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Functionalized Nanomaterials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices

Design, Fabrications and Applications

Edited by Gopal Rawat, Gautam Patel, Kalim Deshmukh and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
Copyright: 2025   |   Expected Pub Date:2025/08/30
ISBN: 9781394214075  |  Hardcover  |  
674 pages

One Line Description
The book gives invaluable insights and expertise from leading researchers on the latest advancements, challenges, and applications of functionalized nanomaterials.

Audience
This book will be a very valuable reference source for research scholars, graduate students (primarily in the field of materials science and engineering, nanomaterials and nanotechnology) and industry engineers working in the field of functionalized nanomaterials for electronic applications.

Description
Functionalized Nanomaterials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices: Design, Fabrications and Applications examines the current state-of-the-art, recent progress, new challenges, and future perspectives of functionalized nanomaterials in high-performance electronic and optoelectronic device applications. The book focuses on the synthesis strategies, functionalization methods, characterizations, properties, and applications of functionalized nanomaterials in various electronic and optoelectronic devices and the essential criteria in each specified field. The physicochemical, optical, electrical, magnetic, electronic, and surface properties of functionalized nanomaterials are also discussed in detail. Additionally, the book discusses reliability, ethical and legal issues, environmental and health impact, and commercialization aspects of functionalized nanomaterials, as well as essential criteria in each specified field. This curated selection of topics and expert contributions from across the globe make this book an outstanding reference source for anyone involved in the field of functionalized nanomaterials-based electronic and optoelectronic devices. The book gives a comprehensive summary
of recent advancements and key technical research accomplishments in the area of electronic/optoelectronic device applications of functionalized nanomaterials. Functionalized Nanomaterials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices serves as a one-stop reference for important research in this innovative research field.
Readers will find this volume:
• Explores technological advances, recent trends, and various applications of functionalized nanomaterials;
• Provides state-of-the-art knowledge on synthesis, processing, properties, and characterization of functionalized nanomaterials;
• Presents fundamental knowledge and an extensive review on functionalized nanomaterials, especially those designed for electronic device applications;
• Summarizes key challenges, future perspectives, reliability, and commercialization aspects of functionalized nanomaterials in various electronic devices.

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Author / Editor Details
Gopal Rawat, PhD is an assistant professor in the School of Computing and Electrical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India. He has published over 50 research articles in leading peer-reviewed international journals and conferences, one book chapter, and four patents. His research interests include semiconducting materials, device design and development, novel materials, and semiconductor devices.

Gautam Patel, PhD works in the Department of Industrial Chemistry at the Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research, CVM University, Nagar, Gujarat, India, with over seven years of experience. He has published one book, six chapters, three patents, and five research papers in international journals. His research interests include organic synthesis, green chemistry, nanosciences, and nanotechnology.

Kalim Deshmukh, PhD is a senior researcher at the New Technologies Research Centre at the University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech Republic, with over 15 years of research experience. He has published over 110 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and 36 book chapters and edited several books. His research interests include synthesis, characterization, and property investigations of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with different nanofillers, including various nanoparticles and carbon allotropes such as carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and its derivatives for energy storage, energy harvesting, gas sensing, EMI shielding, and high-k dielectric applications.

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD is an adjunct professor, academic advisor, and Lab Director in the Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA. He is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as author and editor of over 100 scientific
monographs and books. His research focuses on the application of nanotechnology and advanced materials in environmental and analytical chemistry.

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Table of Contents
Preface
Part I: Synthesis, Characterizations and Surface Modification of Functionalized Nanomaterials
1. Functionalized Nanomaterials: Fundamentals, New Perspectives, and Emerging Research Trends in Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Fabrications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Sunil Kumar Baburao Mane, Naghma Shaishta and G. Manjunatha
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Implementations of 0D NMs in Optoelectronics
1.2.1 Quantum Dots (QDs)/Carbon Dots (CDs)
1.2.2 GQDs
1.2.3 Functionalization of Nanoparticle (FNPs)
1.3 Implementations of 1D NMs in Optoelectronics
1.3.1 CNTs
1.3.2 CNWs
1.3.3 CNRs
1.4 Implementations of 2D NMs in Optoelectronics
1.4.1 GOs
1.4.2 Perovskite Solar Cells
1.5 Implementations of 3D NMs in Optoelectronics
1.5.1 NFs
1.5.2 NCGs
1.6 Challenges and Future Perspective
1.7 Conclusion
References
2. Synthesis and Characterizations of Nanomaterials for Electronic Devices
G. Sahaya Dennish Babu, G. Helen Ruth Joice, N. Sandhya Rani and M. Malarvizhi
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Properties of Nanomaterials
2.2.1 Size-Dependent Properties
2.2.2 Enhanced Surface Area
2.2.3 Electronic Properties of Nanomaterials
2.2.4 Optical Properties
2.2.5 Thermal Properties
2.2.6 Magnetic Properties
2.3 Nanomaterial Synthesis Methodologies
2.3.1 Sol-Gel Method
2.3.2 Chemical Co-Precipitation
2.3.3 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Methods
2.3.4 Vapor-Phase Synthesis
2.3.5 Laser Ablation Methods
2.3.6 Colloidal Heating Methods
2.4 Nanomaterials for Electronic Devices
2.4.1 Nanomaterials in Printed Electronics
2.4.2 Nanomaterials in Nanoscale Transistors
2.4.3 Nanomaterials for Energy Storage and Conversion
2.5 Characterizations of Nanomaterials
2.6 Challenges and Future Outlook
2.7 Summary and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
3. Functionalization and Surface Modification of Nanomaterials for Electronic
and Optoelectronic Device Applications
Bhasha Sathyan and Jobin Cyriac
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nanomaterials: Exploring Electronic and Optoelectronic Properties
3.3 Importance of Functionalization
3.4 The Functionalization
3.4.1 Covalent Functionalization
3.4.2 Non-Covalent Functionalization
3.4.3 Intrinsic Surface Engineering
3.5 Surface Functionalization-Induced Properties
3.5.1 Defect Engineering: Manipulating Band Structure and Properties
3.5.2 Tuning Electronic Conductivity by Incorporation
3.5.3 Enhancing Magnetism Through Surface Modulation
3.6 Applications of Functionalized Nanomaterials in Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices
3.6.1 Electronic Devices
3.6.1.1 Field Effect Transistor (FETs)
3.6.1.2 Sensors
3.6.2 Optoelectronic Devices
3.6.2.1 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
3.6.2.2 Photodetectors
3.6.2.3 Photovoltaic Devices
3.6.2.4 Photocatalysis
3.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
4. Structural and Electronic Transport Properties of Functionalized Nanomaterials
Atefeh Nazary, Hassan Shamloo and Sattar Mirzakuchaki
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nanomaterials’ Crystal Geometry
4.2.1 Crystal Geometry
4.2.2 Nanomaterials
4.2.3 Functional Nanomaterials
4.2.4 Characterization Techniques of Functionalized Nanomaterials
4.3 Electronic Structure of Nanomaterials
4.3.1 Functionalization of Surface
4.3.2 Quantum Confinement
4.3.3 Heterostructures
4.4 Transport Properties of Nanomaterials
4.4.1 Electrical Conductivity
4.4.2 Thermal Conductivity
4.4.3 Mobility of Charge Carrier
4.5 Conclusion
References
Part II: Modeling and Simulations for Polymer Nanocomposites of Functionalized Nanomaterials
5. Modeling and Simulations of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices
Atefeh Nazary, Hassan Shamloo and Sattar Mirzakuchaki
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Principles
5.2.1 Electronic Device Principles
5.2.2 Optoelectronic Device Principles
5.3 Methods for Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronic Device Modeling and Simulation
5.3.1 Electronic Structure Calculations
5.3.1.1 Band Structure Calculation
5.3.1.2 Density of States
5.3.1.3 Effective Mass Approximation
5.3.1.4 K.p Method
5.3.2 Quantum Transport Modeling
5.3.2.1 Non-Equilibrium Green’s Function (NEGF) Method
5.3.2.2 Tight-Binding (TB) Method
5.3.2.3 Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) Method
5.3.2.4 Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) Method
5.3.2.5 DFT Method
5.3.3 Finite-Element Analysis (FEA)
5.3.4 Optical Modeling and Simulation Methods
5.3.4.1 Ray Tracing
5.3.4.2 FDTD Method
5.3.4.3 FDFD Method
5.3.4.4 Wavelet Methods
5.3.4.5 FIT Approach
5.3.4.6 RCWA
5.3.4.7 PWE Approach
5.3.4.8 CMT
5.3.4.9 TMM
5.4 Conclusion
References
6. Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Flexible
Electronics
Harish Kumar, Gaman Kumar, Rahul Sharma, Ankita Yadav, Rajni Kumari, Aarti Tundwal, Ankit Dhayal and Abhiruchi Yadav
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification of Polymer Nanocomposites
6.3 Synthesis of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites
6.4 Synthesis of rGO/Conducting Polymer–Based Nanocomposites
6.4.1 Synthesis of rGO from Graphite by Chemical Reduction
6.4.2 Methods for the Synthesis of rGO/Conducting Polymer–Based Nanocomposites
6.4.2.1 Electrochemical Method
6.4.2.2 Fabrication Method
6.4.3 Properties of rGO/Conducting Polymer–Based Nanocomposites: Influencing Factors
6.4.3.1 Size and Dispersion of rGO Sheets
6.4.3.2 Conducting Polymer Content
6.4.4 Types of Conducting Polymers
6.5 Synthesis of Cellulose/Conducting Polymer/Metal Oxide–Based Nanocomposites
6.5.1 Cellulose/Polyaniline-Based Nanocomposites
6.6 Applications of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Flexible Electronics
6.6.1 Energy Storage Devices
6.6.2 Sensors
6.6.2.1 Gas Sensors
6.6.2.2 Strain Sensors
6.6.2.3 Chemical and Biological Sensors
6.6.3 Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
6.6.4 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
6.6.5 Electronic Devices
6.6.6 Challenges and Outlook
6.7 Future Perspectives of Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Flexible Electronics
6.7.1 Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites
6.7.2 Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Nanocomposites
6.7.3 Biodegradable and Eco-Friendly Polymer Nanocomposites
6.7.4 Scalable and Cost-Effective Manufacturing Techniques
6.7.5 Improved Device Performance and Stability
6.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Part III: Applications of Functionalized Nanomaterials
7. Functionalized Nanomaterial–Based Thin-Film Transistors and Display Devices
Vraj Shah, Ashish Choudhury, Yash Thakrar, Tushar Patil and Swapnil Dharaskar
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Overview of Thin-Film Transistors (TFTs) and Display Devices
7.1.2 Importance and Challenges of Functionalized Nanomaterials in TFTs and Display Technology
7.1.3 Objectives of the Chapter
7.2 Fundamentals of Functionalized Nanomaterials
7.2.1 Classification of Nanomaterials
7.2.1.1 Three-Dimensional Nanostructures
7.2.1.2 Two-Dimensional Nanostructures
7.2.1.3 One-Dimensional Nanostructures
7.2.1.4 Zero-Dimensional Nanostructures
7.2.2 Chemical Composition–Based Grouping of Nanomaterials
7.2.3 Overview of Functionalization Techniques for Nanomaterials
7.2.3.1 Chemical Methods
7.2.3.2 Ligand Exchange Process
7.2.3.3 Grafting of Synthetic Polymers
7.2.4 Key Properties and Advantages of Functionalized Nanomaterials in TFTs and Display Devices
7.2.5 Application of Functionalized Nanomaterials in Electronic Industry
7.3 Fabrication Techniques for Functionalized Nanomaterial–Based TFTs
7.3.1 Overview of Thin-Film Deposition Methods for Functionalized Nanomaterials
7.3.2 Substrate Selection and Surface Preparation for TFT Fabrication
7.4 Characterization and Analysis of Functionalized Nanomaterial–Based TFTs
7.4.1 TFTs
7.4.2 Structural and Morphological Analysis of Nanomaterial-Based Thin Films
7.4.3 Interface Engineering and Device Optimization Strategies
7.4.4 Interface Engineering
7.4.5 Device Optimization
7.5 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Advanced Display Technologies
7.5.1 Overview of Display Technologies and their Requirements
7.5.2 Role of Functionalized Nanomaterials in Flexible and Transparent Displays
7.5.3 Nanomaterial-Based Emissive and Non-Emissive Display Devices
7.5.3.1 Nanomaterial-Based Emissive Display Devices
7.5.3.2 Nanomaterial-Based Non-Emissive Display Devices
7.5.4 Major Functional Nanomaterials Used in Advanced Display Technologies
7.6 Challenges and Future Directions
7.6.1 Current Challenges and Limitations in Functionalized Nanomaterial–Based TFTs
7.6.2 Strategies for Enhancing Performance, Reliability, and Scalability
7.6.3 Opportunities for Further Research and Development
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Functionalized Nanomaterials for Optoelectronic Device Applications
G. Sahaya Dennish Babu, A. Judith Jayarani, G. Mahalakshmi, R. Dhivya, R. Thenmozhi and M. Swetha
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Optoelectronic Devices
8.3 Mechanisms of Optoelectronic Devices
8.3.1 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
8.3.2 Solar Cells
8.3.2.1 Working Principle of Solar Cells
8.3.2.2 Traditional Solar Cell Technologies
8.3.2.3 Trending Mechanisms
8.4 Functional Materials for Optoelectronic Devices
8.4.1 Chalcogenide Materials
8.4.1.1 Properties of Chalcogenide Materials
8.4.1.2 Applications in Optoelectronic Devices
8.4.1.3 Challenges and Future Outlook
8.4.2 Metal Oxides and Metal Sulfides
8.4.2.1 Properties of Metal Oxides and Metal Sulfides
8.4.2.2 Applications in Optoelectronic Devices
8.4.2.3 Challenges and Future Outlook
8.4.3 Perovskites
8.4.3.1 Properties of Hybrid and Metal Halide Perovskites
8.4.3.2 Applications in Optoelectronic Devices
8.4.3.3 Challenges and Future Outlook
8.5 Device Engineering of LED’s and Solar Cells
8.5.1 LEDs
8.5.2 Solar Cells
8.6 Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICS)
8.7 Optocouplers
8.8 Innovative Strategies to Improve Device Performances
8.9 Conclusions and Future Outlook
Future Outlooks
Acknowledgments
References
9. Functionalized Nanomaterials for Flexible and Stretchable Bioelectronics
Humira Assad, Praveen Kumar Sharma, Elyor Berdimurodov, Alok Kumar and Ashish Kumar
List of Abbreviations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nanostructured Materials for Flexible and Stretchable Bioelectronics
9.2.1 Zero-Dimensional (0D) Nanomaterials
9.2.2 One-Dimensional (1D) Nanomaterials
9.2.3 Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterials
9.2.4 Three-Dimensional (3D) Nanomaterials
9.3 Approaches for Integration and Processing of Nanomaterials
9.3.1 Dip Coating and Blading Method
9.3.2 Inkjet Printing and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Assembly Method
9.3.3 Intaglio Transfer (IT) Printing Method
9.4 Nanomaterials-Based Bioelectronics
9.4.1 Wearable Bioelectronics
9.4.2 Implantable Bioelectronics
9.5 Prospects and Limitations
9.6 Conclusion
References
10. Functionalized Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Naval V. Koralkar, Raj Kumar and Gautam Patel
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Principles of LIBs
10.2.1 The Development of Batteries Based on Lithium
10.2.2 The Conceptual Underpinnings of LIBs
10.3 Nanomaterials for Li-Ion Battery Technology
10.3.1 Benefits of Nanomaterials for LIB Applications
10.3.2 Classification of Material of Anode
10.3.2.1 Carbon Nanoparticles
10.4 Nanomaterials with Silicon-Based Lithium-Ion Anodes
10.4.1 Amorphous Si Nanostructures
10.4.2 Composites of Si/Oxides of Metal
10.4.3 Composites of Si/C
10.4.4 Composites of Si/Graphene
10.5 Nanomaterials Derived from Tin for Application in LIB
10.5.1 Anode Made From Pure Tin
10.5.2 Composites of Ti/ C
10.5.3 Tin-(M)-Carbon (M = Co, Fe, Ti)
10.6 Nanomaterials that are Composed of Metal Oxide and are Capable of Functioning as the Anode in LIB
10.6.1 SnO2 Nanomaterials for High-Capacity LIBs
10.6.2 TiO2 Nanomaterials for High-Power LIBs
10.7 Summary
10.8 Future Lithium-Ion Energy Storage Materials
References
11. Functionalized Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors and Hybrid Capacitor
Devices
Shubham Mehta, Gautam Patel, Rohankumar Patel, Trilokkumar Akhani and Arvnabh Mishra
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Energy Storage Devices
11.1.1.1 Electrochemical Technologies
11.1.1.2 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Methodologies
11.1.1.3 Electrical Storage
11.1.1.4 Chemical Energy Storage (CES) Systems
11.1.1.5 Mechanical Energy Storage (MES) System
11.1.2 Supercapacitors and Hybrid Capacitor Devices
11.1.3 Importance of Functionalized Nanomaterials in Enhancing Device Performance
11.2 Fundamentals of Supercapacitors and Hybrid Capacitor Devices
11.2.1 Basic Principles of Energy Storage Mechanisms
11.2.1.1 Vanadium Oxide–Based Energy Storage Mechanisms
11.2.1.2 Mechanisms of Energy Storage in Cathodes Based on Vanadium Oxide
11.2.2 Types of Supercapacitors and Hybrid Capacitor Devices
11.2.2.1 Classification of Supercapacitors
11.2.3 Key Parameters for Evaluating Device Performance
11.3 Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor and Hybrid Capacitor Electrodes
11.3.1 Overview of Synthesis Methods for Functionalized Nanomaterials
11.4 Functionalization Strategies for Enhancing Electrode Performance
11.4.1 Supercapacitor Electrodes Composed of Porous Carbon Materials
11.4.1.1 Activated Carbon
11.4.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
11.4.1.3 Graphene
11.4.2 Porous Carbon Materials Doped with Heteroatoms for Use as Electrodes in Supercapacitors
11.4.2.1 Externally Doped Porous Carbon
11.5 Advanced Nanocomposite Materials for Supercapacitors and Hybrid Capacitor Devices
11.5.1 Carbon/Nickel Oxide Composites
11.5.2 Carbon/Cobalt Oxide Composites
11.5.3 Carbon/Manganese Oxide Composites
11.6 Future Perspectives and Challenges
11.7 Conclusion
References
12. Functionalized Nanomaterials for Chemiresistive Gas Sensors
Atefeh Nazary
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Classification of Chemoresistive Gas Sensors
12.2.1 Based on Target Gas
12.2.2 Based on Device Structure
12.3 Classification of Materials for Chemoresistive Gas Sensors
12.3.1 Metal Oxides (MOX)
12.3.2 Nitrides
12.3.3 Metal Sulfides
12.3.4 Organic Frameworks
12.3.5 Silica Nanomaterial
12.3.6 Nanocarbon-Based Nanomaterials
12.3.7 Conducting Polymer (CP) Nanomaterial
12.3.8 Metal Ferrites
12.3.9 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs)
12.3.10 New Materials
12.4 Conclusion
References
13. Functionalized Nanomaterials for Biosensing Devices
Sreelekshmi P. J., Devika V., Asok Aparna, Appukuttan Saritha and Sandhya Sadanandan
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Diversity in Biosensors
13.3 Fabrication Techniques Involved in the Functionalization of Nanomaterials
13.3.1 Covalent Functionalization
13.3.2 Noncovalent Functionalization
13.3.3 Grafting
13.4 Properties of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Biosensing Devices
13.5 Biosensing Applications of Functionalized Nanomaterials
13.5.1 Inorganic-Based Nanomaterials
13.5.2 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
13.5.3 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
13.5.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles
13.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
13.6 Summary and Outlook
References
14. Targeted Electrochemical Biosensor for Detection of Cancer Biomarkers
Using Composite Nanomaterials
Virender, Archana Chauhan, Priyanka, Ashwani Kumar, Pawan Kumar Sharma and Brij Mohan
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Techniques for Biosensing
14.3 Electrochemical Biosensors in Cancer Detection
14.4 Materials for CB Detection
14.5 Nanomaterial Design and Development as Biosensors
14.6 Working Insights into Biosensors
14.7 Biosensing Tools
14.7.1 Enzymatic Biosensors
14.7.2 Nucleic Acid–Based Aptamer Biosensors
14.7.3 Antibody-Based Biosensors
14.7.4 Whole-Cell–Based Biosensor
14.7.5 Peptide-Based Biosensors
14.7.6 Lectin-Based Biosensors
14.8 Working Principles and Mechanisms
14.8.1 Amperometric Biosensors
14.8.2 Impedimetric Biosensors
14.8.3 Potentiometric Biosensors
14.8.4 Field-Effect Transistor (FET)–Based Biosensors
14.9 Stability and Reusability
14.10 Conductivity
14.11 Key Findings, Challenges, and Conclusion
References
15. Functionalized Material–Based Flexible Biomedical Devices
Sachin M. Shet, Dibyendu Mondal and S. K. Nataraj
Abbreviations
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Flexible Electronics
15.2.1 Strategies for Fabrication and Materials
15.2.2 Physical Sensors
15.2.2.1 Temperature Sensors
15.2.2.2 Strain Sensors
15.2.2.3 Pressure Sensors
15.2.3 Chemical and Biological Sensors
15.2.3.1 pH Sensors
15.2.3.2 Glucose Sensors
15.2.3.3 Other Biosensors
15.3 Emerging Applications
15.3.1 Wound Healing
15.3.2 Implantable Devices and Surgical Tools
15.3.3 Wearable Devices
15.3.4 Point-of-Care Devices
15.4 Summary and Conclusions
References
16. Functionalized Nanomaterials for Designing Nano/Micro Biologically
Sensitive Field‑Effect Transistors (Bio-FETs)
Archini Paruthi, Sooraj Sanjay and Navakanta Bhat
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Electrochemical Biosensing: Basic Principle and Architecture
16.3 Bio-FETs: Evolution, Structure, and Architecture
16.3.1 Evolution of Bio-FETs
16.3.1.1 MOSFETs to ISFETs
16.3.1.2 ISFETs to Bio-FETs
16.3.2 Design and Fabrication of Bio-FETs
16.4 Role of Nanomaterials in Biosensing and Bio-FETs
16.4.1 Classes of Nanomaterials for Bio-FET Fabrication
16.5 Nanomaterial-Biorecognition Design: Synthesis, Immobilization, and
Integration Strategies
16.5.1 Synthesis and Functionalization of Nanomaterials for Biosensing
16.5.1.1 Synthesis in Solution Phase
16.5.1.2 Nucleation and Growth Theories
16.5.1.3 Selective Methods for Synthesis of Nanomaterials
16.5.2 Immobilization Strategies of Proteins (Catalytic and Affinity) onto Nanomaterials
16.5.3 Integration Strategies of Nanomaterials on Substrates (Electrodes and FETs)
16.6 Functionalized Bio-FETs
16.6.1 Types of Bio-FETs
16.6.1.1 Enzyme-Modified FETs (EnFETs)
16.6.1.2 Affinity-Based ISFETs
16.7 Case Studies
16.7.1 Case Study I: Nano-Bio-FETs for Cardiac Health Monitoring
16.7.2 Case Study II: FETs for Nucleic Acid–Based Detection for Screening Various Diseases
16.7.3 Case Study III: Nano-Bio-FETs for Early Detection of Cancer
16.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
17. Functionalized Nanomaterial–Based Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Systems
Deekshitha S. Nayak
Abbreviations
17.1 Introduction
17.2 History of Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Systems
17.2.1 First Generation
17.2.2 Second Generation
17.2.3 Third Generation
17.2.4 Fourth Generation
17.3 Solar Cells
17.4 Solar Collectors
17.5 Fuel Cells
17.6 Photocatalysis
17.7 Solar Photovoltaic
17.8 Energy Storage
17.9 Rechargeable Batteries
17.10 Application Technologies in Solar Cells
17.10.1 Metal Nanoparticles in Solar Cells
17.10.2 Quantum Dots in Solar Cells
17.10.3 Carbon Nanotubes in Solar Cells
17.10.4 Graphene in Solar Cells
17.10.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells in Solar Cells
17.11 Development of Solar Cells Based on Functionalized Nanomaterials
17.11.1 Developing and Producing Metal Nanoparticles
17.11.2 Quantum Dot Fabrication and Solar Cell Integration
17.11.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Use in Solar Cells
17.11.4 Synthesis of Graphene and Its Use in Solar Cells
17.12 Features of Solar Cells Based on Functionalized Nanomaterials
17.12.1 Electrical and Optical Characteristics of Solar Cells Based on Nanomaterials
17.12.2 Photovoltaic Characteristics of Solar Cells Based on Nanomaterials
17.12.3 Mechanical and Thermal Characteristics of Solar Cells Based on Nanomaterials
17.12.4 Solar Cells Based on Nanomaterials: Stability and Durability
17.13 Challenges and Future Scope of Solar Cells Based on Nanomaterials
17.13.1 Integration of Solar Cells Based on Nanomaterials in Large Systems
17.13.2 Environmental Impacts of Solar Cells Based on Nanomaterials
17.14 Conclusion
References
18. Functionalized Nanomaterial–Based Photocatalytic Devices
Brij Mohan, Virender, Neeraj, Ritika Kadiyan, Krishan Kumar, Armando J. L. Pombeiro and Rakesh Kumar Gupta
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Metal-Doped Nanomaterials as Photocatalysts: Design and Workings
18.3 Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism
18.4 Energy-Electron Flow in Nanomaterial Photocatalysis
18.5 Photocatalytic Degradation Activity of Nanomaterials
18.6 Challenges
18.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
19. Design and Fabrication of Sonochemically Prepared Functionalized Nanomaterials for Fuel Cell Applications
Jayaraman Kalidass and Thirugnanasambandam Sivasankar
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Fuel Cell Characteristics
19.1.2 Working Principles
19.1.3 Types of Fuel Cells
19.1.3.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)
19.1.3.2 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC)
19.1.3.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
19.1.3.4 Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
19.1.3.5 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)
19.1.3.6 Regenerative Fuel Cell (RFC)
19.1.4 Fuel Cell Electrodes
19.1.5 Design of Nanomaterials for Fuel Cell
19.1.6 Classifications of Fuel Cell Nanomaterials
19.2 Role of Ultrasound in Material Synthesis
19.2.1 Theory of Sonochemistry
19.2.2 Cavitation
19.2.3 Control Parameters of Acoustic Cavitation
19.2.3.1 Acoustic Frequency
19.2.3.2 Acoustic Intensity
19.2.3.3 External Pressure
19.2.3.4 Nature of Dissolved Gas
19.2.3.5 Cavitation Medium
19.2.3.6 Temperature
19.2.3.7 Bubble Diameter
19.3 Sonochemical Synthesis of Nanomaterials
19.3.1 Ultrasound Techniques
19.3.2 Influence of Ultrasound in the Fabrication Processes
19.4 Advanced Fabrication Techniques to Functionalize the Nanomaterials
19.4.1 Importance of Functionalization
19.4.2 Functional Materials
19.4.3 Functionalization Techniques
19.4.4 Economic Factors
19.4.4.1 Time
19.4.4.2 Energy
19.4.4.3 Cost
19.4.4.4 Safety
19.5 Challenges and Opportunities
19.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Part IV: Reliability, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, Environmental Impact and Commercialization Aspects
20. Reliability, Ethical and Legal Issues, Environmental Impact, and Commercialization Aspects of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices
Dolly Thankachan
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Reliability of Nanomaterials for Electronics and Optoelectronics Material
20.2.1 Nanotechnology Promises
20.2.2 Nanomaterials’ Transport and Fate
20.2.3 Nanomaterial Toxicity
20.2.4 Metal Nanomaterials
20.2.5 Nanoscale Metal Oxide Materials
20.2.6 Carbon Nanomaterials
20.2.7 Quantum Dots
20.2.8 Summary, Outlook, and Future Needs
20.3 Legal Issues in Field of Nanotechnology
20.3.1 Legal Oversight of the Nanotechnology Industry
20.3.2 The Precautionary Principle as a Foundation for Nanotechnology Regulation
20.3.3 The Danger of Using Nanoparticles
20.3.4 Issues of Ethics
20.3.5 Conclusions
20.4 Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials
20.4.1 Environmental Nanomaterial Concentrations and Possible Exposure Routes
20.4.2 The Extent of Exposure to the Environment
20.4.3 Restrictions on the Amount of Ecotoxicological Information Available for Nanoparticles
20.5 Ethical Aspects
20.5.1 Ethical Assessment Framework
20.5.2 Current Knowledge on Nanotechnology Risks and Hazards
20.5.2.1 Using Nanomaterials with Animals
20.5.3 Moral Concerns
20.5.4 Techniques for Aiding Moral Decision-Making
20.5.5 Final Thoughts
20.6 Conclusion
References
Index

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