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Conversion and Utilization of Wastes into Sustainable Products, Volume II

Volume II: Sustainable Nanostructures Synthesis for Waste Conversion
Edited by Mousumi Sen
Copyright: 2026   |   Expected Pub Date:2026/03/30
ISBN: 9781394371358  |  Hardcover  |  
650 pages

One Line Description
Advance your expertise in sustainability by mastering the transformation of industrial and electronic waste into sophisticated nanostructures that power high-efficiency remediation systems and bioelectrochemical technologies.

Audience
Materials scientists, nanoscientists, nanotechnologists, chemical and biological engineers, and biochemists working in the field of nanostructure synthesis and nanoscience.

Description
Growing pollution of the natural environment and depletion of conventional resources have become key motives for searching for eco-friendly, renewable, and sustainable alternative energy sources. Particular attention is paid to natural and industrial waste, which can be converted into fuels and energy that meet the growing needs of humanity. Natural and biowaste materials can be used as a template to create innovative nanocomposites and green nanocatalysts from biodegradable, earth-abundant, affordable, and renewable sources to prevent the accumulation and aggregation of nanomaterials. These two volumes highlight the latest research into the role of waste to create a cleaner, more sustainable future.
This volume examines current data and methodologies for transforming waste into sophisticated nanostructures that support environmentally responsible material design. It compiles and analyzes recent studies on nanostructures derived from waste generated across multiple sectors, including agriculture, industry, healthcare, electronics, personal hygiene products, and environmental remediation. The book addresses the growing challenge of electronic waste, which poses significant environmental and economic risks, and the integration of waste-derived nanomaterials into advanced treatment systems, advanced oxidation processes, and bioelectrochemical technologies, to enhance remediation efficiency and reduce operating costs. Through case studies and real-world data, this volume serves as an essential guide to a brighter future using growing global waste.
Readers will find the volume:
• Highlights recent material-development strategies to convert various types of waste into valuable nano-based functional materials;
• Discusses modern sustainable waste treatment strategies that emphasize converting wastes and e-wastes into energy, fuels, and products to systematically utilize biomass resources;
• Explores recent progress in waste-derived synthesis of nanostructures for antimicrobial and biomedical applications.

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Author / Editor Details
Mousumi Sen, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Amity University, Noida, India. She has published numerous peer-reviewed research articles in journals of high repute, as well as authored and edited books and book chapters. Her research focuses on the development of biotechnological processes for bioprocessing and conversion of waste to generate bioenergy, biofuels, and biobased chemicals.

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Table of Contents
Preface
Part 1: Organic Nanostructures Synthesis from Biogenic Wastes and Their Application
1. Development of Organic Nanoparticles from Biowastes and Their Incorporation into Edible Coatings
Antara Roy, Anindya S. Manna, Nilay Karchaudhuri and Dilip K. Maiti
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biowaste as the Source of Organic Nanoparticles
1.3 Methods to Access Organic Nanoparticles
1.3.1 Solid-State Methods
1.3.1.1 Method of Physical Vapor Deposition
1.3.1.2 Method of Chemical Vapor Deposition
1.3.2 Liquid-State Synthesis Methods
1.3.2.1 Sol-Gel Method
1.3.2.2 Chemical Reduction Method
1.3.2.3 Hydrothermal Method
1.3.2.4 Solvothermal Method
1.3.3 Gas-Phase Methods
1.3.3.1 Spray Pyrolysis
1.3.3.2 Laser Pyrolysis
1.3.3.3 Flame Pyrolysis
1.3.4 Biological Method or Green Synthesis Method
1.3.4.1 Bioreduction
1.3.4.2 Biosorption
1.4 Challenges in Biowaste-Derived Nanomaterial Synthesis
1.5 Application of Organic Nanoparticles Derived from Biowaste as Edible Coating in the Field of Food Preservation
1.5.1 Action of Edible Coatings
1.5.2 A General Discussion on Properties of Edible Coating
1.5.3 Methods of Applying Edible Coating
1.5.3.1 Immersion
1.5.3.2 Spraying
1.5.4 Applications as Edible Food Coat for Preservation
1.5.4.1 Fruits and Vegetables
1.5.4.2 Cheeses
1.5.4.3 Meat
1.5.4.4 Bread
1.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
2. Production of Nanocellulose from a Range of Agricultural Waste Biomass and Its Potential Use in the Food Industry
Leya B., Nivetha T. U., Freeda Blessie R. and M. M. Pragalyaashree
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definition and Classification of Nanocellulose (NC)
2.2.1 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs or NCCs)
2.2.2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNFs or NFCs)
2.2.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
2.3 Nanocellulose Production from Agricultural Waste Biomass
2.3.1 Nanocellulose Production from Tea Leaves
2.3.2 Nanocellulose Production from Green Waste
2.3.3 Nanocellulose Production from Sugarcane Straw
2.4 Extraction Methods and Properties of Nanocellulose
2.4.1 Chemical Method
2.4.1.1 Acid Hydrolysis
2.4.1.2 Supercritical and Subcritical Water Hydrolysis
2.4.2 Physical Method
2.4.2.1 Mechanical Method
2.4.3 Biological Method
2.4.3.1 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
2.4.4 Other Methods
2.4.4.1 Ionic Liquid Treatments
2.4.4.2 Steam Explosion (SE)
2.5 Nanocellulose Composites and Their Characterizations
2.5.1 Characterization Techniques
2.5.1.1 Morphological Analysis
2.5.1.2 Structural Analysis
2.5.1.3 Chemical Composition
2.5.1.4 Thermal Properties
2.5.1.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.6 Advantages of Nanocellulose from Agricultural Waste
2.6.1 Sustainability and Environmental Benefits
2.6.2 Cost-Effectiveness
2.6.3 Versatile Applications
2.6.4 Enhanced Material Properties
2.6.5 Contribution to Circular Economy
2.7 Application of Nanocellulose from Agricultural Waste in Various Sectors
2.7.1 Biocomposite Materials
2.7.2 Food Industry
2.7.3 Biomedical Applications
2.7.4 Coatings and Films
2.7.5 Water Treatment
2.7.6 Electronics
2.7.7 Construction Materials
2.7.8 Cosmetics and Self-Care Products
2.7.9 Agricultural Applications
2.7.10 Renewable Energy
2.8 Future Trends and Challenges
2.9 Conclusion
References
3. Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Biodegradable Waste Extracts: A Green Approach and Its Applications
Shikha Pandhi, Arpit Shrivastava, Shweta Kulshreshtha, Alok Kumar Singh and Priya Kumari
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biodegradable Waste as a Source for Nanoparticle Synthesis
3.3 Mechanism of Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Biodegradable Waste Extracts
3.4 Types of Nanoparticles Synthesized from Biodegradable Waste
3.5 Applications of Biodegradable Waste-Derived Nanoparticles
3.6 Advantages of Green Synthesis over Conventional Methods
3.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives
3.8 Conclusion
References
4. Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Different Biogenic Wastes
Aranya Das, Poulami Hota, Sk Ajarul and Dilip K. Maiti
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Phytosynthesis of Different Metal and Metal Oxide Nanostructures
4.2.1 Mechanism of Photosynthesis of Nanostructure
4.2.2 Phytosynthesis of Different Metal Nanoparticles
4.2.2.1 Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles
4.2.2.2 Gold (Au) Nanoparticles
4.2.2.3 Platinum (Pt) Nanostructures
4.2.2.4 Palladium (Pd) Nanoparticles
4.2.2.5 Iron (Fe) Nanoparticles
4.2.2.6 Copper Nanoparticles
4.2.2.7 Selenium (Se) Nanoparticles
4.2.3 Phytosynthesis of Different Metal Oxide Nanostructures
4.2.3.1 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
4.2.3.2 Copper Oxide (CuO)
4.2.3.3 Iron Oxide (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles
4.2.3.4 Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
4.2.3.5 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanostructures
4.3 Microorganism-Assisted Green Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials
4.3.1 Mechanism of Microorganism-Assisted Biosynthesis of Nanostructures
4.3.2 Synthesis of various Metal and Metal Oxide Nanostructures Using Microbial Bio-Templates
4.3.2.1 Bacteria as Bio-Template
4.3.2.2 Fungi as Microbial Bio-Templates
4.3.2.3 Algae as Microbial Bio-Template
4.3.2.4 Virus as Microbial Bio-Template
4.4 Green or Biogenic Synthesis of Nanomaterials Using Agro-Waste
4.4.1 Mechanism of Agro-Waste–Mediated Biosynthesis of Nanostructures
4.4.2 Agro-Waste–Assisted Synthesis of various Metal and Metal Oxide Nanostructures
4.4.2.1 Biosynthesis of Nanostructures via Post-Harvested Agro-Waste
4.4.2.2 Biosynthesis of Nanostructures via Weeds
4.5 Factors Affecting Biosynthesis of Nanostructures
4.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
Bibliography
5. Conversion of Biomass into Nanocellulose: Methods and Applications
Mitushree Ghosh, Ram Singh Kuri, Vikas Yadav, Ashvani Yadav, Rohit Kumar and Virendra Prasad
5.1 Introduction
5.2 History of the Packaging Industry
5.3 Cellulose
5.4 Nanocellulose
5.4.1 Type of Nanocellulose
5.4.1.1 Cellulose Nanofibrils
5.4.1.2 Cellulose Nanocrystals
5.4.1.3 Bacterial Cellulose
5.4.2 Methods of Preparation
5.4.2.1 Mechanical Process
5.4.2.2 Chemical Hydrolysis
5.5 Nanocomposite Film Preparation
5.5.1 Preparation of Nanocellulose-Based Composite Films
5.5.1.1 Solvent Casting Method
5.5.1.2 Melt Intercalation Process
5.5.1.3 Preparation of Cellulose Whiskers to Reinforce Polymer Nanocomposites
5.5.1.4 Preparation of Bio-Nanocomposites by Solution Casting Method
5.6 Application of Nanocellulose in the Food Industry
5.6.1 Food Packaging
5.6.1.1 Films Based on Cellulose Nanofibrils
5.6.1.2 Films Based on Cellulose Nanocrystals
5.6.2 Applications of Nanocellulose/Nanocellulose Composite Films as Food Additives
5.6.2.1 Baked Food
5.6.2.2 Frozen Food
5.7 Application in Drug Delivery
5.7.1 Oral Drug Delivery
5.7.2 Transdermal Delivery
5.7.3 Local Drug Delivery
5.8 Application in Water Remediation
5.9 Application in Paint, Composite, and Coating
5.10 Application in Green Electronic Devices
5.11 Application in Wood Coatings
5.12 Prospects and Challenges
5.13 Conclusion
References
6. Fruit Waste (Peel) as Bio-Reductant to Synthesize Silver Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities
Sounak Dutta and Dilip Kumar Maiti
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 AgNPs: An Important Innovation in Nanotechnology
6.1.2 Synthesizing AgNPs: Known Methods
6.1.3 Biogenic Synthesis of AgNPs: The Green Method
6.2 Reducing Waste: How Important is the Issue?
6.2.1 Are Fruit Wastes a Useful Source of Energy?
6.2.2 Fruit Peels: What Do They Contain?
6.2.3 Fruit Peels and AgNPs
6.2.4 Future Hurdles Going Ahead
6.2.5 Futuristic Vision
6.2.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
7. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Biowaste
Mousumi Sen and Himakshi Adhikari
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biowaste as a Precursor for Green Synthesis
7.3 Nanoparticles
7.3.1 Organic NPs
7.3.2 Carbon-Based NPs
7.3.3 Inorganic NPs
7.3.4 Conventional Synthesis of Metal/Metal Oxide NPs
7.3.5 Green Synthesis of Metal/Metal Oxide NPs from Biowaste
7.3.5.1 Extraction of Zinc Oxide from Cow Dung
7.3.5.2 Extraction of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles from Corn Cob
7.3.5.3 Extraction of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles from Sugarcane
7.3.5.4 Extraction of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles from Eggshells
7.3.5.5 Extraction of Silver Nanoparticles Using Teucrium Apollinis Extract
7.3.5.6 Extraction of Gold Nanoparticles Using Papaya Peel Extract
7.3.5.7 Extraction of Silver–Copper Nanoparticles Using Banana and Pineapple Peel Extract
7.4 Characterization Techniques for Biowaste-Derived Nanoparticles
7.4.1 UV-Vis Spectroscopy
7.4.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
7.4.3 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
7.4.4 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
7.4.5 Zeta Potential Measurement
7.4.6 Other Techniques
7.4.6.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
7.4.6.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
7.4.6.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
7.5 Applications of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
7.6 Advantages of Using Biowaste in Nanoparticle Synthesis
7.7 Challenges in Biowaste-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis
7.8 Future Perspective
7.9 Conclusion
References
Part 2: Waste Derived Carbon Nanostructures: A Novel Approach
8. Techniques for Transforming Waste Biomass into Valuable Carbon Nanomaterials: Current Advancements and Uses
Nivetha T.U., Leya B., Pragalyaashree M.M. and Freeda Blessie R.
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Different Sources of Waste Biomass
8.2.1 Biomass from Agricultural By-Products
8.2.1.1 Primary Residues
8.2.1.2 Secondary Residues
8.2.1.3 Environmental Benefits of Agricultural Residues as Waste Biomass
8.2.2 Forest By-Products
8.2.2.1 Environmental Benefits of Utilizing Forestry By-Products
8.2.3 Industrial Waste
8.2.3.1 Environmental Benefits of Industrial Waste as Waste Biomass
8.2.4 Energy Crops
8.2.4.1 Environmental Benefits of Energy Crops as Waste Biomass
8.3 Definition and Classification of Carbon Nanomaterials
8.4 Production and Various Techniques of Carbon Nanomaterials
8.4.1 Techniques of Carbon Nanomaterials
8.4.1.1 Pyrolysis
8.4.1.2 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Synthesis
8.4.1.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
8.4.1.4 The Sol-Gel Method
8.4.1.5 Microwaves-Assisted Synthesis
8.5 Carbon Nanomaterials Properties and Their Characterization
8.5.1 Properties of Carbon Nanomaterials
8.5.1.1 Mechanical Characteristics of Carbon Nanomaterials
8.5.1.2 Electrical Conductivity
8.5.1.3 Thermal Conductivity
8.5.1.4 Optical Properties
8.5.1.5 Surface Characteristics
8.5.1.6 Chemical Stability
8.5.2 Characterization of Carbon Nanoparticles
8.5.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
8.5.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
8.5.2.3 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
8.5.2.4 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
8.5.2.5 Raman Spectroscopy
8.5.2.6 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
8.5.2.7 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
8.5.2.8 Surface Area Analysis (BET Method)
8.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Carbon Nanomaterials
8.6.1 Advantages
8.6.1.1 Exceptional Mechanical Strength
8.6.1.2 Superior Electrical Conductivity
8.6.1.3 Chemical Stability and Reactivity
8.6.1.4 Versatile Functionalization
8.6.1.5 Lightweight and High Surface Area
8.6.1.6 Environmental Remediation
8.6.1.7 Potential in Energy Applications
8.6.1.8 Biocompatibility and Biomedical Applications
8.6.1.9 Advancements in Production Methods
8.6.2 Disadvantages of Carbon Nanomaterials
8.6.2.1 Hazards to Health and Toxicity
8.6.2.2 Effects on the Environment
8.6.2.3 Scalability and Production Costs
8.6.2.4 Challenges in Functionalization
8.6.2.5 Regulatory Challenges
8.6.2.6 Challenges in Integration into Existing Technologies
8.6.2.7 Public Perception and Acceptance
8.7 Current Advancement
8.7.1 Innovative Conversion Techniques
8.7.2 Green Synthesis Approaches
8.7.3 Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials from Biomass
8.8 Future Trends
8.8.1 Enhanced Pyrolysis Techniques
8.8.2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis Advancements
8.8.3 Innovations in Hydrothermal Carbonization
8.8.4 Green Chemistry Methods
8.8.5 Integration of Biotechnology and Nanotechnology
8.8.6 Multifunctional Carbon Nanomaterials
8.8.7 Focus on Circular Economy
8.9 Conclusion
References
9. An Overview of Nanomaterials made from Biomass Waste for Electrochemical Devices
Danya K., Ayisha Fidha, Leya B. and Freeda Blessie R.
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biomass and Nanomaterial: An Overview
9.3 Production of Nanomaterials from Biomass Waste
9.3.1 Physical Pretreatment
9.3.2 Chemical Pretreatment
9.3.3 Combined Pretreatment
9.4 Importance of Nanomaterials from Biomass Waste
9.5 Applications of Nanomaterial from Biomass Waste
9.5.1 Food Safety
9.5.2 Pharmaceutical Applications
9.5.3 Environmental Remediation
9.5.4 Energy Storage and Sustainability
9.5.5 Biosensing Applications
9.6 Use of Nanomaterial in Electrochemical Devices
9.6.1 Improving Food Safety with Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors
9.6.2 Advancements in Energy Storage Using Biomass-Derived Nanomaterials
9.6.3 Biomass Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Devices: Catalysis and Sensing
9.6.4 Improving Electrochemical Devices with Nanomaterials: Progress in Sensing and Catalysis
9.7 Merits and Demerits of Nanomaterial Use in Electrochemical Devices
9.7.1 Merits
9.7.2 Demerits
9.8 Summary and Conclusion
References
10. Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Animal and Fisheries Wastes
Tithi Maity and Dilip K. Maiti
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Preparation of Metallic Nanoparticles from Fishery and Animal Waste
10.2.1 Ag Nanoparticles
10.3 Chitosan Nanoparticle Formation from Fish Waste
10.3.1 Ionotropic Gelation
10.3.2 Microemulsion Method
10.3.3 Emulsification Solvent Diffusion Method
10.3.4 Polyelectrolyte Complex
10.3.5 Reverse Micellar Method
10.3.6 Chitosan Nanofiber Preparation
10.3.7 Carbon Nanodots from Fishery and Animal Waste
10.4 Characterization of Nanoparticles
10.4.1 Types and Methods
10.4.2 Methods for Determining Size and Shape
10.4.3 Understanding the Morphology
10.4.4 Particle Size
10.4.5 Chemical Composition and Crystal Structure
10.5 Use of Nanomaterials Developed from Fishery and Animal Waste
10.5.1 Wastewater Treatment
10.5.2 Biomedical Applications
10.5.3 Food Packaging
10.5.4 Tracking Device
10.5.5 Chemo-Medicine
10.5.6 Drug Delivery
10.5.7 Enzyme Immobilization Support
10.5.8 Encapsulation of Biologically Active Compounds
10.5.9 Agriculture
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Waste-Derived Carbon Nanostructures (WD-CNS): A Novel Approach to Waste Utilization
M. Suguna Devakumari and A. Asha Monicka
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthesis of Waste-Derived Carbon Nanostructures
11.2.1 Pyrolysis
11.2.2 Microwave
11.2.3 Hydrothermal
11.2.4 Microwave Hydrothermal Carbonization (MHC)
11.3 Characteristics of WD-CNs
11.4 Applications of WD-CNs
11.4.1 Electrochemical Applications
11.4.2 Supercapacitors
11.4.3 Water Treatment
11.4.3.1 Purification of Water
11.4.3.2 Elimination of Emerging Organic Contaminants
11.4.3.3 Removal of Inorganic Pollutants and Heavy Metals
11.4.3.4 Removal of Synthetic Organic Matter
11.4.4 Self-Powered Biosensors for Biofuel Cells
11.5 RH-Derived Carbon Dots
11.6 Plastic Waste into Fluorescent Carbon Dots
11.7 Challenges and Opportunities
11.8 Conclusion
References
12. Vegetable Waste for Biosynthesis of Various Nanoparticles
Rajarshi Sarkar, Dripta De Joarder and Dilip K. Maiti
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Green Synthetic Protocol to Obtain Nanoparticles
12.3 Production of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials from Vegetable Waste
12.4 Synthesis of NPs from Vegetable Wastes
12.5 Control of Morphology
12.6 Application of Nanoparticles Obtained from Vegetable Waste
12.7 Dye Degradation
12.8 Antimicrobial Properties
12.9 Other Usage
12.10 Conclusion
References
13. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Biodegradable Waste Extracts and Their Applications
Uttam Kumar Das, Tanmoy Dutta, Aniruddha Mondal and Dilip Kumar Maiti
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Effective Waste Management: A Critical Concern for Environmental and Public Health
Benefits of Waste Management
13.2.1 Physical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles
13.2.2 Antiviral Activity
13.2.3 Antioxidant Activity
13.2.4 Limitation
13.3 Conclusion
References
Part 3: Biowaste Mediated Inorganic Nanostructures Synthesis and Their
Advanced Application
14. Photocatalytic Environmental Remediation Using Magnetic Mixed Metal Oxide Nanomaterials Derived from Industrial Waste
Krishna Chattopadhyay, Manas Mandal and Dilip K. Maiti
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Classification of Industrial Waste as Precursors for Magnetic Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
14.2.1 Iron-Rich Industrial Waste
14.2.2 Electronic Waste (E-Waste)
14.2.3 Coal Combustion By-Products
14.2.4 Sludge and Slurries from Industrial Processes
14.2.5 Agricultural and Food Processing Waste
14.3 Synthesis of Metal Oxide from Industrial Waste
14.3.1 Coprecipitation Method
14.3.2 Ball Milling Technique
14.3.3 Hydrothermal Method
14.3.4 Ferrite Process
14.3.5 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
14.4 Magnetic Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Applications in Environmental Remediation
14.5 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
15. Sustainable Synthesis of Metal, Metal Oxide, and MOF Nanoparticles from Waste-Printed Circuit Boards
Yashmi Jain, Geetika Jain and Sandip Chakrabarti
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Composition of WPCBs
15.3 Nanoparticles (NPs) from WPCBs
15.4 Pretreatment of E-Waste
15.5 Recovery Systems
15.5.1 Froth Flotation
15.5.2 Hydrometallurgical Processes
15.5.3 Green Recovery Methods
15.5.3.1 Bioleaching
15.5.3.2 Biosorption
15.6 Nanoparticles (NPs) from WPCBs: Synthesis, Concentration, and Purification
15.7 Green Synthesis of NPs from WPCBs
15.7.1 Green Organic Aids
15.7.2 Plants
15.7.3 Bacteria
15.7.4 Fungi
15.7.5 Algae
15.8 Uses of Nanoparticles made from WPCBs in Industry
15.8.1 Photocatalysis
15.8.2 Dye Degradation
15.8.3 Biomedical
15.8.4 Coatings
15.9 Conclusion
References
16. Biowaste-Based Nanocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment
Rajesh Nandi, Sudipta Kr Kundu, Sukla Ghosh and Dilip K. Maiti
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Wastewater: Foundations and Composition
16.3 Common Steps in Wastewater Treatment
16.4 Nanotechnology in Wastewater Management
16.4.1 Adsorption and Biosorption
16.4.1.1 Carbon-Based Nanoadsorbents
16.4.1.2 Metal-Based Nanoadsorbents
16.4.1.3 Polymer-Based Nanoadsorbents
16.4.1.4 Zeolites
16.4.2 Nanofilters
16.4.3 Photocatalysis
16.5 Biowaste-Based Nanocatalysts
16.5.1 Types of Biomass Waste-Based Nanocatalysts
16.5.1.1 Carbon-Based Nanocatalysts
16.5.1.2 Metal Oxide–Based Nanocatalysts
16.5.1.3 Eggshell-Based Nanomaterials
16.5.1.4 Seashell-Based Nanomaterials
16.5.1.5 Fruit Shell-Based Nanomaterials
16.6 Green Synthesis of Nanocatalysts and Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment
16.7 Mechanistic Aspects
16.7.1 Mechanism for Biological Preparation of Metal or Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
16.7.2 Mechanistic Aspects for the Degradation of Various Pollutants
16.7.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants
16.8 Advantages and Challenges
16.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
17. Green-Synthesized Biowaste-Derived Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation
Anindya S. Manna, Shresthashree Swain, Nilay Karchaudhuri and Dilip K. Maiti
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Green Synthesis of Biowaste-Derived Nanomaterials
17.2.1 Principles of Green Chemistry
17.2.2 Biowaste Sources
17.2.2.1 Agricultural Waste
17.2.2.2 Industrial Waste
17.2.2.3 Household Waste
17.2.3 Synthesis Techniques
17.2.3.1 Biological Synthesis
17.2.3.2 Physicochemical Methods
17.2.4 Tuning Nanomaterial Properties
17.3 Characterization of Biowaste-Derived Nanomaterials
17.3.1 Techniques for Characterization
17.3.1.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD): Determining Crystallinity and Phase Composition
17.3.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Morphology and Size Analysis
17.3.1.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Surface Chemistry
17.3.2 Zeta Potential and Surface Area Analysis
17.3.3 Significance of Morphology and Surface Area
17.4 Applications in Environmental Remediation
17.4.1 Heavy Metal Removal
17.4.2 Organic Pollutant Degradation
17.4.3 Disinfection and Antimicrobial Properties
17.5 Advantages of Biowaste-Derived Nanomaterials
17.5.1 Cost-Effectiveness
17.5.2 Eco-Friendly Synthesis
17.5.3 Biodegradability and Reduced Toxicity
17.5.4 Minimal Secondary Pollution
17.5.5 Real-World Applications
17.6 Future Directions and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
18. Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanocomposite from Biowaste as Heavy Metal Adsorbent for Effluent Treatment
Anindya S. Manna, Tanmoy Ghosh, Antara Roy, Nilay Karchaudhuri and Dilip K. Maiti
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Synthesis of Biowaste-Derived Carbon Nanocomposites
18.2.1 Selection of Biowaste Sources
18.2.1.1 Agricultural Wastes
18.2.1.2 Industrial Wastes
18.2.1.3 Emerging Biowaste Sources
18.2.2 Synthesis Techniques for Carbon Nanocomposites
18.2.2.1 Pyrolysis
18.2.2.2 Green Synthetic Pathways
18.2.2.3 Sol-Gel Method
18.2.2.4 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
18.2.2.5 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)
18.2.2.6 Ball Milling
18.2.2.7 Emerging Techniques
18.2.3 Hybrid and Functionalized Carbon Nanocomposites
18.2.4 Challenges in Synthesis
18.2.5 Recent Advances and Future Directions
18.3 Characterization Techniques
18.3.1 Microscopic Techniques
18.3.1.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
18.3.1.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
18.3.1.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
18.3.2 Spectroscopy and Structural Analysis
18.3.2.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
18.3.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy
18.3.2.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
18.3.3 Chemical Stability and Elemental Composition
18.3.3.1 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX)
18.3.3.2 CHNS Elemental Analysis
18.3.4 Case Studies on Characterzation
18.3.5 On Integration of Advanced Characterization Techniques
18.4 Case Studies and Latest Research
18.5 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
19. Current Trends in Biowaste-Mediated Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Site-Targeted Drug Delivery
Tista Sengupta, Palash Pandit, Krishnanka Shekhar Gayen and Dilip K. Maiti
Abbreviations
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Biowaste-Mediated Synthesis
19.3 Drug Delivery Applications of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
19.3.1 Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery
19.3.1.1 Active Drug Targeting
19.3.1.2 Passive Drug Targeting
19.3.2 Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery
19.3.3 Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery
19.4 Future Perspective
19.5 Conclusion
References
20. Nanomaterials from Waste: Synthesis and their Advanced Applications
Srikanta Samanta, Anindya S. Manna, Sukla Ghosh, Nilay Karchaudhuri and Dilip K. Maiti
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Different Sources of Waste Materials and their Impacts on the Environment
20.2.1 Biological Waste (Biowaste)
20.2.2 Industrial Wastes
20.3 Synthesis Method
20.3.1 Waste Sample Preparation
20.3.1.1 Physical Pretreatment
20.3.1.2 Chemical Pretreatment
20.3.1.3 Combined Pretreatment
20.3.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
20.3.2.1 Chemical/Thermal Activation Method
20.3.2.2 Electric Arc Discharge Method
20.3.3 Characterization of Nanomaterials
20.3.3.1 Morphological Characterization
20.4 Application of Waste-Derived Nanomaterials
20.4.1 Catalytic Activity
20.4.2 Applications in Energy Storage
20.4.3 Applications in the Biomedical Field
20.4.4 Other Applications
20.5 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Index

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