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Submit a ProposalIntroduction to Industrial Polypropylene
 | Properties, Catalysts, Processes By Dennis B. Malpass and Elliot I. Band Copyright: 2012 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781118062760 | Hardcover | 450 pages | 85 illustrations Price: $125 USD  |
One Line Description
This book discusses what polypropylene is, how it is made, characterized, and processed and what happens to it after its useful life is over.
Audience
Chemists and engineers in industry and academia; graduate and advanced undergraduate students taking courses on polymer chemistry. Teachers interested in implementing a classroom and laboratory course in olefin polymerization will find this book ideal for use as will marketing and sales personnel in companies needing a basic understanding of polypropylene.
Chemists and engineers in industry and academia; graduate and advanced undergraduate students taking courses on polymer chemistry. Teachers interested in implementing a classroom and laboratory course in olefin polymerization will find this book ideal for use as will marketing and sales personnel in companies needing a basic understanding of polypropylene.
Description
The intent of this book is to provide chemists, engineers and students an introduction to the essentials of industrial polypropylene—what it is, how it’s made and fabricated, the markets it serves and its environmental fate. Technical aspects are described in a straightforward way with minimal discussion of esoteric theory such that a person with even a modicum of training in chemistry should be able to grasp. The purpose is to show practical, down-to-earth interpretations of polypropylene technology.
Specifically, the book elucidates
• Ziegler-Natta catalysts
• Propylene polymerization catalysts
• Single Site catalysts and cocatalysts
• Polypropylene manufacturing and processing
• Catalysts synthesis in the laboratory
• Testing
• Various downstream aspects of industrial polypropylene such as biopolymers alternatives and additives.
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The intent of this book is to provide chemists, engineers and students an introduction to the essentials of industrial polypropylene—what it is, how it’s made and fabricated, the markets it serves and its environmental fate. Technical aspects are described in a straightforward way with minimal discussion of esoteric theory such that a person with even a modicum of training in chemistry should be able to grasp. The purpose is to show practical, down-to-earth interpretations of polypropylene technology.
Specifically, the book elucidates
• Ziegler-Natta catalysts
• Propylene polymerization catalysts
• Single Site catalysts and cocatalysts
• Polypropylene manufacturing and processing
• Catalysts synthesis in the laboratory
• Testing
• Various downstream aspects of industrial polypropylene such as biopolymers alternatives and additives.
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Dennis B. Malpass received his PhD from the University of Tennessee in organometallic chemistry 1970 and began his career with Texas Alkyls, Inc. (now Akzo Nobel). His industrial career spanned 33 years working on synthesis, characterization and applications of metal alkyls, especially aluminum alkyls in Ziegler-Natta polymerization of olefins. He has more than 80 patents and publications and now consults in the polyolefins industry. He also teaches organic chemistry and is an instructor for continuing education courses for SPE and ACS.
Dennis B. Malpass received his PhD from the University of Tennessee in organometallic chemistry 1970 and began his career with Texas Alkyls, Inc. (now Akzo Nobel). His industrial career spanned 33 years working on synthesis, characterization and applications of metal alkyls, especially aluminum alkyls in Ziegler-Natta polymerization of olefins. He has more than 80 patents and publications and now consults in the polyolefins industry. He also teaches organic chemistry and is an instructor for continuing education courses for SPE and ACS.
Elliot I. Band his PhD in inorganic chemistry from Cornell University in 1980. He has been in research and development with AkzoNobel and its predecessor companies for over thirty years. His tenure includes twenty years in Ziegler Natta catalyst synthesis, manufacture, quality control, and technical support to polypropylene manufacturers in North and South America. He presently manages a group of chemists and engineers that develops new cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants for AkzoNobel. Elliot has thirty publications including over twenty patents.
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Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Polymers of Propylene
1.1 Origins of Crystalline Polypropylene
1.2 Basic Description of Polypropylene
1.3 Types and Nomenclature of Polypropylene
1.4 Molecular Weight of Polypropylene
1.5 Transition Metal Catalysts for Propylene Polymerization
1.6 Questions
References
2 Polymer Characterization
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Polymer Tacticity
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Measurement of Polymer Microtacticity by 13C NMR
2.2.3 Total Isotactic Index
2.2.4 Total Xylene Insolubles
2.3 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Gel Permeation Chromatography
2.3.3 Intrinsic Viscosity
2.3.4 Melt Flow Rate
2.4 Polymer Bulk Density
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Measurement Method
2.5 Particle Size Distribution and Morphology
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Measurement Method
2.6 Questions
References
3 Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
3.1 A Brief History of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
3.2 De.nitions and Nomenclature
3.3 Characteristics of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
3.4 Early Commercial Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
3.5 Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
3.6 Prepolymerized Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
3.7 Mechanism of Ziegler-Natta Polymerization
3.8 Questions and Exercises
References
4 Propylene Polymerization Catalysts
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Zero Generation Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
4.3 First Generation ZN Catalysts
4.4 Second Generation ZN Catalysts
4.5 Third Generation ZN Catalysts
4.6 Fourth Generation ZN Catalysts
4.7 Fifth Generation ZN Catalysts
4.8 ZN Catalysts for Atactic Polypropylene
4.9 Metallocenes and Other Single Site Catalysts
4.10 Cocatalysts for ZN Catalysts
4.11 Kinetics and ZN Catalyst Productivity
4.12 Concluding Remarks
4.13 Questions
References
5 Aluminum Alkyls in Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
5.1 Organometallic Compounds
5.2. Characteristics of Aluminum Alkyls
5.2.1 Basic Physical and Chemical Properties
5.2.2 Hydride Content
5.2.3 Other R3Al Impurities
5.2.4 Analysis of Aluminum Alkyls
5.2.5 Impurities Resulting from Exposure to Minute Concentrations of Water and Oxygen
5.2.6 Assays of Aluminum Alkyls
5.2.7 Reactivity with Organic Substrates
5.2.8 Reactivity with CO2 and CO
5.2.9 Distillation
5.2.10 Association of Aluminum Alkyls
5.2.11 Storage Stability
5.2.12 Thermal Stability
5.3 Production of Aluminum Alkyls
5.4 Reducing Agent for the Transition Metal
5.5 Alkylating Agent for Creation of Active Centers
5.6 Scavenger of Catalyst Poisons
5.7 Chain Transfer Agent
5.8 Questions
References
6 Single Site Catalysts and Cocatalysts
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Structures of Metallocenes and SSCs
6.3 Non-Metallocene Polymerization Catalysts
6.4 Cocatalysts for SSCs
6.4.1 Aluminoxanes
6.4.2 Organoboron Cocatalysts
6.4.3. Activated Supports
6.5 Supports for SSCs
6.6 Characteristics of mPP
6.7 Selected Applications of mPP Resins
6.7.1 Medical Applications
6.7.2. Thin Wall Food Containers
6.7.3. High Clarity Bottles for Personal Care
6.7.4. Waxes
6.7.5 New Resins from Hybrid Catalysts to Make Polypropylene Alloys
6.8 Metallocene Synthesis
6.9 Syndiotactic Polypropylene
6.10 Commercial Reality and Concluding Remarks
6.11 Questions
References
7 Catalyst Manufacture
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Development of the Manufacturing Process
7.3 Chemistry of Catalyst Manufacture
7.4 Raw Materials Storage and Handling
7.5 Catalyst Preparation
7.6 Catalyst Drying
7.7 Catalyst Packaging
7.8 Recovery and Recycle of Spent Solvents
7.9 Prepolymerization at the Catalyst Manufacturing Plant
7.10 Plant Size
7.11 Site Safety
7.12 Quality Control and Specications
7.13 Diagram of a Hypothetical Plant
7.14 Custom Manufacture
7.15 Brief Consideration of Metallocene Catalyst Manufacture
7.16 Concluding Remarks
7.17 Questions References
8 An Overview of Industrial Polypropylene Processes
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Slurry (Suspension) Processes
8.3 Bulk ( ¯¿½Liquid Pool ¯¿½) Process
8.4 ¯¿½Loop Slurry ¯¿½ Process (Chevron Phillips Chemical)
8.5 Gas Phase Processes
8.6 Solution Process
8.7 Hybrid Processes
8.8 Kinetics and Reactivity Ratios
8.9 Emergency Stoppage of Polymerization
8.10 Questions
References
9 Laboratory Catalyst Synthesis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 General Synthesis Requirements
9.3 Equipment Requirements
9.4 Synthesis Schedule
9.5 Handling TiCl4
9.6 Handling Diethylaluminum Chloride
9.7 Spent Liquids
9.8 Synthetic Procedure for Fourth Generation Supported Catalyst
9.8.1 Introduction
9.8.2 Procedure
9.9 Synthetic Procedure for Second Generation Precipitated TiCl3 Catalyst
9.9.1 Introduction
9.9.2 Procedure
9.10 Catalyst Analysis
9.11 Questions
References
10 Polymerization Catalyst Testing
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Facility Requirements
10.3 The Autoclave
10.4 Key Equipment Items
10.5 Raw Materials
10.6 Polymerization Conditions
10.7 Autoclave Preparation
10.8 Polymerization Test Procedure
10.9 Reproducibility
10.10 Testing Metallocene Catalysts
10.11 Questions
References
11 Downstream Aspects of Polypropylene
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Additives
11.3 Fabrication Methods
11.4 Biopolymers
11.5 Environmental
11.6 Questions
References
12 Overview of Polypropylene Markets
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Supply Chain for Polypropylene
12.3 The Global Polypropylene Market
12.4 Questions 269 References
13 The Future of Polypropylene
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Key Growth Markets for Polypropylene
13.3 Polypropylene and Free Markets
13.4 Questions
References.
Appendix A.
Appendix B.
Appendix C.
Index.
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1 Introduction to Polymers of Propylene
1.1 Origins of Crystalline Polypropylene
1.2 Basic Description of Polypropylene
1.3 Types and Nomenclature of Polypropylene
1.4 Molecular Weight of Polypropylene
1.5 Transition Metal Catalysts for Propylene Polymerization
1.6 Questions
References
2 Polymer Characterization
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Polymer Tacticity
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Measurement of Polymer Microtacticity by 13C NMR
2.2.3 Total Isotactic Index
2.2.4 Total Xylene Insolubles
2.3 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Gel Permeation Chromatography
2.3.3 Intrinsic Viscosity
2.3.4 Melt Flow Rate
2.4 Polymer Bulk Density
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Measurement Method
2.5 Particle Size Distribution and Morphology
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Measurement Method
2.6 Questions
References
3 Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
3.1 A Brief History of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
3.2 De.nitions and Nomenclature
3.3 Characteristics of Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
3.4 Early Commercial Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
3.5 Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
3.6 Prepolymerized Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
3.7 Mechanism of Ziegler-Natta Polymerization
3.8 Questions and Exercises
References
4 Propylene Polymerization Catalysts
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Zero Generation Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
4.3 First Generation ZN Catalysts
4.4 Second Generation ZN Catalysts
4.5 Third Generation ZN Catalysts
4.6 Fourth Generation ZN Catalysts
4.7 Fifth Generation ZN Catalysts
4.8 ZN Catalysts for Atactic Polypropylene
4.9 Metallocenes and Other Single Site Catalysts
4.10 Cocatalysts for ZN Catalysts
4.11 Kinetics and ZN Catalyst Productivity
4.12 Concluding Remarks
4.13 Questions
References
5 Aluminum Alkyls in Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
5.1 Organometallic Compounds
5.2. Characteristics of Aluminum Alkyls
5.2.1 Basic Physical and Chemical Properties
5.2.2 Hydride Content
5.2.3 Other R3Al Impurities
5.2.4 Analysis of Aluminum Alkyls
5.2.5 Impurities Resulting from Exposure to Minute Concentrations of Water and Oxygen
5.2.6 Assays of Aluminum Alkyls
5.2.7 Reactivity with Organic Substrates
5.2.8 Reactivity with CO2 and CO
5.2.9 Distillation
5.2.10 Association of Aluminum Alkyls
5.2.11 Storage Stability
5.2.12 Thermal Stability
5.3 Production of Aluminum Alkyls
5.4 Reducing Agent for the Transition Metal
5.5 Alkylating Agent for Creation of Active Centers
5.6 Scavenger of Catalyst Poisons
5.7 Chain Transfer Agent
5.8 Questions
References
6 Single Site Catalysts and Cocatalysts
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Structures of Metallocenes and SSCs
6.3 Non-Metallocene Polymerization Catalysts
6.4 Cocatalysts for SSCs
6.4.1 Aluminoxanes
6.4.2 Organoboron Cocatalysts
6.4.3. Activated Supports
6.5 Supports for SSCs
6.6 Characteristics of mPP
6.7 Selected Applications of mPP Resins
6.7.1 Medical Applications
6.7.2. Thin Wall Food Containers
6.7.3. High Clarity Bottles for Personal Care
6.7.4. Waxes
6.7.5 New Resins from Hybrid Catalysts to Make Polypropylene Alloys
6.8 Metallocene Synthesis
6.9 Syndiotactic Polypropylene
6.10 Commercial Reality and Concluding Remarks
6.11 Questions
References
7 Catalyst Manufacture
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Development of the Manufacturing Process
7.3 Chemistry of Catalyst Manufacture
7.4 Raw Materials Storage and Handling
7.5 Catalyst Preparation
7.6 Catalyst Drying
7.7 Catalyst Packaging
7.8 Recovery and Recycle of Spent Solvents
7.9 Prepolymerization at the Catalyst Manufacturing Plant
7.10 Plant Size
7.11 Site Safety
7.12 Quality Control and Specications
7.13 Diagram of a Hypothetical Plant
7.14 Custom Manufacture
7.15 Brief Consideration of Metallocene Catalyst Manufacture
7.16 Concluding Remarks
7.17 Questions References
8 An Overview of Industrial Polypropylene Processes
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Slurry (Suspension) Processes
8.3 Bulk ( ¯¿½Liquid Pool ¯¿½) Process
8.4 ¯¿½Loop Slurry ¯¿½ Process (Chevron Phillips Chemical)
8.5 Gas Phase Processes
8.6 Solution Process
8.7 Hybrid Processes
8.8 Kinetics and Reactivity Ratios
8.9 Emergency Stoppage of Polymerization
8.10 Questions
References
9 Laboratory Catalyst Synthesis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 General Synthesis Requirements
9.3 Equipment Requirements
9.4 Synthesis Schedule
9.5 Handling TiCl4
9.6 Handling Diethylaluminum Chloride
9.7 Spent Liquids
9.8 Synthetic Procedure for Fourth Generation Supported Catalyst
9.8.1 Introduction
9.8.2 Procedure
9.9 Synthetic Procedure for Second Generation Precipitated TiCl3 Catalyst
9.9.1 Introduction
9.9.2 Procedure
9.10 Catalyst Analysis
9.11 Questions
References
10 Polymerization Catalyst Testing
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Facility Requirements
10.3 The Autoclave
10.4 Key Equipment Items
10.5 Raw Materials
10.6 Polymerization Conditions
10.7 Autoclave Preparation
10.8 Polymerization Test Procedure
10.9 Reproducibility
10.10 Testing Metallocene Catalysts
10.11 Questions
References
11 Downstream Aspects of Polypropylene
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Additives
11.3 Fabrication Methods
11.4 Biopolymers
11.5 Environmental
11.6 Questions
References
12 Overview of Polypropylene Markets
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Supply Chain for Polypropylene
12.3 The Global Polypropylene Market
12.4 Questions 269 References
13 The Future of Polypropylene
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Key Growth Markets for Polypropylene
13.3 Polypropylene and Free Markets
13.4 Questions
References.
Appendix A.
Appendix B.
Appendix C.
Index.
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BISAC SUBJECT HEADINGS
TEC 009010: Chemical & Biochemical
TEC 009060: Industrial Engineering
TEC 021000: Materials Science
BIC CODES
TDCB: Chemical Engineering
TDCP: Plastics & Polymers Technology
KND: Manufacturing Industries
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