-
Browse Book Series
- Adhesion and Adhesives: Fundamental and Applied Aspects
- Advances in Additive Manufacturing Technologies
- Advances in Antenna, Microwave and Communication Engineering
- Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels
- Advances in Cyber Security
- Advances in Data Engineering and Machine Learning
- Advances in E-Mobility
- Advances in Hydrogen Production and Storage
- Advances in Intelligent and Scientific Computing (AISC)
- Advances in Learning Analytics for Intelligent Cloud-IoT Systems
- Advances in Membrane Processes
- Advances in Nanotechnology and Applications
- Advances in Natural Gas Engineering
- Advances in Pipes and Pipelines
- Advances in Production Engineering
- Advances in Solar Cell Materials and Storage
- Applied Functional Materials
- Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing for Industrial Transformation
- Astrobiology Perspectives on Life in the Universe
- Bioprocessing in Food Science
- Computational Intelligence and Biomedical Engineering
- Concise Introductions to AI and Data Science
- Cyber Systems and Quantum Engineering
- Decentralized Systems and Next-Generation Internet
- Diatoms: Biology and Applications
- Digital Convergence in Engineering Systems
- Emerging Trends in Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Engineering Systems Design for Sustainable Development
- Fintech in a Sustainable Digital Society
- Industry 5.0 Transformation Applications
- Infectious and Rare Diseases
- Innovations in Materials and Manufacturing
- Machine Learning in Biomedical Science and Healthcare Informatics
- Materials Degradation and Failure
- Mathematics and Computer Science
- Next-Generation Computing and Communication Engineering
- Performability Engineering Series
- Rotating Machinery Fundamentals and Advances
- Studies in Computational Intelligence and Smart Technologies
- Sustainable Computing and Optimization
Browse Subject Areas
For Authors
Submit a ProposalCathodic Protection
 | Industrial Solutions for Protecting Against Corrosion By Volkan Cicek Copyright: 2013 | Expected Pub Date:May 2013// ISBN: 9781118290408 | Hardcover | Price: $175 USD  |
One Line Description
The most up-to-date and timely treatment on cathodic protection available.
Audience
Corrosion scientists, chemists and chemical engineers, material scientists, civil engineers, petroleum engineers, metallurgical engineers, mechanical engineers, mining engineers, agricultural engineers, and electrical engineers may benefit from the content within this book.
Corrosion scientists, chemists and chemical engineers, material scientists, civil engineers, petroleum engineers, metallurgical engineers, mechanical engineers, mining engineers, agricultural engineers, and electrical engineers may benefit from the content within this book.
Description
As a companion to their first book, Corrosion Chemistry, published by Wiley-Scrivener, Cathodic Protection covers both the theoretical aspects of cathodic protection and the practical applications of the technology. Of use to engineers and scientists across a variety of disciplines and industries, this is the most up-to-date and timely treatment of cathodic protection on the market.
Both books together offer the engineer, scientist, or student the most useful guide to corrosion and cathodic protection ever written. Though several books on similar topics have been written in the past, nothing has been produced within the last 20 years that covers these topics in such a comprehensive fashion and in such a useable format. Efficient and to-the-point, these guides are rich in valuable information for the engineer working in the field, the scientist researching this area, or the student hopeful of obtaining a degree in mechanical, petroleum, electrical, process, or chemical engineering.
As a reference for the engineer in the field, Cathodic Protection is both a refresher for the veteran on the chemistry of cathodic protection and its uses, over a variety of industries. It is the most up-to-date, comprehensive treatment of cathodic protection available, covering the most cutting-edge new processes and theories. For the freshman engineer just entering the field, it is a tremendous introduction to this science.
As a textbook, it can be used for a single semester technical course in undergraduate and postgraduate education for disciplines such as chemistry, chemical engineering, petroleum engineering, civil engineering, material engineering, mechanical engineering, metallurgical engineering, mining engineering, agricultural engineering, and other related technical fields.
Back to Top
As a companion to their first book, Corrosion Chemistry, published by Wiley-Scrivener, Cathodic Protection covers both the theoretical aspects of cathodic protection and the practical applications of the technology. Of use to engineers and scientists across a variety of disciplines and industries, this is the most up-to-date and timely treatment of cathodic protection on the market.
Both books together offer the engineer, scientist, or student the most useful guide to corrosion and cathodic protection ever written. Though several books on similar topics have been written in the past, nothing has been produced within the last 20 years that covers these topics in such a comprehensive fashion and in such a useable format. Efficient and to-the-point, these guides are rich in valuable information for the engineer working in the field, the scientist researching this area, or the student hopeful of obtaining a degree in mechanical, petroleum, electrical, process, or chemical engineering.
As a reference for the engineer in the field, Cathodic Protection is both a refresher for the veteran on the chemistry of cathodic protection and its uses, over a variety of industries. It is the most up-to-date, comprehensive treatment of cathodic protection available, covering the most cutting-edge new processes and theories. For the freshman engineer just entering the field, it is a tremendous introduction to this science.
As a textbook, it can be used for a single semester technical course in undergraduate and postgraduate education for disciplines such as chemistry, chemical engineering, petroleum engineering, civil engineering, material engineering, mechanical engineering, metallurgical engineering, mining engineering, agricultural engineering, and other related technical fields.
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Dr. Volkan Cicek, is a chemist and corrosion scientist and received his B. Sc. in Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey and his PhD from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, US. After working as a dean of academics and vice principal in US public schools for several years Dr. Cicek currently works as the vice president for scientific affairs at Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq.
Dr. Volkan Cicek, is a chemist and corrosion scientist and received his B. Sc. in Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey and his PhD from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, US. After working as a dean of academics and vice principal in US public schools for several years Dr. Cicek currently works as the vice president for scientific affairs at Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq.
Back to Top
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Preface
1 Corrosion of Materials
1.1 Deterioration or Corrosion of Ceramic Materials
1.2 Degradation or Deterioration of Polymers
1.3 Corrosion or Deterioration of Metals
1.3.1 Iron, Steel and Stainless Steels
1.3.2 Aluminum and Its Alloys
1.3.3 Magnesium and Its Alloys
1.3.4 Copper and Its Alloys
1.3.5 Nickel and Its Alloys--‚¬--
1.3.6 Titanium and Its Alloys
1.3.7 Lead and Its Alloys
1.3.8 Composite Alloys
2 Factors Influencing Corrosion
2.1 Nature of the Metal
2.1.1 Position in Galvanic Series
2.1.2 Relative Areas of the Anode and Cathode
2.1.3 Purity of Metal
2.1.4 Physical State of the Metal
2.1.5 Passivity or Passivation
2.1.6 Nature of the Corrosion Product of the Metal
2.1.7 Nature of the Oxide Film of the Metal
2.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment
2.2.1 Effect of Temperature
2.2.2 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration and Formation of Oxygen Concentration Cells
2.2.3 Nature of the Electrolyte
2.2.4 Presence of Aggressive Anions
2.2.5 Flow Rate
2.2.6 Humidity
2.2.7 Effect of pH
2.2.8 Presence of Impurities in the Atmosphere
3 Corrosion Mechanisms
3.1 Direct Chemical Attack or Chemical or Dry Corrosion
3.1.1 Oxidation Corrosion
3.1.2 Corrosion by Other Gases
3.1.3 Liquid Metal Corrosion
3.2 Electrochemical or Aqueous or Wet Corrosion
3.3 Differences between Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion
4 Types of Corrosion
4.1 Uniform Corrosion
4.1.1 Atmospheric Corrosion
4.1.2 Corrosion in Seawater and in Fresh Waters
4.1.3 Underground or Soil Corrosion.
4.1.4 High Temperature Corrosion
4.2 Non-Uniform Corrosion
4.2.1 Galvanic Corrosion
4.2.2 Crevice Corrosion
4.2.3 Pitting Corrosion
4.2.4 Selective Leaching or Selective Corrosion
4.2.5 Filiform Corrosion
4.2.6 Erosion Corrosion
4.2.7 Cavitation Corrosion
4.2.8 Abrasion Corrosion
4.2.9 Stress Corrosion
4.2.10 Intergranular Corrosion
4.2.11 Caustic Embrittlement
4.2.12 Hydrogen Embrittlement
4.2.13 Corrosion Fatigue
4.2.14 Fretting Corrosion
4.2.15 Stray-current and Interference Corrosion
4.2.16 Waterline Corrosion
4.2.17 Microbial or Biocorrosion
5 Thermodynamics of Corrosion
5.1 Gibbs Free Energy ( Ž€G)--‚¬--
5.2 Passivity
5.3 Pourbaix Diagrams
5.3.1 Immunity Region
5.3.2 Corrosion Regions
5.3.3 Passivity Region
5.4 Corrosion Equilibrium and Adsorptions
5.5 Concentration Corrosion Cells
5.6 Polarization
5.6.1 Activation Polarization
5.6.2 Concentration Polarization
5.6.3 Ohmic Polarization
5.7 Polarization Curves
6 Corrosion Prevention and Protection
6.1 Proper Design
6.2 Choice of Material
6.2.1 Purity of the Chemicals in the Environment
6.2.2 Electrolyte Concentrations
6.2.3 Nature of the Electrolyte
6.2.4 Effect of Corrosion Products
6.2.5 Temperature Variations
6.2.6 Presence of Oxygen
6.2.7 Oxygen Concentration Cells.. 90
6.2.8 Interference Effects
6.3 Protective Coatings
6.3.1 Protective Oxide Films and Passivation
6.3.2 Coatings with Metals, Alloys or Materials that are Conductors
6.3.3 Coatings with Inorganic Materials that are Insulators
6.3.4 Coatings with Organic Materials that are Insulators
6.4 Changing the Environmental Factors
6.4.1 Reducing the Corrosivity of the Solution
6.4.2 Inhibitors
6.4.3 Eliminating Galvanic Action
6.5 Changing the Electrochemical Characteristic of the Metal Surface
6.5.1 Cathodic Protection
6.5.2 Anodic Protection
7 Cost of Corrosion
7.1 Corrosion Preventative Measures
7.2 Lost Production Due to Plants Going out of Service or Shutdowns
7.3 Product Loss Due to Leakages
7.4 Contamination of the Product
7.5 Maintenance Costs
7.6 Overprotective Measures
8 Cathodic Protection
8.1 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems
8.2 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems
8.3 Cathodic Protection Current Need
8.4 Effect of Coatings on Cathodic Protection
8.5 Effect of Passivation on Cathodic Protection
8.6 Automated Cathodic Protection Systems
8.7 Cathodic Protection Criteria--‚¬--
8.7.1 -850 mV Criterion
8.7.2 300 mV Potential Shift Criterion
8.7.3 100 mV Polarization Shift Criterion
8.7.4 Tafel Region Starting Point
8.8 Reliability of Cathodic Protection Criteria
8.9 Interference Effects of Cathodic Protection Systems
8.9.1 Anodic Interference
8.9.2 Cathodic Interference
8.9.3 Specific Interference Cases
8.10 Criteria for Cathodic Protection Projects
8.11 Cost of Cathodic Protection
8.12 Comparison of Cathodic Protection Systems
9 Sacrificial Anode or Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems
9.1 Anodic Potentials and Anodic Polarization
9.2 Galvanic Cathodic Protection Current Need
9.3 Anodic Current Capacity and Anodic Current Efficiency
9.4 Service Life of an Anode
9.5 Minimum Number of Galvanic Anodes
9.6 Commonly Used Galvanic Anodes
9.6.1 Magnesium Anodes
9.6.2 Zinc Anodes
9.6.3 Aluminum Anodes
9.7 Performance Measurements of Galvanic Anodes
9.7.1 Chemical Composition -‚ ---‚ ... --‚ ---‚ 100
9.7.2 Mechanical Strength ---‚ ... --‚ --‚¬-- 100
9.7.3 Electrical Resistivity ---‚ ... --‚ --‚¬-- 100
9.7.4 Electrochemical Experiments-- ---‚ ... --‚ ---‚ .100
9.8 Galvanic Anodic Beds ---‚ ... .100
9.8.1 Anodic Bed Filling Materials.-- ---‚ ... -‚ 100
9.8.2 Anodic Bed Resistance--‚ .-- ... --‚ --‚ 100
9.9 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Projects... ---‚ 100
9.10 Maintenance of Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems -‚ 100
9.10.1 Low Pipeline/Terrain Potential-- ... --‚ --‚ 100
9.10.2 Decreases in Anodic Current Production. --‚ --‚¬-- 100
10 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems.. -‚¬-- -- 100
10.1 T/R Units ---‚ ..... 100
10.1.1 Efficiency of T/R Units-- ... 100
10.1.2 T/R Units with Constant Potentials--‚ 100
10.1.3 Installation of T/R Units-- ---‚ --‚ 100
10.1.4 Technical Properties of T/R Units-- . 100
10.2 Types of Anodes ---‚ . .100
10.2.1 Graphite Anodes -‚ ... 100
10.2.2 Iron-Silicon Anodes -‚ .. -‚ . 100
10.2.3 Silver-Lead Anodes. -‚ .. -‚ . 100
10.2.4 Titanium Anodes Coated with Platinum.-- --‚ 100
10.2.5 Titanium Anodes Coated with Metal Oxides --‚ 100
10.3 Anodic Bed Resistance ---‚ 100
10.4 Types of Anodic Beds. ---‚ 100
10.5 Cable Cross-Sections ---‚ 100
10.6 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Projects-- ---‚ 100
10.7 Maintenance of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems--‚ .100
10.7.1 Periodical Measurements and Controls of the Entire System-- . -‚ .100
10.7.2 Periodical Measurements and Controls of the T/R Unit-- . -‚ 100
10.7.3 Commonly Encountered Problems--‚ 100
11 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures-- 100
11.1 Concrete's Chemical Composition.-- 100
11.2 Corrosion Reactions of Concrete. ¬-- 100
11.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete Structures -‚ .-- ---‚ 100
11.3.1 Effect of Concrete Composition... 100
11.3.2 Effect of Oxygen-- ..... 100
11.3.3 Effect of Humidity.-- ---‚ ..... ---‚ --‚ 100
11.3.4 Effect of Temperature-- ..... 100
11.3.5 Effect of pH -‚ . ---‚ ..... 100
11.3.6 Effect of Chlorides.-- ---‚ ..... 100
11.3.7 Effect of Magnesium Ions ..... 100
11.4 Corrosion Measurements in Reinforced Concrete Structures-- .--‚ .-- 100
11.4.1 Observational Methods-- ... 100
11.4.2 Weight Loss Measurements--‚ .... --‚ 100
11.4.3 Potential Diagrams-- .--‚ .... ---‚ --‚ 100
11.4.4 Polarization Curves... .. ---‚ --‚ 100
11.5 Corrosion Prevention of Reinforced Concrete.-- 100
11.5.1 Via Coatings-- ---‚ ... 100
11.5.2 Via Inhibitors ... ---‚ --‚ 100
11.5.3 Via Cathodic Protection... -‚ ... ---‚ --‚ 100
12 Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Steels... -‚ -- -‚ .100
12.1 Current Needed for Cathodic Protection of Steel Structures.. 100
12.2 Cathodic Protection Criteria 100
12.2.1 -770 mV Potential Criterion.--‚ ... 100
12.2.2 300 mV Potential Shift -‚ .. 100
12.2.3 100 mV Potential Shift -‚ .. 100
12.3 Determination of the Protection Potential. 100
12.4 Cathodic Protection Methods for Reinforced Concrete Steels-- ---‚ . -‚ ¬--100
12.4.1 Via Iron-Silicon Anodes--‚ ... 100
12.4.2 Via Conductive Polymeric Cage Anodes-- --‚ 100
12.4.3 Via Titanium Sieve Anodes Coated with Oxides --‚ 100
12.4.4 Via Conducting Paints. ... 100
12.5 Cathodic Protection of Pre-stressed Steel Concrete Pipes...... 100
13 Corrosion in Petroleum Industry-- ---‚ ... -‚ .100
13.1 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and Chlorides--‚ 100
13.2 Hydrogen (H2) Gas-- --‚ 100
13.3 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Other Sulfur Compounds .... 100
13.4 Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)--‚ --‚ .... 100
13.5 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) 100
13.6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)... 100
13.7 Dissolved Oxygen (O2) and Water (H2O).--‚ .-- 100
13.8 Organic Acids 100
13.9 Nitrogen (N2) Compounds and Ammonia (NH3)--‚ .-- . 100
13.10 Phenols ---‚ .. 100
13.11 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)-- 100
13.12 Caustic Soda (NaOH)-- 100
13.13 Mercury (Hg) 100
13.14 Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3).--‚ . 100
13.15 Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB)..... 100
14 Corrosion in Pipeline Systems--‚ ---‚ ... -‚ .100
14.1 Pipes Made of Iron and Its Alloys -‚ .--‚ 100
14.1.1 Cast Iron Pipes-- ... 100
14.1.2 Ductile Cast Iron Pipes-- .. -‚ 100
14.1.3 Steel Pipes-- .. -‚ 100
14.2 Petroleum or Crude Oil Pipeline Systems... 100
14.3 Water Pipeline Systems-- ---‚ .. 100
14.3.1 Water Pipelines Made of Iron and Steel --‚¬-- 100
14.3.2 Galvanized Water Pipelines-- ---‚ . --‚ 100
14.3.3 Water Pipelines Made of Copper -‚ . --‚ 100
14.3.4 Water Pipelines Made of Brass... -‚ . --‚¬-- 100
15 Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Systems--‚ ---‚ -‚ .100
15.1 Measurement of Terrain-- Resistivity.. 100
15.2 Potential Measurements 100
15.2.1 Redox Potential of the Terrain 100
15.2.2 Static Potential and On-Off Potentials. ---‚¬--100
15.2.3 Measurement of Pipeline/Terrain Potential 100
15.3 Determination of Coating Failures Based on Potential Measurements--‚ ..100
15.3.1 Determination of Coating Failures Based on the Measured Pipeline/Terrain Potentials... 100
15.3.2 Determination of Coating Failures Based on the Pearson Method 100
15.4 Measuring Potential along the Pipeline. 100
15.4.1 Long Cable Method 100
15.4.2 Double Electrode Method ---‚ ... 100
15.5 Maintenance of Pipeline Cathodic Protection Systems--‚ ....... 100
15.6 Measurement Stations 100
15.6.1 STP Regular Measurement Units--‚ ---‚ 100
15.6.2 ATP Current Measurement Units.-- 100
15.6.3 SATP Galvanic Anode Measurement Units--‚ 100
15.6.4 SIF Insulated Flange Measurement Units ---‚ 100
15.6.5 EPC Equivalent Potential Measurement Units 100
15.6.6 CTP Measurement Units -- ---‚ 100
15.7 Static Electricity and Its Prevention. ..... 100
15.8 Cathodic Protection of Airport Fuel Distribution Lines.......... 100
15.9 Cathodic Protection of Water Pipelines-- .......... 100
16 Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks ...100
16.1 Corrosion of Crude Oil Storage Tanks..... ..... 100
16.2 Cathodic Protection of Crude Oil Storage Tanks.................... 100
16.2.1 Corrosion Prevention-- ---‚ 100
16.2.2 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection.-- 100
16.2.3 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Current Need ¬--100
16.2.4 Problems with Cathodic Protection of Storage Tanks 100
17 Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in Seawater-- --‚¬--100
17.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate of Metallic Structures in Seawater............... ......100
17.1.1 Effect of Resistivity on Corrosion in Seawater--‚ ---‚ 100
17.1.2 Effect of pH on Corrosion in Seawater-- ---‚ ---‚ 100
17.1.3 Effect of Temperature on Corrosion in Seawater 100
17.1.4 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration -‚ ---‚ 100
17.1.5 Effect of Fluid Rate ---‚ 100
17.2 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea.............. 100
17.2.1 Cathodic Protection Current Need ---‚ 100
17.2.2 Cathodic Protection Criteria ---‚ 100
17.3 Cathodic Protection of Ships ............ ...100
17.3.1 Painting the Ships ---‚ 100
17.3.2 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection of Ships........ 100
17.3.3 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection of Ships..... 100
17.3.4 General Guidelines about Cathodic Protection of the Ships-- ......100
17.4 Cathodic Protection of Pier Poles with Galvanic Anodes....... 100
18 Cathodic Protection of Potable Water Tanks --‚ ... 100
19 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Boilers 100
19.1 Corrosion in Boilers ................ 100
19.1.1 Acidic Corrosion. 100
19.1.2 Caustic Corrosion. ... 100
19.1.3 Gas Corrosion ---‚ 100
19.1.4 Corrosion due to Boiler Water Hardness-- ---‚ 100
19.1.5 Corrosion due to Impurities in Boiler Water 100
19.2 Corrosion Prevention in Boilers ---‚ ................ 100
19.2.1 Degassing
19.2.2 Chemical Conditioning
20 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Geothermal Systems
20.1 Corrosion in Geothermal Systems
20.2 Corrosion Prevention in Geothermal Systems
References
Back to Top
Acknowledgements
Preface
1 Corrosion of Materials
1.1 Deterioration or Corrosion of Ceramic Materials
1.2 Degradation or Deterioration of Polymers
1.3 Corrosion or Deterioration of Metals
1.3.1 Iron, Steel and Stainless Steels
1.3.2 Aluminum and Its Alloys
1.3.3 Magnesium and Its Alloys
1.3.4 Copper and Its Alloys
1.3.5 Nickel and Its Alloys--‚¬--
1.3.6 Titanium and Its Alloys
1.3.7 Lead and Its Alloys
1.3.8 Composite Alloys
2 Factors Influencing Corrosion
2.1 Nature of the Metal
2.1.1 Position in Galvanic Series
2.1.2 Relative Areas of the Anode and Cathode
2.1.3 Purity of Metal
2.1.4 Physical State of the Metal
2.1.5 Passivity or Passivation
2.1.6 Nature of the Corrosion Product of the Metal
2.1.7 Nature of the Oxide Film of the Metal
2.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment
2.2.1 Effect of Temperature
2.2.2 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration and Formation of Oxygen Concentration Cells
2.2.3 Nature of the Electrolyte
2.2.4 Presence of Aggressive Anions
2.2.5 Flow Rate
2.2.6 Humidity
2.2.7 Effect of pH
2.2.8 Presence of Impurities in the Atmosphere
3 Corrosion Mechanisms
3.1 Direct Chemical Attack or Chemical or Dry Corrosion
3.1.1 Oxidation Corrosion
3.1.2 Corrosion by Other Gases
3.1.3 Liquid Metal Corrosion
3.2 Electrochemical or Aqueous or Wet Corrosion
3.3 Differences between Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion
4 Types of Corrosion
4.1 Uniform Corrosion
4.1.1 Atmospheric Corrosion
4.1.2 Corrosion in Seawater and in Fresh Waters
4.1.3 Underground or Soil Corrosion.
4.1.4 High Temperature Corrosion
4.2 Non-Uniform Corrosion
4.2.1 Galvanic Corrosion
4.2.2 Crevice Corrosion
4.2.3 Pitting Corrosion
4.2.4 Selective Leaching or Selective Corrosion
4.2.5 Filiform Corrosion
4.2.6 Erosion Corrosion
4.2.7 Cavitation Corrosion
4.2.8 Abrasion Corrosion
4.2.9 Stress Corrosion
4.2.10 Intergranular Corrosion
4.2.11 Caustic Embrittlement
4.2.12 Hydrogen Embrittlement
4.2.13 Corrosion Fatigue
4.2.14 Fretting Corrosion
4.2.15 Stray-current and Interference Corrosion
4.2.16 Waterline Corrosion
4.2.17 Microbial or Biocorrosion
5 Thermodynamics of Corrosion
5.1 Gibbs Free Energy ( Ž€G)--‚¬--
5.2 Passivity
5.3 Pourbaix Diagrams
5.3.1 Immunity Region
5.3.2 Corrosion Regions
5.3.3 Passivity Region
5.4 Corrosion Equilibrium and Adsorptions
5.5 Concentration Corrosion Cells
5.6 Polarization
5.6.1 Activation Polarization
5.6.2 Concentration Polarization
5.6.3 Ohmic Polarization
5.7 Polarization Curves
6 Corrosion Prevention and Protection
6.1 Proper Design
6.2 Choice of Material
6.2.1 Purity of the Chemicals in the Environment
6.2.2 Electrolyte Concentrations
6.2.3 Nature of the Electrolyte
6.2.4 Effect of Corrosion Products
6.2.5 Temperature Variations
6.2.6 Presence of Oxygen
6.2.7 Oxygen Concentration Cells.. 90
6.2.8 Interference Effects
6.3 Protective Coatings
6.3.1 Protective Oxide Films and Passivation
6.3.2 Coatings with Metals, Alloys or Materials that are Conductors
6.3.3 Coatings with Inorganic Materials that are Insulators
6.3.4 Coatings with Organic Materials that are Insulators
6.4 Changing the Environmental Factors
6.4.1 Reducing the Corrosivity of the Solution
6.4.2 Inhibitors
6.4.3 Eliminating Galvanic Action
6.5 Changing the Electrochemical Characteristic of the Metal Surface
6.5.1 Cathodic Protection
6.5.2 Anodic Protection
7 Cost of Corrosion
7.1 Corrosion Preventative Measures
7.2 Lost Production Due to Plants Going out of Service or Shutdowns
7.3 Product Loss Due to Leakages
7.4 Contamination of the Product
7.5 Maintenance Costs
7.6 Overprotective Measures
8 Cathodic Protection
8.1 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems
8.2 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems
8.3 Cathodic Protection Current Need
8.4 Effect of Coatings on Cathodic Protection
8.5 Effect of Passivation on Cathodic Protection
8.6 Automated Cathodic Protection Systems
8.7 Cathodic Protection Criteria--‚¬--
8.7.1 -850 mV Criterion
8.7.2 300 mV Potential Shift Criterion
8.7.3 100 mV Polarization Shift Criterion
8.7.4 Tafel Region Starting Point
8.8 Reliability of Cathodic Protection Criteria
8.9 Interference Effects of Cathodic Protection Systems
8.9.1 Anodic Interference
8.9.2 Cathodic Interference
8.9.3 Specific Interference Cases
8.10 Criteria for Cathodic Protection Projects
8.11 Cost of Cathodic Protection
8.12 Comparison of Cathodic Protection Systems
9 Sacrificial Anode or Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems
9.1 Anodic Potentials and Anodic Polarization
9.2 Galvanic Cathodic Protection Current Need
9.3 Anodic Current Capacity and Anodic Current Efficiency
9.4 Service Life of an Anode
9.5 Minimum Number of Galvanic Anodes
9.6 Commonly Used Galvanic Anodes
9.6.1 Magnesium Anodes
9.6.2 Zinc Anodes
9.6.3 Aluminum Anodes
9.7 Performance Measurements of Galvanic Anodes
9.7.1 Chemical Composition -‚ ---‚ ... --‚ ---‚ 100
9.7.2 Mechanical Strength ---‚ ... --‚ --‚¬-- 100
9.7.3 Electrical Resistivity ---‚ ... --‚ --‚¬-- 100
9.7.4 Electrochemical Experiments-- ---‚ ... --‚ ---‚ .100
9.8 Galvanic Anodic Beds ---‚ ... .100
9.8.1 Anodic Bed Filling Materials.-- ---‚ ... -‚ 100
9.8.2 Anodic Bed Resistance--‚ .-- ... --‚ --‚ 100
9.9 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Projects... ---‚ 100
9.10 Maintenance of Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems -‚ 100
9.10.1 Low Pipeline/Terrain Potential-- ... --‚ --‚ 100
9.10.2 Decreases in Anodic Current Production. --‚ --‚¬-- 100
10 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems.. -‚¬-- -- 100
10.1 T/R Units ---‚ ..... 100
10.1.1 Efficiency of T/R Units-- ... 100
10.1.2 T/R Units with Constant Potentials--‚ 100
10.1.3 Installation of T/R Units-- ---‚ --‚ 100
10.1.4 Technical Properties of T/R Units-- . 100
10.2 Types of Anodes ---‚ . .100
10.2.1 Graphite Anodes -‚ ... 100
10.2.2 Iron-Silicon Anodes -‚ .. -‚ . 100
10.2.3 Silver-Lead Anodes. -‚ .. -‚ . 100
10.2.4 Titanium Anodes Coated with Platinum.-- --‚ 100
10.2.5 Titanium Anodes Coated with Metal Oxides --‚ 100
10.3 Anodic Bed Resistance ---‚ 100
10.4 Types of Anodic Beds. ---‚ 100
10.5 Cable Cross-Sections ---‚ 100
10.6 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Projects-- ---‚ 100
10.7 Maintenance of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems--‚ .100
10.7.1 Periodical Measurements and Controls of the Entire System-- . -‚ .100
10.7.2 Periodical Measurements and Controls of the T/R Unit-- . -‚ 100
10.7.3 Commonly Encountered Problems--‚ 100
11 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures-- 100
11.1 Concrete's Chemical Composition.-- 100
11.2 Corrosion Reactions of Concrete. ¬-- 100
11.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete Structures -‚ .-- ---‚ 100
11.3.1 Effect of Concrete Composition... 100
11.3.2 Effect of Oxygen-- ..... 100
11.3.3 Effect of Humidity.-- ---‚ ..... ---‚ --‚ 100
11.3.4 Effect of Temperature-- ..... 100
11.3.5 Effect of pH -‚ . ---‚ ..... 100
11.3.6 Effect of Chlorides.-- ---‚ ..... 100
11.3.7 Effect of Magnesium Ions ..... 100
11.4 Corrosion Measurements in Reinforced Concrete Structures-- .--‚ .-- 100
11.4.1 Observational Methods-- ... 100
11.4.2 Weight Loss Measurements--‚ .... --‚ 100
11.4.3 Potential Diagrams-- .--‚ .... ---‚ --‚ 100
11.4.4 Polarization Curves... .. ---‚ --‚ 100
11.5 Corrosion Prevention of Reinforced Concrete.-- 100
11.5.1 Via Coatings-- ---‚ ... 100
11.5.2 Via Inhibitors ... ---‚ --‚ 100
11.5.3 Via Cathodic Protection... -‚ ... ---‚ --‚ 100
12 Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Steels... -‚ -- -‚ .100
12.1 Current Needed for Cathodic Protection of Steel Structures.. 100
12.2 Cathodic Protection Criteria 100
12.2.1 -770 mV Potential Criterion.--‚ ... 100
12.2.2 300 mV Potential Shift -‚ .. 100
12.2.3 100 mV Potential Shift -‚ .. 100
12.3 Determination of the Protection Potential. 100
12.4 Cathodic Protection Methods for Reinforced Concrete Steels-- ---‚ . -‚ ¬--100
12.4.1 Via Iron-Silicon Anodes--‚ ... 100
12.4.2 Via Conductive Polymeric Cage Anodes-- --‚ 100
12.4.3 Via Titanium Sieve Anodes Coated with Oxides --‚ 100
12.4.4 Via Conducting Paints. ... 100
12.5 Cathodic Protection of Pre-stressed Steel Concrete Pipes...... 100
13 Corrosion in Petroleum Industry-- ---‚ ... -‚ .100
13.1 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and Chlorides--‚ 100
13.2 Hydrogen (H2) Gas-- --‚ 100
13.3 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Other Sulfur Compounds .... 100
13.4 Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)--‚ --‚ .... 100
13.5 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) 100
13.6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)... 100
13.7 Dissolved Oxygen (O2) and Water (H2O).--‚ .-- 100
13.8 Organic Acids 100
13.9 Nitrogen (N2) Compounds and Ammonia (NH3)--‚ .-- . 100
13.10 Phenols ---‚ .. 100
13.11 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)-- 100
13.12 Caustic Soda (NaOH)-- 100
13.13 Mercury (Hg) 100
13.14 Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3).--‚ . 100
13.15 Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB)..... 100
14 Corrosion in Pipeline Systems--‚ ---‚ ... -‚ .100
14.1 Pipes Made of Iron and Its Alloys -‚ .--‚ 100
14.1.1 Cast Iron Pipes-- ... 100
14.1.2 Ductile Cast Iron Pipes-- .. -‚ 100
14.1.3 Steel Pipes-- .. -‚ 100
14.2 Petroleum or Crude Oil Pipeline Systems... 100
14.3 Water Pipeline Systems-- ---‚ .. 100
14.3.1 Water Pipelines Made of Iron and Steel --‚¬-- 100
14.3.2 Galvanized Water Pipelines-- ---‚ . --‚ 100
14.3.3 Water Pipelines Made of Copper -‚ . --‚ 100
14.3.4 Water Pipelines Made of Brass... -‚ . --‚¬-- 100
15 Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Systems--‚ ---‚ -‚ .100
15.1 Measurement of Terrain-- Resistivity.. 100
15.2 Potential Measurements 100
15.2.1 Redox Potential of the Terrain 100
15.2.2 Static Potential and On-Off Potentials. ---‚¬--100
15.2.3 Measurement of Pipeline/Terrain Potential 100
15.3 Determination of Coating Failures Based on Potential Measurements--‚ ..100
15.3.1 Determination of Coating Failures Based on the Measured Pipeline/Terrain Potentials... 100
15.3.2 Determination of Coating Failures Based on the Pearson Method 100
15.4 Measuring Potential along the Pipeline. 100
15.4.1 Long Cable Method 100
15.4.2 Double Electrode Method ---‚ ... 100
15.5 Maintenance of Pipeline Cathodic Protection Systems--‚ ....... 100
15.6 Measurement Stations 100
15.6.1 STP Regular Measurement Units--‚ ---‚ 100
15.6.2 ATP Current Measurement Units.-- 100
15.6.3 SATP Galvanic Anode Measurement Units--‚ 100
15.6.4 SIF Insulated Flange Measurement Units ---‚ 100
15.6.5 EPC Equivalent Potential Measurement Units 100
15.6.6 CTP Measurement Units -- ---‚ 100
15.7 Static Electricity and Its Prevention. ..... 100
15.8 Cathodic Protection of Airport Fuel Distribution Lines.......... 100
15.9 Cathodic Protection of Water Pipelines-- .......... 100
16 Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks ...100
16.1 Corrosion of Crude Oil Storage Tanks..... ..... 100
16.2 Cathodic Protection of Crude Oil Storage Tanks.................... 100
16.2.1 Corrosion Prevention-- ---‚ 100
16.2.2 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection.-- 100
16.2.3 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Current Need ¬--100
16.2.4 Problems with Cathodic Protection of Storage Tanks 100
17 Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in Seawater-- --‚¬--100
17.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate of Metallic Structures in Seawater............... ......100
17.1.1 Effect of Resistivity on Corrosion in Seawater--‚ ---‚ 100
17.1.2 Effect of pH on Corrosion in Seawater-- ---‚ ---‚ 100
17.1.3 Effect of Temperature on Corrosion in Seawater 100
17.1.4 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration -‚ ---‚ 100
17.1.5 Effect of Fluid Rate ---‚ 100
17.2 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea.............. 100
17.2.1 Cathodic Protection Current Need ---‚ 100
17.2.2 Cathodic Protection Criteria ---‚ 100
17.3 Cathodic Protection of Ships ............ ...100
17.3.1 Painting the Ships ---‚ 100
17.3.2 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection of Ships........ 100
17.3.3 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection of Ships..... 100
17.3.4 General Guidelines about Cathodic Protection of the Ships-- ......100
17.4 Cathodic Protection of Pier Poles with Galvanic Anodes....... 100
18 Cathodic Protection of Potable Water Tanks --‚ ... 100
19 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Boilers 100
19.1 Corrosion in Boilers ................ 100
19.1.1 Acidic Corrosion. 100
19.1.2 Caustic Corrosion. ... 100
19.1.3 Gas Corrosion ---‚ 100
19.1.4 Corrosion due to Boiler Water Hardness-- ---‚ 100
19.1.5 Corrosion due to Impurities in Boiler Water 100
19.2 Corrosion Prevention in Boilers ---‚ ................ 100
19.2.1 Degassing
19.2.2 Chemical Conditioning
20 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Geothermal Systems
20.1 Corrosion in Geothermal Systems
20.2 Corrosion Prevention in Geothermal Systems
References
Back to Top
BISAC SUBJECT HEADINGS
TEC009010: TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Chemical & Biochemical
TEC047000: TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Petroleum
SCI013060: SCIENCE / Chemistry / Industrial & Technical
BIC CODES
TDCB: Chemical engineering
THFP: Petroleum technology
TQ: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Back to Top