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Submit a ProposalConversion and Utilization of Wastes into Sustainable Products, Volume I
 | Volume I: Natural and Industrial Wastes for Functional Materials Applications Edited by Mousumi Sen Copyright: 2026 | Expected Pub Date:2026/03/30 ISBN: 9781394371341 | Hardcover | 704 pages |
One Line Description
Master the foundational strategies for transforming diverse waste streams into high-performance, carbon-based functional materials with this essential first volume, bridging the gap between innovative green fabrication and real-world industrial application.
Audience
Materials scientists, nanoscientists, nanotechnologists, chemical and biological engineers, and biochemists working in the field of nanostructure synthesis and nanoscience.
Materials scientists, nanoscientists, nanotechnologists, chemical and biological engineers, and biochemists working in the field of nanostructure synthesis and nanoscience.
Description
Growing pollution of the natural environment and depletion of conventional resources have become key motives for searching for eco-friendly, renewable, and sustainable alternative energy sources. Particular attention is paid to natural and industrial waste, which can be converted into fuels and energy that meet the growing needs of humanity. Natural and biowaste materials can be used as a template to create innovative nanocomposites and green nanocatalysts from biodegradable, earth-abundant, affordable, and renewable sources to prevent the accumulation and aggregation of nanomaterials. These two volumes highlight the latest research into the role of waste to create a cleaner, more sustainable future.
This volume compiles and analyzes the most recent studies on waste conversion for value-added product production, exploring the relationships among the fabrication methods, their resulting structures and properties, and their performance in various applications. It also discusses current-state-of-the-art uses of carbon-based functional materials, which have proven their effectiveness and efficiency in many applications. This volume explores recent material-development strategies for converting diverse waste streams into carbon-based functional materials, highlighting greener, more sustainable, and environmentally benign alternatives with significant potential for both industry and academia.
Readers will find the volume:
• Highlights recent material development strategies to convert various types of waste into valuable carbon-based functional materials;
• Discusses current state-of-the-art uses of carbon-based functional materials that have proven their effectiveness and efficiency for applications;
• Explores relationships between fabrication methods, the resulting structures and properties, and their performance in various applications.
Back to Top
Growing pollution of the natural environment and depletion of conventional resources have become key motives for searching for eco-friendly, renewable, and sustainable alternative energy sources. Particular attention is paid to natural and industrial waste, which can be converted into fuels and energy that meet the growing needs of humanity. Natural and biowaste materials can be used as a template to create innovative nanocomposites and green nanocatalysts from biodegradable, earth-abundant, affordable, and renewable sources to prevent the accumulation and aggregation of nanomaterials. These two volumes highlight the latest research into the role of waste to create a cleaner, more sustainable future.
This volume compiles and analyzes the most recent studies on waste conversion for value-added product production, exploring the relationships among the fabrication methods, their resulting structures and properties, and their performance in various applications. It also discusses current-state-of-the-art uses of carbon-based functional materials, which have proven their effectiveness and efficiency in many applications. This volume explores recent material-development strategies for converting diverse waste streams into carbon-based functional materials, highlighting greener, more sustainable, and environmentally benign alternatives with significant potential for both industry and academia.
Readers will find the volume:
• Highlights recent material development strategies to convert various types of waste into valuable carbon-based functional materials;
• Discusses current state-of-the-art uses of carbon-based functional materials that have proven their effectiveness and efficiency for applications;
• Explores relationships between fabrication methods, the resulting structures and properties, and their performance in various applications.
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Mousumi Sen, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Amity University, Noida, India. She has published numerous peer-reviewed research articles in journals of high repute, as well as authored and edited books and book chapters. Her research focuses on the development of biotechnological processes for bioprocessing and conversion of waste to generate bioenergy, biofuels, and biobased chemicals.
Mousumi Sen, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Amity University, Noida, India. She has published numerous peer-reviewed research articles in journals of high repute, as well as authored and edited books and book chapters. Her research focuses on the development of biotechnological processes for bioprocessing and conversion of waste to generate bioenergy, biofuels, and biobased chemicals.
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Table of Contents
Preface
Part 1: Technologies for Converting Wastes to Energy
1. Technologies for Converting Food Waste to Energy: Current State and Prospects
A. Asha Monicka, M. Suguna Devakumari and G. Jeevarathinam
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Characterization of Food Waste
1.3 Existing Technologies for Food Waste to Energy Conversion
1.3.1 Pyrolysis
1.3.1.1 Fast Pyrolysis
1.3.1.2 Slow Pyrolysis
1.3.1.3 Effects of the Pyrolysis Process on the Environment
1.3.2 Incineration
1.3.2.1 Effect of Incineration Process on the Health
1.3.3 Landfills
1.3.4 Anaerobic Bioconversion
1.3.4.1 Parameters Affecting Anaerobic Digestion
1.3.4.2 Zero Solid Discharge by Anaerobi Digestion and Ultrafast Hydrolysis
1.3.4.3 Economic Feasibility
1.3.5 Aerobic Composting
1.4 Emerging Technologies for Food Waste Conversion to Hydrogen Production
1.4.1 Dark Fermentation (DF)
1.4.1.1 Challenges in Dark Fermentation Process
1.4.2 Gasification Process
1.4.2.1 Hydrothermal Gasification
1.5 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HC) for the Production of Hydrochar from Food Waste
1.5.1 Challenges in Hydrothermal Carbonization
1.6 Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HL) for the Production of Bio-Oil from Food Waste
1.6.1 Challenges in Hydrothermal Liquefaction
1.7 Integrated Food Waste Management by Biological Processes
1.7.1 Zero Solid Recovery – Food Waste to Bio-Fertilizer
1.7.2 Zero Solid Recovery – Food Waste to Electric Energy
1.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
2. Biomass Materials as Potential Sources of Future Sustainability
A. Surendra Babu, Ashok Kumar Chakka and P. Sankarganesh
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Overview of Biomass Utilization
2.2 Types of Biomass Materials
2.2.1 Agriculture Waste
2.2.2 Energy Crops
2.2.3 Microalgae
2.2.4 Forestry Waste
2.2.5 Organic Waste from Food Industries
2.3 Biomass Conversion Technologies
2.3.1 Combustion
2.3.2 Gasification and Pyrolysis
2.3.3 Anaerobic Digestion – Fermentation
2.4 Applications of Biomass Materials
2.4.1 Bioenergy (Electricity and Heat)
2.4.1.1 Combustion for Heat and Power
2.4.1.2 Gasification and Pyrolysis
2.4.1.3 Sustainability Benefits
2.4.2 Biofuels (Bioethanol, Biodiesel)
2.4.2.1 Bioethanol Production and Use
2.4.2.2 Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils and Waste
2.4.2.3 Environmental and Economic Impact
2.4.3 Bioproducts (Bioplastics, Biochemicals)
2.4.3.1 Bioplastics and Sustainability
2.4.3.2 Biochemicals from Biomass
2.5 Environmental and Economic Benefits
2.5.1 Carbon Neutrality
2.5.2 Waste Reduction
2.5.3 Socio-Economic Development
2.5.4 Challenges in Utilizing Biomass
2.5.5 Misconception About Biomass Energy
2.5.6 Inadequate Awareness on Biomass Utilization
2.5.7 Legal and Institutional Barriers
2.5.8 Economic Feasibility in Utilizing Biomass
2.6 Challenges and Future Directions
2.7 Conclusion
References
3. Carbon-Based Waste-Derived Functional Materials and Their Diverse Applications
Anindya S. Manna, Rajesh Nandi, Antara Roy, Sandip Das, Nilay Karchaudhuri, Subhasis Samai and Dilip K. Maiti
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Variable Sustainable Production Techniques for Carbon-Based Materials and Their Utilities
3.2.1 Pyrolysis of Activated Carbon and Biochar
3.2.1.1 Role of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Properties
3.2.1.2 Activation of Biochar to Produce Activated Carbon
3.2.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)
3.2.3 Functionalization Techniques for Improved Performance
3.3 Key Properties of Carbon-Based Materials
3.3.1 Porosity and Surface Area
3.3.2 Tunability on Surface Chemistry
3.3.2.1 Progress in Surface Functionalization
3.4 Eco-Benign Uses of Sustainable Carbon Materials
3.4.1 Water Purification
3.4.1.1 Absorption of Water-Insoluble Contaminants and Solvents
3.4.1.2 Adsorption of Organic Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions and Molecules
3.4.1.3 Nanocomposite Materials in Water Treatment
3.4.2 Soil Remediation
3.5 Energy Storage and Renewable Energy: Role of Carbon Functional Materials
3.5.1 Carbon-Based Materials in Energy Storage
3.5.1.1 Supercapacitors: Power Delivery and High Energy Density
3.5.1.2 Durability and Enhancing Capacity of Lithium-Ion Batteries
3.5.1.3 Carbon-Based Electrochemical Capacitors
3.5.2 Renewable Energy Integration
3.5.2.1 Carbon-Based Solar Cells
3.5.2.2 Fuel Cells: Durability and Enhanced Efficiency
3.5.2.3 Carbon-Based Mediated Hydrogen Production
3.6 Carbon-Based Materials in Biomedical Applications
3.6.1 Carbon-Based Materials for Drug Delivery Applications
3.6.1.1 Utilization of Functionalized CNTs in Targeted Drug Delivery
3.6.1.2 Graphene and GO Based Materials for Drug Delivery
3.6.2 Carbon Materials for Biosensor Applications
3.6.2.1 CNT-Mediated Biosensors
3.6.2.2 Graphene-Based Biosensors
3.6.3 Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering
3.7 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
4. Waste to Energy (WTE) Biomass-Based Energy Systems: The Future Scope of Biomass Waste Energy Source
Tista Sengupta, Dripta De Joarder, Poulami Hota, Tithi Maity and Dilip K. Maiti
Introduction
4.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass
4.1.1 Methods for the Generation of Fuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass
4.1.1.1 Gasification
4.1.1.2 Pyrolysis
4.1.1.3 Liquefaction
4.1.1.4 Hydrolysis
4.1.1.5 Aqueous Phase Reforming and Derivative Technologies
Conclusion
Bibliography
5. Biomass Waste as Sustainable Raw Material for Energy and Fuels
Sakthivel Sangeetha, Dineshkumar T., Pragalyaashree M.M. and Freeda Blessie R.
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Overview of Biomass Waste
5.1.2 Importance of Sustainable Energy Solutions
5.2 Biomass
5.2.1 Biomass Sources for Energy
5.2.2 Highlights of the Power Sector in India
5.3 The Importance of Biomass
5.4 Types of Biomass Waste
5.4.1 Waste Resources
5.4.2 Agricultural Waste and Crop Residue
5.4.2.1 The Long-Term Profits Comprise
5.4.3 Forestry Waste
5.4.4 Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste
5.4.5 Aquatic Waste
5.4.6 Byproducts, Residues, and Wastes
5.5 Biomass Conversion Technologies
5.6 Bioenergy Production
5.6.1 Biogas from Waste
5.6.2 Biodiesel from Bio-Waste
5.6.3 The Renewable Fuel (Biodiesel)
5.6.4 Bio-Alcohol from Bio-Waste
5.6.5 Bioelectricity from Bio-Waste
5.6.6 Biochar Production
5.7 Environmental and Economic Benefits
5.7.1 Environmental Impact
5.7.2 Economic Benefits
5.8 Technological Advancements
5.9 Challenges
5.10 Policy and Government Incentives
5.11 Conclusion
References
6. Techniques for Transforming Wastes Into Useful Resources
Dineshkumar T., Sakthivel Sangeetha, Pragalyaashree M.M. and Freeda Blessie R.
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nature of Biomass
6.3 Types of Biomass
6.3.1 Based on Chemical Composition
6.3.2 Based on Origin
6.3.3 Based on Biomass Usage
6.4 Biochar
6.4.1 Techniques of Biochar
6.4.2 Applications of Biochar
6.5 Composting
6.5.1 Techniques of Composting
6.5.1.1 Aerobic Composting
6.5.1.2 Anaerobic Composting
6.5.2 Application Composting
6.6 Anaerobic Digestion
6.6.1 Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
6.6.2 Digestate from Anaerobic Digestion
6.6.3 Application Anaerobic Digestion Based Biogas Production and Digestate
6.7 Biochemical Conversion
6.7.1 Techniques of Biochemical Conversion
6.7.1.1 Hydrolysis
6.7.1.2 Fermentation
6.7.2 Application of Biochemical Conversion
6.8 Conclusion
References
7. Biomass Waste Processing: Technological Progress and Upgrading
Aditi Negi and Jeyan A. Moses
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification of Biomass Waste
7.3 Biomass Waste Conversion Technologies
7.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion
7.3.1.1 Combustion
7.3.1.2 Gasification
7.3.1.3 Pyrolysis
7.3.1.4 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)
7.3.1.5 Torrefaction
7.3.2 Biological Conversion
7.3.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion
7.3.2.2 Fermentation
7.3.2.3 Aerobic Composting
7.3.3 Biochemical Conversion Technologies
7.3.3.1 Hydrolysis
7.3.3.2 Transesterification
7.3.3.3 Supercritical Water Gasification
7.4 Selection of Biomass Conversion Technology
7.5 Challenges Related to Biomass Conversion
7.6 Global Case Studies of Biomass Processing Plants
7.7 Future Trends and Innovations in Biomass Waste Processing
7.8 Conclusion
References
Web References
Part 2: Waste Derived Carbon Based Materials for Environmental Remediation
8. Waste-Derived Carbon-Based Absorbents for Removal of Water-Soluble Organic Molecules
Komal Gupta and Poonam Rajesh Prasad
Introduction
8.1 Antibiotic Classes
8.1.1 Tetracycline
8.1.2 Quinolones
8.1.3 Penicillin
8.1.4 Macrolides
8.2 Carbon-Based Adsorbents for Antibiotic Removal
8.2.1 Activated Carbon
8.2.2 Adsorptive Removal of Antibiotics by Activated Carbon
8.3 Adsorption Mechanisms
8.4 Adsorption Process of Organic Contaminants onto CNTs
8.4.1 π-π Interactions
8.4.2 Hydrogen Bonding
8.4.3 Electrostatic Interactions
8.4.4 Hydrophobic Interactions
Conclusion and Future Outlook
Future Outlook
Bibliography
9. Biomass Wastes for Functional Material Synthesis and Their Applications
Sudipta Kr. Kundu, Krishna Chattopadhyay, Ankita Chakraborty, Soumyadeep Mitra and Dilip K. Maiti
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classification of Biomass Waste Based on Origin and Their Compositions
9.2.1 Agricultural Wastes
9.2.1.1 Compositions
9.2.1.2 Different Types of Agricultural Wastes
9.2.2 Forestry Wastes
9.2.2.1 Compositions
9.2.3 Industrial Biomass Wastes
9.2.3.1 Compositions
9.2.4 Municipal Biomass Wastes
9.2.4.1 Compositions
9.3 Various Methods for Biomass Conversion to Biochar
9.3.1 Pyrolysis
9.3.2 Gasification
9.3.3 Hydrothermal Carbonization
9.3.4 Torrefaction
9.3.5 Flash Carbonization
9.3.6 Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis
9.4 Properties of Biochar
9.4.1 Biochar Properties for Energy Storage
9.4.2 Biochar Properties for Catalysis
9.4.3 Biochar Properties for Wastewater Treatment
9.4.4 Biochar Properties for Soil Amendment and Carbon Sequestration
9.4.5 Biochar Properties for Air Pollution Control
9.4.6 Biochar Properties for Carbon Capture and Storage
9.5 Activation of Biochar for the Preparation of Diverse Functionalized Materials
9.5.1 Physical Activation
9.5.2 Chemical Activation
9.5.3 Combined Activation (Physical and Chemical)
9.5.4 Microwave-Assisted Activation
9.6 Functional Materials Derived from Agricultural Wastes and Their Applications in Catalysis
9.6.1 Functional Nanocomposites from Rice Husk
9.6.2 Sugar Cane Bagasse (SCB) Derived Materials
9.6.3 Functional Material Derived from Walnut Shell
9.6.4 Various Other Functional Materials from Agricultural Wastes
9.7 Applications of Materials Derived from Forestry Biomass Wastes
9.7.1 Bioenergy Production
9.7.2 Biochar Production
9.7.3 Activated Carbon
9.7.4 Renewable Chemicals and Bioproducts
9.7.5 Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change Mitigation
9.7.6 Biomaterials and Packaging
9.7.7 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
9.7.8 Hybrid and Composite Materials
9.8 Applications of Functional Materials-Derived from Industrial Biomass Waste
9.8.1 Bioenergy Production
9.8.2 Soil Amendment and Fertilizer
9.8.3 Bio-Based Composites and Materials
9.9 Applications of Municipal Solid Waste Based Functional Materials
9.10 Conclusion
References
10. Plant-Based Nanocomposites with Plant Waste
Leya B., Nivetha T.U., Freeda Blessie R. and M.M. Pragalyaashree
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Composition and Characteristics of Plant Waste Nanocomposite
10.2.1 Structure of Plant Waste Nanocomposites
10.2.1.1 Lignin Nanoparticles
10.2.1.2 Hemicellulose and Pectin
10.2.1.3 Polymeric Matrix
10.2.2 Features of Nanocomposites Derived from Plant Waste
10.2.2.1 Mechanical Properties
10.2.2.2 Thermal Properties
10.2.2.3 Barrier Characteristics
10.2.2.4 Antimicrobial Properties
10.3 Types of Nanoparticles in Plant-Based Nanocomposites
10.4 Methods for Extracting Nanocomposites from Plant Waste
10.5 Characterization of Plant-Based Nanocomposites
10.6 Application of Plant-Based Nanocomposites
10.6.1 Packaging Industry
10.6.2 Automative Industry
10.6.3 Construction Industry
10.6.4 Healthcare Application
10.6.5 The Textile Industry
10.6.6 Electronics & Energy Storage
10.6.7 Environmental Remediation
10.7 Challenges
10.8 Future Perspectives
10.9 Conclusion
References
11. Recent Advancements in Waste-Derived Functional Materials for Wastewater Remediation
Susmita Das, Kajari Dutta and Pritha Saha
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Introduction to Various Types of Wastes Used for Water Purification Systems
11.3 Methods for Functionalization of Wastes to Produce Functional Materials for Water Purification
11.4 Uses of Wastes in Wastewater Pollution: Challenges and Future Prospects
Agricultural Wastes
Challenges and Future Prospects
Electronic Wastes
Challenges and Future Directions
Using Industrial Waste in Industrial Waste-Management
Challenges and Future Directions
11.5 Mechanism of Adsorption of Wastewater Pollutants
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Waste-Derived Adsorbents for the Removal of Pollutants
Biswajit Panda
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Industrial Waste
12.2.1 Types of Industrial Waste Used as Adsorbents
12.3 Agricultural Waste
12.3.1 Types of Agricultural Waste
12.3.2 Utilization of Agricultural Waste as Adsorbent
12.3.3 Applications of Agricultural Waste Adsorbents
12.3.3.1 Air Purification
12.3.3.2 Water Treatment
12.3.3.3 Soil Remediation
12.3.3.4 Removal of Biocides and Herbicides
12.4 Benefits of the Utilization of Waste as Adsorbents
12.4.1 Environmental Benefits
12.4.1.1 Waste Reduction and Resource Recovery
12.4.1.2 Reduction in Raw Material Extraction
12.4.1.3 Cleaner Air and Water
12.4.1.4 Lower Greenhouse Gas Emissions
12.4.1.5 Sustainable Waste Management
12.4.2 Economic Benefits
12.4.2.1 Cost-Effective Pollution Control
12.4.2.2 Reduction in Waste Disposal Costs
12.4.2.3 Revenue Generation
12.4.2.4 Enhanced Compliance with Environmental Regulations
12.4.2.5 Support for Sustainable Industrial Practices
12.5 Challenges and Future Potential
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
13. Photocatalysts Made from Waste to Degrade Pollutants
Ashna Gupta, Nida Khan, Nayeem Ahmed, Waqas A. Khan and Zeba N. Siddiqui
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Photocatalysis
13.2.1 Homogeneous Photocatalysis
13.2.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
13.3 Waste-Derived Photocatalysts
13.3.1 Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles (CaO NPs)
13.3.1.1 CaO NPs Derived from Waste
13.3.1.2 Mechanism of Dye Degradation by Photocatalysis
13.3.2 Zinc Oxide NPs (ZnO NPs) as Photocatalysts
13.3.2.1 ZnO NPs Synthesized from Waste
13.3.2.2 Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO NPs
13.3.3 Hydroxyapatite (HAP) as Photocatalysts
13.3.3.1 Synthesis of HAP from Waste Mussel Shells
13.3.3.2 Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants
13.3.4 Biochar as Photocatalyst
13.3.4.1 Sources of BC
13.3.4.2 BC-Based Photocatalytic Degradation
13.3.5 Fly Ash-Based Nanocomposites
13.3.5.1 Mechanism of Photocatalytic Activity
13.3.5.2 Preparation Technique
13.3.6 TiO2/Carbon Materials
13.3.6.1 Method for Synthesis
13.3.6.2 Photocatalytic Activity
13.4 Methods of Synthesis
13.4.1 Sol-Gel Method
13.4.2 Hydrothermal Method
13.4.3 Solvothermal Method
13.4.4 Sono-Chemical Method
13.4.5 Metal-Organic Decomposition Method
13.4.6 Layer-by-Layer Assembly Method
13.4.7 Electrospinning
13.4.8 Chemical Vapor Method
13.5 Conclusion
13.6 Abbreviations
References
14. Carbon-Based Wastewater Treatment Material Made from Biomass Waste
Pranav Shreyaskar and Poonam Rajesh Prasad
Introduction
Wastewater
Carbon-Based Materials
Key Factors Influencing the Performance of Carbon Materials
Derivation of Carbon-Based Material from Biomass Waste
Activation Biomass
Conclusion and Prospects for the Future
References
Part 3: Waste Valorization for Functional Carbon Materials: The Latest Developments and Their Use
15. Nature’s Source of Functional Carbon: Carbon Materials Derived from Biomass and the Latest Developments in their Use
M. Suguna Devakumari and A. Asha Monicka
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Sustainable Production Methods
15.2.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization
15.2.2 Torrefaction
15.2.3 Carbonization
15.2.4 Combustion
15.2.5 Calcination
15.2.6 Production of Activated Carbon
15.3 Structure of Biomass Derived Carbon
15.3.1 0D Structure
15.3.1.1 CNPs
15.3.1.2 CNDs
15.3.1.3 CNCs
15.3.2 1D Structure
15.3.2.1 Carbon Nanorods
15.3.2.2 Carbon Nanofibers
15.3.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
15.3.3 2D Structure
15.4 Applications in Energy Devices
15.4.1 Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials in Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
15.4.2 Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials in Supercapacitors
15.4.3 Carbon Materials Derived from Biomass in Batteries
15.4.3.1 Materials Derived from Biomass for Batteries—Substances Derived from
Biomass for Cathodes
15.4.3.2 Materials Derived from Biomass for Batteries—Elements Derived from Biomass for Anodes
15.4.3.3 Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials in Batteries—Biomass-Derived Carbon
Materials in Separators
15.5 Applications in Electronics
15.5.1 Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials as Piezoresistive Sensors
15.5.2 Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials as Chemical Sensors and Biosensors
15.6 Applications in Smart Textile
15.7 Environmental Applications
15.8 Future Challenges and Opportunities
15.8.1 Research on Biomass Precursors
15.8.2 Greener Synthesis of Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials
15.8.3 Evaluation of Formation Mechanisms
15.9 Conclusion
Bibliography
16. Extraction of Natural Polymers from Biomass Wastes through Various Approaches for Further Applications in Food, Agriculture, and Medicine
Swetha Priya Gali, Srinivasan K. and R. Meenatchi
Introduction
16.1 Sources of Biomass Wastes for Natural Polymer Extraction
16.1.1 Agricultural Residues
16.1.2 Forestry Byproducts
16.1.3 Food Processing Waste
16.1.4 Insect Waste
16.1.5 Industrial Waste
16.2 Natural Polymers Extracted from Biomass Wastes
16.2.1 Cellulose
16.2.2 Hemicellulose
16.2.3 Pectin
16.2.4 Chitin
16.2.5 Lignin
16.3 Extraction Techniques for Natural Polymers
16.3.1 Introduction to Extraction Methods
16.3.2 Cellulose Extraction
16.3.3 Extraction of Hemicellulose
16.3.4 Pectin Extraction
16.3.5 Chitin Extraction
16.3.6 Lignin Extraction
16.4 Applications of Natural Polymers in the Food Industry
16.4.1 Cellulose
16.4.2 Pectin and Its Applications in the Food Industry
16.4.3 Chitosan and Its Applications in the Food Industry
16.5 Agricultural Applications of Natural Polymers
16.5.1 Cellulose
16.5.2 Hemicellulose in Farming
16.5.3 Chitosan in Agriculture
16.5.4 Natural Polymers in Agro-Industry
16.6 Medical Applications of Natural Polymers
16.6.1 Biopolymer-Derived Wound Dressings
16.6.2 Natural Polymers-Based Drug Delivery Systems
16.6.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
16.6.4 Natural Polymers in Pharmaceutical Formulations
16.7 Conclusion
Bibliography
17. Feasible and Cost-Effective Approaches for the Conversion of Biomass Wastes into Value-Added Products
Somashree Bandyopadhaya and Debabrata Bera
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Types of Biomass Waste and Their Management Techniques
17.3 Socio-Economic Potential and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Utilization
17.3.1 Economic Sustainability
17.3.2 Environmental Impacts
17.3.3 Social Impacts
17.4 Sustainable Biomass Harvesting
17.5 Biomass Processing Technologies
17.5.1 Traditional Biomass Waste Management Techniques
17.5.2 Technological Advancement in Biomass Processing
17.6 Industrial Symbiosis and Circular Economy Initiatives
17.6.1 Circular Economy Perspective
17.6.2 Techno-Economic Feasibility
17.7 Challenges and Forthcoming Situations
17.8 Cost-Effective Biomass Utilization Strategy
17.9 Future Prospects and Market Trend
17.10 Conclusion
References
18. Roots, Tubers, and Bulbs: Beyond the Usual Suspects: A Potential Resource
Arushi Phillips and Mousumi Sen
Introduction
Frequently Consumed Starchy Tuber and Root Crops around the World
The Bioactive Compounds Present in Roots and Tubers Contribute to their Health-Enhancing Properties
Exploring Bulbs: Nutritional, Production, and Health Benefits
Sustainable Utilization and Valorization
Tubers: Advancing Potato Waste Valorization
Root Vegetables: Maximizing Beetroot Waste Potential
Valorizing Onion Waste: Exploring Bulbous Possibilities
Conclusion
References
19. Waste Valorization for Sustainable Value-Added Products
Mousumi Sen
19.1 Introduction
Production of Value-Added Product from Food Waste by Fermentation
Collection and Segregation of Food Waste
Synthesis of Bioplastic from Natural Waste (Potato Peel)
Applications
Future Work
Bio-Based Polymers
Synthesis of Bio-Based Polymers
Bio-Based Polymers for Packaging
Characterization Techniques for Bio-Based Polymers
Applications in Sustainable Packaging
References
Index
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Preface
Part 1: Technologies for Converting Wastes to Energy
1. Technologies for Converting Food Waste to Energy: Current State and Prospects
A. Asha Monicka, M. Suguna Devakumari and G. Jeevarathinam
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Characterization of Food Waste
1.3 Existing Technologies for Food Waste to Energy Conversion
1.3.1 Pyrolysis
1.3.1.1 Fast Pyrolysis
1.3.1.2 Slow Pyrolysis
1.3.1.3 Effects of the Pyrolysis Process on the Environment
1.3.2 Incineration
1.3.2.1 Effect of Incineration Process on the Health
1.3.3 Landfills
1.3.4 Anaerobic Bioconversion
1.3.4.1 Parameters Affecting Anaerobic Digestion
1.3.4.2 Zero Solid Discharge by Anaerobi Digestion and Ultrafast Hydrolysis
1.3.4.3 Economic Feasibility
1.3.5 Aerobic Composting
1.4 Emerging Technologies for Food Waste Conversion to Hydrogen Production
1.4.1 Dark Fermentation (DF)
1.4.1.1 Challenges in Dark Fermentation Process
1.4.2 Gasification Process
1.4.2.1 Hydrothermal Gasification
1.5 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HC) for the Production of Hydrochar from Food Waste
1.5.1 Challenges in Hydrothermal Carbonization
1.6 Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HL) for the Production of Bio-Oil from Food Waste
1.6.1 Challenges in Hydrothermal Liquefaction
1.7 Integrated Food Waste Management by Biological Processes
1.7.1 Zero Solid Recovery – Food Waste to Bio-Fertilizer
1.7.2 Zero Solid Recovery – Food Waste to Electric Energy
1.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
2. Biomass Materials as Potential Sources of Future Sustainability
A. Surendra Babu, Ashok Kumar Chakka and P. Sankarganesh
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Overview of Biomass Utilization
2.2 Types of Biomass Materials
2.2.1 Agriculture Waste
2.2.2 Energy Crops
2.2.3 Microalgae
2.2.4 Forestry Waste
2.2.5 Organic Waste from Food Industries
2.3 Biomass Conversion Technologies
2.3.1 Combustion
2.3.2 Gasification and Pyrolysis
2.3.3 Anaerobic Digestion – Fermentation
2.4 Applications of Biomass Materials
2.4.1 Bioenergy (Electricity and Heat)
2.4.1.1 Combustion for Heat and Power
2.4.1.2 Gasification and Pyrolysis
2.4.1.3 Sustainability Benefits
2.4.2 Biofuels (Bioethanol, Biodiesel)
2.4.2.1 Bioethanol Production and Use
2.4.2.2 Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils and Waste
2.4.2.3 Environmental and Economic Impact
2.4.3 Bioproducts (Bioplastics, Biochemicals)
2.4.3.1 Bioplastics and Sustainability
2.4.3.2 Biochemicals from Biomass
2.5 Environmental and Economic Benefits
2.5.1 Carbon Neutrality
2.5.2 Waste Reduction
2.5.3 Socio-Economic Development
2.5.4 Challenges in Utilizing Biomass
2.5.5 Misconception About Biomass Energy
2.5.6 Inadequate Awareness on Biomass Utilization
2.5.7 Legal and Institutional Barriers
2.5.8 Economic Feasibility in Utilizing Biomass
2.6 Challenges and Future Directions
2.7 Conclusion
References
3. Carbon-Based Waste-Derived Functional Materials and Their Diverse Applications
Anindya S. Manna, Rajesh Nandi, Antara Roy, Sandip Das, Nilay Karchaudhuri, Subhasis Samai and Dilip K. Maiti
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Variable Sustainable Production Techniques for Carbon-Based Materials and Their Utilities
3.2.1 Pyrolysis of Activated Carbon and Biochar
3.2.1.1 Role of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Properties
3.2.1.2 Activation of Biochar to Produce Activated Carbon
3.2.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)
3.2.3 Functionalization Techniques for Improved Performance
3.3 Key Properties of Carbon-Based Materials
3.3.1 Porosity and Surface Area
3.3.2 Tunability on Surface Chemistry
3.3.2.1 Progress in Surface Functionalization
3.4 Eco-Benign Uses of Sustainable Carbon Materials
3.4.1 Water Purification
3.4.1.1 Absorption of Water-Insoluble Contaminants and Solvents
3.4.1.2 Adsorption of Organic Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions and Molecules
3.4.1.3 Nanocomposite Materials in Water Treatment
3.4.2 Soil Remediation
3.5 Energy Storage and Renewable Energy: Role of Carbon Functional Materials
3.5.1 Carbon-Based Materials in Energy Storage
3.5.1.1 Supercapacitors: Power Delivery and High Energy Density
3.5.1.2 Durability and Enhancing Capacity of Lithium-Ion Batteries
3.5.1.3 Carbon-Based Electrochemical Capacitors
3.5.2 Renewable Energy Integration
3.5.2.1 Carbon-Based Solar Cells
3.5.2.2 Fuel Cells: Durability and Enhanced Efficiency
3.5.2.3 Carbon-Based Mediated Hydrogen Production
3.6 Carbon-Based Materials in Biomedical Applications
3.6.1 Carbon-Based Materials for Drug Delivery Applications
3.6.1.1 Utilization of Functionalized CNTs in Targeted Drug Delivery
3.6.1.2 Graphene and GO Based Materials for Drug Delivery
3.6.2 Carbon Materials for Biosensor Applications
3.6.2.1 CNT-Mediated Biosensors
3.6.2.2 Graphene-Based Biosensors
3.6.3 Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering
3.7 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
4. Waste to Energy (WTE) Biomass-Based Energy Systems: The Future Scope of Biomass Waste Energy Source
Tista Sengupta, Dripta De Joarder, Poulami Hota, Tithi Maity and Dilip K. Maiti
Introduction
4.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass
4.1.1 Methods for the Generation of Fuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass
4.1.1.1 Gasification
4.1.1.2 Pyrolysis
4.1.1.3 Liquefaction
4.1.1.4 Hydrolysis
4.1.1.5 Aqueous Phase Reforming and Derivative Technologies
Conclusion
Bibliography
5. Biomass Waste as Sustainable Raw Material for Energy and Fuels
Sakthivel Sangeetha, Dineshkumar T., Pragalyaashree M.M. and Freeda Blessie R.
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Overview of Biomass Waste
5.1.2 Importance of Sustainable Energy Solutions
5.2 Biomass
5.2.1 Biomass Sources for Energy
5.2.2 Highlights of the Power Sector in India
5.3 The Importance of Biomass
5.4 Types of Biomass Waste
5.4.1 Waste Resources
5.4.2 Agricultural Waste and Crop Residue
5.4.2.1 The Long-Term Profits Comprise
5.4.3 Forestry Waste
5.4.4 Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste
5.4.5 Aquatic Waste
5.4.6 Byproducts, Residues, and Wastes
5.5 Biomass Conversion Technologies
5.6 Bioenergy Production
5.6.1 Biogas from Waste
5.6.2 Biodiesel from Bio-Waste
5.6.3 The Renewable Fuel (Biodiesel)
5.6.4 Bio-Alcohol from Bio-Waste
5.6.5 Bioelectricity from Bio-Waste
5.6.6 Biochar Production
5.7 Environmental and Economic Benefits
5.7.1 Environmental Impact
5.7.2 Economic Benefits
5.8 Technological Advancements
5.9 Challenges
5.10 Policy and Government Incentives
5.11 Conclusion
References
6. Techniques for Transforming Wastes Into Useful Resources
Dineshkumar T., Sakthivel Sangeetha, Pragalyaashree M.M. and Freeda Blessie R.
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nature of Biomass
6.3 Types of Biomass
6.3.1 Based on Chemical Composition
6.3.2 Based on Origin
6.3.3 Based on Biomass Usage
6.4 Biochar
6.4.1 Techniques of Biochar
6.4.2 Applications of Biochar
6.5 Composting
6.5.1 Techniques of Composting
6.5.1.1 Aerobic Composting
6.5.1.2 Anaerobic Composting
6.5.2 Application Composting
6.6 Anaerobic Digestion
6.6.1 Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
6.6.2 Digestate from Anaerobic Digestion
6.6.3 Application Anaerobic Digestion Based Biogas Production and Digestate
6.7 Biochemical Conversion
6.7.1 Techniques of Biochemical Conversion
6.7.1.1 Hydrolysis
6.7.1.2 Fermentation
6.7.2 Application of Biochemical Conversion
6.8 Conclusion
References
7. Biomass Waste Processing: Technological Progress and Upgrading
Aditi Negi and Jeyan A. Moses
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification of Biomass Waste
7.3 Biomass Waste Conversion Technologies
7.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion
7.3.1.1 Combustion
7.3.1.2 Gasification
7.3.1.3 Pyrolysis
7.3.1.4 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)
7.3.1.5 Torrefaction
7.3.2 Biological Conversion
7.3.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion
7.3.2.2 Fermentation
7.3.2.3 Aerobic Composting
7.3.3 Biochemical Conversion Technologies
7.3.3.1 Hydrolysis
7.3.3.2 Transesterification
7.3.3.3 Supercritical Water Gasification
7.4 Selection of Biomass Conversion Technology
7.5 Challenges Related to Biomass Conversion
7.6 Global Case Studies of Biomass Processing Plants
7.7 Future Trends and Innovations in Biomass Waste Processing
7.8 Conclusion
References
Web References
Part 2: Waste Derived Carbon Based Materials for Environmental Remediation
8. Waste-Derived Carbon-Based Absorbents for Removal of Water-Soluble Organic Molecules
Komal Gupta and Poonam Rajesh Prasad
Introduction
8.1 Antibiotic Classes
8.1.1 Tetracycline
8.1.2 Quinolones
8.1.3 Penicillin
8.1.4 Macrolides
8.2 Carbon-Based Adsorbents for Antibiotic Removal
8.2.1 Activated Carbon
8.2.2 Adsorptive Removal of Antibiotics by Activated Carbon
8.3 Adsorption Mechanisms
8.4 Adsorption Process of Organic Contaminants onto CNTs
8.4.1 π-π Interactions
8.4.2 Hydrogen Bonding
8.4.3 Electrostatic Interactions
8.4.4 Hydrophobic Interactions
Conclusion and Future Outlook
Future Outlook
Bibliography
9. Biomass Wastes for Functional Material Synthesis and Their Applications
Sudipta Kr. Kundu, Krishna Chattopadhyay, Ankita Chakraborty, Soumyadeep Mitra and Dilip K. Maiti
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classification of Biomass Waste Based on Origin and Their Compositions
9.2.1 Agricultural Wastes
9.2.1.1 Compositions
9.2.1.2 Different Types of Agricultural Wastes
9.2.2 Forestry Wastes
9.2.2.1 Compositions
9.2.3 Industrial Biomass Wastes
9.2.3.1 Compositions
9.2.4 Municipal Biomass Wastes
9.2.4.1 Compositions
9.3 Various Methods for Biomass Conversion to Biochar
9.3.1 Pyrolysis
9.3.2 Gasification
9.3.3 Hydrothermal Carbonization
9.3.4 Torrefaction
9.3.5 Flash Carbonization
9.3.6 Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis
9.4 Properties of Biochar
9.4.1 Biochar Properties for Energy Storage
9.4.2 Biochar Properties for Catalysis
9.4.3 Biochar Properties for Wastewater Treatment
9.4.4 Biochar Properties for Soil Amendment and Carbon Sequestration
9.4.5 Biochar Properties for Air Pollution Control
9.4.6 Biochar Properties for Carbon Capture and Storage
9.5 Activation of Biochar for the Preparation of Diverse Functionalized Materials
9.5.1 Physical Activation
9.5.2 Chemical Activation
9.5.3 Combined Activation (Physical and Chemical)
9.5.4 Microwave-Assisted Activation
9.6 Functional Materials Derived from Agricultural Wastes and Their Applications in Catalysis
9.6.1 Functional Nanocomposites from Rice Husk
9.6.2 Sugar Cane Bagasse (SCB) Derived Materials
9.6.3 Functional Material Derived from Walnut Shell
9.6.4 Various Other Functional Materials from Agricultural Wastes
9.7 Applications of Materials Derived from Forestry Biomass Wastes
9.7.1 Bioenergy Production
9.7.2 Biochar Production
9.7.3 Activated Carbon
9.7.4 Renewable Chemicals and Bioproducts
9.7.5 Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change Mitigation
9.7.6 Biomaterials and Packaging
9.7.7 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
9.7.8 Hybrid and Composite Materials
9.8 Applications of Functional Materials-Derived from Industrial Biomass Waste
9.8.1 Bioenergy Production
9.8.2 Soil Amendment and Fertilizer
9.8.3 Bio-Based Composites and Materials
9.9 Applications of Municipal Solid Waste Based Functional Materials
9.10 Conclusion
References
10. Plant-Based Nanocomposites with Plant Waste
Leya B., Nivetha T.U., Freeda Blessie R. and M.M. Pragalyaashree
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Composition and Characteristics of Plant Waste Nanocomposite
10.2.1 Structure of Plant Waste Nanocomposites
10.2.1.1 Lignin Nanoparticles
10.2.1.2 Hemicellulose and Pectin
10.2.1.3 Polymeric Matrix
10.2.2 Features of Nanocomposites Derived from Plant Waste
10.2.2.1 Mechanical Properties
10.2.2.2 Thermal Properties
10.2.2.3 Barrier Characteristics
10.2.2.4 Antimicrobial Properties
10.3 Types of Nanoparticles in Plant-Based Nanocomposites
10.4 Methods for Extracting Nanocomposites from Plant Waste
10.5 Characterization of Plant-Based Nanocomposites
10.6 Application of Plant-Based Nanocomposites
10.6.1 Packaging Industry
10.6.2 Automative Industry
10.6.3 Construction Industry
10.6.4 Healthcare Application
10.6.5 The Textile Industry
10.6.6 Electronics & Energy Storage
10.6.7 Environmental Remediation
10.7 Challenges
10.8 Future Perspectives
10.9 Conclusion
References
11. Recent Advancements in Waste-Derived Functional Materials for Wastewater Remediation
Susmita Das, Kajari Dutta and Pritha Saha
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Introduction to Various Types of Wastes Used for Water Purification Systems
11.3 Methods for Functionalization of Wastes to Produce Functional Materials for Water Purification
11.4 Uses of Wastes in Wastewater Pollution: Challenges and Future Prospects
Agricultural Wastes
Challenges and Future Prospects
Electronic Wastes
Challenges and Future Directions
Using Industrial Waste in Industrial Waste-Management
Challenges and Future Directions
11.5 Mechanism of Adsorption of Wastewater Pollutants
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Waste-Derived Adsorbents for the Removal of Pollutants
Biswajit Panda
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Industrial Waste
12.2.1 Types of Industrial Waste Used as Adsorbents
12.3 Agricultural Waste
12.3.1 Types of Agricultural Waste
12.3.2 Utilization of Agricultural Waste as Adsorbent
12.3.3 Applications of Agricultural Waste Adsorbents
12.3.3.1 Air Purification
12.3.3.2 Water Treatment
12.3.3.3 Soil Remediation
12.3.3.4 Removal of Biocides and Herbicides
12.4 Benefits of the Utilization of Waste as Adsorbents
12.4.1 Environmental Benefits
12.4.1.1 Waste Reduction and Resource Recovery
12.4.1.2 Reduction in Raw Material Extraction
12.4.1.3 Cleaner Air and Water
12.4.1.4 Lower Greenhouse Gas Emissions
12.4.1.5 Sustainable Waste Management
12.4.2 Economic Benefits
12.4.2.1 Cost-Effective Pollution Control
12.4.2.2 Reduction in Waste Disposal Costs
12.4.2.3 Revenue Generation
12.4.2.4 Enhanced Compliance with Environmental Regulations
12.4.2.5 Support for Sustainable Industrial Practices
12.5 Challenges and Future Potential
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
13. Photocatalysts Made from Waste to Degrade Pollutants
Ashna Gupta, Nida Khan, Nayeem Ahmed, Waqas A. Khan and Zeba N. Siddiqui
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Photocatalysis
13.2.1 Homogeneous Photocatalysis
13.2.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
13.3 Waste-Derived Photocatalysts
13.3.1 Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles (CaO NPs)
13.3.1.1 CaO NPs Derived from Waste
13.3.1.2 Mechanism of Dye Degradation by Photocatalysis
13.3.2 Zinc Oxide NPs (ZnO NPs) as Photocatalysts
13.3.2.1 ZnO NPs Synthesized from Waste
13.3.2.2 Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO NPs
13.3.3 Hydroxyapatite (HAP) as Photocatalysts
13.3.3.1 Synthesis of HAP from Waste Mussel Shells
13.3.3.2 Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants
13.3.4 Biochar as Photocatalyst
13.3.4.1 Sources of BC
13.3.4.2 BC-Based Photocatalytic Degradation
13.3.5 Fly Ash-Based Nanocomposites
13.3.5.1 Mechanism of Photocatalytic Activity
13.3.5.2 Preparation Technique
13.3.6 TiO2/Carbon Materials
13.3.6.1 Method for Synthesis
13.3.6.2 Photocatalytic Activity
13.4 Methods of Synthesis
13.4.1 Sol-Gel Method
13.4.2 Hydrothermal Method
13.4.3 Solvothermal Method
13.4.4 Sono-Chemical Method
13.4.5 Metal-Organic Decomposition Method
13.4.6 Layer-by-Layer Assembly Method
13.4.7 Electrospinning
13.4.8 Chemical Vapor Method
13.5 Conclusion
13.6 Abbreviations
References
14. Carbon-Based Wastewater Treatment Material Made from Biomass Waste
Pranav Shreyaskar and Poonam Rajesh Prasad
Introduction
Wastewater
Carbon-Based Materials
Key Factors Influencing the Performance of Carbon Materials
Derivation of Carbon-Based Material from Biomass Waste
Activation Biomass
Conclusion and Prospects for the Future
References
Part 3: Waste Valorization for Functional Carbon Materials: The Latest Developments and Their Use
15. Nature’s Source of Functional Carbon: Carbon Materials Derived from Biomass and the Latest Developments in their Use
M. Suguna Devakumari and A. Asha Monicka
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Sustainable Production Methods
15.2.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization
15.2.2 Torrefaction
15.2.3 Carbonization
15.2.4 Combustion
15.2.5 Calcination
15.2.6 Production of Activated Carbon
15.3 Structure of Biomass Derived Carbon
15.3.1 0D Structure
15.3.1.1 CNPs
15.3.1.2 CNDs
15.3.1.3 CNCs
15.3.2 1D Structure
15.3.2.1 Carbon Nanorods
15.3.2.2 Carbon Nanofibers
15.3.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
15.3.3 2D Structure
15.4 Applications in Energy Devices
15.4.1 Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials in Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
15.4.2 Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials in Supercapacitors
15.4.3 Carbon Materials Derived from Biomass in Batteries
15.4.3.1 Materials Derived from Biomass for Batteries—Substances Derived from
Biomass for Cathodes
15.4.3.2 Materials Derived from Biomass for Batteries—Elements Derived from Biomass for Anodes
15.4.3.3 Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials in Batteries—Biomass-Derived Carbon
Materials in Separators
15.5 Applications in Electronics
15.5.1 Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials as Piezoresistive Sensors
15.5.2 Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials as Chemical Sensors and Biosensors
15.6 Applications in Smart Textile
15.7 Environmental Applications
15.8 Future Challenges and Opportunities
15.8.1 Research on Biomass Precursors
15.8.2 Greener Synthesis of Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials
15.8.3 Evaluation of Formation Mechanisms
15.9 Conclusion
Bibliography
16. Extraction of Natural Polymers from Biomass Wastes through Various Approaches for Further Applications in Food, Agriculture, and Medicine
Swetha Priya Gali, Srinivasan K. and R. Meenatchi
Introduction
16.1 Sources of Biomass Wastes for Natural Polymer Extraction
16.1.1 Agricultural Residues
16.1.2 Forestry Byproducts
16.1.3 Food Processing Waste
16.1.4 Insect Waste
16.1.5 Industrial Waste
16.2 Natural Polymers Extracted from Biomass Wastes
16.2.1 Cellulose
16.2.2 Hemicellulose
16.2.3 Pectin
16.2.4 Chitin
16.2.5 Lignin
16.3 Extraction Techniques for Natural Polymers
16.3.1 Introduction to Extraction Methods
16.3.2 Cellulose Extraction
16.3.3 Extraction of Hemicellulose
16.3.4 Pectin Extraction
16.3.5 Chitin Extraction
16.3.6 Lignin Extraction
16.4 Applications of Natural Polymers in the Food Industry
16.4.1 Cellulose
16.4.2 Pectin and Its Applications in the Food Industry
16.4.3 Chitosan and Its Applications in the Food Industry
16.5 Agricultural Applications of Natural Polymers
16.5.1 Cellulose
16.5.2 Hemicellulose in Farming
16.5.3 Chitosan in Agriculture
16.5.4 Natural Polymers in Agro-Industry
16.6 Medical Applications of Natural Polymers
16.6.1 Biopolymer-Derived Wound Dressings
16.6.2 Natural Polymers-Based Drug Delivery Systems
16.6.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
16.6.4 Natural Polymers in Pharmaceutical Formulations
16.7 Conclusion
Bibliography
17. Feasible and Cost-Effective Approaches for the Conversion of Biomass Wastes into Value-Added Products
Somashree Bandyopadhaya and Debabrata Bera
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Types of Biomass Waste and Their Management Techniques
17.3 Socio-Economic Potential and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Utilization
17.3.1 Economic Sustainability
17.3.2 Environmental Impacts
17.3.3 Social Impacts
17.4 Sustainable Biomass Harvesting
17.5 Biomass Processing Technologies
17.5.1 Traditional Biomass Waste Management Techniques
17.5.2 Technological Advancement in Biomass Processing
17.6 Industrial Symbiosis and Circular Economy Initiatives
17.6.1 Circular Economy Perspective
17.6.2 Techno-Economic Feasibility
17.7 Challenges and Forthcoming Situations
17.8 Cost-Effective Biomass Utilization Strategy
17.9 Future Prospects and Market Trend
17.10 Conclusion
References
18. Roots, Tubers, and Bulbs: Beyond the Usual Suspects: A Potential Resource
Arushi Phillips and Mousumi Sen
Introduction
Frequently Consumed Starchy Tuber and Root Crops around the World
The Bioactive Compounds Present in Roots and Tubers Contribute to their Health-Enhancing Properties
Exploring Bulbs: Nutritional, Production, and Health Benefits
Sustainable Utilization and Valorization
Tubers: Advancing Potato Waste Valorization
Root Vegetables: Maximizing Beetroot Waste Potential
Valorizing Onion Waste: Exploring Bulbous Possibilities
Conclusion
References
19. Waste Valorization for Sustainable Value-Added Products
Mousumi Sen
19.1 Introduction
Production of Value-Added Product from Food Waste by Fermentation
Collection and Segregation of Food Waste
Synthesis of Bioplastic from Natural Waste (Potato Peel)
Applications
Future Work
Bio-Based Polymers
Synthesis of Bio-Based Polymers
Bio-Based Polymers for Packaging
Characterization Techniques for Bio-Based Polymers
Applications in Sustainable Packaging
References
Index
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