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Submit a ProposalSustainable Materials for Fuel Cell Technologies
 | Edited by Inamuddin, Tariq Altalhi, and Jorddy Neves Cruz Copyright: 2025 | Expected Pub Date:2025// ISBN: 9781394247752 | Hardcover | 616 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
Sustainable Materials for Fuel Cell Technologies offers a comprehensive look at the advancements, challenges, and future of sustainable materials in fuel cell technology, making it essential for anyone interested in the drive towards a cleaner energy future.
Audience
Researchers, academics, and professionals with a background or interest in materials science, chemical engineering, electrochemistry, and sustainable materials for fuel cell technologies
Researchers, academics, and professionals with a background or interest in materials science, chemical engineering, electrochemistry, and sustainable materials for fuel cell technologies
Description
The development of fuel cell technologies is driven by the growing demand for clean and sustainable energy solutions. The applications of fuel cells span a wide range of sectors, including transportation, stationary power generation, and portable electronics. The development of sustainable materials for fuel cells is crucial for overcoming the challenges that hinder the widespread adoption of this technology. These challenges include cost, durability, efficiency, and the use of precious metals in catalysts. Researchers and industries are actively working to address these challenges by developing new materials, improving manufacturing processes, and exploring innovative approaches such as using abundant and low-cost materials as catalysts. Overall, the field of sustainable materials for fuel cells is an exciting and rapidly evolving area of research and development. This book aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disciplinary and industry aspects of fuel cell technologies, highlighting the advancements, challenges, and future prospects of sustainable materials that are vital for driving the transition towards a more sustainable and clean energy future.
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The development of fuel cell technologies is driven by the growing demand for clean and sustainable energy solutions. The applications of fuel cells span a wide range of sectors, including transportation, stationary power generation, and portable electronics. The development of sustainable materials for fuel cells is crucial for overcoming the challenges that hinder the widespread adoption of this technology. These challenges include cost, durability, efficiency, and the use of precious metals in catalysts. Researchers and industries are actively working to address these challenges by developing new materials, improving manufacturing processes, and exploring innovative approaches such as using abundant and low-cost materials as catalysts. Overall, the field of sustainable materials for fuel cells is an exciting and rapidly evolving area of research and development. This book aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disciplinary and industry aspects of fuel cell technologies, highlighting the advancements, challenges, and future prospects of sustainable materials that are vital for driving the transition towards a more sustainable and clean energy future.
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Author / Editor Details
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, many book chapters, and dozens of edited books, many with Wiley-Scrivener.
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, many book chapters, and dozens of edited books, many with Wiley-Scrivener.
Tariq Altalhi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his doctorate degree from University of Adelaide, Australia in the year 2014 with Dean's Commendation for Doctoral Thesis Excellence. He has worked as head of the Chemistry Department at Taif university and Vice Dean of Science College. In 2015, one of his works was nominated for Green Tech awards from Germany, Europe’s largest environmental and business prize, amongst top 10 entries. He has also co-edited a number of scientific books.
Jorddy Neves Cruz is a researcher at the Federal University of Pará and the Emilio Goeldi Museum. He has experience in multidisciplinary research in the areas of medicinal chemistry, drug design, extraction of bioactive compounds, extraction of essential oils, food chemistry and biological testing. He has published several research articles in scientific journals and is an associate editor of the Journal of Medicine.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Introduction to Fuel Cell Technologies
Ouahid El Asri, Fatima Safa, Ikram Yousfi and Meryem Rouegui
List of Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What is a Fuel Cell?
1.3 Historical Data on Fuel Cells
1.4 Why are Fuel Cells on the Trend?
1.5 Areas of Application of Fuel Cells
1.5.1 Mobility and Sustainable Traffic
1.5.2 Portable Electronic Products
1.5.3 Power Generation
1.5.4 Space Exploration
1.5.5 Military and Scientific Instruments
1.5.6 Wastewater and Solid Waste Recovery
1.6 Conclusion
References
2. Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials for Proton Exchange Membranes: Synthesis and Performance
Yuliya Dzyazko, Anatolii Omel’chuk and V’yacheslav Barsukov
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synthesis of Organic-Inorganic Proton Conducting Membranes
2.2.1 Classification of Organic-Inorganic Composites
2.2.2 Requirements to Composites
2.2.3 Approaches to the Membrane Synthesis
2.2.4 Effect of Morphology and Size of Inorganic Particles on the Membrane Performance
2.3 Embedding Inorganic Particles into Commercial Ion Exchange Polymers
2.3.1 Pores of Swollen Ion Exchange Polymers
2.3.2 Influence of Embedded Particles on Porous Structure of Ion Exchange Polymers
2.3.3 Control of Particle Size
2.4 Membranes Modified with Different Inorganic Compounds
2.4.1 Effect of Composition of Inorganic Constituent
2.4.2 Hydrophosphates of Multivalent Metals
2.4.3 Oxides of Multivalent Metals
2.4.4 Silica and Silicophosphates
2.4.5 Metal–Organic Frameworks
2.4.6 Polyoxometalates
2.4.7 Advanced Carbon Nanomaterials
2.5 Conclusions
References
3. Emerging Trends and Innovations in Fuel Cell Research: Materials and Beyond
Lutfu S. Sua and Figen Balo
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fuel Cells
3.3 Fuel Cells’ Current Status and Technical Challenges
3.4 Multiple Attribute Decision Analysis
3.5 Conclusions
References
4. Catalyst Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Design and Applications
J.E. Castanheiro, P.A. Mourão and I. Cansado
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Polymers Used as Proton Exchange Membrane
4.3 Catalysts to Proton Exchange Membrane
4.4 Conclusions
References
5. Cost-Effective Manufacturing Processes and Scale-Up: Advancements and Economic Considerations
P. Karthikeyan, R. Muthudineshkumar and C. Jayabalan
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Significance of Cost-Effective Manufacturing in Modern Industries
5.1.2 Overview of the Relationship Between Advancements and Economic Considerations
5.2 Evolution of Cost-Effective Manufacturing
5.2.1 Historical Perspective: Traditional Manufacturing Practices
5.2.2 Technological Revolution and Its Impact on Manufacturing
5.3 Lean Manufacturing and Industry 4.0
5.3.1 Lean Manufacturing Principles: Transforming Efficiency and Quality
5.3.2 Synergy Between Lean and Industry 4.0
5.3.3 Lean Manufacturing and Industry 4.0: A Manufacturing Revolution
5.4 Automation and Green Technologies: Catalysts for Scaling Up Manufacturing Industries
5.4.1 Automation Driving Efficiency
5.4.2 Green Technologies Promoting Sustainability
5.4.3 Symbiotic Relationship for Scalability
5.5 Embracing Cost-Effective Manufacturing Processes and Technological Advancements: A Paradigm for Sustainable Growth
5.5.1 Cost-Effectiveness in Manufacturing Processes
5.5.2 Technological Advancements
5.5.3 Sustainable Growth and Global Competitiveness
5.6 Conclusion
References
6. Organic Materials for Proton Exchange Membranes: Structure and Transport Properties
Nuha Awang, Azyyati Johari, Mohd Al-Fatihhi Mohd Szali Januddi, Aliff Radzuan Mohamad Radzi, Shahrulzaman Shaharuddin, Hazlina Junoh, Nurasyikin Misdan, Norazlianie Sazali, Siti Munira Jamil, Muhammad Izuan Nasib and Nur Hashimah Alias
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Molecular Structure, Morphology, and Chemical Composition in Controlling PEM Performance
6.3 PEM Transport Mechanisms
6.3.1 Mechanisms of Proton Conduction
6.3.2 Water Transport and Swelling Behavior
6.3.3 Ionic and Electronic Conductivity in Organic PEMs
6.3.4 Gas Permeability Characteristics
6.4 Advances in Organic Synthesis
6.5 Challenges in Maintaining PEM Chemical and Mechanical Stability
6.6 Future Directions and Challenges
6.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
7. Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Enhancing Stability and Performance
Ahmad Fuzamy Mohd Abdul Fatah, Noorashrina A. Hamid and Teh Ubaidah Noh
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fundamental Principles
7.3 Materials Selection
7.4 LSCF Cathode Enhancement in SOFCs with Metal Oxides
7.5 Enhancing Material Stability
7.6 Enhancing Performance
7.7 Characterization Techniques
7.8 Future Prospect
Conclusion
References
8. Materials for Microbial Fuel Cells: Harnessing Bio Electrochemical Systems
Parameswari R., Madhan Kumar P., Azhagu Pavithra S., Yogesh T., Janani Iswarya, Ganesamoorthy R. and Babujanarthanam R.
8.1 Introduction About MFC
8.2 Microbial Fuel Cells and their Design Development
8.2.1 Design-I
8.2.2 Design-II
8.2.3 Prototype MFCs
8.2.4 MFCs Based on Mediators
8.2.4.1 MFCs without a Mediator
8.2.4.2 MFCs Stacked
8.3 Major Components of MFC
8.3.1 Anode Compartment
8.3.1.1 Organic Matters
8.3.1.2 Microbes
8.3.2 Cathode Compartment
8.3.3 Semi-Permeable Membrane [SPM]
8.3.4 Electric Circuit
8.4 Classification and Role of Anode Material in MFC
8.4.1 MFC-Based Electron Generation and its Transfer to Anode
8.4.2 Classification of Anode Material
8.4.2.1 Carbon-Based Materials
8.4.2.2 Graphite and Graphene-Coated Carbon Materials
8.4.2.3 Metal/Metal Oxides Coated Carbon Materials
8.4.2.4 Natural Waste Materials
8.4.3 Properties of Anode Electrode in MFC
8.4.3.1 Material Biocompatibility
8.4.3.2 Electrical Conductivity
8.4.3.3 Material Stability and Durability
8.4.3.4 Conventional Anode Materials
8.5 Classification and Role of Cathode Material in MFC
8.5.1 Cathode with Catalyst
8.5.2 Various Cathodes and Polarization Curves
8.5.3 Properties of Cathode
8.5.4 The Pt-Based Catalyst Used as a Cathode
8.5.5 Cathode Interactions with Microorganism
8.5.6 Modification in Anode Material
8.5.7 Surface Treatment
8.5.8 Coating
8.5.9 Anode Modification in Carbon-Based Nanomaterial
8.5.10 Modification of Anode with Metal Oxide/Metal
8.5.11 Conductive Polymers Modification of Anode
8.5.12 Polymer Nanocomposites
8.5.13 Surface Modification of Anode Materials in MFC
8.5.14 Application in Treating Ammonia
8.5.14.1 Heat Treatment
8.5.14.2 Acid Treatment
8.5.15 Various Cathode Materials Applied in MFC
8.5.16 Materials Used in Cathode
8.5.16.1 Materials from Carbon Made
8.6 Classification of Membrane and its Importance in MFC Membrane
8.6.1 Classification of Membrane
8.6.1.1 Membranes Made of Organic Materials
8.6.1.2 Polymeric or Organic Membrane
8.6.1.3 Composites
8.6.2 Membrane for Ion Exchange
8.6.3 Membrane Function in MFCs
8.6.4 The Role of Membrane in MFC
8.6.5 Resistance of Membranes
8.7 Role of Nanomaterials as MFC Membranes
8.7.1 Polyether Sulfone as a Nanostructured Membrane
8.7.2 Polyether Ketone Sulfonated [SPEK] as a Nano-Membrane
8.7.3 Polyvinylidene Fluoride as Nano-Membrane
8.7.3.1 Common Separators Membrane Used in MFCs
8.8 Nanomaterials’ Role in Microbial Cells
8.8.1 Utilizing Nanoparticles Based on Carbon-Based Material in MFC
8.8.2 Metal Nanomaterials in MFCs
8.8.3 Polymer Nanomaterials in MFCs
8.8.4 Nanomaterials as Cathode in MFCs
8.8.5 Carbon Materials in MFCs
8.9 Role of Synthetic Biology in Microbial Fuel Cells
8.9.1 Mechanisms of Extracellular Electrons Transfer [EET] from Microorganisms to the Anode Electrode
8.9.2 Methods of Synthetic Biology to Increase the Rate of EET Pathway from Microorganisms to Anode
8.9.3 Geobacter’s Genetically Engineered Methods for Enhancing Current Generation
8.9.4 Shewanella’s Synthetic Biology Strategies for Enhancing the Present Generation
8.9.5 Synthetic Biology to Enhance the E. Coli’s Existing Generation
8.10 Role of Microorganisms in Microbiome Fuel Cells
8.10.1 Mechanisms of Electron Transfers
8.10.2 Microbes in the Anode
8.10.3 Microbes in the Cathode
8.11 Disadvantages in MFCs and its Various Applications
8.11.1 Disadvantages of Bioenergy Production Using Microbial Fuel Cells
8.11.1.1 Low Energy Conversion Efficiency
8.11.1.2 Slow Electricity Generation
8.11.1.3 Complexity and High Cost
8.11.1.4 Limited Scale of Application
8.11.2 Variability in Performance
8.11.3 Upcoming Prospects
8.12 Future Outlook
8.13 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
9. Electrochemistry and Thermodynamics in Fuel Cells
Nishithendu Bikash Nandi, Nishan Das, Manas Roy, Susanta Ghanta and Tarun Kumar Misra
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Working Principle of FCs
9.3 Different Types of FCs
9.3.1 Alkaline FC (AFC)
9.3.2 Phosphoric Acid FC (PAFC)
9.3.3 Molten Carbonate FCs (MCFCs)
9.3.4 Proton Exchange Membrane FCs (PEMFCs)
9.3.5 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)
9.4 Thermodynamics of FCs
9.4.1 Thermodynamics Principles
9.4.2 FC Efficiency
9.4.3 Operational Conditions of FCs
9.5 Electrochemistry of the FCs
9.6 FC Electrodes
9.7 Conclusions
References
10. Materials for Enzymatic Fuel Cells: Enabling Renewable Energy Conversion
Aparna Ray Sarkar, Dwaipayan Sen and Chiranjib Bhattacharjee
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Electron Transfer Mechanism in EFC
10.3 Glucose Biofuel Cell (GFCs) Working Principle
10.4 Enzyme Immobilization Processes in EFC
10.5 Bioelectrode Stability with EFC
10.6 Enzymes for EFC
10.7 Opportunities with EFC: An Insight on Characteristic Material Based Application
10.8 Conclusion
References
11. Future Outlook and Opportunities in Sustainable Fuel Cell Technologies: Pathways to a Clean Energy Future
A. Santhoshkumar, Vinoth Thangarasu, Ponmurugan Muthusamy, S. Jaisankar, A. Gnana Sagaya Raj, K. Manoj Prabhakar and Muthu Dinesh Kumar Ramaswamy
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Fuel Cells: Fundamentals and Applications
11.2.1 Fundamentals of Fuel Cells
11.2.2 Fuel Cell Classification
11.3 Fundamental Parts and Operation of Fuel Cells
11.4 Certain Design Challenges Related to PEMFC Systems
11.5 Fuel Cells in Transportation: Sector Applications
11.6 Design Structure of Electric Vehicles Using Fuel Cells
11.7 FCEV Components
11.8 Demonstrations of FCEVs in Transportation Sector
11.9 Fuel Cell Applications in the Stationary Sector
11.10 Conclusions
References
12. Synthesis and Characterization Techniques in Fuel Cell Materials (Deep Eutectic Solvent): Advances and Applications
Masooma Siddiqui and Maroof Ali
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 The Significance of Fuel Cells
12.1.2 The Role of Deep Eutectic Solvents
12.2 Methodology
12.2.1 Synthesis of Deep Eutectic Solvents
12.2.2 Preparation of Fuel Cell Materials with Deep Eutectic Solvents
12.3 Characterization Techniques
12.4 Results and Discussion
12.4.1 Spectroscopic Revelations
12.4.2 Thermal Stability and Durability
12.4.3 The Microscopic Journey
12.4.4 Physicochemical Properties
12.4.5 Electrochemical Analysis
12.4.6 Implications and Future Horizons
12.5 Applications in Fuel Cell Technology
12.5.1 Fueling the Future of Transportation
12.5.1.1 The Eco-Friendly Roadmap
12.5.1.2 Beyond Zero Emissions
12.5.1.3 Powering the Everyday Commute
12.5.1.4 A Vision for a Sustainable Tomorrow
12.5.2 Energizing Homes and Industries
12.5.2.1 A Decentralized Energy Revolution
12.5.2.2 Efficiency and Resilience in Homes
12.5.2.3 Empowering Industries
12.5.2.4 A Sustainable Vision
12.5.3 Energy Storage and Grid Management
12.5.3.1 The Challenge of Intermittent Energy Sources
12.5.3.2 Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier
12.5.3.3 Balancing Supply and Demand
12.5.3.4 A Sustainable Grid for the Future
12.5.3.5 The Promise of a Greener Tomorrow
12.6 Environmental Stewardship
12.6.1 A World Beyond Emissions
12.6.2 Reducing Carbon Footprints
12.6.3 Paving the Way for Sustainable Energy
12.6.4 A Call to Environmental Stewardship
12.7 Conclusion
References
13. Materials for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs): Advancements in Catalysts and Membranes
Amna Shafique, Ramsha Saleem, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Pervaiz, Rana Rashad Mahmood Khan and Muhammad Summer
13.1 Introduction
13.2 General Design and Operation of the Fuel Cell
13.3 Components of DMFC
13.3.1 Proton Exchange Membranes (PEM)
13.3.1.1 Perfluoro Sulfonic Acid (PFSA) Membranes
13.3.1.2 Modified Nafion Membranes
13.3.1.3 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-Reinforced Composite Membranes
13.3.1.4 Aromatic Polymer Membranes
13.3.1.5 Perfluoro Sulfonic Acid-Based Membranes (PFSA)
13.3.2 Catalysts
13.3.2.1 Carbon-Based Supports
13.3.2.2 Nanocarbon-Supported Materials (NCSMs)
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
14. Advances in Fuel Cell Testing and Diagnostic Characterizing Materials and Systems
Ramsha Saleem, Mehwish Khalid, Rana Rashad Mahmood Khan, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Pervaiz, Maira Liaqat, Shahzad Rasheed and Muhammad Summer
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 PEMFC
14.2 Fuel Cell Testing and Diagnostic Methods
14.2.1 Electrochemical Diagnostic Methods
14.2.1.1 Polarization Curve
14.2.1.2 Linear Sweep Voltammetry
14.2.1.3 Cyclic Voltammetry
14.2.1.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
14.2.1.5 Current Interruption
14.2.2 Chemical/Physical Diagnostic Methods
14.2.2.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
14.2.2.2 Gas Chromatography
14.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
15. Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs): Materials and Electrolyte Technologies
Syeda Satwat Batool, Ramsha Saleem, Rana Rashad Mahmood Khan, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Pervaiz, Maira Liaqat and Shehzad Rasheed
15.1 Introduction
15.2 General Cell Design Issues
15.2.1 Nature of Electrolyte
15.2.2 Concentration of Electrolyte
15.2.3 Transport Properties
15.2.3.1 Charge Conductivity
15.2.3.2 Diffusion of Reactants and Products
15.2.4 Thermodynamic Data
15.3 Fundamentals of PAFCs
15.4 Components of PAFCs
15.4.1 Electrolyte
15.4.2 Membrane Electrode Assembly
15.4.3 Electrodes
15.4.4 Catalysts
15.4.5 Gas Diffusion Layers (GDL)
15.4.5.1 The Single-Layer Gas Diffusion Layer
15.4.5.2 Dual-Layer Gas Diffusion Layer
15.4.5.3 Macroporous Substrates
15.4.5.4 MPL Thickness
15.4.6 Cooling System
15.4.7 Bipolar Plates
15.4.8 Current Collectors
15.5 Summary
Acknowledgement
References
16. Electrode Materials and Interfaces: Enhancing Efficiency and Durability
Gayatri Dash and Ela Rout
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Synthesis Process for Cathode Materials
16.2.1 Solid State Reaction (SSR)
16.2.2 Sol-Gel Method (SG)
16.2.3 Co-Precipitation (CP)
16.3 Perovskite- Structure Cathode Materials for SOFC
16.3.1 Crystal Structure of Single Perovskite Structure
16.3.1.1 Stability of ABO3 Perovskite Structure
16.3.1.2 Composition with its Properties for Single Perovskite Cathode Materials
16.3.2 Crystal Structure of Double Perovskite
16.3.2.1 Stability of Double Perovskite Structure
16.3.2.2 Composition with its Properties for Double Perovskite Cathode Materials
16.3.3 Ruddlesden-Popper Type Oxides as Cathode Material
16.4 Properties of Cathode Materials
16.4.1 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
16.4.2 Electrical Conductivity
16.5 Summary
Bibliography
17. Materials for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs): Electrolysis and Hydrogen Production
Cezar Comanescu
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Fundamentals of SOECs
17.3 Materials for SOEC Components, Interface Engineering and Compatibility
17.4 Limitations and Future Perspectives, Challenges and Opportunities
References
18. Durability and Stability of Fuel Cell Materials Addressing: Degradation Mechanisms
Nadia Akram, Rafia Kanwal, Khalid Mahmood Zia, Muhammad Saeed and Muhammad Ibrahim
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Types of Fuel Cell
18.2.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
18.2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)
18.2.2.1 Direct Formic Corrosive Energy Components
18.2.2.2 Direct Ethanol Energy Components
18.2.3 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFCs)
18.2.4 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs)
18.2.5 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs)
18.3 Effect of Durability and Stability in Fuel Cell
18.4 Degradation Mechanisms in Fuel Cells
18.4.1 Chemical Degradation
18.4.1.1 Corrosion of Electrode Materials
18.4.1.2 Contaminant Induced Degradation
18.4.2 Mechanical Degradation
18.4.2.1 Thermal Cycling Effect
18.4.2.2 Mechanical Stress and Strain
18.4.3 Electrochemical Degradation
18.4.3.1 Catalyst Degradation
18.5 Characterization Techniques for Assessing Materials Degradation
18.5.1 In Situ and Ex Situ Analysis Methods
18.5.2 Electrotechnical Interference Spectrometry (EIS)
18.5.3 Accelerated Stress Testing (AST)
18.6 Strategies for Enhancing Materials Durability
18.6.1 Nanostructured Materials
18.6.2 Antioxidant Technology
18.6.3 Improved Membrane Technologies
18.6.4 Advanced Coating Technologies
18.6.5 Robust Catalyst Design
18.7 Future Prospective and Challenges
18.8 Conclusion
References
19. Materials for Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells (PCFCs): Ionic Conductors for Next-Generation Fuel Cells
G. G. Flores-Rojas, B. Gómez-Lázaro, F. López-Saucedo, M. Rentería-Urquiza, R. Vera-Graziano, E. Bucio and E. Mendizábal
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Structure of Oxides as PCFC Materials
19.3 Proton Absorption Mechanisms
19.4 Proton Conduction Mechanisms
19.5 Factors Affecting Proton Absorption and Conduction
19.5.1 Oxygen Vacancies
19.5.2 Phase Structure of the Material
19.5.3 Ionic Radii and Electronegativity of Cations
19.5.4 Ionization Potential
19.6 Electrolyte
19.7 Cathode
19.8 Anode
19.9 PCFC Synthesis Methods
19.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
20. Performance Evaluation and Testing of Fuel Cell Materials: Methods and Analysis
Hafiz Muhammad Muazzam, Urooj Fatima, Haq Nawaz Bhatti and Amina Khan
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Objectives
20.3 Importance of FC Materials
20.4 Fuel Cell Types
20.4.1 Proton Exchange Membrane FCs
20.4.2 Solid Oxide FCs
20.4.3 Molten Carbonate FC
20.4.4 Phosphoric Acid FCs
20.4.5 Alkaline FCs
20.4.6 Direct-Methanol FCs
20.5 Performance Metrics in Fuel Cells
20.6 Evaluation Criteria
20.7 Efficiency
20.8 Testing Methods
20.9 Fault Diagnosis
20.10 Materials Techniques for Improved Durability and Efficiency
20.11 Future Trends and Developments
Conclusion
References
21. AI and Smart Technologies for Renewable Energy and Green Fuel
Tina J Jat and Tapasi Ghosh
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Green Energy
21.1.2 Artificial Neural Network and Deep Learning
21.2 Fuel Cell and AI Applications
21.2.1 Challenges of FC
21.2.2 Future Perspectives
21.3 Bioenergy
21.3.1 Challenges of Bioenergy and AI Applications
21.3.2 Future Perspectives
21.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Introduction to Fuel Cell Technologies
Ouahid El Asri, Fatima Safa, Ikram Yousfi and Meryem Rouegui
List of Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What is a Fuel Cell?
1.3 Historical Data on Fuel Cells
1.4 Why are Fuel Cells on the Trend?
1.5 Areas of Application of Fuel Cells
1.5.1 Mobility and Sustainable Traffic
1.5.2 Portable Electronic Products
1.5.3 Power Generation
1.5.4 Space Exploration
1.5.5 Military and Scientific Instruments
1.5.6 Wastewater and Solid Waste Recovery
1.6 Conclusion
References
2. Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials for Proton Exchange Membranes: Synthesis and Performance
Yuliya Dzyazko, Anatolii Omel’chuk and V’yacheslav Barsukov
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synthesis of Organic-Inorganic Proton Conducting Membranes
2.2.1 Classification of Organic-Inorganic Composites
2.2.2 Requirements to Composites
2.2.3 Approaches to the Membrane Synthesis
2.2.4 Effect of Morphology and Size of Inorganic Particles on the Membrane Performance
2.3 Embedding Inorganic Particles into Commercial Ion Exchange Polymers
2.3.1 Pores of Swollen Ion Exchange Polymers
2.3.2 Influence of Embedded Particles on Porous Structure of Ion Exchange Polymers
2.3.3 Control of Particle Size
2.4 Membranes Modified with Different Inorganic Compounds
2.4.1 Effect of Composition of Inorganic Constituent
2.4.2 Hydrophosphates of Multivalent Metals
2.4.3 Oxides of Multivalent Metals
2.4.4 Silica and Silicophosphates
2.4.5 Metal–Organic Frameworks
2.4.6 Polyoxometalates
2.4.7 Advanced Carbon Nanomaterials
2.5 Conclusions
References
3. Emerging Trends and Innovations in Fuel Cell Research: Materials and Beyond
Lutfu S. Sua and Figen Balo
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fuel Cells
3.3 Fuel Cells’ Current Status and Technical Challenges
3.4 Multiple Attribute Decision Analysis
3.5 Conclusions
References
4. Catalyst Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Design and Applications
J.E. Castanheiro, P.A. Mourão and I. Cansado
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Polymers Used as Proton Exchange Membrane
4.3 Catalysts to Proton Exchange Membrane
4.4 Conclusions
References
5. Cost-Effective Manufacturing Processes and Scale-Up: Advancements and Economic Considerations
P. Karthikeyan, R. Muthudineshkumar and C. Jayabalan
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Significance of Cost-Effective Manufacturing in Modern Industries
5.1.2 Overview of the Relationship Between Advancements and Economic Considerations
5.2 Evolution of Cost-Effective Manufacturing
5.2.1 Historical Perspective: Traditional Manufacturing Practices
5.2.2 Technological Revolution and Its Impact on Manufacturing
5.3 Lean Manufacturing and Industry 4.0
5.3.1 Lean Manufacturing Principles: Transforming Efficiency and Quality
5.3.2 Synergy Between Lean and Industry 4.0
5.3.3 Lean Manufacturing and Industry 4.0: A Manufacturing Revolution
5.4 Automation and Green Technologies: Catalysts for Scaling Up Manufacturing Industries
5.4.1 Automation Driving Efficiency
5.4.2 Green Technologies Promoting Sustainability
5.4.3 Symbiotic Relationship for Scalability
5.5 Embracing Cost-Effective Manufacturing Processes and Technological Advancements: A Paradigm for Sustainable Growth
5.5.1 Cost-Effectiveness in Manufacturing Processes
5.5.2 Technological Advancements
5.5.3 Sustainable Growth and Global Competitiveness
5.6 Conclusion
References
6. Organic Materials for Proton Exchange Membranes: Structure and Transport Properties
Nuha Awang, Azyyati Johari, Mohd Al-Fatihhi Mohd Szali Januddi, Aliff Radzuan Mohamad Radzi, Shahrulzaman Shaharuddin, Hazlina Junoh, Nurasyikin Misdan, Norazlianie Sazali, Siti Munira Jamil, Muhammad Izuan Nasib and Nur Hashimah Alias
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Molecular Structure, Morphology, and Chemical Composition in Controlling PEM Performance
6.3 PEM Transport Mechanisms
6.3.1 Mechanisms of Proton Conduction
6.3.2 Water Transport and Swelling Behavior
6.3.3 Ionic and Electronic Conductivity in Organic PEMs
6.3.4 Gas Permeability Characteristics
6.4 Advances in Organic Synthesis
6.5 Challenges in Maintaining PEM Chemical and Mechanical Stability
6.6 Future Directions and Challenges
6.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
7. Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Enhancing Stability and Performance
Ahmad Fuzamy Mohd Abdul Fatah, Noorashrina A. Hamid and Teh Ubaidah Noh
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fundamental Principles
7.3 Materials Selection
7.4 LSCF Cathode Enhancement in SOFCs with Metal Oxides
7.5 Enhancing Material Stability
7.6 Enhancing Performance
7.7 Characterization Techniques
7.8 Future Prospect
Conclusion
References
8. Materials for Microbial Fuel Cells: Harnessing Bio Electrochemical Systems
Parameswari R., Madhan Kumar P., Azhagu Pavithra S., Yogesh T., Janani Iswarya, Ganesamoorthy R. and Babujanarthanam R.
8.1 Introduction About MFC
8.2 Microbial Fuel Cells and their Design Development
8.2.1 Design-I
8.2.2 Design-II
8.2.3 Prototype MFCs
8.2.4 MFCs Based on Mediators
8.2.4.1 MFCs without a Mediator
8.2.4.2 MFCs Stacked
8.3 Major Components of MFC
8.3.1 Anode Compartment
8.3.1.1 Organic Matters
8.3.1.2 Microbes
8.3.2 Cathode Compartment
8.3.3 Semi-Permeable Membrane [SPM]
8.3.4 Electric Circuit
8.4 Classification and Role of Anode Material in MFC
8.4.1 MFC-Based Electron Generation and its Transfer to Anode
8.4.2 Classification of Anode Material
8.4.2.1 Carbon-Based Materials
8.4.2.2 Graphite and Graphene-Coated Carbon Materials
8.4.2.3 Metal/Metal Oxides Coated Carbon Materials
8.4.2.4 Natural Waste Materials
8.4.3 Properties of Anode Electrode in MFC
8.4.3.1 Material Biocompatibility
8.4.3.2 Electrical Conductivity
8.4.3.3 Material Stability and Durability
8.4.3.4 Conventional Anode Materials
8.5 Classification and Role of Cathode Material in MFC
8.5.1 Cathode with Catalyst
8.5.2 Various Cathodes and Polarization Curves
8.5.3 Properties of Cathode
8.5.4 The Pt-Based Catalyst Used as a Cathode
8.5.5 Cathode Interactions with Microorganism
8.5.6 Modification in Anode Material
8.5.7 Surface Treatment
8.5.8 Coating
8.5.9 Anode Modification in Carbon-Based Nanomaterial
8.5.10 Modification of Anode with Metal Oxide/Metal
8.5.11 Conductive Polymers Modification of Anode
8.5.12 Polymer Nanocomposites
8.5.13 Surface Modification of Anode Materials in MFC
8.5.14 Application in Treating Ammonia
8.5.14.1 Heat Treatment
8.5.14.2 Acid Treatment
8.5.15 Various Cathode Materials Applied in MFC
8.5.16 Materials Used in Cathode
8.5.16.1 Materials from Carbon Made
8.6 Classification of Membrane and its Importance in MFC Membrane
8.6.1 Classification of Membrane
8.6.1.1 Membranes Made of Organic Materials
8.6.1.2 Polymeric or Organic Membrane
8.6.1.3 Composites
8.6.2 Membrane for Ion Exchange
8.6.3 Membrane Function in MFCs
8.6.4 The Role of Membrane in MFC
8.6.5 Resistance of Membranes
8.7 Role of Nanomaterials as MFC Membranes
8.7.1 Polyether Sulfone as a Nanostructured Membrane
8.7.2 Polyether Ketone Sulfonated [SPEK] as a Nano-Membrane
8.7.3 Polyvinylidene Fluoride as Nano-Membrane
8.7.3.1 Common Separators Membrane Used in MFCs
8.8 Nanomaterials’ Role in Microbial Cells
8.8.1 Utilizing Nanoparticles Based on Carbon-Based Material in MFC
8.8.2 Metal Nanomaterials in MFCs
8.8.3 Polymer Nanomaterials in MFCs
8.8.4 Nanomaterials as Cathode in MFCs
8.8.5 Carbon Materials in MFCs
8.9 Role of Synthetic Biology in Microbial Fuel Cells
8.9.1 Mechanisms of Extracellular Electrons Transfer [EET] from Microorganisms to the Anode Electrode
8.9.2 Methods of Synthetic Biology to Increase the Rate of EET Pathway from Microorganisms to Anode
8.9.3 Geobacter’s Genetically Engineered Methods for Enhancing Current Generation
8.9.4 Shewanella’s Synthetic Biology Strategies for Enhancing the Present Generation
8.9.5 Synthetic Biology to Enhance the E. Coli’s Existing Generation
8.10 Role of Microorganisms in Microbiome Fuel Cells
8.10.1 Mechanisms of Electron Transfers
8.10.2 Microbes in the Anode
8.10.3 Microbes in the Cathode
8.11 Disadvantages in MFCs and its Various Applications
8.11.1 Disadvantages of Bioenergy Production Using Microbial Fuel Cells
8.11.1.1 Low Energy Conversion Efficiency
8.11.1.2 Slow Electricity Generation
8.11.1.3 Complexity and High Cost
8.11.1.4 Limited Scale of Application
8.11.2 Variability in Performance
8.11.3 Upcoming Prospects
8.12 Future Outlook
8.13 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
9. Electrochemistry and Thermodynamics in Fuel Cells
Nishithendu Bikash Nandi, Nishan Das, Manas Roy, Susanta Ghanta and Tarun Kumar Misra
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Working Principle of FCs
9.3 Different Types of FCs
9.3.1 Alkaline FC (AFC)
9.3.2 Phosphoric Acid FC (PAFC)
9.3.3 Molten Carbonate FCs (MCFCs)
9.3.4 Proton Exchange Membrane FCs (PEMFCs)
9.3.5 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)
9.4 Thermodynamics of FCs
9.4.1 Thermodynamics Principles
9.4.2 FC Efficiency
9.4.3 Operational Conditions of FCs
9.5 Electrochemistry of the FCs
9.6 FC Electrodes
9.7 Conclusions
References
10. Materials for Enzymatic Fuel Cells: Enabling Renewable Energy Conversion
Aparna Ray Sarkar, Dwaipayan Sen and Chiranjib Bhattacharjee
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Electron Transfer Mechanism in EFC
10.3 Glucose Biofuel Cell (GFCs) Working Principle
10.4 Enzyme Immobilization Processes in EFC
10.5 Bioelectrode Stability with EFC
10.6 Enzymes for EFC
10.7 Opportunities with EFC: An Insight on Characteristic Material Based Application
10.8 Conclusion
References
11. Future Outlook and Opportunities in Sustainable Fuel Cell Technologies: Pathways to a Clean Energy Future
A. Santhoshkumar, Vinoth Thangarasu, Ponmurugan Muthusamy, S. Jaisankar, A. Gnana Sagaya Raj, K. Manoj Prabhakar and Muthu Dinesh Kumar Ramaswamy
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Fuel Cells: Fundamentals and Applications
11.2.1 Fundamentals of Fuel Cells
11.2.2 Fuel Cell Classification
11.3 Fundamental Parts and Operation of Fuel Cells
11.4 Certain Design Challenges Related to PEMFC Systems
11.5 Fuel Cells in Transportation: Sector Applications
11.6 Design Structure of Electric Vehicles Using Fuel Cells
11.7 FCEV Components
11.8 Demonstrations of FCEVs in Transportation Sector
11.9 Fuel Cell Applications in the Stationary Sector
11.10 Conclusions
References
12. Synthesis and Characterization Techniques in Fuel Cell Materials (Deep Eutectic Solvent): Advances and Applications
Masooma Siddiqui and Maroof Ali
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 The Significance of Fuel Cells
12.1.2 The Role of Deep Eutectic Solvents
12.2 Methodology
12.2.1 Synthesis of Deep Eutectic Solvents
12.2.2 Preparation of Fuel Cell Materials with Deep Eutectic Solvents
12.3 Characterization Techniques
12.4 Results and Discussion
12.4.1 Spectroscopic Revelations
12.4.2 Thermal Stability and Durability
12.4.3 The Microscopic Journey
12.4.4 Physicochemical Properties
12.4.5 Electrochemical Analysis
12.4.6 Implications and Future Horizons
12.5 Applications in Fuel Cell Technology
12.5.1 Fueling the Future of Transportation
12.5.1.1 The Eco-Friendly Roadmap
12.5.1.2 Beyond Zero Emissions
12.5.1.3 Powering the Everyday Commute
12.5.1.4 A Vision for a Sustainable Tomorrow
12.5.2 Energizing Homes and Industries
12.5.2.1 A Decentralized Energy Revolution
12.5.2.2 Efficiency and Resilience in Homes
12.5.2.3 Empowering Industries
12.5.2.4 A Sustainable Vision
12.5.3 Energy Storage and Grid Management
12.5.3.1 The Challenge of Intermittent Energy Sources
12.5.3.2 Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier
12.5.3.3 Balancing Supply and Demand
12.5.3.4 A Sustainable Grid for the Future
12.5.3.5 The Promise of a Greener Tomorrow
12.6 Environmental Stewardship
12.6.1 A World Beyond Emissions
12.6.2 Reducing Carbon Footprints
12.6.3 Paving the Way for Sustainable Energy
12.6.4 A Call to Environmental Stewardship
12.7 Conclusion
References
13. Materials for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs): Advancements in Catalysts and Membranes
Amna Shafique, Ramsha Saleem, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Pervaiz, Rana Rashad Mahmood Khan and Muhammad Summer
13.1 Introduction
13.2 General Design and Operation of the Fuel Cell
13.3 Components of DMFC
13.3.1 Proton Exchange Membranes (PEM)
13.3.1.1 Perfluoro Sulfonic Acid (PFSA) Membranes
13.3.1.2 Modified Nafion Membranes
13.3.1.3 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-Reinforced Composite Membranes
13.3.1.4 Aromatic Polymer Membranes
13.3.1.5 Perfluoro Sulfonic Acid-Based Membranes (PFSA)
13.3.2 Catalysts
13.3.2.1 Carbon-Based Supports
13.3.2.2 Nanocarbon-Supported Materials (NCSMs)
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
14. Advances in Fuel Cell Testing and Diagnostic Characterizing Materials and Systems
Ramsha Saleem, Mehwish Khalid, Rana Rashad Mahmood Khan, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Pervaiz, Maira Liaqat, Shahzad Rasheed and Muhammad Summer
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 PEMFC
14.2 Fuel Cell Testing and Diagnostic Methods
14.2.1 Electrochemical Diagnostic Methods
14.2.1.1 Polarization Curve
14.2.1.2 Linear Sweep Voltammetry
14.2.1.3 Cyclic Voltammetry
14.2.1.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
14.2.1.5 Current Interruption
14.2.2 Chemical/Physical Diagnostic Methods
14.2.2.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
14.2.2.2 Gas Chromatography
14.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
15. Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs): Materials and Electrolyte Technologies
Syeda Satwat Batool, Ramsha Saleem, Rana Rashad Mahmood Khan, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Pervaiz, Maira Liaqat and Shehzad Rasheed
15.1 Introduction
15.2 General Cell Design Issues
15.2.1 Nature of Electrolyte
15.2.2 Concentration of Electrolyte
15.2.3 Transport Properties
15.2.3.1 Charge Conductivity
15.2.3.2 Diffusion of Reactants and Products
15.2.4 Thermodynamic Data
15.3 Fundamentals of PAFCs
15.4 Components of PAFCs
15.4.1 Electrolyte
15.4.2 Membrane Electrode Assembly
15.4.3 Electrodes
15.4.4 Catalysts
15.4.5 Gas Diffusion Layers (GDL)
15.4.5.1 The Single-Layer Gas Diffusion Layer
15.4.5.2 Dual-Layer Gas Diffusion Layer
15.4.5.3 Macroporous Substrates
15.4.5.4 MPL Thickness
15.4.6 Cooling System
15.4.7 Bipolar Plates
15.4.8 Current Collectors
15.5 Summary
Acknowledgement
References
16. Electrode Materials and Interfaces: Enhancing Efficiency and Durability
Gayatri Dash and Ela Rout
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Synthesis Process for Cathode Materials
16.2.1 Solid State Reaction (SSR)
16.2.2 Sol-Gel Method (SG)
16.2.3 Co-Precipitation (CP)
16.3 Perovskite- Structure Cathode Materials for SOFC
16.3.1 Crystal Structure of Single Perovskite Structure
16.3.1.1 Stability of ABO3 Perovskite Structure
16.3.1.2 Composition with its Properties for Single Perovskite Cathode Materials
16.3.2 Crystal Structure of Double Perovskite
16.3.2.1 Stability of Double Perovskite Structure
16.3.2.2 Composition with its Properties for Double Perovskite Cathode Materials
16.3.3 Ruddlesden-Popper Type Oxides as Cathode Material
16.4 Properties of Cathode Materials
16.4.1 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
16.4.2 Electrical Conductivity
16.5 Summary
Bibliography
17. Materials for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs): Electrolysis and Hydrogen Production
Cezar Comanescu
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Fundamentals of SOECs
17.3 Materials for SOEC Components, Interface Engineering and Compatibility
17.4 Limitations and Future Perspectives, Challenges and Opportunities
References
18. Durability and Stability of Fuel Cell Materials Addressing: Degradation Mechanisms
Nadia Akram, Rafia Kanwal, Khalid Mahmood Zia, Muhammad Saeed and Muhammad Ibrahim
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Types of Fuel Cell
18.2.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
18.2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)
18.2.2.1 Direct Formic Corrosive Energy Components
18.2.2.2 Direct Ethanol Energy Components
18.2.3 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFCs)
18.2.4 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs)
18.2.5 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs)
18.3 Effect of Durability and Stability in Fuel Cell
18.4 Degradation Mechanisms in Fuel Cells
18.4.1 Chemical Degradation
18.4.1.1 Corrosion of Electrode Materials
18.4.1.2 Contaminant Induced Degradation
18.4.2 Mechanical Degradation
18.4.2.1 Thermal Cycling Effect
18.4.2.2 Mechanical Stress and Strain
18.4.3 Electrochemical Degradation
18.4.3.1 Catalyst Degradation
18.5 Characterization Techniques for Assessing Materials Degradation
18.5.1 In Situ and Ex Situ Analysis Methods
18.5.2 Electrotechnical Interference Spectrometry (EIS)
18.5.3 Accelerated Stress Testing (AST)
18.6 Strategies for Enhancing Materials Durability
18.6.1 Nanostructured Materials
18.6.2 Antioxidant Technology
18.6.3 Improved Membrane Technologies
18.6.4 Advanced Coating Technologies
18.6.5 Robust Catalyst Design
18.7 Future Prospective and Challenges
18.8 Conclusion
References
19. Materials for Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells (PCFCs): Ionic Conductors for Next-Generation Fuel Cells
G. G. Flores-Rojas, B. Gómez-Lázaro, F. López-Saucedo, M. Rentería-Urquiza, R. Vera-Graziano, E. Bucio and E. Mendizábal
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Structure of Oxides as PCFC Materials
19.3 Proton Absorption Mechanisms
19.4 Proton Conduction Mechanisms
19.5 Factors Affecting Proton Absorption and Conduction
19.5.1 Oxygen Vacancies
19.5.2 Phase Structure of the Material
19.5.3 Ionic Radii and Electronegativity of Cations
19.5.4 Ionization Potential
19.6 Electrolyte
19.7 Cathode
19.8 Anode
19.9 PCFC Synthesis Methods
19.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
20. Performance Evaluation and Testing of Fuel Cell Materials: Methods and Analysis
Hafiz Muhammad Muazzam, Urooj Fatima, Haq Nawaz Bhatti and Amina Khan
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Objectives
20.3 Importance of FC Materials
20.4 Fuel Cell Types
20.4.1 Proton Exchange Membrane FCs
20.4.2 Solid Oxide FCs
20.4.3 Molten Carbonate FC
20.4.4 Phosphoric Acid FCs
20.4.5 Alkaline FCs
20.4.6 Direct-Methanol FCs
20.5 Performance Metrics in Fuel Cells
20.6 Evaluation Criteria
20.7 Efficiency
20.8 Testing Methods
20.9 Fault Diagnosis
20.10 Materials Techniques for Improved Durability and Efficiency
20.11 Future Trends and Developments
Conclusion
References
21. AI and Smart Technologies for Renewable Energy and Green Fuel
Tina J Jat and Tapasi Ghosh
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Green Energy
21.1.2 Artificial Neural Network and Deep Learning
21.2 Fuel Cell and AI Applications
21.2.1 Challenges of FC
21.2.2 Future Perspectives
21.3 Bioenergy
21.3.1 Challenges of Bioenergy and AI Applications
21.3.2 Future Perspectives
21.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
Index
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