dialysis
3.6.6.8 Vascular and Valve Support
3.6.6.9 Visual Support
3.6.7 Use in Research
References
4. Nanobiomaterials at the Nexus: Integrating Stem Cells and Nanotechnology for Precision Therapeutics
Aditya Banerjee and Deepika Arora
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 The Rise of Precision Therapy
4.1.2 Challenges in Conventional Therapy
4.1.3 Integration of Nanotechnology and Stem Cell Therapy
4.2 Nanobiomaterials: Tailoring the Cellular Microenvironment
4.2.1 Revolutionizing Medical Applications with Nanobiomaterials
4.2.2 Tailoring the Nanoworld: Properties Engineering Toward Precision Medicine
4.2.2.1 Biocompatibility
4.2.2.2 Drug Delivery Efficiency
4.2.2.3 Targeting Capabilities
4.2.2.4 Novel Approaches and Intelligent Materials
4.2.3 Design Strategies for Stem Cell–Nanobiomaterial Integration
4.2.3.1 Biocompatibility and Surface Modification
4.2.3.2 Scaffold Design and Tissue Engineering
4.2.3.3 Control of Biologically Active Particle Release
4.2.3.4 Advanced Functionalities
4.2.3.5 Immunomodulation
4.2.3.6 Integration with Smart Technologies
4.3 Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine
4.3.1 Adult vs. Pluripotent Stem Cells
4.3.1.1 Sources
4.3.1.2 Characteristics
4.3.1.3 Therapeutic Potentials
4.3.1.4 Comparative Advantages and Challenges
4.3.1.5 Can Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Pave a New Wave in Regenerative Medicine?
4.3.2 Differentiation and Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells
4.3.2.1 Mechanisms of Differentiation
4.3.2.2 Therapeutic Potential in Regenerative Medicine
4.3.2.3 Future Direction
4.3.3 Challenges in Stem Cell Transplantation
4.3.3.1 Immune Rejection
4.3.3.2 Ensuring Cell Viability
4.3.3.3 Homing and Engraftment
4.3.3.4 Safety Concerns
4.3.3.5 Ethical and Regulatory Issues
4.3.3.6 Cost and Accessibility
4.4 Exosomes: Natural Nanocarriers for Intercellular Communication
4.4.1 Biogenesis and Properties of Exosomes
4.4.1.1 Biogenesis
4.4.1.2 Structure of Exosomes
4.4.1.3 Natural Functions of Exosomes in Cellular Communication
4.4.2 Targeted Delivery Using Engineered Exosomes
4.4.2.1 Surface Alteration for Targeting
4.4.2.2 Increasing Cargo Capacity
4.4.2.3 Enhancing Stability and Circulation
4.4.2.4 Controlled Release Mechanisms
4.4.3 Exosome-Based Therapeutics
4.4.3.1 Drug Delivery
4.4.3.2 Immune Modulation
4.4.3.3 Regenerative Medicine
4.4.3.4 Applications for Diagnosis
4.5 Reprogramming Immunity for Cancer Through CAR-T Cell Therapy
4.5.1 CAR-T Cell Design and Engineering
4.5.1.1 CAR-T Cell Design
4.5.1.2 Genetic Engineering of CAR-T Cells
4.5.2 Clinical Applications and Efficacy of CAR-T Cell Therapy
4.5.2.1 Hematologic Malignancies
4.5.2.2 Solid Tumors
4.5.2.3 Efficacy and Long-Term Outcomes
4.5.3 Challenges and Future Directions of CAR-T Cell Therapy
4.5.3.1 Toxicity
4.5.3.2 Resistance and Relapse
4.5.3.3 Manufacturing and Accessibility
4.5.3.4 Future Directions
4.6 Integrating Nanobiomaterials with Stem Cells and CAR-T Cells
4.6.1 Nanobiomaterials for Enhanced Stem Cell Therapy
4.6.1.1 Proliferation Enhancement
4.6.1.2 Differentiation Enhancement
4.6.1.3 Improvement of Homing and Engraftment
4.6.2 Nanocarriers for Delivery and Activation of CAR-T Cells
4.6.2.1 Enhanced Delivery to Tumor Sites
4.6.2.2 Improved Activation and Expansion
4.6.2.3 Enhancement of Persistence and Survival
4.6.3 Combination Treatments for Improved Therapeutic Effectiveness
4.6.3.1 Nanobiomaterials and Stem Cells
4.6.3.2 CAR-T Cells and Nanobiomaterials
4.6.3.3 CAR-T Cells and Stem Cells
4.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives
4.7.1 Regulatory Considerations for Nanobiomaterial-Based Therapeutics
4.7.1.1 Approval Processes
4.7.1.2 Safety Standards
4.7.1.3 Challenges in Regulation
4.7.1.4 Future Perspectives
4.7.2 Conquering Biocompatibility and Safety Issues
4.7.2.1 Material Selection and Surface Engineering
4.7.2.2 Incorporating Biodegradability
4.7.2.3 Mitigating Immune Responses
4.7.2.4 Evaluating Long-Term Safety
4.7.2.5 Regulatory Guidelines and Standardization
4.7.2.6 Interdisciplinary Collaboration
4.7.3 Personalized Medicine and Patient-Specific Therapeutics
4.7.3.1 Customized Drug Delivery
4.7.3.2 Stem Cell Treatments for Particular Patients
4.7.3.3 Genomic and Proteomic Profiling
4.7.3.4 Customized Cancer Immunotherapy
4.7.3.5 Precision Diagnostics
4.7.3.6 Real-Time Monitoring and Feedback
4.7.3.7 Ethical and Social Considerations
4.8 Conclusion
4.8.1 Stem Cells, Nanotechnology, Exosomes, and CAR-T Cells: What the Future Holds
4.8.1.1 Stem Cell Treatment Improvement
4.8.1.2 Targeted Release Mechanisms
4.8.1.3 Therapeutics Based on Exosome
4.8.1.4 CAR-T Cell Engineering
4.8.1.5 Combination Therapy
4.8.1.6 Personalized Medicine
4.8.1.7 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations
4.8.2 The Potential of Nanobiomaterials for Precision Therapeutics
4.8.2.1 Improved Drug Delivery
4.8.2.2 More Accurate Diagnosis
4.8.2.3 Regenerative Medicine
4.8.2.4 Cancer Treatment
4.8.2.5 Gene Therapy
4.8.2.6 Individualized Approach
4.8.2.7 Future Outlook
4.9 Summary
References
5. Exosomes from Stem Cells as Therapeutic Agents for Cardiovascular Regeneration
Maryam Taghavi Narmi, Nikoo Baghal Darbandi, Abdulwahab Teflischi Gharavi, Ali Babaeizad and Mohsen Sheykhhasan
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Background on Cardiovascular Diseases
5.1.2 The Role of Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine
5.1.3 Overview of Exosomes and their Biological Functions
5.2 Biogenesis and Characteristics of Stem-Cell-Derived Exosomes
5.2.1 Exosome Formation and Release
5.2.2 Molecular Composition and Functional Properties
5.3 Mechanism of Cardiovascular Regeneration Mediated by Exosomes
5.3.1 Modulation of Inflammation
5.3.2 Promotion of Angiogenesis
5.3.3 Enhancement of Cell Survival and Proliferation
5.3.4 Reduction of Fibrosis
5.4 Therapeutic Applications of Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases
5.4.1 Myocardial Infarction
5.4.2 Heart Failure
5.4.3 Peripheral Artery Disease
5.5 Preclinical and Clinical Studies
5.5.1 Animal Models of Cardiovascular Disease
5.5.2 Human Clinical Trials
5.6 Challenges and Future Directions
5.7 Conclusion
References
6. Cardiovascular Renaissance: Stem Cell Strategies for Heart Diseases
Apurva, Pracheta Janmeda, Divya Kumari, Narotam Sharma and Priya Chaudhary
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Stem Cell Types Considered for the Treatment of Heart Disease
6.2.1 Skeletal Myoblast
6.2.2 Bone-Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Cells
6.2.3 BM-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs)
6.2.4 BM-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
6.2.5 Mobilized Stem and Progenitor Cells
6.2.6 Adipose-Derived Stem and Progenitor Cells (ASPCs)
6.2.7 Cardiac Stem and Progenitor Cells
6.2.8 Embryonic Stem Cells
6.2.9 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
6.2.10 Adult Stem Cell
6.3 Stem Cell Therapy Against Different Heart Diseases
6.3.1 Acute and Chronic Coronary Syndromes
6.3.2 Myocardial Infarction
6.3.3 Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury
6.3.4 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
6.3.5 Ischemic Heart Failure
6.3.6 Modeling Heart Diseases on a Chip
6.4 Mechanism of Stem-Cell Based Therapy for Heart Disease
6.4.1 Differentiation of Transplanted Stem Cells into Cardiac Cells
6.4.2 Formation of New Blood Vessels from Transplanted Stem Cells
6.4.3 Paracrine Effect
6.4.4 Cell Fusion
6.4.5 Treatment by Extracellular Vesicle-Derived Stem Cells
6.5 Gene-Modified Stem Cells
6.5.1 Increase the Capacity of Antiapoptotic
6.5.2 Promote Migration
6.5.3 Anti-Inflammatory
6.5.4 Multigene-Modified MSC Exploration
6.6 Limitations of Stem Cell Strategies for Cardiovascular Diseases
6.6.1 Heterogeneity of Stem Cells
6.6.2 Survival of Transplanted Stem Cell In Vivo
6.6.3 Migration and Homing of Stem Cell In Vivo
6.6.4 Immunogenicity of Stem Cells After Transplantation
6.6.5 Uncontrolled Differentiation of Stem Cells In Vivo Resulting in Undesired Phenotype
6.6.6 Acquisition of Adequate Stem Cells
6.6.7 Ex Vivo Expansion Efficiency
6.7 Strategies for Improving Stem Cell Therapy
6.7.1 Stem Cell Delivery
6.7.2 Homing
6.7.3 Survival/Engraftment
6.8 Bioengineering Strategies: New Era
6.8.1 Cell-Free Therapy
6.8.2 Improving Target Ability
6.8.3 Overcoming Low Cell Retention
6.8.4 Biomimetic Strategies in Stem-Cell-Based Therapy
6.9 Conclusion
References
7. Neurological Disorders: Advancements in Stem-Cell-Based Treatments
Dheeraj Sharma and Shriyansh Srivastava
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of Stem Cells
7.2.1 Embryonic Stem Cells
7.2.2 Adult Stem Cells
7.2.3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
7.2.4 Neural Stem Cells
7.3 Mechanisms of Action
7.3.1 Differentiation and Integration
7.3.2 Neuroprotection
7.3.3 Immunomodulation
7.3.4 Paracrine Effects
7.4 Technological Advancements in Stem Cell Research
7.4.1 CRISPR and Gene Editing
7.4.2 Organoids and 3D Bioprinting
7.4.3 Biomaterials and Scaffolding
7.4.4 Single-Cell Sequencing
7.5 Stem-Cell-Based Treatments for Specific Neurological Disorders
7.5.1 Parkinson’s Disease
7.5.2 Alzheimer’s Disease
7.5.3 Multiple Sclerosis
7.5.4 Stroke
7.5.5 Spinal Cord Injuries
7.5.6 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
7.6 Clinical Trials and Case Studies
7.6.1 Overview of Current Clinical Trials
7.6.2 Success Stories and Outcomes
7.6.3 Challenges and Setbacks
7.7 Ethical Considerations and Regulatory Challenges
7.7.1 Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research
7.7.2 Regulatory Landscape
7.7.3 Patient Consent and Safety
7.8 Future Directions and Potential Innovations
7.8.1 Potential for Preventive Therapies
7.8.2 The Future of Stem-Cell-Based Treatments in Neurology
7.9 Conclusion
References
8. Stem Cell Therapy for Metabolic Disorders: Harnessing the Power of Stem Cells to Treat Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders
Sindhu D. Bali, Anand Kumar Shukla, Rosaleen Sahoo, Varsha A. Mahadik and Narendra Kadoo
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Overview of Metabolic Disorders and Their Current Treatment Options
8.1.2 Significance of Stem Cell Therapy in Metabolic Disorders
8.1.3 Fundamental Principles of Stem Cell Therapy
8.1.3.1 Stem Cell Types
8.1.3.2 Unique Characteristics of Stem Cells
8.2 Clinical Applications of Stem Cell Therapy for Metabolic Disorders
8.2.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
8.2.2 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
8.2.3 Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
8.2.4 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
8.2.5 Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)
8.3 Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Action of Stem Cells in Metabolic Disorders
8.3.1 Homing to Target Tissues
8.3.2 Tissue Repair and Regeneration
8.3.3 Modulation of Immune Response
8.3.4 Signaling Pathways Involved in Metabolic Disorders
8.3.4.1 The mTOR Signaling Pathway
8.3.4.2 The JNK Signaling Pathway
8.3.4.3 The AMPK Pathway
8.3.4.4 Inflammatory Signaling Pathways
8.3.4.5 Signaling by Leptin and Ghrelin
8.4 Challenges and Limitations of Stem Cell Therapy for Metabolic Disorders
8.4.1 Off-Target Effects
8.4.2 Immune Responses
8.4.3 Tissue Heterogeneity
8.4.4 Stem Cell Exhaustion
8.5 Future Directions for Stem Cell Therapy in Metabolic Disorders
8.5.1 Advancements in Sources of Stem Cells
8.5.2 Enhancing Treatment Safety and Efficacy
8.5.3 Personalized Medicine Approaches
8.5.4 Combination Therapies
8.5.5 Longitudinal Studies and Clinical Trials
8.5.6 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations
8.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9. Immunomodulation in Autoimmune Disorders: Harnessing the Power of Stem Cell
Neha Kamboj, Rahul Kumar and Debasis Mitra
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Importance of Immunomodulation in Managing Autoimmune Diseases
9.1.2 Role of SCs in Medical Research and Treatment
9.2 SCs: Types and Characteristics
9.3 Mechanisms of SC-Based Immunomodulation
9.3.1 SC Interactions with the Immune System
9.3.2 Anti-Inflammatory Effects of SCs
9.3.3 Paracrine Signaling and Secretion of Immunomodulatory Factors
9.3.4 Regulation of Immune Cell Populations (e.g., T Cells, B Cells, Dendritic Cells)
9.4 Clinical Applications of SCs in Autoimmune Disorders
9.4.1 Hematopoietic SC Transplantation (HSCT)
9.4.2 Mechanism of Action and Therapeutic Effects
9.4.3 Clinical Outcomes and Case Studies
9.4.4 Mesenchymal SCs (MSCs)
9.4.5 Mechanism of Action and Therapeutic Effects
9.4.6 Clinical Trials and Outcomes in Autoimmune Diseases (e.g., Rheumatoid Arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis)
9.4.7 Induced Pluripotent SCs (iPSCs)
9.4.8 Challenges and Future Directions
9.5 Challenges and Considerations in SC Therapy
9.5.1 Safety Concerns and Risk of Tumorigenesis
9.5.2 Immunogenicity and Rejection Issues
9.5.3 Standardization and Quality Control in SC Production
9.5.4 Regulatory and Clinical Trial Design Challenges
9.5.5 Advances in SC Engineering and Gene Editing
9.5.6 Combination Therapies with SCs and Other Immunomodulatory Agents
9.6 Conclusion
References
10. The Microbiome Connection: Exploring Interactions with Stem Cell Therapies
Rizwan Ahamad, Asad Ali, Priya Manna, Neha Quadri, Zuber Khan, Radheshyam Pal, Mohammad Muztaba, Shakira Ghazanfar, Anas Islam, Asif Iqbal and Sumel Ashique
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Function of Microbiota in Gut Health
10.3 The Intersection of Microbiome and Stem Cell Research
10.4 Microbiota Metabolites and Stem Cell Differentiation
10.5 Modulation of Mucosal Immunity and Intestinal Inflammation
10.5.1 Fungal Colonization in the Gut
10.5.2 Fungi’s Role in Gut Immune Balance
10.5.3 Fungal–Immune Interactions Extend Beyond the Gut: Gut Fungi Influence Lung Health
10.5.4 Gut Fungi Influence Overall Immune Defense
10.5.5 Impact of Different Fungi on Immune Response
10.6 Influences on Stem Cell Engraftment
10.6.1 Factors Influencing Stem Cell Engraftment
10.6.2 Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD)
10.6.3 Additional Factors
10.6.4 A Novel Approach to Improving Outcomes
10.7 Role in Neurological Diseases
10.7.1 Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis in Neuro-Inflammation
10.7.2 Gut–Brain Axis
10.7.3 Gut Dysbiosis, an Imbalance of Gut Bacteria, is Linked to Brain Problems
10.7.4 The Gut Microbiota Influences Brain Function
10.7.5 The Gut–Brain Axis: An Intricate Connection
10.8 Emerging Significance of Gut Microbiota in Neurogenesis
10.8.1 Gut Bacteria Significantly Impact Brain Health
10.8.2 Neurological Pathway in the Gut–Brain Axis (GBA)
10.8.3 Neurological Disorders and the Gut–Brain Axis (GBA)
10.8.4 The Gut–Brain Axis and Neurological Disorders
10.9 Clinical Trials
10.10 Role in Gastrointestinal Diseases
10.10.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
10.10.2 COVID-19 Vaccines in IBD Patients
10.10.3 Bivalent Vaccines are Suggested for IBD Patients Due to Higher Breakthrough Infections
10.10.4 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines are Safe and Effective in IBD Patients, with No Increased Risk of Disease Flares
10.10.5 COVID-19 Complications in IBD Patients Include Mental Health Issues and Potential Long-Term Effects (Long COVID)
10.10.6 COVID-19 and IBD: Key Findings
10.10.7 Patients’ Perspectives on COVID-19 and IBD
10.10.8 Significance of the Microbiota to Liver Pathophysiology
10.10.9 Gut–Liver Axis: A Bidirectional Relationship
10.11 Microbiome Influence on Tumor Microenvironment
10.11.1 Microbiome-Supported Stem Cell Treatment
10.11.2 Microbiome Diversity
10.12 Challenges of Stem Cell Therapy
10.12.1 Inadequate Source of Stem Cells
10.12.2 Presence of Optimal Time Window
10.12.3 Inherited Limitation of Stem Cells
10.12.4 Adverse Effect
10.13 Microbiome Engineering and Integration of Multi-Omics for Personalized Medicine
References
11. Cellular Synchrony: Coordinated Strategies for Effective Tissue Regeneration Using Stem Cells
Amit Anand, Santhepete Nanjundiah Manjula and Mruthunjaya Kenganora
Abbreviations
11.1 Introduction to Cellular Synchrony and Tissue Regeneration
11.1.1 Overview of Tissue Regeneration
11.1.2 Importance of Cellular Synchrony
11.1.3 Function of Stem Cells in Tissue Repair and Regeneration
11.2 Fundamentals of Stem Cells
11.2.1 Types of Stem Cells
11.2.1.1 Embryonic Stem Cells
11.2.1.2 Adult Stem Cells (ASCs)
11.2.2 Potency of Stem Cells
11.2.2.1 Totipotent
11.2.2.2 Pluripotent
11.2.2.3 Unipotent
11.2.2.4 Multipotent
11.2.2.5 Oligopotent
11.2.3 Properties of Stem Cells
11.2.3.1 Differentiation of Stem Cells
11.2.3.2 Self-Renewal of Stem Cells
11.2.3.3 Clonogenicity of Stem Cells
11.3 Mechanisms of Cellular Synchrony
11.3.1 Signaling Pathways Involved in Synchrony
11.3.1.1 MAPK Signaling Pathways
11.3.1.2 P13K/AKT Signaling Pathway
11.3.1.3 JAK-STAT Signaling Pathways
11.3.1.4 Wnt Signaling Pathway
11.4 Methods of Investigating Cell Synchrony
11.4.1 Gene Regulation Model
11.4.2 Simulation Studies
11.4.3 Biological Methods
11.4.3.1 Serum Starvation
11.4.3.2 Double Thymidine Block
11.5 Strategies for Enhancing Cellular Synchrony in Tissue Regeneration
11.5.1 Overexpression of Cell Cycle Regulators
11.5.1.1 Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase
11.5.2 Controlled Release of Growth Factors
11.5.3 Electrical and Mechanical Stimulation
11.6 Applications of Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration
11.6.1 Bone and Cartilage Tissue Regeneration
11.6.2 Cardiac Tissue Regeneration
11.6.3 Regeneration of Neural Tissue
11.6.4 Regeneration of Sensory Organ
11.7 Challenges and Future Directions
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
12. Tissue Engineering Paradigms: Creating Functional Replacements with Stem Cells
Karan Goel, Isha Chawla, Garima, Sarita Sharma and Sumeet Gupta
12.1 Introduction to Tissue Engineering
12.2 Fundamentals of Stem Cells
12.2.1 Types of Stem Cells
12.2.2 Characteristics and Properties
12.2.2.1 Pluripotency and Multipotency
12.2.2.2 Self-Renewal and Differentiation Potential
12.2.2.3 Regenerative Medicine Applications
12.3 Biomaterials and Components in Tissue Engineering
12.3.1 Types of Biomaterials
12.3.2 Components in Tissue Engineering
12.3.3 Properties and Selection Criteria
12.3.4 Biomaterial Scaffolds: Designing the Extracellular Matrix
12.3.4.1 Scaffold Architecture
12.4 Cell-Seeding Techniques
12.4.1 Scaffold-Based Methods
12.4.1.1 Scaffold Fabrication Techniques
12.4.1.2 Seeding Efficiency
12.4.1.3 Dynamic Seeding Methods
12.4.2 Bioprinting Technologies
12.4.2.1 Bioprinting Principles
12.4.2.2 Types of Bioprinting
12.5 Bioreactor Systems for Tissue Culture
12.5.1 Types of Bioreactors
12.5.1.1 Static Bioreactors
12.5.1.2 Dynamic Bioreactors
12.5.1.3 Microfluidic Bioreactors
12.5.2 Applications in Tissue Engineering
12.6 Clinical Applications of Tissue Engineering
12.7 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations
12.8 Future Directions in Tissue Engineering
12.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
13. Personalized Medicine Frontiers: Interrelating Stem Cell Microenvironments with Stem Cell Therapies for Individual Patients
Sagar Mondal, Swati Priya, Jutishna Bora, Smita Lata, Ajay Kumar Mahalka and Sumira Malik
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Stem Cells and their Microenvironments as Personalized Medicine
13.3 The Disease Microenvironment: A Complex Ecosystem
13.3.1 Intercellular Interaction
13.3.2 Extracellular Matrix Interaction
13.3.3 Role of Soluble Bioactive Agents
13.4 Stem Cell Plasticity and Adaptation
13.4.1 Influence of Signaling Pathways
13.5 Stem Cell Dysfunction in Disease
13.5.1 Stem Cell-Derived Cancer Stem Cells
13.5.2 Therapeutic Implications
13.6 Stem Cell Therapy for Human Diseases
13.7 Conclusion
References
14. Stem Cell Therapy for Cancer Treatment: Current Advances and Future Directions
Anand Kumar Shukla, Sindhu D. Bali, Varsha A. Mahadik, Rosaleen Sahoo and Narendra Kadoo
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Importance of Stem Cell Therapy in Cancer Treatment
14.1.1.1 Enhanced Targeting of Tumors
14.1.1.2 Overcoming Therapy Resistance
14.1.1.3 Regenerative Potential
14.1.1.4 Immune Modulation
14.1.2 Fundamental Principles of Stem Cell Therapy
14.1.3 Types of Stem Cells
14.1.3.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
14.1.3.2 Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)
14.1.3.3 Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
14.1.4 Unique Properties of Stem Cells
14.2 Current Clinical Applications of Stem Cell Therapy for Cancer
14.2.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
14.2.2 Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)
14.2.3 Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
14.2.4 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
14.2.5 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
14.3 Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Action of Stem Cells
14.3.1 Homing to Bone Marrow
14.3.2 Tumor-Tropic Effect
14.3.3 Secretion of Paracrine Factors and Differentiation Capacity
14.3.4 Signaling in Cancer Stem Cells
14.4 Challenges and Limitations of Stem Cell Therapy for Cancer
14.5 Future Directions for Stem Cell Therapy in Cancer Treatment
14.5.1 Integration with Other Therapeutic Approaches
14.5.2 Development of New Stem Cell Sources
14.5.3 Gene Editing and Gene Therapy
14.5.4 Clinical Trials and Regulatory Mechanisms
14.6 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
15. Challenges and Breakthroughs: Lessons from Stem-Cell-Based Cancer Therapies
Priya Chaudhary, Ayush Madan, Divya Kumari, Apurva and Pracheta Janmeda
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Current Hurdles in Stem-Cell-Based Treatment for Cancer
15.2.1 Ethical Considerations
15.2.2 Technical Constraints
15.2.3 Regulatory Restrictions
15.2.4 Unanticipated Clinical Results
15.3 Stem Cell Classification and their Properties
15.4 Mechanism Underlying the Action of Stem Cells in Cancer
15.4.1 Homing to Bone Marrow
15.4.2 Tumor-Tropic Effect
15.4.3 Paracrine Factor Secretion and Differentiation Capacity
15.4.4 Signaling in Cancer Stem Cells
15.5 Potential Application of Stem Cell Therapy in Cancer Treatment
15.5.1 HSC Transplantation
15.5.2 MSC Transplantation After Cancer Treatment
15.5.3 Enzyme Therapy
15.5.4 Secreted Agents
15.5.5 Viral Therapy
15.5.6 Nanoparticle Carrier
15.5.7 Exosomes as Therapeutic Carrier
15.6 Other Applications of Stem-Cell-Based Cancer Therapy
15.6.1 Inhibition of Angiogenesis
15.6.2 Regenerative Medicine
15.6.3 Immunotherapy
15.6.4 Anticancer Drug Screening
15.6.5 Targeting Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)
15.7 Factors Influencing Stem Cell Therapy
15.7.1 Stem Cell Type
15.7.2 Transplantation Route
15.7.3 Cell Number and Transplanting Time
15.8 Diapause and Hibernation Mechanism in Cancer Stem Cells
15.9 Cancer Stem Cell Models
15.9.1 Cell-Line-Derived Models
15.9.2 Patient-Derived Xenografts
15.9.3 3D Culture Systems
15.9.4 Genetically Engineered Mouse Models (GEMMs)
15.9.5 Spheroids
15.10 Biomarkers Associated with Cancer
15.11 Side Effects Related with Stem Cell Therapy
15.11.1 Tumorigenesis
15.11.2 Drug Toxicity and Resistance
15.11.3 Adverse Events in Allogenic HSC Transplantation
15.11.4 Increased Immune Responses and Autoimmunity
15.11.5 Viral Infection
15.12 Challenges to Stem Cell Therapy
15.12.1 Treatment Durability
15.12.2 Potential Tumorigenesis Concerns
15.12.3 Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
15.12.4 High Levels of Multidrug Resistance or Detoxification Proteins
15.12.5 Tumor Microenvironment
15.13 Strategies to Improve the Anticancer Efficacy of Stem-Cell-Based Therapy
15.13.1 Improvement of Stem Cell Immunotolerance
15.13.2 Enhancement of the Stem Cell Tumor Tropism
15.13.3 Optimal Choice of the Stem Cell Administration Route
15.13.4 Combinational Approaches
15.14 Conclusion
References
16. Clinical Trials and Triumphs: Navigating the Path from Bench to Bedside
Abdelmonem Siddiq, Al-Hassan Soliman Wadan, Abdalla Ali, Shubham Shrestha and Ejaz Ahmad Khan
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Current and Ongoing Clinical Trials
16.3 Approved Stem Cell Therapies
16.4 Challenges in Clinical Trials
16.5 Conclusion
References
17. Beyond Borders: Global Perspectives on Stem Cell Therapeutics
N.L. Swathi, Praveen Mallari, Mihir Dabhi and Shweta Shrivastava
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Overview of Stem Cell Therapies
17.2 Global Advances in Stem Cell Research
17.2.1 Breakthroughs in North America
17.2.2 Innovations in Europe
17.2.3 Progress in Asia-Pacific
17.2.4 Developments in Latin America
17.2.5 Research in Africa and the Middle East
17.3 Regional Regulatory Frameworks
17.3.1 Regulatory Environment in the USA
17.4 Ethical Considerations and Public Perception
17.4.1 Ethical Dilemmas in Stem Cell Research
17.4.1.1 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
17.4.1.2 Safety and Efficacy of Therapy
17.4.1.3 Animal Models and Chimeras
17.4.1.4 Responsible and Ethical Research
17.4.2 Cultural Influences on Public Perception
17.4.2.1 Religious Viewpoints
17.4.3 Case Studies of Public Engagement
17.4.3.1 UK Stem Cell Network (UKSCN)
17.4.3.2 Stem Cell Network (SCN) Canada
17.4.3.3 California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM)
17.5 Challenges and Barriers
17.5.1 Scientific and Technical Challenges
17.5.1.1 Cell Source and Differentiation
17.5.1.2 Cell Homing, Survival, and Integration
17.5.1.3 Immune Tolerance and Tumorigenicity
17.5.2 Logistical and Financial Barriers
17.5.2.1 Cost of Therapy
17.5.2.2 Copyright and Competition
17.5.3 Overcoming Obstacles: Best Practices
17.6 Future Directions
17.6.1 Emerging Technologies in Stem Cell Research
17.6.2 Predictions for the Next Decade
17.6.3 Global Impact and Potential Developments
17.7 Conclusion
References
18. Ethical Considerations in Stem Cell Therapeutics: Striking a Balance
Rahul Kumar, Ayush Madan, Debasis Mitra and Jyotsana Singh Chandravanshi
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Properties of Stem Cells
18.3 Sources of Stem Cell
18.4 Research on Stem Cells
18.5 Source and Ethical Concerns of Deriving Stem Cells
18.5.1 Utilizing Human Embryonic Stem Cells
18.5.2 Utilizing Extra/Spare Embryos Created During IVF Applications
18.5.3 Utilization of Fetal Tissue Received From Termination of Pregnancy (Intentionally Induced or Miscarriages)
18.5.4 Producing Embryos for Use in Stem Cell Studies
18.5.5 Somatic Cell Uses
18.6 Research Ethics Concerns and Process
18.6.1 Concerns of Ethics in Relation to Women’s Reproductive Rights
18.6.2 Informed Consent During the Research Process to Volunteers
18.6.3 Privacy Confidentiality and Information Masking During the Research Process
18.7 Ethical Concerns Throughout the Clinical Phase and After
18.7.1 Problems Caused by Business Interests Taking the Initiative and Persistently Pursuing Research
18.7.2 Promotion, Deception of the Public, Amazing Therapies, and Sharing of Research Findings with Unproven Theories
18.7.3 During the Research Process, Several Treatment Methods That Have Not Been Proven to be Effective Were Reflected as Miraculous Treatments
18.7.4 Copyright and Patent Issues
18.7.5 Issues with Treatment Accessibility and Costs to be Developed as a Result of Stem Cell Research
18.7.6 Disregarding Other Regional and Worldwide Health Issues Unrelated to Stem Cell Research
18.8 Fundamental Methods of Stem Cell Research in Different Nations
18.8.1 International Law and National Strategies for Research on Stem Cells
18.8.2 Oviedo Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, Article 18
References
Index
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