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Submit a ProposalPolyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
 | Edited by Shiv Kumari Panda and Visakh. P. M
Series: Thermoplastic Bionanocomposites Series Copyright: 2026 | Expected Pub Date:2026/06/2026 ISBN: 9781394214952 | Hardcover | 374 pages |
One Line Description
Master the next generation of industrial sustainability with this comprehensive guide to PVC-based biocomposites, providing the expert insights and real-world case studies needed to develop reliable, eco-friendly materials.
Audience
The book should be read by engineers, chemists, polymer chemists, and scientists working with bio- and bionanocomposites.
The book should be read by engineers, chemists, polymer chemists, and scientists working with bio- and bionanocomposites.
Description
As humanity moves toward a more sustainable future, there is a constant need for new materials that ensure sustainability and reliability across a number of industries. Polyvinyl chloride-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites are an innovative new solution aimed at accomplishing these goals. This book will discuss recent developments, preparation, characterization, and applications of polyvinyl chloride-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites. It will summarize many of the recent advances in this growing field through expert insights and real-world case studies. More advanced topics, such as the benefits of various materials working with PVC-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites, their development methods, properties, applications, and interfacial modification, are also discussed. With contributions from leading researchers across the globe, this essential guide is a one-stop resource for the future of sustainable materials using PVC-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites.
Readers will find the volume:
• Covers the latest innovations and observations in the field of biocomposites and bionanocomposites for polyvinyl chloride (PVC);
• Serves as a one-stop reference resource for important research accomplishments in the area of polyvinyl chloride-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites;
• Carefully reviews current scientific literature to give a comprehensive look into polyvinyl chloride-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites.
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As humanity moves toward a more sustainable future, there is a constant need for new materials that ensure sustainability and reliability across a number of industries. Polyvinyl chloride-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites are an innovative new solution aimed at accomplishing these goals. This book will discuss recent developments, preparation, characterization, and applications of polyvinyl chloride-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites. It will summarize many of the recent advances in this growing field through expert insights and real-world case studies. More advanced topics, such as the benefits of various materials working with PVC-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites, their development methods, properties, applications, and interfacial modification, are also discussed. With contributions from leading researchers across the globe, this essential guide is a one-stop resource for the future of sustainable materials using PVC-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites.
Readers will find the volume:
• Covers the latest innovations and observations in the field of biocomposites and bionanocomposites for polyvinyl chloride (PVC);
• Serves as a one-stop reference resource for important research accomplishments in the area of polyvinyl chloride-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites;
• Carefully reviews current scientific literature to give a comprehensive look into polyvinyl chloride-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites.
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Author / Editor Details
Shiv Kumari Panda, PhD is an Assistant Professor at the Udayanath Autonomous College of Science and Technology, Adaspur, Cuttack, Odisha, India. She has published many research articles in various international journals and serves as a reviewer for leading scientific journals. Her research focuses on the synthesis and transformation of waste materials into high-performance biomaterials with novel applications.
Shiv Kumari Panda, PhD is an Assistant Professor at the Udayanath Autonomous College of Science and Technology, Adaspur, Cuttack, Odisha, India. She has published many research articles in various international journals and serves as a reviewer for leading scientific journals. Her research focuses on the synthesis and transformation of waste materials into high-performance biomaterials with novel applications.
Visakh P. M, PhD is working in the Natural Bioactive Materials Laboratory, the Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, Bornova/Izmir, Turkey. He has edited more than 50 books, written 25 articles in international journals, four reviews, and more than 50 book chapters. His research interests include nanoparticle synthesis, nanomaterials, and polymers.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites: State-of-the-Art, New Challenges, and Opportunities
Shiv Kumari Panda, Visakh P. M and Nadir Ayrilmis
1.1 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)/Starch-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
1.2 PVC/PLA Composites/Biocomposites
1.3 Flame Retardancy of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
1.4 Interfacial Modification of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
1.5 PVC–Nanocellulose Biocomposites and Nanocomposites
1.6 Biodegradation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Different Fibers Bionanocomposites
1.7 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVA)-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
1.8 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
1.9 Preparation and PVC/Rubber Bio Nano Blends
References
2. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)/Starch-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
Shiv Kumari Panda
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Starch
2.2.1 Natural Starch
2.2.2 Modified Starch
2.2.3 Waxy Starches
2.2.4 Thermoplastic Starches
2.2.5 Nanostarch
2.3 Starch-Based Biocomposites
2.3.1 Starch/Biodegradable Polymer-Based Biocomposites
2.3.2 Starch/Natural Fiber–Based Biocomposites
2.3.3 Starch/Fossil Fuel–Based Biocomposite
2.4 Starch-Based Bionanocomposites
2.5 PVC/Starch-Based Biocomposites
2.6 PVC/Starch-Based Bionanocomposites
2.7 Conclusion
References
3. PVC/PLA Composites/Biocomposites
Rajni Garg, Rishav Garg and Nnabuk Okon Eddy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Overview of Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
3.3 Lactic Acid
3.4 Polylactic Acid
3.4.1 Eco-Friendly
3.4.2 Biocompatible and Beneficial Properties
3.4.3 Low Toughness and Slow Degradation
3.4.4 Slight Hydrophobicity and Difficulty in Modification
3.4.4.1 PVC
3.4.4.2 Importance of PVC and PLA in the Development of Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites
3.5 Synthesis and Processing of PVC/PLA-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
3.6 Characterization of PVC/PLA Composites
3.7 Properties of PVC/PLA Composites
3.8 Biodegradability of PVC/PLA Composites
3.9 Challenges and Future Perspectives
3.10 Conclusion
References
4. Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibers Bionanocomposite in Medical Applications
Wan Norfazilah Wan Ismail and Nurul Hidayah Abu Bakar
4.1 Introduction to Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibers
4.2 Extraction Methods for CNCs and CNFs
4.3 Incorporation of Nanoparticles in Bionanocomposites
4.4 Fabrication Techniques for the Bionanocomposites
4.5 Various Applications in Medical Field
4.6 Future Prospects and Challenges
4.7 Conclusion
References
5. Interfacial Modification of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
Majed M. Alghamdi and Adel A. El-Zahhar
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sustainable Development of PVC-Reinforced Biocomposites
5.3 PVC Enhancement through Biocomposites
5.4 PVC Biocomposites Based on Chemically Modified Biomaterials
5.5 PVC Biocomposites Based on Physically Modified Biomaterials
5.6 PVC Bionanocomposites
5.7 Conclusion
References
6. Sustainable PVC Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites: A Path Towards Green Innovation
Shiv Kumari Panda
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamentals of PVC-Based Composites
6.2.1 Molecular Structure of PVC
6.2.2 PVC-Based Biocomposites
6.2.2.1 Natural Fiber–Reinforced PVC Biocomposites
6.2.2.2 Biofiller-Reinforced PVC Biocomposites
6.2.2.3 PVC-Based Hybrid Biocomposites
6.2.3 PVC-Based Hybrid Bionanocomposites
6.3 Conclusion
References
7. PVC–Nanocellulose Biocomposites and Nanocomposites
Raghvendra Kumar Mishra, Kuruvilla Joseph and Saurav Goel
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nanocellulose: Structure, Properties, and Production
7.3 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Composition and Characteristics
7.4 Fabrication of Polyvinyl Chloride Nanocellulose Biocomposites and Nanocomposites
7.4.1 Methods of Polyvinyl Chloride Nanocellulose Nanocomposite Preparation
7.4.1.1 Melt-Mixing Process of Polyvinyl Chloride Nanocellulose Nanocomposites
7.4.1.2 Solution Casting Technique for Polyvinyl Chloride Nanocellulose Nanocomposites
7.4.1.3 Advanced Manufacturing Methods for Nanocellulose/Polyvinyl Chloride
Nanocomposites
7.4.2 Strategies for Optimizing Performance of PVC–Nanocellulose Nanocomposites
7.5 Properties of PVC–Nanocellulose Nanocomposites
7.6 Applications of PVC–Nanocellulose Nanocomposites
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Biodegradation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Different Fiber Bionanocomposites
Udeshna Changmai, Sahana S.K., Rituparna Duarah and Tridip Phukan
8.1 Introduction
8.2 PVC-Based Natural Fiber–Reinforced Bionanocomposites
8.2.1 Clay-Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Fiber Composites
8.2.2 Lignin-Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Blends
8.2.3 Polysaccharide-Based Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Fiber Bionanocomposites
8.3 Biodegradation Processes of PVC-Based Bionanocomposites
8.3.1 Types of Biodegradations
8.3.1.1 Physical Degradation
8.3.1.2 Chemical Degradation
8.3.1.3 Biological Degradation
8.3.1.4 Synergistic Degradation
8.3.2 Factors Affecting the Biodegradation of PVC-Based Bionanocomposites
8.3.3 Stages of Biodegradation
8.3.3.1 Colonization
8.3.3.2 Biodeterioration
8.3.3.3 Biofragmentation
8.3.3.4 Assimilation
8.3.3.5 Mineralization
8.4 Microbial and Enzymatic Degradation on PVC-Based Natural Fiber–Reinforced Bionanocomposites
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Applications of Nano-ZnO-Blended Polymeric Membranes in Environmental Remediation and Sustainable Development
Narendra B. Patil, Madhavi Vemula, Subash C.B. Gopinath, Hussaini Adam, Thangavel Lakshmipriya and Paresh Patil
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Synthesis Approaches of ZnO NPs
9.2.1 Conventional Synthesis Methods
9.2.1.1 Hydrothermal Method
9.2.1.2 Precipitation Method
9.2.1.3 Chemical Vapor Transport Method
9.2.2 Biological/Green Synthesis Methods
9.2.2.1 Plant-Mediated Synthesis
9.2.2.2 Microorganism-Mediated Synthesis
9.2.2.3 Algae-Mediated Synthesis
9.2.3 Physical Synthesis Methods
9.2.3.1 Physical Vapor Deposition
9.2.3.2 Ultrasonic Irradiation
9.3 Application of Nano-ZnO-Blended Polymeric Membrane
9.3.1 Food Packaging
9.3.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes
9.3.3 Energy Storage
9.3.4 Biomedical Application
9.3.4.1 Wound Healing
9.3.4.2 Drug Delivery
9.3.4.3 Antibacterial Activity
9.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
10. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
S. Tejas Krishna and G.Vinitha
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Hybrid
10.2.1 Definition and Types of Hybrid Composites
10.2.2 Significance of Hybridization
10.2.3 Material Selection Criteria
10.2.4 Processing and Fabrication Techniques
10.2.5 Challenges in Hybrid Composite Design
10.2.6 Applications of Hybrid Composites
10.2.7 Future Trends in Hybrid Composite Development
10.2.8 Interfacial Bonding in Hybrid Composites
10.2.9 Role of Hybridization in Enhancing PVC Performance
10.2.10 Environmental and Economic Aspects of Hybrid Composites
10.2.11 Standards, Testing, and Quality Control
10.2.12 Case Studies and Industrial Examples
10.2.13 Summary
10.3 Hybrid-Based Biocomposites
10.3.1 Introduction to Biocomposites
10.3.2 Composition and Structure
10.3.3 Objectives and Benefits of Hybridization in Biocomposites
10.3.4 Common Natural Fiber Combinations
10.3.5 Processing Methods
10.3.6 Mechanical Properties
10.3.7 Thermal and Barrier Properties
10.3.8 Environmental and Sustainability Aspects
10.3.9 Applications of Hybrid-Based Biocomposites
10.3.10 Challenges in Hybrid Biocomposite Development
10.3.11 Future Prospects
10.3.12 Summary
10.4 Hybrid-Based Bionanocomposites
10.4.1 Introduction to Bionanocomposites
10.4.2 Fundamental Principles of Hybrid-Based Bionanocomposites
10.4.3 Importance of Hybridization at the Nanoscale
10.4.4 Preparation and Processing Techniques
10.4.5 Mechanical Properties and Structural Behavior
10.4.6 Thermal and Barrier Properties
10.4.7 Biodegradability and Environmental Performance
10.4.8 Biomedical Applications of Hybrid Bionanocomposites
10.4.9 Industrial and Engineering Applications
10.4.10 Limitations and Current Challenges
10.4.11 Recent Advancements and Future Prospects
10.4.12 Summary
10.5 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)/Hybrid-Based Biocomposites
10.5.1 Introduction to PVC in Composite Materials
10.5.2 Fundamentals of Hybrid-Based PVC Biocomposites
10.5.3 Processing Techniques and Fabrication
10.5.4 Mechanical Properties and Performance Characteristics
10.5.5 Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy
10.5.6 Morphological and Structural Insights
10.5.7 Environmental Performance and Biodegradability Aspects
10.5.8 Applications in Various Industries
10.5.9 Challenges and Limitations
10.5.10 Recent Developments and Innovations
10.5.11 Summary
10.6 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)/Hybrid-Based Bionanocomposites
10.6.1 Introduction to Bionanocomposites
10.6.2 Components of PVC-Based Hybrid Bionanocomposites
10.6.3 Fabrication Techniques
10.6.4 Mechanical Properties
10.6.5 Thermal Behavior and Fire Retardancy
10.6.6 Morphological and Structural Characterization
10.6.7 Environmental Impact and Sustainability
10.6.8 Industrial Applications
10.6.9 Limitations and Challenges
10.6.10 Recent Advances and Future Outlook
10.6.11 Summary
10.7 Conclusion
10.7.1 Overview and Recapitulation
10.7.2 Key Findings from Each Subsection
10.7.3 Significance of Hybrid Reinforcement in PVC Systems
10.7.4 Challenges and Limitations
10.7.5 Environmental and Societal Impact
10.7.6 Future Directions and Research Opportunities
10.8 Conclusions
Bibliography
11. Preparation and PVC/Rubber Bio Nano-Blends
Shibin N. B.
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Preparation of PVC/Rubber Bio Nano
11.3 Characterization of PVC/Rubber Nano-, Micro-, and Macro-Blends
11.3.1 Mechanical Properties
11.3.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
11.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis
11.3.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
11.3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy
11.3.6 Atomic Force Microscopy
11.3.7 Transition Electron Microscopy
11.3.8 Rheological Measurements
11.3.9 X-Ray Diffraction
11.3.10 SAXS and WAXS Analysis
11.4 Conclusions
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites: State-of-the-Art, New Challenges, and Opportunities
Shiv Kumari Panda, Visakh P. M and Nadir Ayrilmis
1.1 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)/Starch-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
1.2 PVC/PLA Composites/Biocomposites
1.3 Flame Retardancy of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
1.4 Interfacial Modification of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
1.5 PVC–Nanocellulose Biocomposites and Nanocomposites
1.6 Biodegradation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Different Fibers Bionanocomposites
1.7 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVA)-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
1.8 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
1.9 Preparation and PVC/Rubber Bio Nano Blends
References
2. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)/Starch-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
Shiv Kumari Panda
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Starch
2.2.1 Natural Starch
2.2.2 Modified Starch
2.2.3 Waxy Starches
2.2.4 Thermoplastic Starches
2.2.5 Nanostarch
2.3 Starch-Based Biocomposites
2.3.1 Starch/Biodegradable Polymer-Based Biocomposites
2.3.2 Starch/Natural Fiber–Based Biocomposites
2.3.3 Starch/Fossil Fuel–Based Biocomposite
2.4 Starch-Based Bionanocomposites
2.5 PVC/Starch-Based Biocomposites
2.6 PVC/Starch-Based Bionanocomposites
2.7 Conclusion
References
3. PVC/PLA Composites/Biocomposites
Rajni Garg, Rishav Garg and Nnabuk Okon Eddy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Overview of Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
3.3 Lactic Acid
3.4 Polylactic Acid
3.4.1 Eco-Friendly
3.4.2 Biocompatible and Beneficial Properties
3.4.3 Low Toughness and Slow Degradation
3.4.4 Slight Hydrophobicity and Difficulty in Modification
3.4.4.1 PVC
3.4.4.2 Importance of PVC and PLA in the Development of Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites
3.5 Synthesis and Processing of PVC/PLA-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
3.6 Characterization of PVC/PLA Composites
3.7 Properties of PVC/PLA Composites
3.8 Biodegradability of PVC/PLA Composites
3.9 Challenges and Future Perspectives
3.10 Conclusion
References
4. Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibers Bionanocomposite in Medical Applications
Wan Norfazilah Wan Ismail and Nurul Hidayah Abu Bakar
4.1 Introduction to Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibers
4.2 Extraction Methods for CNCs and CNFs
4.3 Incorporation of Nanoparticles in Bionanocomposites
4.4 Fabrication Techniques for the Bionanocomposites
4.5 Various Applications in Medical Field
4.6 Future Prospects and Challenges
4.7 Conclusion
References
5. Interfacial Modification of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
Majed M. Alghamdi and Adel A. El-Zahhar
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sustainable Development of PVC-Reinforced Biocomposites
5.3 PVC Enhancement through Biocomposites
5.4 PVC Biocomposites Based on Chemically Modified Biomaterials
5.5 PVC Biocomposites Based on Physically Modified Biomaterials
5.6 PVC Bionanocomposites
5.7 Conclusion
References
6. Sustainable PVC Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites: A Path Towards Green Innovation
Shiv Kumari Panda
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamentals of PVC-Based Composites
6.2.1 Molecular Structure of PVC
6.2.2 PVC-Based Biocomposites
6.2.2.1 Natural Fiber–Reinforced PVC Biocomposites
6.2.2.2 Biofiller-Reinforced PVC Biocomposites
6.2.2.3 PVC-Based Hybrid Biocomposites
6.2.3 PVC-Based Hybrid Bionanocomposites
6.3 Conclusion
References
7. PVC–Nanocellulose Biocomposites and Nanocomposites
Raghvendra Kumar Mishra, Kuruvilla Joseph and Saurav Goel
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nanocellulose: Structure, Properties, and Production
7.3 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Composition and Characteristics
7.4 Fabrication of Polyvinyl Chloride Nanocellulose Biocomposites and Nanocomposites
7.4.1 Methods of Polyvinyl Chloride Nanocellulose Nanocomposite Preparation
7.4.1.1 Melt-Mixing Process of Polyvinyl Chloride Nanocellulose Nanocomposites
7.4.1.2 Solution Casting Technique for Polyvinyl Chloride Nanocellulose Nanocomposites
7.4.1.3 Advanced Manufacturing Methods for Nanocellulose/Polyvinyl Chloride
Nanocomposites
7.4.2 Strategies for Optimizing Performance of PVC–Nanocellulose Nanocomposites
7.5 Properties of PVC–Nanocellulose Nanocomposites
7.6 Applications of PVC–Nanocellulose Nanocomposites
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Biodegradation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Different Fiber Bionanocomposites
Udeshna Changmai, Sahana S.K., Rituparna Duarah and Tridip Phukan
8.1 Introduction
8.2 PVC-Based Natural Fiber–Reinforced Bionanocomposites
8.2.1 Clay-Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Fiber Composites
8.2.2 Lignin-Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Blends
8.2.3 Polysaccharide-Based Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Fiber Bionanocomposites
8.3 Biodegradation Processes of PVC-Based Bionanocomposites
8.3.1 Types of Biodegradations
8.3.1.1 Physical Degradation
8.3.1.2 Chemical Degradation
8.3.1.3 Biological Degradation
8.3.1.4 Synergistic Degradation
8.3.2 Factors Affecting the Biodegradation of PVC-Based Bionanocomposites
8.3.3 Stages of Biodegradation
8.3.3.1 Colonization
8.3.3.2 Biodeterioration
8.3.3.3 Biofragmentation
8.3.3.4 Assimilation
8.3.3.5 Mineralization
8.4 Microbial and Enzymatic Degradation on PVC-Based Natural Fiber–Reinforced Bionanocomposites
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Applications of Nano-ZnO-Blended Polymeric Membranes in Environmental Remediation and Sustainable Development
Narendra B. Patil, Madhavi Vemula, Subash C.B. Gopinath, Hussaini Adam, Thangavel Lakshmipriya and Paresh Patil
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Synthesis Approaches of ZnO NPs
9.2.1 Conventional Synthesis Methods
9.2.1.1 Hydrothermal Method
9.2.1.2 Precipitation Method
9.2.1.3 Chemical Vapor Transport Method
9.2.2 Biological/Green Synthesis Methods
9.2.2.1 Plant-Mediated Synthesis
9.2.2.2 Microorganism-Mediated Synthesis
9.2.2.3 Algae-Mediated Synthesis
9.2.3 Physical Synthesis Methods
9.2.3.1 Physical Vapor Deposition
9.2.3.2 Ultrasonic Irradiation
9.3 Application of Nano-ZnO-Blended Polymeric Membrane
9.3.1 Food Packaging
9.3.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes
9.3.3 Energy Storage
9.3.4 Biomedical Application
9.3.4.1 Wound Healing
9.3.4.2 Drug Delivery
9.3.4.3 Antibacterial Activity
9.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
10. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites
S. Tejas Krishna and G.Vinitha
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Hybrid
10.2.1 Definition and Types of Hybrid Composites
10.2.2 Significance of Hybridization
10.2.3 Material Selection Criteria
10.2.4 Processing and Fabrication Techniques
10.2.5 Challenges in Hybrid Composite Design
10.2.6 Applications of Hybrid Composites
10.2.7 Future Trends in Hybrid Composite Development
10.2.8 Interfacial Bonding in Hybrid Composites
10.2.9 Role of Hybridization in Enhancing PVC Performance
10.2.10 Environmental and Economic Aspects of Hybrid Composites
10.2.11 Standards, Testing, and Quality Control
10.2.12 Case Studies and Industrial Examples
10.2.13 Summary
10.3 Hybrid-Based Biocomposites
10.3.1 Introduction to Biocomposites
10.3.2 Composition and Structure
10.3.3 Objectives and Benefits of Hybridization in Biocomposites
10.3.4 Common Natural Fiber Combinations
10.3.5 Processing Methods
10.3.6 Mechanical Properties
10.3.7 Thermal and Barrier Properties
10.3.8 Environmental and Sustainability Aspects
10.3.9 Applications of Hybrid-Based Biocomposites
10.3.10 Challenges in Hybrid Biocomposite Development
10.3.11 Future Prospects
10.3.12 Summary
10.4 Hybrid-Based Bionanocomposites
10.4.1 Introduction to Bionanocomposites
10.4.2 Fundamental Principles of Hybrid-Based Bionanocomposites
10.4.3 Importance of Hybridization at the Nanoscale
10.4.4 Preparation and Processing Techniques
10.4.5 Mechanical Properties and Structural Behavior
10.4.6 Thermal and Barrier Properties
10.4.7 Biodegradability and Environmental Performance
10.4.8 Biomedical Applications of Hybrid Bionanocomposites
10.4.9 Industrial and Engineering Applications
10.4.10 Limitations and Current Challenges
10.4.11 Recent Advancements and Future Prospects
10.4.12 Summary
10.5 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)/Hybrid-Based Biocomposites
10.5.1 Introduction to PVC in Composite Materials
10.5.2 Fundamentals of Hybrid-Based PVC Biocomposites
10.5.3 Processing Techniques and Fabrication
10.5.4 Mechanical Properties and Performance Characteristics
10.5.5 Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy
10.5.6 Morphological and Structural Insights
10.5.7 Environmental Performance and Biodegradability Aspects
10.5.8 Applications in Various Industries
10.5.9 Challenges and Limitations
10.5.10 Recent Developments and Innovations
10.5.11 Summary
10.6 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)/Hybrid-Based Bionanocomposites
10.6.1 Introduction to Bionanocomposites
10.6.2 Components of PVC-Based Hybrid Bionanocomposites
10.6.3 Fabrication Techniques
10.6.4 Mechanical Properties
10.6.5 Thermal Behavior and Fire Retardancy
10.6.6 Morphological and Structural Characterization
10.6.7 Environmental Impact and Sustainability
10.6.8 Industrial Applications
10.6.9 Limitations and Challenges
10.6.10 Recent Advances and Future Outlook
10.6.11 Summary
10.7 Conclusion
10.7.1 Overview and Recapitulation
10.7.2 Key Findings from Each Subsection
10.7.3 Significance of Hybrid Reinforcement in PVC Systems
10.7.4 Challenges and Limitations
10.7.5 Environmental and Societal Impact
10.7.6 Future Directions and Research Opportunities
10.8 Conclusions
Bibliography
11. Preparation and PVC/Rubber Bio Nano-Blends
Shibin N. B.
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Preparation of PVC/Rubber Bio Nano
11.3 Characterization of PVC/Rubber Nano-, Micro-, and Macro-Blends
11.3.1 Mechanical Properties
11.3.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
11.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis
11.3.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
11.3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy
11.3.6 Atomic Force Microscopy
11.3.7 Transition Electron Microscopy
11.3.8 Rheological Measurements
11.3.9 X-Ray Diffraction
11.3.10 SAXS and WAXS Analysis
11.4 Conclusions
References
Index
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