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Submit a ProposalPathogenic Biofilm Eradication by Nanomaterials
One Line Description
Discover how cutting-edge nanotechnology is revolutionizing the fight against drug-resistant biofilms with this essential, interdisciplinary roadmap that bridges fundamental science and real-world solutions for healthcare and industry.
Description
Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in combating biofilms, offering advanced solutions that go beyond traditional antimicrobial treatments. Nanomaterials possess unique physicochemical properties, including enhanced surface activity, high antimicrobial efficiency, and the ability to disrupt biofilm matrices. These materials work through mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species generation, cell membrane disruption, and biofilm penetration, offering targeted and effective eradication strategies. This book provides an in-depth exploration of the potential of nanomaterials in combating biofilms, which are complex microbial communities that are resistant to conventional antimicrobial treatments. Organized into focused chapters, the book delves into the various types of nanomaterials and their mechanisms for eradicating biofilms, offering both theoretical insights and practical applications. Each chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of how specific nanomaterials, such as silver nanoparticles, polymeric nanomaterials, carbon-based nanoparticles, and magnetic nanomaterials, can disrupt biofilm formation, degrade established biofilms, and enhance the effectiveness of existing antimicrobial agents. Written with an interdisciplinary approach, this book integrates advancements in nanotechnology, materials science, and microbiology to present a clear roadmap for addressing one of the most persistent challenges in healthcare and industrial settings. By focusing on both fundamental principles and applied solutions, it serves as an essential resource for researchers, academicians, and professionals looking to understand and leverage nanomaterials for biofilm management.
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Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in combating biofilms, offering advanced solutions that go beyond traditional antimicrobial treatments. Nanomaterials possess unique physicochemical properties, including enhanced surface activity, high antimicrobial efficiency, and the ability to disrupt biofilm matrices. These materials work through mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species generation, cell membrane disruption, and biofilm penetration, offering targeted and effective eradication strategies. This book provides an in-depth exploration of the potential of nanomaterials in combating biofilms, which are complex microbial communities that are resistant to conventional antimicrobial treatments. Organized into focused chapters, the book delves into the various types of nanomaterials and their mechanisms for eradicating biofilms, offering both theoretical insights and practical applications. Each chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of how specific nanomaterials, such as silver nanoparticles, polymeric nanomaterials, carbon-based nanoparticles, and magnetic nanomaterials, can disrupt biofilm formation, degrade established biofilms, and enhance the effectiveness of existing antimicrobial agents. Written with an interdisciplinary approach, this book integrates advancements in nanotechnology, materials science, and microbiology to present a clear roadmap for addressing one of the most persistent challenges in healthcare and industrial settings. By focusing on both fundamental principles and applied solutions, it serves as an essential resource for researchers, academicians, and professionals looking to understand and leverage nanomaterials for biofilm management.
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Author / Editor Details
Ayush Madan, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology in the School of Research and Technology at the People’s University, Bhanpur, India. He has more than 120 publications to his credit, including several journal articles and book chapters, and five books. His research interests include cell culture and gel electrophoresis.
Ayush Madan, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology in the School of Research and Technology at the People’s University, Bhanpur, India. He has more than 120 publications to his credit, including several journal articles and book chapters, and five books. His research interests include cell culture and gel electrophoresis.
Sumel Ashique is a research scholar in the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Lovely Professional University. He has internationally published more than 360 book chapters and journal articles. His research focuses on computer networking and quality assessment.
Mohammad Ramzan, PhD is an Associate Professor in the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Lovely Professional University. He has published two book chapters and more than 30 articles in international journals and conferences of repute. His research interests include nanopharmaceuticals, nano drug delivery, and nanotechnology.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Biofilm Eradication: Progress and Prospects of Nanomaterials
Anand Kumar Shukla, Suma H., Aditi Deshpande, Sindhu D. Bali and Narendra Kadoo
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biofilm Formation and Its Structure
1.2.1 Phase 1: Bacterial Attachment
1.2.2 Phase 2: EPS Production and Early Biofilm Formation
1.2.3 Phase 3: Maturation
1.2.4 Phase 4: Dispersal
1.3 Mechanisms of Biofilm Resistance
1.3.1 Genetic Adaptations and Stress Responses
1.3.2 EPS Barrier
1.3.3 Quorum Sensing and Persister Cells
1.4 Challenges in Biofilm Eradication
1.4.1 Structural and Functional Complexity
1.4.2 Enhanced Antimicrobial Resistance
1.4.3 Inefficacy of Conventional Treatments
1.5 Nanomaterials for Biofilm Eradication
1.5.1 Metallic Nanoparticles
1.5.2 Polymeric Nanostructures and Nanocarriers
1.5.3 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials (Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes)
1.5.4 Hybrid and Composite Nanomaterials
1.6 Mechanisms of Action of Nanomaterials against Biofilms
1.6.1 Disruption of Biofilm Matrix and EPS Degradation
1.6.2 Oxidative Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation
1.6.3 Targeted Drug Delivery and Enhanced Antimicrobial Penetration
1.6.4 Interference with Quorum-Sensing Pathways
1.7 Smart and Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials
1.7.1 pH-Responsive Nanomaterials
1.7.2 Light-Activated and Photothermal Nanomaterials
1.7.3 Magnetic and Ultrasound-Responsive Nanomaterials
1.7.4 Enzyme-Activated Nanoparticles
1.8 Challenges and Limitations of Nanomaterials for Biofilm Eradication
1.8.1 Biocompatibility and Cytotoxicity Concerns
1.8.2 Stability and Scalability of Nanomaterials
1.8.3 Environmental and Regulatory Considerations
1.8.4 Development of Resistance and Reduction in the Long-Term Efficacy
1.9 Future Perspectives and Translational Potential
1.9.1 Nanotechnology Integration with Conventional Antimicrobials
1.9.2 Personalized and Precision Medicine Approaches
1.9.3 Industrial and Environmental Applications
1.9.4 Regulatory Framework and Safety Evaluations
1.10 Conclusions
References
2. Nanomaterials: Eradicating Bacterial Biofilms on Implantable Medical Devices
Radheshyam Pal, Bimlesh Kumar, Shubham Kumar, Mohini Mondal, Omji Porwal and Naina Singh
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Biofilms on Medical
Devices
2.2.1 Nanomaterial with Intrinsic Biomaterials
2.2.2 Nanomaterials as Carriers of Biofilm Agents
2.2.3 Eradication of Biofilms with Responsive Nanomaterials
2.2.3.1 Magnetic Responsive Nanomaterials
2.2.3.2 Exogenous Responsive Materials
2.2.3.3 Thermal Sensitive Nanomaterials
2.2.3.4 Light and PH Stimulation Responsive Materials
2.3 Mechanisms of Biofilm Disruption
2.3.1 EPS Degradation
2.3.2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation
2.3.3 Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy
2.3.4 Synergistic Effects with Antibiotics
2.4 Challenges
2.5 Future Perspectives
2.6 Conclusion
References
3. Silver Nanoparticles, Eradication of Pathogenic Biofilms
Hafiza Sehrish Kiani, Faryal Gohar, Shama Zahra and Syed Hamza Ali Abbas
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Overview of Silver Nanoparticles
3.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles Physical Properties
3.2.2 Antimicrobial Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles
3.3 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
3.3.1 Physical Methods
3.3.1.1 Evaporation–Condensation Method
3.3.1.2 Laser Ablation
3.3.2 Chemical Methods
3.3.2.1 Reduction Using Chemical Agents
3.3.2.2 Microemulsion and Sol–Gel Techniques
3.3.3 Biological Synthesis – Green Synthesis
3.3.3.1 Plant-Mediated Synthesis
3.3.3.2 Microbial Synthesis
3.4 Mechanisms of Biofilm Eradication by AgNPs
3.4.1 Membrane Disruption
3.4.2 Matrix Penetration and Degradation
3.4.3 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
3.4.4 Inhibition of Quorum Sensing
3.5 Synergistic Approaches: Combining AgNPs with Other Antimicrobials
3.5.1 Antibiotic-Nanoparticle Synergy
3.5.2 Plant-Derived Compounds and AgNPs
3.5.3 Decreased Cytotoxicity
3.6 Applications of Silver Nanoparticles in Biofilm Control
3.6.1 Water Purification and Industrial Settings
3.6.2 Medical Devices and Implants
3.6.3 Wound Healing and Antibacterial Coatings
References
4. Polymeric Nanomaterials: A New Frontier in Biofilm Eradication
Shikha Gaikwad, Satish Polshettiwar, Anand Kulkarni, Dishank Purandare and Vikrant Gaikwad
4.1 Introduction to Biofilms
4.1.1 Impact of Biofilms on Human Health, Food Industries, and Healthcare Settings
4.1.2 Limitations of Conventional Biofilm Eradication Methods
4.2 Polymeric Nanomaterials: An Overview
4.2.1 Types of Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs) Used in Biofilm Eradication
4.2.1.1 Natural Polymer-Based Nanoparticles (NPbNP)
4.2.1.2 Synthetic Polymer-Based Nanoparticles (SNPs)
4.2.2 Role of Biosurfactants in Biofilm Disruption
4.3 Mechanisms of Biofilm Eradication by Polymeric Nanomaterials
4.3.1 Disruption of Biofilm Matrix and Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)
4.3.2 Targeted Drug Delivery and Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Agents
4.3.3 Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress and Membrane Disruption
4.3.4 Synergistic Effects with Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Peptides
4.4 Applications in Various Sectors
4.4.1 Medical and Healthcare
4.4.2 Food Industry
4.4.3 Water Treatment: Biofilm Removal in Water Purification Systems
4.4.4 Agriculture: Biofilm Control in Plant Pathogens and Irrigation Systems
4.4.5 Food Processing Industry
4.4.6 Water Treatment Industry: Combating Biofouling in Industrial Water Systems
4.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Carbon-Based Nanoparticles: Eradication of Pathogenic
Biofilms
Samarendra Singh, Saloni Guleria, Aditya Raj, Gautam Singh and Navjot Kaur Sandhu
5.1 Types of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles (CNPs)
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Challenges in Conventional Biofilm Treatment
5.1.2.1 Antibiotic Resistance and Tolerance
5.1.2.2 Host Immune Evasion
5.1.2.3 Inefficiency of Conventional Antimicrobial Strategies
5.1.2.4 Challenges in Medical Device–Associated Biofilms
5.1.3 Emerging Role of Nanotechnology in Antimicrobial Strategies
5.1.3.1 Mechanisms of Nanoparticles in Biofilm Disruption
5.1.3.2 Types of Nanoparticles Used in Antimicrobial Applications
5.1.3.3 Advantages of Nanotechnology Over Conventional Therapies
5.2 Types of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles (CNPs)
5.2.1 Graphene Oxide
5.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
5.2.3 Fullerenes
5.2.4 Nanodiamonds
5.3 Mechanisms of Biofilm Disruption by Carbon-Based Nanoparticles (CNPs)
5.3.1 Inhibition of Microbial Adhesion and Colonization
5.3.2 Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) Degradation
5.3.3 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation and Oxidative Stress
5.3.4 Photothermal and Photodynamic Effects
5.3.5 Physical Disruption of Biofilms
5.4 Synergistic Effects with Conventional Antimicrobial Agents
5.4.1 Enhancement of Antibiotic Penetration
5.4.1.1 EPS Disruption and Degradation
5.4.1.2 Membrane Permeabilization
5.4.1.3 Nano-Carrier Systems for Antibiotic Delivery
5.4.2 Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
5.4.3 Combination Therapies with Metal-Based Nanoparticles
5.5 Applications of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles (CNPs) in Biofilm Management
5.5.1 Medical and Healthcare Applications
5.5.2 Industrial and Environmental Applications
5.5.3 Role of CNPs in Agriculture and Soil Health
5.5.4 Future Perspectives and Potential Challenges
5.6 Challenges and Safety Concerns of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles (CNPs) in Biofilm Management
5.6.1 Cytotoxicity and Biocompatibility Issues
5.6.2 Environmental Impact and Biodegradability
5.6.3 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations
5.7 Future Perspectives and Research Directions in Biofilm-Targeting Nanotechnology
References
6. Nanomaterials: Managing Antibiotic-Resistant Biofilm
Rahul Kumar, Ayush Madan, Kübra Sağlam, Rachan Karmakar and Debasis Mitra
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Insight into Biofilm Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms
6.3 Biofilm-Related Infection in Clinical Situations and the Environment
6.4 Antibiofilm Agent
6.5 Biofilm Interaction Mechanism
6.6 Biofilm Management and Nanomaterial Types
6.6.1 Metallic Nanoparticles
6.6.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
6.6.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles
6.6.4 Nanoparticles Hybrid Functions
6.7 Biofilm Action Mechanisms
6.8 Applications of Nanomaterials in Biofilm Control
6.9 Challenges and Considerations
6.10 Future Viewpoints
6.11 Conclusion
References
7. β-Cyclodextrin Nanomaterials for Biofilm Eradication
Bornika Chattaraj, Subhadas Chatterjee and Yadu Nandan Dey
List of Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanisms of Biofilm Generation and Action in Infection
7.2.1 Initial Attachment
7.2.2 Microcolony Formation
7.2.3 Maturation of Biofilm
7.2.4 Dispersion Process
7.3 β-Cyclodextrin Nanomaterials for Biofilm Eradication Mechanisms
7.3.1 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Surface Interaction and Penetration
7.3.2 Solubilization of Antimicrobials Followed by Increased Drug Delivery
7.3.3 Inhibition of Bacterial Adhesion
7.4 β-Cyclodextrin Nanomaterials Effective against Both Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
7.5 Environmental Impacts of Nanoparticles in Biofilm Eradication
7.5.1 Low Toxicity with Biodegradable Nature
7.5.2 Diminished Chemical Load
7.5.3 Pollutant Removal Though Dual Mechanism
7.5.4 ROS Generation
7.6 Comparison of β-Cyclodextrin Nanomaterials with Herbal Extracts
7.7 Future Prospect
7.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8. Graphene-Based Nanocomposite Sheets: Eradication of Pathogenic Biofilms
Sneha Parbin, Nabam Piya, Tapoban Bordoloi, Izaz Hussain, Mohini Mondal, Sumel Ashique and Biplab Debnath
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite Sheets: Synthesis and Characterization
8.2.1 Materials and Components
8.2.1.1 Graphene Oxide (GO)
8.2.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
8.2.1.3 Additional Components
8.2.2 Synthesis Methods
8.2.2.1 Chemical Reduction Method
8.2.2.2 Alternative Synthesis Approaches
8.2.3 Characterization Techniques
8.3 Antimicrobial Efficacy of Graphene-Based Nanocomposite Sheets
8.3.1 Antimicrobial Properties
8.3.1.1 Mechanisms of Action
8.3.1.2 Recent Studies and Innovations
8.3.1.3 Biomedical Applications
8.3.2 In Vitro Studies: Antimicrobial Activity against MRSA and P. aeruginosa
8.3.3 In Vivo Studies: Efficacy in Animal Models of Biofilm-Related Infections
8.4 Biofilm Disruption and Eradication
8.4.1 Biofilm Formation: Mechanisms and Factors Influencing Biofilm Development
8.4.2 Biofilm Disruption: Strategies for Disrupting Biofilm Matrices and Eradicating Embedded Bacteria
8.4.3 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite Sheets: Efficacy in Disrupting and Eradicating Biofilms
8.5 Cytotoxicity and Biocompatibility of Graphene-Based Nanocomposite Materials
8.5.1 Future Directions
8.6 Conclusion
References
9. Magnetic Nanomaterials: Eradication of Pathogenic Biofilms Associated with Infections
Javeriya Khan, Anas Islam, Badruddeen, Juber Akhtar and Mohammad Irfan Khan
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fundamentals of Magnetic Nanomaterials
9.2.1 Types and Composition of Magnetic Nanomaterials
9.2.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
9.2.3 Characterization and Unique Magnetic Properties
9.3 Mechanisms of Biofilm Disruption by Magnetic Nanomaterials
9.3.1 Direct Physical Disruption by Magnetic Actuation
9.3.2 Indirect Biofilm Disruption: ROS Generation and Hyperthermia
9.3.2.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation
9.3.2.2 Magnetic Hyperthermia Effects
9.3.3 Synergistic Effects and Combination Therapies
9.3.3.1 Enhanced Antibiotic Penetration and Efficacy
9.3.3.2 Hybrid and Multifunctional Nanoplatforms
9.3.3.3 Stimuli-Responsive “Smart” Systems
9.4 Applications in Infection Management
9.4.1 Medical Device and Implant Infections
9.4.2 Wound and Tissue Infections
9.4.3 In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation
9.5 Safety, Toxicity, and Future Perspectives
9.5.1 Toxicity and Biocompatibility
9.5.2 Regulatory and Environmental Aspects
9.5.3 Future Directions
Conclusion
References
10. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Against Bacterial Biofilms
Patil Arpana, Tejas Mandhare, Minal Ghante, Purandare Dishank, Isha Kalbhor and Polshettiwar Satish
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Properties and Mechanisms of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
10.2.1 Physicochemical Properties of MONPs
10.2.2 Mechanisms of Biofilm Eradication
10.3 Types of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Biofilm
Activity
10.4 Synthesis and Functionalization of MONPs for Biofilm Control
10.5 Applications of MONPs in Biofilm Control
10.5.1 Toxicity and Safety Considerations
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials: Eradicating Bacterial
Biofilms
Yashaswi Dutta Gupta, Arijit Bhattacharya, Amit Ghosh
and Suman Bhandary
11.1 Introduction 248
11.1.1 The Challenge of Bacterial Biofilms/Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance
11.1.2 Rise of Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.2 Mechanisms of Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.2.1 Disruption of Biofilm Matrix
11.2.2 Triggered Antimicrobial Release
11.2.3 Synergistic Therapies
11.3 Types of Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.3.1 pH-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.3.2 Temperature-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.3.3 Light-Activated Nanomaterials
11.3.4 Enzyme-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.3.5 Magnetic-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.3.6 Ultrasound-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.4 Translational Prospects
11.5 Case Studies
11.6 Challenges and Limitations
11.7 Future Directions
11.8 Conclusion
References
12. Nanomaterial-Based Synergistic Strategies for Biofilm
Disruption and Prevention
Utpal Bhui, Joy Das, Bimlesh Kumar, Dileep Singh Baghel, Saurabh Singh and Naina Singh
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Biofilms and Their Clinical Relevance
12.1.2 Challenges in Biofilm
12.1.3 Role of Nanotechnology in Biofilm Disruption
12.2 Mechanisms of Biofilm Formation and Resistance
12.3 Nanomaterials for Biofilm Disruption and Prevention
12.3.1 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
12.3.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
12.3.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles and Nanogels
12.3.4 Lipid-Based Nanocarriers
12.3.5 Hybrid and Composite Nanomaterials
12.4 Mechanisms of Action of Nanomaterial-Based Strategies
12.4.1 Disruption of Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) Matrix
12.4.2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation
12.4.3 Quorum Quenching and Inhibition of Bacterial Communication
12.4.4 Targeted Drug Delivery and Controlled Release
12.5 Synergistic Strategies Combining Nanomaterials with Other Therapies
12.5.1 Antibiotic-Nanoparticle Combinations
12.5.2 Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy Using Nanomaterials
12.5.3 Enzyme-Loaded Nanoparticles for Biofilm Degradation
12.5.4 Antimicrobial Peptides and Nanoparticle Synergy
12.6 Toxicological and Regulatory Considerations
12.6.1 Toxicological Issues
12.6.2 Regulatory Considerations
12.7 Future Trends and Emerging Strategies
12.7.1 Smart and Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials
12.7.2 Translational Challenges and Commercialization Potential
Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Biofilm Eradication: Progress and Prospects of Nanomaterials
Anand Kumar Shukla, Suma H., Aditi Deshpande, Sindhu D. Bali and Narendra Kadoo
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biofilm Formation and Its Structure
1.2.1 Phase 1: Bacterial Attachment
1.2.2 Phase 2: EPS Production and Early Biofilm Formation
1.2.3 Phase 3: Maturation
1.2.4 Phase 4: Dispersal
1.3 Mechanisms of Biofilm Resistance
1.3.1 Genetic Adaptations and Stress Responses
1.3.2 EPS Barrier
1.3.3 Quorum Sensing and Persister Cells
1.4 Challenges in Biofilm Eradication
1.4.1 Structural and Functional Complexity
1.4.2 Enhanced Antimicrobial Resistance
1.4.3 Inefficacy of Conventional Treatments
1.5 Nanomaterials for Biofilm Eradication
1.5.1 Metallic Nanoparticles
1.5.2 Polymeric Nanostructures and Nanocarriers
1.5.3 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials (Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes)
1.5.4 Hybrid and Composite Nanomaterials
1.6 Mechanisms of Action of Nanomaterials against Biofilms
1.6.1 Disruption of Biofilm Matrix and EPS Degradation
1.6.2 Oxidative Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation
1.6.3 Targeted Drug Delivery and Enhanced Antimicrobial Penetration
1.6.4 Interference with Quorum-Sensing Pathways
1.7 Smart and Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials
1.7.1 pH-Responsive Nanomaterials
1.7.2 Light-Activated and Photothermal Nanomaterials
1.7.3 Magnetic and Ultrasound-Responsive Nanomaterials
1.7.4 Enzyme-Activated Nanoparticles
1.8 Challenges and Limitations of Nanomaterials for Biofilm Eradication
1.8.1 Biocompatibility and Cytotoxicity Concerns
1.8.2 Stability and Scalability of Nanomaterials
1.8.3 Environmental and Regulatory Considerations
1.8.4 Development of Resistance and Reduction in the Long-Term Efficacy
1.9 Future Perspectives and Translational Potential
1.9.1 Nanotechnology Integration with Conventional Antimicrobials
1.9.2 Personalized and Precision Medicine Approaches
1.9.3 Industrial and Environmental Applications
1.9.4 Regulatory Framework and Safety Evaluations
1.10 Conclusions
References
2. Nanomaterials: Eradicating Bacterial Biofilms on Implantable Medical Devices
Radheshyam Pal, Bimlesh Kumar, Shubham Kumar, Mohini Mondal, Omji Porwal and Naina Singh
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Biofilms on Medical
Devices
2.2.1 Nanomaterial with Intrinsic Biomaterials
2.2.2 Nanomaterials as Carriers of Biofilm Agents
2.2.3 Eradication of Biofilms with Responsive Nanomaterials
2.2.3.1 Magnetic Responsive Nanomaterials
2.2.3.2 Exogenous Responsive Materials
2.2.3.3 Thermal Sensitive Nanomaterials
2.2.3.4 Light and PH Stimulation Responsive Materials
2.3 Mechanisms of Biofilm Disruption
2.3.1 EPS Degradation
2.3.2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation
2.3.3 Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy
2.3.4 Synergistic Effects with Antibiotics
2.4 Challenges
2.5 Future Perspectives
2.6 Conclusion
References
3. Silver Nanoparticles, Eradication of Pathogenic Biofilms
Hafiza Sehrish Kiani, Faryal Gohar, Shama Zahra and Syed Hamza Ali Abbas
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Overview of Silver Nanoparticles
3.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles Physical Properties
3.2.2 Antimicrobial Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles
3.3 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
3.3.1 Physical Methods
3.3.1.1 Evaporation–Condensation Method
3.3.1.2 Laser Ablation
3.3.2 Chemical Methods
3.3.2.1 Reduction Using Chemical Agents
3.3.2.2 Microemulsion and Sol–Gel Techniques
3.3.3 Biological Synthesis – Green Synthesis
3.3.3.1 Plant-Mediated Synthesis
3.3.3.2 Microbial Synthesis
3.4 Mechanisms of Biofilm Eradication by AgNPs
3.4.1 Membrane Disruption
3.4.2 Matrix Penetration and Degradation
3.4.3 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
3.4.4 Inhibition of Quorum Sensing
3.5 Synergistic Approaches: Combining AgNPs with Other Antimicrobials
3.5.1 Antibiotic-Nanoparticle Synergy
3.5.2 Plant-Derived Compounds and AgNPs
3.5.3 Decreased Cytotoxicity
3.6 Applications of Silver Nanoparticles in Biofilm Control
3.6.1 Water Purification and Industrial Settings
3.6.2 Medical Devices and Implants
3.6.3 Wound Healing and Antibacterial Coatings
References
4. Polymeric Nanomaterials: A New Frontier in Biofilm Eradication
Shikha Gaikwad, Satish Polshettiwar, Anand Kulkarni, Dishank Purandare and Vikrant Gaikwad
4.1 Introduction to Biofilms
4.1.1 Impact of Biofilms on Human Health, Food Industries, and Healthcare Settings
4.1.2 Limitations of Conventional Biofilm Eradication Methods
4.2 Polymeric Nanomaterials: An Overview
4.2.1 Types of Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs) Used in Biofilm Eradication
4.2.1.1 Natural Polymer-Based Nanoparticles (NPbNP)
4.2.1.2 Synthetic Polymer-Based Nanoparticles (SNPs)
4.2.2 Role of Biosurfactants in Biofilm Disruption
4.3 Mechanisms of Biofilm Eradication by Polymeric Nanomaterials
4.3.1 Disruption of Biofilm Matrix and Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)
4.3.2 Targeted Drug Delivery and Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Agents
4.3.3 Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress and Membrane Disruption
4.3.4 Synergistic Effects with Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Peptides
4.4 Applications in Various Sectors
4.4.1 Medical and Healthcare
4.4.2 Food Industry
4.4.3 Water Treatment: Biofilm Removal in Water Purification Systems
4.4.4 Agriculture: Biofilm Control in Plant Pathogens and Irrigation Systems
4.4.5 Food Processing Industry
4.4.6 Water Treatment Industry: Combating Biofouling in Industrial Water Systems
4.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Carbon-Based Nanoparticles: Eradication of Pathogenic
Biofilms
Samarendra Singh, Saloni Guleria, Aditya Raj, Gautam Singh and Navjot Kaur Sandhu
5.1 Types of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles (CNPs)
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Challenges in Conventional Biofilm Treatment
5.1.2.1 Antibiotic Resistance and Tolerance
5.1.2.2 Host Immune Evasion
5.1.2.3 Inefficiency of Conventional Antimicrobial Strategies
5.1.2.4 Challenges in Medical Device–Associated Biofilms
5.1.3 Emerging Role of Nanotechnology in Antimicrobial Strategies
5.1.3.1 Mechanisms of Nanoparticles in Biofilm Disruption
5.1.3.2 Types of Nanoparticles Used in Antimicrobial Applications
5.1.3.3 Advantages of Nanotechnology Over Conventional Therapies
5.2 Types of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles (CNPs)
5.2.1 Graphene Oxide
5.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
5.2.3 Fullerenes
5.2.4 Nanodiamonds
5.3 Mechanisms of Biofilm Disruption by Carbon-Based Nanoparticles (CNPs)
5.3.1 Inhibition of Microbial Adhesion and Colonization
5.3.2 Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) Degradation
5.3.3 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation and Oxidative Stress
5.3.4 Photothermal and Photodynamic Effects
5.3.5 Physical Disruption of Biofilms
5.4 Synergistic Effects with Conventional Antimicrobial Agents
5.4.1 Enhancement of Antibiotic Penetration
5.4.1.1 EPS Disruption and Degradation
5.4.1.2 Membrane Permeabilization
5.4.1.3 Nano-Carrier Systems for Antibiotic Delivery
5.4.2 Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
5.4.3 Combination Therapies with Metal-Based Nanoparticles
5.5 Applications of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles (CNPs) in Biofilm Management
5.5.1 Medical and Healthcare Applications
5.5.2 Industrial and Environmental Applications
5.5.3 Role of CNPs in Agriculture and Soil Health
5.5.4 Future Perspectives and Potential Challenges
5.6 Challenges and Safety Concerns of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles (CNPs) in Biofilm Management
5.6.1 Cytotoxicity and Biocompatibility Issues
5.6.2 Environmental Impact and Biodegradability
5.6.3 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations
5.7 Future Perspectives and Research Directions in Biofilm-Targeting Nanotechnology
References
6. Nanomaterials: Managing Antibiotic-Resistant Biofilm
Rahul Kumar, Ayush Madan, Kübra Sağlam, Rachan Karmakar and Debasis Mitra
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Insight into Biofilm Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms
6.3 Biofilm-Related Infection in Clinical Situations and the Environment
6.4 Antibiofilm Agent
6.5 Biofilm Interaction Mechanism
6.6 Biofilm Management and Nanomaterial Types
6.6.1 Metallic Nanoparticles
6.6.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
6.6.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles
6.6.4 Nanoparticles Hybrid Functions
6.7 Biofilm Action Mechanisms
6.8 Applications of Nanomaterials in Biofilm Control
6.9 Challenges and Considerations
6.10 Future Viewpoints
6.11 Conclusion
References
7. β-Cyclodextrin Nanomaterials for Biofilm Eradication
Bornika Chattaraj, Subhadas Chatterjee and Yadu Nandan Dey
List of Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanisms of Biofilm Generation and Action in Infection
7.2.1 Initial Attachment
7.2.2 Microcolony Formation
7.2.3 Maturation of Biofilm
7.2.4 Dispersion Process
7.3 β-Cyclodextrin Nanomaterials for Biofilm Eradication Mechanisms
7.3.1 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Surface Interaction and Penetration
7.3.2 Solubilization of Antimicrobials Followed by Increased Drug Delivery
7.3.3 Inhibition of Bacterial Adhesion
7.4 β-Cyclodextrin Nanomaterials Effective against Both Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
7.5 Environmental Impacts of Nanoparticles in Biofilm Eradication
7.5.1 Low Toxicity with Biodegradable Nature
7.5.2 Diminished Chemical Load
7.5.3 Pollutant Removal Though Dual Mechanism
7.5.4 ROS Generation
7.6 Comparison of β-Cyclodextrin Nanomaterials with Herbal Extracts
7.7 Future Prospect
7.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8. Graphene-Based Nanocomposite Sheets: Eradication of Pathogenic Biofilms
Sneha Parbin, Nabam Piya, Tapoban Bordoloi, Izaz Hussain, Mohini Mondal, Sumel Ashique and Biplab Debnath
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite Sheets: Synthesis and Characterization
8.2.1 Materials and Components
8.2.1.1 Graphene Oxide (GO)
8.2.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
8.2.1.3 Additional Components
8.2.2 Synthesis Methods
8.2.2.1 Chemical Reduction Method
8.2.2.2 Alternative Synthesis Approaches
8.2.3 Characterization Techniques
8.3 Antimicrobial Efficacy of Graphene-Based Nanocomposite Sheets
8.3.1 Antimicrobial Properties
8.3.1.1 Mechanisms of Action
8.3.1.2 Recent Studies and Innovations
8.3.1.3 Biomedical Applications
8.3.2 In Vitro Studies: Antimicrobial Activity against MRSA and P. aeruginosa
8.3.3 In Vivo Studies: Efficacy in Animal Models of Biofilm-Related Infections
8.4 Biofilm Disruption and Eradication
8.4.1 Biofilm Formation: Mechanisms and Factors Influencing Biofilm Development
8.4.2 Biofilm Disruption: Strategies for Disrupting Biofilm Matrices and Eradicating Embedded Bacteria
8.4.3 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite Sheets: Efficacy in Disrupting and Eradicating Biofilms
8.5 Cytotoxicity and Biocompatibility of Graphene-Based Nanocomposite Materials
8.5.1 Future Directions
8.6 Conclusion
References
9. Magnetic Nanomaterials: Eradication of Pathogenic Biofilms Associated with Infections
Javeriya Khan, Anas Islam, Badruddeen, Juber Akhtar and Mohammad Irfan Khan
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fundamentals of Magnetic Nanomaterials
9.2.1 Types and Composition of Magnetic Nanomaterials
9.2.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
9.2.3 Characterization and Unique Magnetic Properties
9.3 Mechanisms of Biofilm Disruption by Magnetic Nanomaterials
9.3.1 Direct Physical Disruption by Magnetic Actuation
9.3.2 Indirect Biofilm Disruption: ROS Generation and Hyperthermia
9.3.2.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation
9.3.2.2 Magnetic Hyperthermia Effects
9.3.3 Synergistic Effects and Combination Therapies
9.3.3.1 Enhanced Antibiotic Penetration and Efficacy
9.3.3.2 Hybrid and Multifunctional Nanoplatforms
9.3.3.3 Stimuli-Responsive “Smart” Systems
9.4 Applications in Infection Management
9.4.1 Medical Device and Implant Infections
9.4.2 Wound and Tissue Infections
9.4.3 In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation
9.5 Safety, Toxicity, and Future Perspectives
9.5.1 Toxicity and Biocompatibility
9.5.2 Regulatory and Environmental Aspects
9.5.3 Future Directions
Conclusion
References
10. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Against Bacterial Biofilms
Patil Arpana, Tejas Mandhare, Minal Ghante, Purandare Dishank, Isha Kalbhor and Polshettiwar Satish
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Properties and Mechanisms of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
10.2.1 Physicochemical Properties of MONPs
10.2.2 Mechanisms of Biofilm Eradication
10.3 Types of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Biofilm
Activity
10.4 Synthesis and Functionalization of MONPs for Biofilm Control
10.5 Applications of MONPs in Biofilm Control
10.5.1 Toxicity and Safety Considerations
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials: Eradicating Bacterial
Biofilms
Yashaswi Dutta Gupta, Arijit Bhattacharya, Amit Ghosh
and Suman Bhandary
11.1 Introduction 248
11.1.1 The Challenge of Bacterial Biofilms/Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance
11.1.2 Rise of Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.2 Mechanisms of Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.2.1 Disruption of Biofilm Matrix
11.2.2 Triggered Antimicrobial Release
11.2.3 Synergistic Therapies
11.3 Types of Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.3.1 pH-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.3.2 Temperature-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.3.3 Light-Activated Nanomaterials
11.3.4 Enzyme-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.3.5 Magnetic-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.3.6 Ultrasound-Responsive Nanomaterials
11.4 Translational Prospects
11.5 Case Studies
11.6 Challenges and Limitations
11.7 Future Directions
11.8 Conclusion
References
12. Nanomaterial-Based Synergistic Strategies for Biofilm
Disruption and Prevention
Utpal Bhui, Joy Das, Bimlesh Kumar, Dileep Singh Baghel, Saurabh Singh and Naina Singh
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Biofilms and Their Clinical Relevance
12.1.2 Challenges in Biofilm
12.1.3 Role of Nanotechnology in Biofilm Disruption
12.2 Mechanisms of Biofilm Formation and Resistance
12.3 Nanomaterials for Biofilm Disruption and Prevention
12.3.1 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
12.3.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
12.3.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles and Nanogels
12.3.4 Lipid-Based Nanocarriers
12.3.5 Hybrid and Composite Nanomaterials
12.4 Mechanisms of Action of Nanomaterial-Based Strategies
12.4.1 Disruption of Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) Matrix
12.4.2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation
12.4.3 Quorum Quenching and Inhibition of Bacterial Communication
12.4.4 Targeted Drug Delivery and Controlled Release
12.5 Synergistic Strategies Combining Nanomaterials with Other Therapies
12.5.1 Antibiotic-Nanoparticle Combinations
12.5.2 Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy Using Nanomaterials
12.5.3 Enzyme-Loaded Nanoparticles for Biofilm Degradation
12.5.4 Antimicrobial Peptides and Nanoparticle Synergy
12.6 Toxicological and Regulatory Considerations
12.6.1 Toxicological Issues
12.6.2 Regulatory Considerations
12.7 Future Trends and Emerging Strategies
12.7.1 Smart and Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials
12.7.2 Translational Challenges and Commercialization Potential
Conclusion
References
Index
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