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Submit a ProposalTherapeutics and Molecular Nutrition
One Line Description
Master the cutting-edge science of molecular nutrition and disease management with this invaluable resource, which provides expert insights into functional food formulation and the biomedical power of plant extracts.
Audience
Academics, researchers, food technologists, nutritionists, and those working in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, nutrition biology, clinical nutrition, medical and food sciences, and public health.
Academics, researchers, food technologists, nutritionists, and those working in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, nutrition biology, clinical nutrition, medical and food sciences, and public health.
Description
Therapeutics and molecular nutrition are currently trending because of their ability to combat today’s growing health problems related to unhealthy lifestyle choices. Researchers across the globe have developed a keen interest in molecular interactions to unveil these mechanisms and develop an alternative to allopathic medicines. This book will provide the latest science on many of the advanced trends and techniques associated with molecular nutrition, such as the formulation and processing of functional foods, biomedical applications of plant extracts, prebiotics as a nutraceutical in the management of diseases, and peptides for the management of non-communicable disorders. Using expert and forward-looking insights, this book acts as an invaluable resource for those working in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, medical and food sciences, and public health.
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Therapeutics and molecular nutrition are currently trending because of their ability to combat today’s growing health problems related to unhealthy lifestyle choices. Researchers across the globe have developed a keen interest in molecular interactions to unveil these mechanisms and develop an alternative to allopathic medicines. This book will provide the latest science on many of the advanced trends and techniques associated with molecular nutrition, such as the formulation and processing of functional foods, biomedical applications of plant extracts, prebiotics as a nutraceutical in the management of diseases, and peptides for the management of non-communicable disorders. Using expert and forward-looking insights, this book acts as an invaluable resource for those working in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, medical and food sciences, and public health.
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Author / Editor Details
Anita Kumari, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Nutrition Biology at the Central University of Haryana. She has published more than 40 papers in national and international journals, one edited book, and filed three national patents. Her research specializes on food science and technology, sensory analysis, and food preservation.
Anita Kumari, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Nutrition Biology at the Central University of Haryana. She has published more than 40 papers in national and international journals, one edited book, and filed three national patents. Her research specializes on food science and technology, sensory analysis, and food preservation.
Deepika is a Research Scholar and Project Associate in the Department of Nutrition Biology at the Central University of Haryana. She has 14 publications in national and international journals and filed two national patents. Her research interests include unveiling the molecular pathways associated with nutrients and related bioactive compounds to curb increasing instances of non-communicable diseases, with a specific focus on Type-II diabetes and neuropsychological disorders.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Advanced Trends and Techniques Associated with Molecular Nutrition
Sidharth Suman, Upasana Yadav, Sakshi Khurana, Aarti Yadav, Tarun Kumar and Jyoti Tanwar
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Novel Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods
1.2.1 Polysaccharides
1.2.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
1.2.3 Phytosterols
1.2.4 Antioxidants
1.2.5 Bioactive Peptides
1.3 Nutrients Intake and Microbiome
1.3.1 Macronutrients Intake
1.3.1.1 Calories
1.3.1.2 Carbohydrates
1.3.1.3 Fiber and Short-Chain Fatty Acids
1.3.1.4 Prebiotic Supplementation
1.3.1.5 Probiotics
1.3.1.6 Fat and Protein
1.3.2 Micronutrients
1.3.2.1 Vitamins
1.3.3 Food Additives and Contaminants
1.4 Epigenetics and Dietary Influences
1.4.1 Epigenetic Modifications
1.4.1.1 DNA Methylation
1.4.1.2 Histone Modification
1.4.1.3 Noncoding RNA-Associated Gene Silencing
1.4.2 Role of Maternal and Paternal Nutritional Status in Determining the Phenotype of Progeny
1.4.3 Proximate-Cellular Mechanisms (Linking Fetal Nutrient Supply to Its Future Phenotype)
1.4.4 Epigenetic Regulation by Metabolic Substrates
1.4.5 Effect of Early Childhood Malnutrition
1.4.6 Dietary Factors and Their Influence
1.4.7 Other Dietary Compounds and Their Influence on Epigenetic Modifications
1.5 Omics Technologies
1.5.1 Nutrigenomics
1.5.2 Nutritranscriptomics
1.5.3 Nutriproteomics and Amino Acid Profiling
1.5.4 Nutrimetabolomics
1.5.5 Integrated Omics Technologies
1.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
2. Functional Foods: Emerging Aids Against Noncommunicable Disorders
Anju Rani, Gulab Singh, Amita Suneja Dang, Shiv Kumar Giri, Neha Verma and Anil Kumar
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification of Functional Foods
2.2.1 Plant-Based
2.2.1.1 Fruits and Vegetables
2.2.1.2 Cereals, Nuts, and Spices
2.2.2 Animal-Based
2.2.2.1 Dairy Products
2.2.2.2 Meats and Poultry Products
2.2.3 Marine-Based
2.2.3.1 Fish and Seafood Products
2.2.3.2 Algae and Seaweed
2.2.4 Microbe-Based
2.2.4.1 Probiotics
2.2.4.2 Prebiotics
2.2.4.3 Synbiotics
2.3 Health Impacts of Functional Food
2.4 Functional Foods and NCDs
2.4.1 Cancer
2.4.2 Diabetes
2.4.3 Cardiovascular Disorders
2.4.4 Neurodegenerative Disorders
2.5 Future Perspective and Conclusion
References
3. Biomedical Applications of Plant Extracts for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Renu and Richa
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Occurrence and Impact of CVDs
3.2.1 Global Burden of CVDs
3.2.2 Risk Factors for CVDs
3.2.3 Current Prevention Strategies and Limitations
3.3 Use of Plant Extracts in Prevention and Control of CVDs
3.3.1 Moringa oleifera (Drumstick)
3.3.2 Ginseng
3.3.3 Amaranthus viridis
3.3.4 Ginkgo biloba
3.3.5 Ganoderma lucidum
3.3.6 Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Jiaogulan)
3.3.7 Daucus carota
3.3.8 Nerium oleander
3.3.9 Terminalia arjuna
3.3.10 Picrorhiza kurroa
3.3.11 Crataegus (Hawthorn)
3.3.12 Allium sativum (Garlic)
3.3.13 Nigella sativa (Kalonji)
3.3.14 Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi)
3.3.15 Curcuma longa (Turmeric)
3.3.16 Camellia sinensis (Green Tea)
3.3.17 Guggul (Oleogum Resin)
3.4 Mechanisms of Action of Plant Extracts in CVD Prevention
3.5 Challenges
3.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
Bibliography
4. The Green Route to Nanoparticle Synthesis and Their Therapeutic Applications
Eksha Seth, Preeti Verma, Yamini Agrawal, Upasana Yadav and Aarti Yadav
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Approaches in NP Synthesis
4.3 Green Synthesis
4.4 Bacteria
4.5 Fungi
4.6 Yeast
4.7 Algae
4.8 Plant Extract
4.9 Factors Affecting NP Synthesis Using Green Methods
4.9.1 pH of the Reaction Medium
4.9.2 Temperature of the Reaction
4.9.3 Incubation Time
4.9.4 Metal Salt Concentration
4.10 Characterization of NPs
4.10.1 UV-Vis Spectrometry
4.10.2 XRD
4.10.3 FTIR Spectroscopy
4.10.4 DLS
4.10.5 TEM and SEM
4.10.6 Atomic Force Microscopy
4.11 Therapeutic Potential of NPs
4.11.1 NPs in Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery
4.11.2 Cancer Treatment
4.11.3 Antibacterial Activity
4.11.4 Antiparasitic Activity
4.11.5 Antiviral Activity
4.11.6 Biomedical Imaging
4.12 Conclusion
References
5. Personalized Nutrition: Genetic Association and Impact
Vandana Sabharwal and Shailly Nigam
5.1 Introduction to Personalized Nutrition
5.2 Genetic Association to Diseases
5.3 The Gene–Nutrient Interface
5.4 Genetic Regulation of Nutrients and Its Impact
5.4.1 Genetic Regulation for the Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
5.4.2 Genetic Regulation for the Metabolism of Vitamins and Minerals
5.4.3 Gene Regulation for Food Intolerances and Eating Preferences
5.5 Methods for Developing Personalized Dietary Plans
5.6 Personalized Nutrition in Practice—Evidence from Research Studies
5.7 Challenges and Way Forward
References
6. Nutrition-Induced Changes at Molecular Level: Nutrigenomics of Carbohydrates
Divya Sanghi, Mahak Sharma and Ankita Sharma
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nutrigenomics and Metabolomics
6.3 Nutrient–Gene Interaction and Expression
6.4 Nutrition and Genetic Variation
6.5 Gene–Diet Interaction: Biological Complexity
6.6 Nutrients and Gene Transcription
6.7 Nutrition and Epigenetics
6.8 Carbohydrate: Gene Regulation
6.9 The Carbohydrate-Responsive Element-Binding Protein
6.10 ChREBP Posttranslational Modifications
6.11 ChREBP Partners in Gene Expression and Metabolism Regulation
6.12 Role of Carbohydrates in Shaping the Gut Microbiome
6.13 Dietary Fiber and Microbial Composition
6.14 Specific Carbohydrates and Microbial Changes
6.15 Impact of Simple Sugars
6.16 Polysaccharides and Microbial Diversity
6.17 Health Implications
6.18 Sialic Acids
6.19 Mechanisms by Which the Microbiome Influences Gene Expression
6.20 Chromatin Accessibility and Transcription Factor Binding
6.21 MicroRNAs
6.22 Transcription Factors
6.23 Probiotics and Immune Response
6.24 Tissue-Specific Gene Expression
6.25 Gene–Diet–Disease Interaction
6.26 Nutrigenomics and DM
6.27 Conclusion
References
7. Molecular Nutrition in Wound Healing
Anuj Mittal, Saurabh Choudhary, Anshul, Ashwani, Dalapathi Gugulothu and Meenakshi Kanwar Chauhan
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Concepts in Wound Healing
7.2.1 Phases of Wound Healing
7.2.2 Cellular and Molecular Processes
7.2.3 Factors Affecting Wound Healing
7.3 Nutritional Requirements for Wound Healing
7.3.1 Macronutrients
7.3.2 Micronutrients
7.3.3 Bioactive Compounds
7.4 Molecular Mechanisms of Nutrients in Wound Healing
7.4.1 Protein Synthesis and Tissue Repair
7.4.2 Antioxidant Effects of Vitamins
7.4.3 Immunomodulatory Role of Nutrients
7.4.4 Angiogenesis and Nutrient Signaling
7.5 Biological Factors in Nonhealing Chronic Wounds: Clinical Presentation and Challenges
7.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects
References
8. Dietary Prebiotics for Obesity: Association and Prevention Mechanism
Sonal Gupta Jain and Komal Chauhan
8.1 Obesity: A Pathophysiological Perspective
8.1.1 Genetics
8.1.2 Environment
8.1.3 Metabolism
8.1.4 Neurological factors
8.1.5 Inflammation
8.1.6 Gut microbiota
8.1.7 Psychological factors
8.2 Prebiotics
8.2.1 Prebiotics: Types and Functional Variants
8.2.1.1 Fructans
8.2.1.2 Galacto-Oligosaccharides
8.2.1.3 Starch and Glucose-Derived Oligosaccharides
8.2.1.4 Other OSCs
8.2.1.5 Noncarbohydrate OSCs
8.2.2 Mechanism of Action of Prebiotics
8.2.3 Clinical Application of Prebiotics
8.2.3.1 Application in Gastrointestinal Health Management
8.2.3.2 Application in Metabolic Regulation
8.2.3.3 Application in Immune Modulation
8.2.3.4 Application in Neuroprotective Effects
8.2.4 Health Benefits of Prebiotics
8.2.4.1 Gut Health
8.2.4.2 Immune Modulation
8.2.4.3 Metabolic Health
8.2.4.4 Nutrient Absorption
8.2.4.5 Mental Health
8.3 Role of Dietary Prebiotics in Shaping Gut Microbiota and Its Link with Obesity
8.4 Influence of Prebiotics on Obesity Prevention via Modulation of Fatty Acid and Glucose Metabolism
8.5 Impact of Prebiotics and Gut Microbiota on the Regulation of Satiety Hormones
8.6 Role of Prebiotics in Management of Obesity
References
9. Psychobiotic Association in Gastrointestinal Tract for Prevention of Neuropsychological Disorders
Ruchi Jaiswal, Saumya Jaiswal, Deepika and Anita Kumari
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Understanding the Gut–Brain Axis
9.3 Microbiota in the Gut–Brain Axis and Their Functions
9.4 Defining Psychobiotics and Their Distinct Properties
9.4.1 Mechanism of Action
9.5 Psychobiotic and Neuropsychological Disorders
9.5.1 Depression
9.5.2 Parkinson Disease
9.5.3 Autism Spectrum Disorder
9.5.4 Schizophrenia
9.6 Functional Foods Packed with Psychobiotics
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. Biomedical Applications of Omega-3-FAs Induced Molecular Changes: Therapeutic Approach for Prevention of Skeletal Deformities
Aishwarya Dhiman, Snigdha Homroy, Priyanka Kumari Singh and Rajni Chopra
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Metabolic Pathway of Omega-3 FAs
10.3 Biomedical Applications of Omega-3 FAs
10.3.1 Cardiovascular Diseases
10.3.2 Stroke
10.3.3 Hypertension
10.3.4 Blood Cholesterol
10.3.5 Cancer
10.3.6 Inflammation
10.4 Skeletal Deformities: Causes and Implications
10.4.1 Periodontitis
10.4.2 Osteoporosis
10.4.3 Bone Fracture
10.4.4 Rheumatoid Arthritis
10.4.5 Tumor-Associated Bone Destruction
10.4.6 Other Bone Disorders
10.5 Role of Omega-3 FAs in Skeletal Deformities
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Revealing the Insights of Molecular Nutrition in the Resilience of Muscle Strength
Manpreet Kaur, Pramod Kumar and Gulab Singh
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Engagement in Regular Muscle Training Contributes in the Resilience of Muscle Strength
11.2.1 Lifting Light and Heavy Frequency Weight
11.2.2 Restricting Blood Flow Conditioning
11.2.3 Failures in Strength Training Endeavors
11.3 Consumption of High-Quality Protein and Nutritional Factors Affecting the Muscle Resilience
11.3.1 Consumption of High-Quality Proteins Diet
11.3.1.1 Amino Acids
11.3.1.2 Collagen Peptides
11.3.1.3 Selenium Proteins
11.3.1.4 Carotenoids
11.3.1.5 n-3 Fatty Acids and n-6 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated FAs
11.3.1.6 Vitamin D
11.3.1.7 Vitamin E
11.4 Impact of Poor Nutrition Diet and Its Evaluation and Management
11.4.1 Consequences Occurring Due to Poor Nutritious Diet
11.4.2 Pathophysical Conditions Related Impairment in Muscular Structure or Muscle Mass
11.4.3 Evaluation Methods to Measures the Muscle Strength and Endurance
11.4.3.1 Measuring the Process of mTOR Activation
11.4.3.2 Muscle Strengthening Test
11.4.3.3 Body Mass Index
11.4.3.4 Other Scale Meaures
11.4.4 Management Procedure
11.5 Conclusion
References
12. Pathogens Aggravating Insulin Resistance: Molecular Mechanism
Anshi, Sonia Sharma, Deepika, Anshu Kumari Yadav and Vipasha Sharma
12.1 Introduction
12.2 IR and DM
12.3 Insulin-Resistant Diseases in Humans
12.4 Connection between IR and Pathogens
12.4.1 Inflammation
12.4.2 Immune Response and Insulin Signaling
12.4.3 Alteration in Gut Microbiota
12.4.4 Molecular Mimicry
12.4.4.1 Viral Triggers and Autoimmunity in T1DM
12.4.5 Direct Effect of Pathogens on Insulin Signaling
12.4.5.1 Mechanism of Insulin Signaling Disruption Owing to Pathogens
12.5 Conclusion
References
13. Bioactive Peptides: Advanced Extraction and Applications for Diabetes Prevention
Sonia Sharma and Anshi
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Food-Sourced Antidiabetic Peptides
13.2.1 Antidiabetic Peptides Derived from Animals
13.2.1.1 Dairy Stuff
13.2.1.2 Eggs
13.2.1.3 Meat Products
13.2.1.4 Fish
13.2.2 Animal-Derived Antidiabetic Peptides
13.2.2.1 Legumes and Pulses
13.2.2.2 Cereals and Pseudocereals
13.2.2.3 Nuts and Plant Seeds
13.3 Various Functional BAPs and Their Beneficial Effects
13.3.1 Pharmacological Properties
13.3.2 Antioxidant Properties
13.3.3 Antimicrobial Properties
13.3.4 Immunomodulatory Properties
13.3.5 Cytomodulatory Properties
13.3.6 Antihypertensive
13.3.7 Metabolic Effects
13.3.8 Opioid Activity
13.3.9 Anti-Inflammatory Effect
13.4 Advanced Extraction Method of BAPs
13.4.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
13.4.2 Pulsed Electric Field Extraction
13.4.3 Membrane-Based Extraction
13.4.4 Ionic Liquids–Based Extraction
13.4.5 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
13.4.6 Enzyme-Membrane Bioreactor
13.5 Separation Method of BAPs
13.5.1 Membrane Separation Technology
13.5.2 Gel Permeation Chromatography
13.5.3 Ion Exchange Chromatography
13.5.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Reverse Phase (RP)–High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
13.6 Application of BAPs for Diabetic Prevention
13.6.1 α-Glucosidase Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides
13.6.2 α-Amylase Inhibitors
13.6.3 DPP-IV Inhibitors
13.6.4 Inhibitors of the Glucose Transporter System
13.7 Challenges and Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Advanced Trends and Techniques Associated with Molecular Nutrition
Sidharth Suman, Upasana Yadav, Sakshi Khurana, Aarti Yadav, Tarun Kumar and Jyoti Tanwar
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Novel Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods
1.2.1 Polysaccharides
1.2.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
1.2.3 Phytosterols
1.2.4 Antioxidants
1.2.5 Bioactive Peptides
1.3 Nutrients Intake and Microbiome
1.3.1 Macronutrients Intake
1.3.1.1 Calories
1.3.1.2 Carbohydrates
1.3.1.3 Fiber and Short-Chain Fatty Acids
1.3.1.4 Prebiotic Supplementation
1.3.1.5 Probiotics
1.3.1.6 Fat and Protein
1.3.2 Micronutrients
1.3.2.1 Vitamins
1.3.3 Food Additives and Contaminants
1.4 Epigenetics and Dietary Influences
1.4.1 Epigenetic Modifications
1.4.1.1 DNA Methylation
1.4.1.2 Histone Modification
1.4.1.3 Noncoding RNA-Associated Gene Silencing
1.4.2 Role of Maternal and Paternal Nutritional Status in Determining the Phenotype of Progeny
1.4.3 Proximate-Cellular Mechanisms (Linking Fetal Nutrient Supply to Its Future Phenotype)
1.4.4 Epigenetic Regulation by Metabolic Substrates
1.4.5 Effect of Early Childhood Malnutrition
1.4.6 Dietary Factors and Their Influence
1.4.7 Other Dietary Compounds and Their Influence on Epigenetic Modifications
1.5 Omics Technologies
1.5.1 Nutrigenomics
1.5.2 Nutritranscriptomics
1.5.3 Nutriproteomics and Amino Acid Profiling
1.5.4 Nutrimetabolomics
1.5.5 Integrated Omics Technologies
1.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
2. Functional Foods: Emerging Aids Against Noncommunicable Disorders
Anju Rani, Gulab Singh, Amita Suneja Dang, Shiv Kumar Giri, Neha Verma and Anil Kumar
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification of Functional Foods
2.2.1 Plant-Based
2.2.1.1 Fruits and Vegetables
2.2.1.2 Cereals, Nuts, and Spices
2.2.2 Animal-Based
2.2.2.1 Dairy Products
2.2.2.2 Meats and Poultry Products
2.2.3 Marine-Based
2.2.3.1 Fish and Seafood Products
2.2.3.2 Algae and Seaweed
2.2.4 Microbe-Based
2.2.4.1 Probiotics
2.2.4.2 Prebiotics
2.2.4.3 Synbiotics
2.3 Health Impacts of Functional Food
2.4 Functional Foods and NCDs
2.4.1 Cancer
2.4.2 Diabetes
2.4.3 Cardiovascular Disorders
2.4.4 Neurodegenerative Disorders
2.5 Future Perspective and Conclusion
References
3. Biomedical Applications of Plant Extracts for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Renu and Richa
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Occurrence and Impact of CVDs
3.2.1 Global Burden of CVDs
3.2.2 Risk Factors for CVDs
3.2.3 Current Prevention Strategies and Limitations
3.3 Use of Plant Extracts in Prevention and Control of CVDs
3.3.1 Moringa oleifera (Drumstick)
3.3.2 Ginseng
3.3.3 Amaranthus viridis
3.3.4 Ginkgo biloba
3.3.5 Ganoderma lucidum
3.3.6 Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Jiaogulan)
3.3.7 Daucus carota
3.3.8 Nerium oleander
3.3.9 Terminalia arjuna
3.3.10 Picrorhiza kurroa
3.3.11 Crataegus (Hawthorn)
3.3.12 Allium sativum (Garlic)
3.3.13 Nigella sativa (Kalonji)
3.3.14 Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi)
3.3.15 Curcuma longa (Turmeric)
3.3.16 Camellia sinensis (Green Tea)
3.3.17 Guggul (Oleogum Resin)
3.4 Mechanisms of Action of Plant Extracts in CVD Prevention
3.5 Challenges
3.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
Bibliography
4. The Green Route to Nanoparticle Synthesis and Their Therapeutic Applications
Eksha Seth, Preeti Verma, Yamini Agrawal, Upasana Yadav and Aarti Yadav
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Approaches in NP Synthesis
4.3 Green Synthesis
4.4 Bacteria
4.5 Fungi
4.6 Yeast
4.7 Algae
4.8 Plant Extract
4.9 Factors Affecting NP Synthesis Using Green Methods
4.9.1 pH of the Reaction Medium
4.9.2 Temperature of the Reaction
4.9.3 Incubation Time
4.9.4 Metal Salt Concentration
4.10 Characterization of NPs
4.10.1 UV-Vis Spectrometry
4.10.2 XRD
4.10.3 FTIR Spectroscopy
4.10.4 DLS
4.10.5 TEM and SEM
4.10.6 Atomic Force Microscopy
4.11 Therapeutic Potential of NPs
4.11.1 NPs in Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery
4.11.2 Cancer Treatment
4.11.3 Antibacterial Activity
4.11.4 Antiparasitic Activity
4.11.5 Antiviral Activity
4.11.6 Biomedical Imaging
4.12 Conclusion
References
5. Personalized Nutrition: Genetic Association and Impact
Vandana Sabharwal and Shailly Nigam
5.1 Introduction to Personalized Nutrition
5.2 Genetic Association to Diseases
5.3 The Gene–Nutrient Interface
5.4 Genetic Regulation of Nutrients and Its Impact
5.4.1 Genetic Regulation for the Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
5.4.2 Genetic Regulation for the Metabolism of Vitamins and Minerals
5.4.3 Gene Regulation for Food Intolerances and Eating Preferences
5.5 Methods for Developing Personalized Dietary Plans
5.6 Personalized Nutrition in Practice—Evidence from Research Studies
5.7 Challenges and Way Forward
References
6. Nutrition-Induced Changes at Molecular Level: Nutrigenomics of Carbohydrates
Divya Sanghi, Mahak Sharma and Ankita Sharma
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nutrigenomics and Metabolomics
6.3 Nutrient–Gene Interaction and Expression
6.4 Nutrition and Genetic Variation
6.5 Gene–Diet Interaction: Biological Complexity
6.6 Nutrients and Gene Transcription
6.7 Nutrition and Epigenetics
6.8 Carbohydrate: Gene Regulation
6.9 The Carbohydrate-Responsive Element-Binding Protein
6.10 ChREBP Posttranslational Modifications
6.11 ChREBP Partners in Gene Expression and Metabolism Regulation
6.12 Role of Carbohydrates in Shaping the Gut Microbiome
6.13 Dietary Fiber and Microbial Composition
6.14 Specific Carbohydrates and Microbial Changes
6.15 Impact of Simple Sugars
6.16 Polysaccharides and Microbial Diversity
6.17 Health Implications
6.18 Sialic Acids
6.19 Mechanisms by Which the Microbiome Influences Gene Expression
6.20 Chromatin Accessibility and Transcription Factor Binding
6.21 MicroRNAs
6.22 Transcription Factors
6.23 Probiotics and Immune Response
6.24 Tissue-Specific Gene Expression
6.25 Gene–Diet–Disease Interaction
6.26 Nutrigenomics and DM
6.27 Conclusion
References
7. Molecular Nutrition in Wound Healing
Anuj Mittal, Saurabh Choudhary, Anshul, Ashwani, Dalapathi Gugulothu and Meenakshi Kanwar Chauhan
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Concepts in Wound Healing
7.2.1 Phases of Wound Healing
7.2.2 Cellular and Molecular Processes
7.2.3 Factors Affecting Wound Healing
7.3 Nutritional Requirements for Wound Healing
7.3.1 Macronutrients
7.3.2 Micronutrients
7.3.3 Bioactive Compounds
7.4 Molecular Mechanisms of Nutrients in Wound Healing
7.4.1 Protein Synthesis and Tissue Repair
7.4.2 Antioxidant Effects of Vitamins
7.4.3 Immunomodulatory Role of Nutrients
7.4.4 Angiogenesis and Nutrient Signaling
7.5 Biological Factors in Nonhealing Chronic Wounds: Clinical Presentation and Challenges
7.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects
References
8. Dietary Prebiotics for Obesity: Association and Prevention Mechanism
Sonal Gupta Jain and Komal Chauhan
8.1 Obesity: A Pathophysiological Perspective
8.1.1 Genetics
8.1.2 Environment
8.1.3 Metabolism
8.1.4 Neurological factors
8.1.5 Inflammation
8.1.6 Gut microbiota
8.1.7 Psychological factors
8.2 Prebiotics
8.2.1 Prebiotics: Types and Functional Variants
8.2.1.1 Fructans
8.2.1.2 Galacto-Oligosaccharides
8.2.1.3 Starch and Glucose-Derived Oligosaccharides
8.2.1.4 Other OSCs
8.2.1.5 Noncarbohydrate OSCs
8.2.2 Mechanism of Action of Prebiotics
8.2.3 Clinical Application of Prebiotics
8.2.3.1 Application in Gastrointestinal Health Management
8.2.3.2 Application in Metabolic Regulation
8.2.3.3 Application in Immune Modulation
8.2.3.4 Application in Neuroprotective Effects
8.2.4 Health Benefits of Prebiotics
8.2.4.1 Gut Health
8.2.4.2 Immune Modulation
8.2.4.3 Metabolic Health
8.2.4.4 Nutrient Absorption
8.2.4.5 Mental Health
8.3 Role of Dietary Prebiotics in Shaping Gut Microbiota and Its Link with Obesity
8.4 Influence of Prebiotics on Obesity Prevention via Modulation of Fatty Acid and Glucose Metabolism
8.5 Impact of Prebiotics and Gut Microbiota on the Regulation of Satiety Hormones
8.6 Role of Prebiotics in Management of Obesity
References
9. Psychobiotic Association in Gastrointestinal Tract for Prevention of Neuropsychological Disorders
Ruchi Jaiswal, Saumya Jaiswal, Deepika and Anita Kumari
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Understanding the Gut–Brain Axis
9.3 Microbiota in the Gut–Brain Axis and Their Functions
9.4 Defining Psychobiotics and Their Distinct Properties
9.4.1 Mechanism of Action
9.5 Psychobiotic and Neuropsychological Disorders
9.5.1 Depression
9.5.2 Parkinson Disease
9.5.3 Autism Spectrum Disorder
9.5.4 Schizophrenia
9.6 Functional Foods Packed with Psychobiotics
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. Biomedical Applications of Omega-3-FAs Induced Molecular Changes: Therapeutic Approach for Prevention of Skeletal Deformities
Aishwarya Dhiman, Snigdha Homroy, Priyanka Kumari Singh and Rajni Chopra
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Metabolic Pathway of Omega-3 FAs
10.3 Biomedical Applications of Omega-3 FAs
10.3.1 Cardiovascular Diseases
10.3.2 Stroke
10.3.3 Hypertension
10.3.4 Blood Cholesterol
10.3.5 Cancer
10.3.6 Inflammation
10.4 Skeletal Deformities: Causes and Implications
10.4.1 Periodontitis
10.4.2 Osteoporosis
10.4.3 Bone Fracture
10.4.4 Rheumatoid Arthritis
10.4.5 Tumor-Associated Bone Destruction
10.4.6 Other Bone Disorders
10.5 Role of Omega-3 FAs in Skeletal Deformities
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Revealing the Insights of Molecular Nutrition in the Resilience of Muscle Strength
Manpreet Kaur, Pramod Kumar and Gulab Singh
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Engagement in Regular Muscle Training Contributes in the Resilience of Muscle Strength
11.2.1 Lifting Light and Heavy Frequency Weight
11.2.2 Restricting Blood Flow Conditioning
11.2.3 Failures in Strength Training Endeavors
11.3 Consumption of High-Quality Protein and Nutritional Factors Affecting the Muscle Resilience
11.3.1 Consumption of High-Quality Proteins Diet
11.3.1.1 Amino Acids
11.3.1.2 Collagen Peptides
11.3.1.3 Selenium Proteins
11.3.1.4 Carotenoids
11.3.1.5 n-3 Fatty Acids and n-6 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated FAs
11.3.1.6 Vitamin D
11.3.1.7 Vitamin E
11.4 Impact of Poor Nutrition Diet and Its Evaluation and Management
11.4.1 Consequences Occurring Due to Poor Nutritious Diet
11.4.2 Pathophysical Conditions Related Impairment in Muscular Structure or Muscle Mass
11.4.3 Evaluation Methods to Measures the Muscle Strength and Endurance
11.4.3.1 Measuring the Process of mTOR Activation
11.4.3.2 Muscle Strengthening Test
11.4.3.3 Body Mass Index
11.4.3.4 Other Scale Meaures
11.4.4 Management Procedure
11.5 Conclusion
References
12. Pathogens Aggravating Insulin Resistance: Molecular Mechanism
Anshi, Sonia Sharma, Deepika, Anshu Kumari Yadav and Vipasha Sharma
12.1 Introduction
12.2 IR and DM
12.3 Insulin-Resistant Diseases in Humans
12.4 Connection between IR and Pathogens
12.4.1 Inflammation
12.4.2 Immune Response and Insulin Signaling
12.4.3 Alteration in Gut Microbiota
12.4.4 Molecular Mimicry
12.4.4.1 Viral Triggers and Autoimmunity in T1DM
12.4.5 Direct Effect of Pathogens on Insulin Signaling
12.4.5.1 Mechanism of Insulin Signaling Disruption Owing to Pathogens
12.5 Conclusion
References
13. Bioactive Peptides: Advanced Extraction and Applications for Diabetes Prevention
Sonia Sharma and Anshi
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Food-Sourced Antidiabetic Peptides
13.2.1 Antidiabetic Peptides Derived from Animals
13.2.1.1 Dairy Stuff
13.2.1.2 Eggs
13.2.1.3 Meat Products
13.2.1.4 Fish
13.2.2 Animal-Derived Antidiabetic Peptides
13.2.2.1 Legumes and Pulses
13.2.2.2 Cereals and Pseudocereals
13.2.2.3 Nuts and Plant Seeds
13.3 Various Functional BAPs and Their Beneficial Effects
13.3.1 Pharmacological Properties
13.3.2 Antioxidant Properties
13.3.3 Antimicrobial Properties
13.3.4 Immunomodulatory Properties
13.3.5 Cytomodulatory Properties
13.3.6 Antihypertensive
13.3.7 Metabolic Effects
13.3.8 Opioid Activity
13.3.9 Anti-Inflammatory Effect
13.4 Advanced Extraction Method of BAPs
13.4.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
13.4.2 Pulsed Electric Field Extraction
13.4.3 Membrane-Based Extraction
13.4.4 Ionic Liquids–Based Extraction
13.4.5 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
13.4.6 Enzyme-Membrane Bioreactor
13.5 Separation Method of BAPs
13.5.1 Membrane Separation Technology
13.5.2 Gel Permeation Chromatography
13.5.3 Ion Exchange Chromatography
13.5.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Reverse Phase (RP)–High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
13.6 Application of BAPs for Diabetic Prevention
13.6.1 α-Glucosidase Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides
13.6.2 α-Amylase Inhibitors
13.6.3 DPP-IV Inhibitors
13.6.4 Inhibitors of the Glucose Transporter System
13.7 Challenges and Conclusion
References
Index
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