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Submit a ProposalBiogas Production
 | Pretreatment Methods in Anaerobic Digestion Edited by Ackmez Mudhoo Copyright: 2012 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781118062852 | Hardcover | 350 pages | 50 illustrations Price: $175 USD  |
One Line Description
This volume covers the most cutting-edge pretreatment processes being used and studied today for the production of biogas during anaerobic digestion processes using different feedstocks, in the most efficient and economical methods possible.
Audience
Engineers, scientists, professors, and students in chemical engineering, environmental engineering, municipal and industrial water processes, wastewater, biotechnology, biological engineering, agricultural engineering, and other related engineering disciplines.
Engineers, scientists, professors, and students in chemical engineering, environmental engineering, municipal and industrial water processes, wastewater, biotechnology, biological engineering, agricultural engineering, and other related engineering disciplines.
Description
This book will highlight the recent advances in the pretreatment and value addition of lignocellulosic wastes (LCW) with the main focus on domestic and agro-industrial residues. Mechanical, physical and biological treatment systems are brought into perspective. The main value-added products from lignocellulosic wastes are summarized in a manner that pinpoints the most recent trends and the future directions. Physicochemical and biological treatment systems seem to be the most favored options while biofuels, biodegradable composites and biosorbents production paints a bright picture of the current and future bio-based products. Engineered microbes seem to tackle the problem of bioconversion of substrates that are otherwise non convertible by conventional wild strains. Although the main challenge facing LCW utilization is the high costs involved in treatment and production processes, some recent affordable processes with promising results have been proposed. Future trends are being directed to nanobiotechnology and genetic engineering for improved processes and products.
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This book will highlight the recent advances in the pretreatment and value addition of lignocellulosic wastes (LCW) with the main focus on domestic and agro-industrial residues. Mechanical, physical and biological treatment systems are brought into perspective. The main value-added products from lignocellulosic wastes are summarized in a manner that pinpoints the most recent trends and the future directions. Physicochemical and biological treatment systems seem to be the most favored options while biofuels, biodegradable composites and biosorbents production paints a bright picture of the current and future bio-based products. Engineered microbes seem to tackle the problem of bioconversion of substrates that are otherwise non convertible by conventional wild strains. Although the main challenge facing LCW utilization is the high costs involved in treatment and production processes, some recent affordable processes with promising results have been proposed. Future trends are being directed to nanobiotechnology and genetic engineering for improved processes and products.
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Author / Editor Details
Ackmez Mudhoo, B.Eng., M.Phil. is Lecturer in the Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at the University of Mauritius. His main research interests encompass bioremediation of organic wastes and other process residues using composting, anaerobic digestion and other green tehniques. He has dozens of international journal publications and conference papers to his credit. He is also a peer reviewer on numerous journals, and is the handling editor for two international research journals.
Ackmez Mudhoo, B.Eng., M.Phil. is Lecturer in the Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at the University of Mauritius. His main research interests encompass bioremediation of organic wastes and other process residues using composting, anaerobic digestion and other green tehniques. He has dozens of international journal publications and conference papers to his credit. He is also a peer reviewer on numerous journals, and is the handling editor for two international research journals.
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Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Editor xix
List of Contributors xxi
1. Anaerobic Digestion: Pretreatments of Substrates 1
Tania Forster-Carneiro, Ricardo Isaac, Montserrat Perez,
and Clarita Schvartz
1.1 Pretreatments in Anaerobic Digestion Process 2
1.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion Pretreatments
of Substrates 3
1.2 Physical Pretreatment 6
1.2.1 Mechanical Pretreatment 7
1.2.2 Thermal Pretreatment 8
1.2.3 Ultrasound-assisted Pretreatment 10
1.3 Chemical Pretreatment 15
1.4 Biological Pretreatment 17
1.5 Combined Pretreatment 18
1.6 Concluding Note 19
Acknowledgements 20
References 20
2. Recalcitrance of Lignocellulosic Biomass
to Anaerobic Digestion 27
Mohammad J. Taherzadeh and Azam Jeihanipour
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Plant Cell Wall Anatomy 28
2.3 Chemistry of Cell Wall Polymers 30
2.3.1 Chemistry of Cell Wall Polysaccharides 30
2.3.1.1 Cellulose 31
2.3.1.2 (1 ¯¿½ ¯¿½3, 1 ¯¿½ ¯¿½4)- ¯¿½ ¯¿½-D-Glucans 32
viii Contents
2.3.1.3 Heteroglucans (Xyloglucans) 33
2.3.1.4 Heteroxylans 34
2.3.1.5 Heteromannans 35
2.3.1.6 Pectic Polysaccharides (Pectins) 36
2.3.2 Cell Wall Proteins 37
2.3.3 Lignin in Plant Cell Walls 38
2.4 Molecular Interactions Between Cell Wall Polymers 39
2.5 Plant Cell Wall Molecular Architecture 40
2.6 Recalcitrance of Plant Cell Wall Cellulose 42
2.7 Reduction of Biomass Recalcitrance 46
2.7.1 Physical and Chemical Pretreatments 48
2.7.2 Bacterial Hydrolysis 49
2.8 Concluding Note 50
References 50
3. The Effect of Physical, Chemical, and Biological
Pretreatments of Biomass on its Anaerobic Digestibility
and Biogas Production 55
Katerina Stamatelatou, Georgia Antonopoulou,
Ioanna Ntaikou, and Gerasimos Lyberatos
3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 Pretreatment Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass 57
3.2.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass 57
3.2.1.1 Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass 58
3.2.1.2 Lignocellulosic Feedstocks 60
3.2.2 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 62
3.3 Pretreatment Methods for Sewage Sludge 77
3.3.1 Sludge Pretreatment 78
3.4 Concluding Note 84
References 85
4. Application of Ultrasound Pretreatment
for Sludge Digestion 91
Show Kuan Yeow and Wong Lai Peng
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Anaerobic Digestion 93
4.3 Overview of Pretreatment Methods for
Anaerobic Digestion 95
4.3.1 Thermal Pretreatment 96
4.3.2 Mechanical Pretreatment 96
Contents ix
4.3.3 Chemical Pretreatment 97
4.3.4 Enzyme Pretreatment 99
4.3.5 Irradiation Pretreatment 99
4.3.6 Ultrasound Pretreatment 100
4.4 Fundamental of Ultrasound 100
4.4.1 Introduction 100
4.4.2 Basic Theory of Cavitation and Acoustic
Cavitation 101
4.4.3 Acoustic Cavitation Conditions 102
4.5 Bubbles Dynamic 103
4.5.1 Formation of Bubbles 103
4.5.2 Behaviour of Acoustic Cavitation Bubbles 105
4.5.3 Sonoluminescence v/s
Sonochemiluminescence 106
4.6 Effects of Ultrasound 106
4.6.1 Chemical Effects 107
4.6.2 Physical and Mechanical Effects 107
4.6.3 Biological Effects 108
4.7 Ultrasound Applications 109
4.7.1 Ultrasound in Medicine and Therapy 109
4.7.2 Ultrasound in Science and Technology 110
4.7.3 Ultrasound in Environmental Applications 111
4.7.3.1 Air Cleaning 111
4.7.3.2 Land Remediation 113
4.7.3.3 Water Remediation 113
4.7.3.4 Wastewater Treatment 113
4.8 Ultrasonication for Anaerobic Digesion 116
4.8.1 Mechanisms of Ultrasound Pretreatment 117
4.8.2 Infl uencing Factors 118
4.8.2.1 Sonication Parameters 118
4.8.2.2 Sludge Characteristics 122
4.8.2.3 Confi guration of Sonicator 123
4.8.3 Effects of Ultrasound on Sludge 123
4.9 Evaluation on Sludge Disintegration 126
4.9.1 Physical Evaluation 126
4.9.2 Chemical Evaluation 127
4.9.3 Biological Evaluation 129
4.9.4 Methods to Enhance Ultrasound Effi ciency 130
4.10 Conclusions 131
References 132
x Contents
5. Microwave Sludge Irradiation 137
Cigdem Eskicioglu and Giampiero Galvagno
5.1 Introduction 137
5.2 Microwave Theory 139
5.2.1 Interaction between Electromagnetic Field
and Sample 140
5.2.2 Microwave Equipment 142
5.3 Microwave Irradiation for Waste Sludge Treatment 144
5.3.1 Low Temperature (<100 ¯¿½ ¯¿½C) Sludge
Pretreatment 144
5.3.2 High Temperature (>100 ¯¿½ ¯¿½C) Sludge
Pretreatment 145
5.4 Industrial Microwave Applications 147
5.5 Microwave Absorbing Materials and Ionic Liquids 148
5.6 Sludge Pretreatment Similar to Microwave
Irradiation 151
5.7 Concluding Notes 151
Acknowledgements 152
References 152
6. Hydrolytic Enzymes Enhancing Anaerobic Digestion 157
Teresa Suarez Quinones, Matthias Plochl, Katrin
Pazolt, Robert Kausmann, Edith Nettmann,
and Monika Heiermann
6.1 Introduction 158
6.1.1 Enzymes 158
6.1.1.1 Kind of Enzymes 160
6.1.1.2 Impact of Enzymes 160
6.1.1.3 Origin of Enzymes 164
6.1.2 Process of Anaerobic Digestion 166
6.1.2.1 Biological Process 166
6.1.2.2 Technical Process 169
6.2 Where and How can Enzymes be Applied? 170
6.2.1 Site of Enzyme Application 170
6.2.1.1 Pre-hydrolytic Phase 170
6.2.1.2 Pre-digestion Phase 171
6.2.1.2 Digester 172
6.2.1.3 Digestate 174
6.2.2 Anaerobic and Aerobic Conditions
of Enzyme Application 175
Contents xi
6.2.3 Optimum Parameters of Enzyme Application 175
6.3 Impact of Enzyme Application 178
6.3.1 Enhancement of Biogas Production 178
6.3.2 Secondary Effects 182
6.3.2.1 Effects on the Availability of the
Digester Contents 182
6.3.2.2 Effects on the Viscosity of the Digester
Contents 186
6.3.2.3 Single Enzyme vs. Mixture of Enzymes 186
6.3.3 Inhibition of Enzyme Activity 186
6.3.4 Interaction of Pretreatment and Enzyme
Application 190
6.3.5 Interaction of Trace Elements and Enzymes 190
6.4 Economic Assessment 191
6.4.1 Benefi ts 191
6.4.2 Cost-benefi t Analysis 191
6.5 Concluding Note 192
Acknowledgements 193
References 193
7. Oxidizing Agents and Organic Solvents as
Pretreatment for Anaerobic Digestion 199
Lise Appels, Jan Van Impe, and Raf Dewil
7.1 Oxidative Pretreatment Methods 199
7.1.1 Generalities 199
7.1.2 Wet Air Oxidation 200
7.1.2.1 Process Description and Generalities 200
7.1.2.2 Wet Air Oxidation of Lignocellulosic
Biomass 202
7.1.2.3 Wet Air Oxidation of Waste Sludge 203
7.1.2.4 Commercial WAO Processes 204
7.1.3 Oxidation with Peroxides 205
7.1.3.1 Hydrogen Peroxide 205
7.1.3.2 Peracetic Acid 207
7.1.3.3 Alternative (Novel) Peroxidants 208
7.1.4 Ozonation 209
7.2 Organic Solvents 210
7.2.1 Generalities and Working Mechanism 210
7.2.2 Solvents & Process Conditions 211
7.2.3 Application as Pretreatment
for Anaerobic Digestion 212
xii Contents
7.3 Concluding Note 212
References 212
8. Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Utilization in Greece:
Current Status and Perspectives 215
Avraam Karagiannidis, George Perkoulidis,
and Apostolos Malamakis
8.1 Assessment of Existing Biogas Installations 215
8.2 Use of Waste Material for Biogas Production 217
8.3 Feedstock Availability and Agricultural Structures 219
8.4 Purifi cation of Biogas for Insertion in the Natural
Gas Grid 224
8.5 Biogas Utilization 226
8.6 Concluding Note 227
References 228
9. Original Research: Investigating the Potential of Using
Biogas in Cooking Stove in Rodrigues 229
Dinesh Surroop and Osman Dina Begue
9.1 Energy Crisis and Future Challenges 230
9.2 Case Study of Rodrigues 231
9.2.1 The Economy of Rodrigues 231
9.2.2 Energy Sector of Rodrigues 232
9.2.3 Bio-energy in Rodrigues 233
9.3 Rationale of Research Study 233
9.4 Research Methodology 234
9.4.1 Experimental Set-up 235
9.4.2 Substrates for Pilot Anaerobic Digester 237
9.4.3 Pre-Treatment of Substrates 237
9.4.4 Start-up of Anaerobic Digester 238
9.4.5 Analytical Methods 238
9.5 Reactor Design Considerations 241
9.5.1 Operation of Digester System 241
9.5.2 Materials of Construction 244
9.6 Results, Findings and Discussions 247
9.6.1 Substrate Characteristics 247
9.6.2 Characteristics of Biogas 249
9.6.3 Characteristics of Sludge 252
9.6.4 Preliminary Economics of Pilot AD System 255
9.6.5 Economics of the Upscaled Reactor 256
Contents xiii
9.7 Conclusions 257
References 258
10. Optimizing and Modeling the Anaerobic Digestion
of Lignocellulosic Wastes by Rumen Cultures 259
Zhen-Hu Hu and Han-Qing Yu
10.1 Introduction 260
10.2 Materials and Methods 262
10.2.1 Substrate 262
10.2.2 Microwave Pretreatment 262
10.2.3 Seed Microorganisms and Batch Anaerobic
Digestion 263
10.2.4 Experimental Design 264
10.2.5 Analysis and Calculation 264
10.3 Optimizing the Anaerobic Digestion of
Microwave-Pretreated Cattail by Rumen Cultures 266
10.3.1 Anaerobic Digestion of Raw Cattail
by Rumen Cultures 266
10.3.2 Pretreatment of Cattail by Microwave
Irradiation 267
10.3.3 AFM Image Analysis of the Pretreated
Cattail 268
10.3.4 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of the
Pretreated Cattail 269
10.3.5 Anaerobic Digestion of the Pretreated Cattail 271
10.3.6 Optimization of Anaerobic Digestion for
Microwave Pretreatment Conditions 272
10.3.7 Response Surface Profi les of Microwave
Pretreatment Conditions 274
10.4 Modeling the Anaerobic Digestion of Cattail
by Rumen Cultures 275
10.4.1 Performance of Continuous-fl ow Stirred
Tank Reactor 275
10.4.2 Model Development and Simulation 276
10.4.3 Fractionation of Cattail for Biodegradation 282
10.4.4 Sensitivity Analysis 283
10.4.5 Model Calibration 284
10.4.6 Model Validation 285
10.5 Concluding Note 287
References 287
xiv Contents
11. Pretreatment of Biocatalyst as Viable Option
for Sustained Production of Biohydrogen
from Wastewater Treatment 291
S. Venkata Mohan and R. Kannaiah Goud
11.1 Introduction 292
11.2 Pretreatment of Biocatalyst 294
11.2.1 Heat-shock 294
11.2.2 Acid and Alkaline Shock 297
11.2.3 Chemical Treatment 298
11.2.4 Load-shock 299
11.2.5 Oxygen-shock 300
11.2.6 Other Treatment Methods 300
11.3 Combined Pretreatment 301
11.4 Infl uence of Pretreatment on Wastewater Treatment 302
11.5 Microbial Diversity 303
11.6 Summary and Future Scope 305
Acknowledgements 305
References 305
Back to Top
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Editor xix
List of Contributors xxi
1. Anaerobic Digestion: Pretreatments of Substrates 1
Tania Forster-Carneiro, Ricardo Isaac, Montserrat Perez,
and Clarita Schvartz
1.1 Pretreatments in Anaerobic Digestion Process 2
1.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion Pretreatments
of Substrates 3
1.2 Physical Pretreatment 6
1.2.1 Mechanical Pretreatment 7
1.2.2 Thermal Pretreatment 8
1.2.3 Ultrasound-assisted Pretreatment 10
1.3 Chemical Pretreatment 15
1.4 Biological Pretreatment 17
1.5 Combined Pretreatment 18
1.6 Concluding Note 19
Acknowledgements 20
References 20
2. Recalcitrance of Lignocellulosic Biomass
to Anaerobic Digestion 27
Mohammad J. Taherzadeh and Azam Jeihanipour
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Plant Cell Wall Anatomy 28
2.3 Chemistry of Cell Wall Polymers 30
2.3.1 Chemistry of Cell Wall Polysaccharides 30
2.3.1.1 Cellulose 31
2.3.1.2 (1 ¯¿½ ¯¿½3, 1 ¯¿½ ¯¿½4)- ¯¿½ ¯¿½-D-Glucans 32
viii Contents
2.3.1.3 Heteroglucans (Xyloglucans) 33
2.3.1.4 Heteroxylans 34
2.3.1.5 Heteromannans 35
2.3.1.6 Pectic Polysaccharides (Pectins) 36
2.3.2 Cell Wall Proteins 37
2.3.3 Lignin in Plant Cell Walls 38
2.4 Molecular Interactions Between Cell Wall Polymers 39
2.5 Plant Cell Wall Molecular Architecture 40
2.6 Recalcitrance of Plant Cell Wall Cellulose 42
2.7 Reduction of Biomass Recalcitrance 46
2.7.1 Physical and Chemical Pretreatments 48
2.7.2 Bacterial Hydrolysis 49
2.8 Concluding Note 50
References 50
3. The Effect of Physical, Chemical, and Biological
Pretreatments of Biomass on its Anaerobic Digestibility
and Biogas Production 55
Katerina Stamatelatou, Georgia Antonopoulou,
Ioanna Ntaikou, and Gerasimos Lyberatos
3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 Pretreatment Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass 57
3.2.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass 57
3.2.1.1 Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass 58
3.2.1.2 Lignocellulosic Feedstocks 60
3.2.2 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 62
3.3 Pretreatment Methods for Sewage Sludge 77
3.3.1 Sludge Pretreatment 78
3.4 Concluding Note 84
References 85
4. Application of Ultrasound Pretreatment
for Sludge Digestion 91
Show Kuan Yeow and Wong Lai Peng
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Anaerobic Digestion 93
4.3 Overview of Pretreatment Methods for
Anaerobic Digestion 95
4.3.1 Thermal Pretreatment 96
4.3.2 Mechanical Pretreatment 96
Contents ix
4.3.3 Chemical Pretreatment 97
4.3.4 Enzyme Pretreatment 99
4.3.5 Irradiation Pretreatment 99
4.3.6 Ultrasound Pretreatment 100
4.4 Fundamental of Ultrasound 100
4.4.1 Introduction 100
4.4.2 Basic Theory of Cavitation and Acoustic
Cavitation 101
4.4.3 Acoustic Cavitation Conditions 102
4.5 Bubbles Dynamic 103
4.5.1 Formation of Bubbles 103
4.5.2 Behaviour of Acoustic Cavitation Bubbles 105
4.5.3 Sonoluminescence v/s
Sonochemiluminescence 106
4.6 Effects of Ultrasound 106
4.6.1 Chemical Effects 107
4.6.2 Physical and Mechanical Effects 107
4.6.3 Biological Effects 108
4.7 Ultrasound Applications 109
4.7.1 Ultrasound in Medicine and Therapy 109
4.7.2 Ultrasound in Science and Technology 110
4.7.3 Ultrasound in Environmental Applications 111
4.7.3.1 Air Cleaning 111
4.7.3.2 Land Remediation 113
4.7.3.3 Water Remediation 113
4.7.3.4 Wastewater Treatment 113
4.8 Ultrasonication for Anaerobic Digesion 116
4.8.1 Mechanisms of Ultrasound Pretreatment 117
4.8.2 Infl uencing Factors 118
4.8.2.1 Sonication Parameters 118
4.8.2.2 Sludge Characteristics 122
4.8.2.3 Confi guration of Sonicator 123
4.8.3 Effects of Ultrasound on Sludge 123
4.9 Evaluation on Sludge Disintegration 126
4.9.1 Physical Evaluation 126
4.9.2 Chemical Evaluation 127
4.9.3 Biological Evaluation 129
4.9.4 Methods to Enhance Ultrasound Effi ciency 130
4.10 Conclusions 131
References 132
x Contents
5. Microwave Sludge Irradiation 137
Cigdem Eskicioglu and Giampiero Galvagno
5.1 Introduction 137
5.2 Microwave Theory 139
5.2.1 Interaction between Electromagnetic Field
and Sample 140
5.2.2 Microwave Equipment 142
5.3 Microwave Irradiation for Waste Sludge Treatment 144
5.3.1 Low Temperature (<100 ¯¿½ ¯¿½C) Sludge
Pretreatment 144
5.3.2 High Temperature (>100 ¯¿½ ¯¿½C) Sludge
Pretreatment 145
5.4 Industrial Microwave Applications 147
5.5 Microwave Absorbing Materials and Ionic Liquids 148
5.6 Sludge Pretreatment Similar to Microwave
Irradiation 151
5.7 Concluding Notes 151
Acknowledgements 152
References 152
6. Hydrolytic Enzymes Enhancing Anaerobic Digestion 157
Teresa Suarez Quinones, Matthias Plochl, Katrin
Pazolt, Robert Kausmann, Edith Nettmann,
and Monika Heiermann
6.1 Introduction 158
6.1.1 Enzymes 158
6.1.1.1 Kind of Enzymes 160
6.1.1.2 Impact of Enzymes 160
6.1.1.3 Origin of Enzymes 164
6.1.2 Process of Anaerobic Digestion 166
6.1.2.1 Biological Process 166
6.1.2.2 Technical Process 169
6.2 Where and How can Enzymes be Applied? 170
6.2.1 Site of Enzyme Application 170
6.2.1.1 Pre-hydrolytic Phase 170
6.2.1.2 Pre-digestion Phase 171
6.2.1.2 Digester 172
6.2.1.3 Digestate 174
6.2.2 Anaerobic and Aerobic Conditions
of Enzyme Application 175
Contents xi
6.2.3 Optimum Parameters of Enzyme Application 175
6.3 Impact of Enzyme Application 178
6.3.1 Enhancement of Biogas Production 178
6.3.2 Secondary Effects 182
6.3.2.1 Effects on the Availability of the
Digester Contents 182
6.3.2.2 Effects on the Viscosity of the Digester
Contents 186
6.3.2.3 Single Enzyme vs. Mixture of Enzymes 186
6.3.3 Inhibition of Enzyme Activity 186
6.3.4 Interaction of Pretreatment and Enzyme
Application 190
6.3.5 Interaction of Trace Elements and Enzymes 190
6.4 Economic Assessment 191
6.4.1 Benefi ts 191
6.4.2 Cost-benefi t Analysis 191
6.5 Concluding Note 192
Acknowledgements 193
References 193
7. Oxidizing Agents and Organic Solvents as
Pretreatment for Anaerobic Digestion 199
Lise Appels, Jan Van Impe, and Raf Dewil
7.1 Oxidative Pretreatment Methods 199
7.1.1 Generalities 199
7.1.2 Wet Air Oxidation 200
7.1.2.1 Process Description and Generalities 200
7.1.2.2 Wet Air Oxidation of Lignocellulosic
Biomass 202
7.1.2.3 Wet Air Oxidation of Waste Sludge 203
7.1.2.4 Commercial WAO Processes 204
7.1.3 Oxidation with Peroxides 205
7.1.3.1 Hydrogen Peroxide 205
7.1.3.2 Peracetic Acid 207
7.1.3.3 Alternative (Novel) Peroxidants 208
7.1.4 Ozonation 209
7.2 Organic Solvents 210
7.2.1 Generalities and Working Mechanism 210
7.2.2 Solvents & Process Conditions 211
7.2.3 Application as Pretreatment
for Anaerobic Digestion 212
xii Contents
7.3 Concluding Note 212
References 212
8. Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Utilization in Greece:
Current Status and Perspectives 215
Avraam Karagiannidis, George Perkoulidis,
and Apostolos Malamakis
8.1 Assessment of Existing Biogas Installations 215
8.2 Use of Waste Material for Biogas Production 217
8.3 Feedstock Availability and Agricultural Structures 219
8.4 Purifi cation of Biogas for Insertion in the Natural
Gas Grid 224
8.5 Biogas Utilization 226
8.6 Concluding Note 227
References 228
9. Original Research: Investigating the Potential of Using
Biogas in Cooking Stove in Rodrigues 229
Dinesh Surroop and Osman Dina Begue
9.1 Energy Crisis and Future Challenges 230
9.2 Case Study of Rodrigues 231
9.2.1 The Economy of Rodrigues 231
9.2.2 Energy Sector of Rodrigues 232
9.2.3 Bio-energy in Rodrigues 233
9.3 Rationale of Research Study 233
9.4 Research Methodology 234
9.4.1 Experimental Set-up 235
9.4.2 Substrates for Pilot Anaerobic Digester 237
9.4.3 Pre-Treatment of Substrates 237
9.4.4 Start-up of Anaerobic Digester 238
9.4.5 Analytical Methods 238
9.5 Reactor Design Considerations 241
9.5.1 Operation of Digester System 241
9.5.2 Materials of Construction 244
9.6 Results, Findings and Discussions 247
9.6.1 Substrate Characteristics 247
9.6.2 Characteristics of Biogas 249
9.6.3 Characteristics of Sludge 252
9.6.4 Preliminary Economics of Pilot AD System 255
9.6.5 Economics of the Upscaled Reactor 256
Contents xiii
9.7 Conclusions 257
References 258
10. Optimizing and Modeling the Anaerobic Digestion
of Lignocellulosic Wastes by Rumen Cultures 259
Zhen-Hu Hu and Han-Qing Yu
10.1 Introduction 260
10.2 Materials and Methods 262
10.2.1 Substrate 262
10.2.2 Microwave Pretreatment 262
10.2.3 Seed Microorganisms and Batch Anaerobic
Digestion 263
10.2.4 Experimental Design 264
10.2.5 Analysis and Calculation 264
10.3 Optimizing the Anaerobic Digestion of
Microwave-Pretreated Cattail by Rumen Cultures 266
10.3.1 Anaerobic Digestion of Raw Cattail
by Rumen Cultures 266
10.3.2 Pretreatment of Cattail by Microwave
Irradiation 267
10.3.3 AFM Image Analysis of the Pretreated
Cattail 268
10.3.4 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of the
Pretreated Cattail 269
10.3.5 Anaerobic Digestion of the Pretreated Cattail 271
10.3.6 Optimization of Anaerobic Digestion for
Microwave Pretreatment Conditions 272
10.3.7 Response Surface Profi les of Microwave
Pretreatment Conditions 274
10.4 Modeling the Anaerobic Digestion of Cattail
by Rumen Cultures 275
10.4.1 Performance of Continuous-fl ow Stirred
Tank Reactor 275
10.4.2 Model Development and Simulation 276
10.4.3 Fractionation of Cattail for Biodegradation 282
10.4.4 Sensitivity Analysis 283
10.4.5 Model Calibration 284
10.4.6 Model Validation 285
10.5 Concluding Note 287
References 287
xiv Contents
11. Pretreatment of Biocatalyst as Viable Option
for Sustained Production of Biohydrogen
from Wastewater Treatment 291
S. Venkata Mohan and R. Kannaiah Goud
11.1 Introduction 292
11.2 Pretreatment of Biocatalyst 294
11.2.1 Heat-shock 294
11.2.2 Acid and Alkaline Shock 297
11.2.3 Chemical Treatment 298
11.2.4 Load-shock 299
11.2.5 Oxygen-shock 300
11.2.6 Other Treatment Methods 300
11.3 Combined Pretreatment 301
11.4 Infl uence of Pretreatment on Wastewater Treatment 302
11.5 Microbial Diversity 303
11.6 Summary and Future Scope 305
Acknowledgements 305
References 305
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BISAC SUBJECT HEADINGS
TEC031010: TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Power Resources / Alternative & Renewable
TEC009010: TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Chemical & Biochemical
TEC010000: TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Environmental / General
BIC CODES
THX: Alternative & renewable energy sources & technology
TDCB: Chemical engineering
TQ: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
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