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Submit a ProposalForest Insect Population Dynamics, Outbreaks, and Global Warming Effects
 | By A.S. Isaev, V.G. Soukhovolsky, O.V. Tarasova, E.N. Palnikova, and A.V.Kovalev Copyright: 2017 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119406464 | Hardcover | Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
This new approach to insect modeling discusses population dynamics’ regularities, control theory, theory of transitions, and describes methods of population dynamics and outbreaks modeling for forest phyllophagous insects and their effects on global climate change.
Audience
Entomologists, forest protection engineers, zoologists, students in forestry and zoology
Entomologists, forest protection engineers, zoologists, students in forestry and zoology
Description
Research in insect population dynamics is important for more reasons than just protecting forest communities. Insect populations are among the main ecological units included in the analysis of stability of ecological systems. Moreover, it is convenient to test new methods of analyzing population and community stability on the insect-related data, as by now ecologists and entomologists have accumulated large amounts of such data. In this book, the authors analyze population dynamics of quite a narrow group of insects – forest defoliators. It is hoped that the methods proposed herein for the analysis of population dynamics of these species may be useful and effective for analyzing population dynamics of other animal species and their effects and role in global warming.
What can insects tell us about our environment and our ever-changing climate? It is through studies like this one that these important answers can be obtained, along with data on the insects and their behaviors themselves. The authors present new theories on modeling and data accumulation, using cutting-edge processes never before published for such a wide audience. This volume presents the state-of-the-art in the science, and it is an essential piece of any entomologist’s and forest engineer’s library.
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Research in insect population dynamics is important for more reasons than just protecting forest communities. Insect populations are among the main ecological units included in the analysis of stability of ecological systems. Moreover, it is convenient to test new methods of analyzing population and community stability on the insect-related data, as by now ecologists and entomologists have accumulated large amounts of such data. In this book, the authors analyze population dynamics of quite a narrow group of insects – forest defoliators. It is hoped that the methods proposed herein for the analysis of population dynamics of these species may be useful and effective for analyzing population dynamics of other animal species and their effects and role in global warming.
What can insects tell us about our environment and our ever-changing climate? It is through studies like this one that these important answers can be obtained, along with data on the insects and their behaviors themselves. The authors present new theories on modeling and data accumulation, using cutting-edge processes never before published for such a wide audience. This volume presents the state-of-the-art in the science, and it is an essential piece of any entomologist’s and forest engineer’s library.
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Supplementary Data
• Discusses the modeling of forest insect population dynamics by using autoregressive models and new method of describing and modeling forest insect population dynamics, based on the presentation of critical events in the population as first- and second-order phase transitions
• Introduces new approaches for description of forest insect population dynamics
• Includes methods for the analysis of forest insects population dynamics may be useful and effective for analyzing population dynamics of other animal species
• Is a must-have for forest entomologists, forest protection engineers, zoologists, and students in forestry and zoology
• Discusses the modeling of forest insect population dynamics by using autoregressive models and new method of describing and modeling forest insect population dynamics, based on the presentation of critical events in the population as first- and second-order phase transitions
• Introduces new approaches for description of forest insect population dynamics
• Includes methods for the analysis of forest insects population dynamics may be useful and effective for analyzing population dynamics of other animal species
• Is a must-have for forest entomologists, forest protection engineers, zoologists, and students in forestry and zoology
Author / Editor Details
Alexander S. Isaev, D.Sc. (Biology), Moscow; Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). The author of more than 300 published studies, including over 20 monographs on forest ecology and forest entomology. Awards: Gold Medal of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), V.N. Sukachev Medal of RAS, and IUFRO George Varley Award for Excellence in Forest Insect Research.
Alexander S. Isaev, D.Sc. (Biology), Moscow; Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). The author of more than 300 published studies, including over 20 monographs on forest ecology and forest entomology. Awards: Gold Medal of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), V.N. Sukachev Medal of RAS, and IUFRO George Varley Award for Excellence in Forest Insect Research.
Vladislav G. Soukhovolsky, D.Sc. (Biophysics), Professor, Krasnoyarsk. An expert in mathematical modeling of complex biological, ecological, social, and political systems. The author of over 500 published studies, including 16 monographs.
Olga V. Tarasova, D.Sc. (Agriculture), Professor, Krasnoyarsk. An expert in forest entomology. The author of over 150 published studies, including six monographs. Award: V.I. Vernadsky Award for Excellence in Ecological Education.
Elena N. Palnikova, D.Sc. (Agriculture), Professor, Krasnoyarsk. An expert in forest entomology. The author of over 100 published studies, including two monographs.
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Table of Contents
Foreword xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Science of Change: How Will
Our Epoch Be Remembered? 1
1.2 Are Natural Resources Finite and Human
Needs Infinite? 2
1.3 The Standard of Sustainable Engineering 4
1.4 Can Nature Be Treated as If It Were Static? 9
1.5 Can Human Intervention Affect Long-term
Sustainability of Nature? 11
1.6 Can an Energy Source Be Isolated
from Matter? 11
1.7 Is It Possible That Air, Water, and Earth
Became Our Enemy? 13
1.8 The Difference Between Sustainable
and Unsustainable Products 15
1.9 Can We Compare Diamonds with
Enriched Uranium? 16
1.10 Is Zero-waste an Absurd Concept? 16
1.11 How Can We Determine Whether
Natural Energy Sources Last Forever? 17
1.12 Can Doing Good Be Bad Business? 18
1.13 Greening of Petroleum Operations:
A Fiction? 19
vii
viii Contents
2 A Delinearized History of Civilization and the
Science of Matter and Energy 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Fundamental Misconceptions of the Modern Age 27
2.2.1 Chemicals are Chemicals and Energy
is Energy 27
2.2.2 If You Cannot See it, it Does Not Exist 33
2.2.3 Simulation Equals Emulation 35
2.2.4 Whatever Works is True 37
2.3 The Science of Intangibles 40
2.4 The Science of Matter and Energy 54
2.4.1 The European Knowledge Trail in Mass
and Energy 58
2.4.2 Delinearized History of Mass and Energy
Management in the Middle East 75
2.4.3 Accounting 89
2.4.4 Fundamental Science and Engineering 91
2.5 Paradigm Shift in Scientifi c and
Engineering Calculations 96
2.6 Summary and Conclusions 101
3 Fundamentals of Mass and Energy Balance 105
3.1 Introduction 105
3.2 The Difference Between a Natural Process and
an Engineered Process 106
3.3 The Measurement Conundrum of the Phenomenon
and its Observer 107
3.3.1 Background 107
3.3.2 Galileo's Experimental Program: An Early
Example of the Nature-Science Approach 116
3.4 Implications of Einstein's Theory of Relativity on
Newtonian Mechanics 121
3.5 Newton's First Assumption 125
3.6 First Level of Rectifi cation of Newton's
First Assumption 131
3.7 Second Level of Rectifi cation of Newton's
First Assumption 133
3.8 Fundamental Assumptions of Electromagnetic
Theory 137
Contents ix
3.9 Aims of Modeling Natural Phenomena 145
3.10 Challenges of Modeling Sustainable Petroleum
Operations 147
3.11 Implications of a Knowledge-based Sustainability
Analysis 150
3.11.1 A General Case 151
3.11.2 Impact of Global Warming Analysis 155
3.12 Concluding remarks 157
4 A True Sustainability Criterion and Its Implications 159
4.1 Introduction 159
4.2 Importance of the Sustainability Criterion 161
4.3 The Criterion: The Switch that Determines the
Direction at a Bifurcation Point 164
4.3.1 Some Applications of the Criterion 167
4.4 Current Practices in Petroleum Engineering 172
4.4.1 Petroleum Operations Phases 172
4.4.2 Problems in Technological Development 176
4.5 Development of a Sustainable Model 179
4.6 Violation of Characteristic Time 180
4.7 Observation of Nature: Importance of Intangibles 181
4.8 Analogy of Physical Phenomena 186
4.9 Intangible Cause to Tangible Consequence 187
4.10 Removable Discontinuities: Phases and
Renewability of Materials 188
4.11 Rebalancing Mass and Energy 189
4.12 Energy: The Current Model 191
4.12.1 Supplements of Mass Balance Equation 192
4.13 Tools Needed for Sustainable Petroleum Operations 194
4.14 Conditions of Sustainability 196
4.15 Sustainability Indicators 199
4.16 Assessing the Overall Performance of a Process 201
4.17 Inherent Features of a Comprehensive Criterion 211
5 Scientifi c Characterization of Global Energy Sources 215
5.1 Introduction 215
5.2 Global Energy Scenario 220
5.3 Solar Energy 224
5.4 Hydropower 226
x Contents
5.5 Ocean Thermal, Wave, and Tidal Energy 228
5.6 Wind Energy 228
5.7 Bio-energy 230
5.8 Fuelwood 231
5.9 Bioethanol 233
5.10 Biodiesel 235
5.11 Nuclear Power 236
5.12 Geothermal Energy 239
5.13 Hydrogen Energy 240
5.14 Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming 242
5.15 Nuclear Energy and Global Warming 243
5.16 Impact of Energy Technology and Policy 245
5.17 Energy Demand in Emerging Economies 247
5.18 Conventional Global Energy Model 248
5.19 Renewable vs. Non-renewable: No Boundary
as Such 249
5.20 Knowledge-based Global Energy Model 253
5.21 Concluding Remarks 255
6 Scientifi c Characterization of Light
and Light Sources 257
6.1 Introduction 257
6.2 Natural Light Source: The Sun 259
6.2.1 Sun Composition 259
6.2.2 Sun Microstructure 259
6.3 Artifi cial Light Sources 263
6.4 Pathways of Light 266
6.4.1 Natural Light 266
6.4.2 Artifi cial Light 267
6.5 Light Energy Model 267
6.6 Spectral Analysis of Light 269
6.6.1 Measured and Planck's Model
Light Spectra 271
6.6.2 Natural and Artifi cial Light Spectra 272
6.7 Effect of Lamp Coating on Light Spectra 276
6.8 Effect of Eyeglasses and Sunglasses on
Light Spectra 278
6.9 Concluding Remarks 281
Contents xi
7 The Science of Global Warming 283
7.1 Introduction 283
7.2 Historical Development 286
7.2.1 Pre-industrial 286
7.2.2 Industrial Age 287
7.2.3 Age of Petroleum 288
7.3 Current Status of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 289
7.4 Comments on Copenhagen Summit 296
7.4.1 Copenhagen Summit: The political
implication 296
7.4.2 The Copenhagen --‚¬ËœAgreement' 298
7.5 Classifi cation of CO2 302
7.6 The Role of Water in Global Warming 304
7.7 Characterization of Energy Sources 308
7.8 The Kyoto Protocol 310
7.9 Sustainable Energy Development 314
7.10 Zero Waste Energy Systems 319
7.11 Reversing Global Warming: The Role of
Technology Development 324
7.12 Deconstructing the Myth of Global Warming
and Cooling 327
7.13 Concluding Remarks 333
8 Diverging Fates of Sustainable and Unsustainable
Products 335
8.1 Introduction 335
8.2 Chemical Composition of Polyurethane Fiber 337
8.3 Biochemical Composition of Wool 339
8.4 Pathways of Polyurethane 343
8.5 Pathways of Wool 347
8.6 Degradation of Polyurethane 347
8.7 Degradation of Wools 348
8.8 Recycling Polyurethane Waste 351
8.9 Unsustainable Technologies 354
8.10 Toxic Compounds from Plastic 358
8.11 Environmental Impacts Issues 358
8.12 How Much is Known? 361
8.13 Concluding Remarks 365
xii Contents
9 Scientifi c Difference Between Sustainable
and Unsustainable Processes 367
9.1 Introduction 367
9.1.1 Paraffi n Wax and Beeswax 368
9.1.2 Synthetic Plastic and Natural Plastic 370
9.2 Physical Properties of Beeswax and
Paraffi n Wax 372
9.2.1 Paraffi n Wax 372
9.2.2 Beeswax 373
9.3 Microstructures of Beeswax and Paraffi n wax 375
9.4 Structural Analysis of Paraffi n Wax and Beeswax 380
9.5 Response to Uniaxial Compression 384
9.6 Ultrasonic Tests on Beeswax and Paraffi n Wax 390
9.7 Natural Plastic and Synthetic Plastic 394
9.8 Plastic Pathway from Crude Oil 395
9.9 Theoretical Comparison Between Nylon and Silk 396
9.10 Theoretical Comparison Between Synthetic
Rubber and Latex (Natural Rubber) 400
9.11 Concluding Remarks 403
10 Comparison of Various Energy Production Schemes 405
10.1 Introduction 405
10.2 Inherent Features of a Comprehensive Criterion 407
10.3 The Need for a Multidimensional Study 407
10.4 Assessing the Overall Performance of a Process 410
10.5 Global Effi ciency of Solar Energy to
Electricity Conversion 411
10.5.1 Photovoltaic Cells 411
10.5.2 Battery Life Cycle in PV System 412
10.5.3 Compact Fluorescent Lamp 414
10.5.4 Global Effi ciency of Direct Solar Application 415
10.5.5 Combined-Cycle Technology 420
10.5.6 Hydroelectricity to Electric Stove 421
10.6 Global Effi ciency of Biomass Energy 422
10.7 Global effi ciency of nuclear power 425
10.8 Discussion 426
10.9 Concluding remarks 428
Contents xiii
11 The Zero-Waste Concept and its Application to
Petroleum Engineering 431
11.1 Introduction 431
11.2 Petroleum Refi ning 433
11.2.1 Zero-waste Refi ning Process 440
11.3 Zero Waste in Product Life Cycle
(Transportation, Use, and End-of-Life) 450
11.4 No-Flaring Technique 451
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Foreword xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Science of Change: How Will
Our Epoch Be Remembered? 1
1.2 Are Natural Resources Finite and Human
Needs Infinite? 2
1.3 The Standard of Sustainable Engineering 4
1.4 Can Nature Be Treated as If It Were Static? 9
1.5 Can Human Intervention Affect Long-term
Sustainability of Nature? 11
1.6 Can an Energy Source Be Isolated
from Matter? 11
1.7 Is It Possible That Air, Water, and Earth
Became Our Enemy? 13
1.8 The Difference Between Sustainable
and Unsustainable Products 15
1.9 Can We Compare Diamonds with
Enriched Uranium? 16
1.10 Is Zero-waste an Absurd Concept? 16
1.11 How Can We Determine Whether
Natural Energy Sources Last Forever? 17
1.12 Can Doing Good Be Bad Business? 18
1.13 Greening of Petroleum Operations:
A Fiction? 19
vii
viii Contents
2 A Delinearized History of Civilization and the
Science of Matter and Energy 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Fundamental Misconceptions of the Modern Age 27
2.2.1 Chemicals are Chemicals and Energy
is Energy 27
2.2.2 If You Cannot See it, it Does Not Exist 33
2.2.3 Simulation Equals Emulation 35
2.2.4 Whatever Works is True 37
2.3 The Science of Intangibles 40
2.4 The Science of Matter and Energy 54
2.4.1 The European Knowledge Trail in Mass
and Energy 58
2.4.2 Delinearized History of Mass and Energy
Management in the Middle East 75
2.4.3 Accounting 89
2.4.4 Fundamental Science and Engineering 91
2.5 Paradigm Shift in Scientifi c and
Engineering Calculations 96
2.6 Summary and Conclusions 101
3 Fundamentals of Mass and Energy Balance 105
3.1 Introduction 105
3.2 The Difference Between a Natural Process and
an Engineered Process 106
3.3 The Measurement Conundrum of the Phenomenon
and its Observer 107
3.3.1 Background 107
3.3.2 Galileo's Experimental Program: An Early
Example of the Nature-Science Approach 116
3.4 Implications of Einstein's Theory of Relativity on
Newtonian Mechanics 121
3.5 Newton's First Assumption 125
3.6 First Level of Rectifi cation of Newton's
First Assumption 131
3.7 Second Level of Rectifi cation of Newton's
First Assumption 133
3.8 Fundamental Assumptions of Electromagnetic
Theory 137
Contents ix
3.9 Aims of Modeling Natural Phenomena 145
3.10 Challenges of Modeling Sustainable Petroleum
Operations 147
3.11 Implications of a Knowledge-based Sustainability
Analysis 150
3.11.1 A General Case 151
3.11.2 Impact of Global Warming Analysis 155
3.12 Concluding remarks 157
4 A True Sustainability Criterion and Its Implications 159
4.1 Introduction 159
4.2 Importance of the Sustainability Criterion 161
4.3 The Criterion: The Switch that Determines the
Direction at a Bifurcation Point 164
4.3.1 Some Applications of the Criterion 167
4.4 Current Practices in Petroleum Engineering 172
4.4.1 Petroleum Operations Phases 172
4.4.2 Problems in Technological Development 176
4.5 Development of a Sustainable Model 179
4.6 Violation of Characteristic Time 180
4.7 Observation of Nature: Importance of Intangibles 181
4.8 Analogy of Physical Phenomena 186
4.9 Intangible Cause to Tangible Consequence 187
4.10 Removable Discontinuities: Phases and
Renewability of Materials 188
4.11 Rebalancing Mass and Energy 189
4.12 Energy: The Current Model 191
4.12.1 Supplements of Mass Balance Equation 192
4.13 Tools Needed for Sustainable Petroleum Operations 194
4.14 Conditions of Sustainability 196
4.15 Sustainability Indicators 199
4.16 Assessing the Overall Performance of a Process 201
4.17 Inherent Features of a Comprehensive Criterion 211
5 Scientifi c Characterization of Global Energy Sources 215
5.1 Introduction 215
5.2 Global Energy Scenario 220
5.3 Solar Energy 224
5.4 Hydropower 226
x Contents
5.5 Ocean Thermal, Wave, and Tidal Energy 228
5.6 Wind Energy 228
5.7 Bio-energy 230
5.8 Fuelwood 231
5.9 Bioethanol 233
5.10 Biodiesel 235
5.11 Nuclear Power 236
5.12 Geothermal Energy 239
5.13 Hydrogen Energy 240
5.14 Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming 242
5.15 Nuclear Energy and Global Warming 243
5.16 Impact of Energy Technology and Policy 245
5.17 Energy Demand in Emerging Economies 247
5.18 Conventional Global Energy Model 248
5.19 Renewable vs. Non-renewable: No Boundary
as Such 249
5.20 Knowledge-based Global Energy Model 253
5.21 Concluding Remarks 255
6 Scientifi c Characterization of Light
and Light Sources 257
6.1 Introduction 257
6.2 Natural Light Source: The Sun 259
6.2.1 Sun Composition 259
6.2.2 Sun Microstructure 259
6.3 Artifi cial Light Sources 263
6.4 Pathways of Light 266
6.4.1 Natural Light 266
6.4.2 Artifi cial Light 267
6.5 Light Energy Model 267
6.6 Spectral Analysis of Light 269
6.6.1 Measured and Planck's Model
Light Spectra 271
6.6.2 Natural and Artifi cial Light Spectra 272
6.7 Effect of Lamp Coating on Light Spectra 276
6.8 Effect of Eyeglasses and Sunglasses on
Light Spectra 278
6.9 Concluding Remarks 281
Contents xi
7 The Science of Global Warming 283
7.1 Introduction 283
7.2 Historical Development 286
7.2.1 Pre-industrial 286
7.2.2 Industrial Age 287
7.2.3 Age of Petroleum 288
7.3 Current Status of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 289
7.4 Comments on Copenhagen Summit 296
7.4.1 Copenhagen Summit: The political
implication 296
7.4.2 The Copenhagen --‚¬ËœAgreement' 298
7.5 Classifi cation of CO2 302
7.6 The Role of Water in Global Warming 304
7.7 Characterization of Energy Sources 308
7.8 The Kyoto Protocol 310
7.9 Sustainable Energy Development 314
7.10 Zero Waste Energy Systems 319
7.11 Reversing Global Warming: The Role of
Technology Development 324
7.12 Deconstructing the Myth of Global Warming
and Cooling 327
7.13 Concluding Remarks 333
8 Diverging Fates of Sustainable and Unsustainable
Products 335
8.1 Introduction 335
8.2 Chemical Composition of Polyurethane Fiber 337
8.3 Biochemical Composition of Wool 339
8.4 Pathways of Polyurethane 343
8.5 Pathways of Wool 347
8.6 Degradation of Polyurethane 347
8.7 Degradation of Wools 348
8.8 Recycling Polyurethane Waste 351
8.9 Unsustainable Technologies 354
8.10 Toxic Compounds from Plastic 358
8.11 Environmental Impacts Issues 358
8.12 How Much is Known? 361
8.13 Concluding Remarks 365
xii Contents
9 Scientifi c Difference Between Sustainable
and Unsustainable Processes 367
9.1 Introduction 367
9.1.1 Paraffi n Wax and Beeswax 368
9.1.2 Synthetic Plastic and Natural Plastic 370
9.2 Physical Properties of Beeswax and
Paraffi n Wax 372
9.2.1 Paraffi n Wax 372
9.2.2 Beeswax 373
9.3 Microstructures of Beeswax and Paraffi n wax 375
9.4 Structural Analysis of Paraffi n Wax and Beeswax 380
9.5 Response to Uniaxial Compression 384
9.6 Ultrasonic Tests on Beeswax and Paraffi n Wax 390
9.7 Natural Plastic and Synthetic Plastic 394
9.8 Plastic Pathway from Crude Oil 395
9.9 Theoretical Comparison Between Nylon and Silk 396
9.10 Theoretical Comparison Between Synthetic
Rubber and Latex (Natural Rubber) 400
9.11 Concluding Remarks 403
10 Comparison of Various Energy Production Schemes 405
10.1 Introduction 405
10.2 Inherent Features of a Comprehensive Criterion 407
10.3 The Need for a Multidimensional Study 407
10.4 Assessing the Overall Performance of a Process 410
10.5 Global Effi ciency of Solar Energy to
Electricity Conversion 411
10.5.1 Photovoltaic Cells 411
10.5.2 Battery Life Cycle in PV System 412
10.5.3 Compact Fluorescent Lamp 414
10.5.4 Global Effi ciency of Direct Solar Application 415
10.5.5 Combined-Cycle Technology 420
10.5.6 Hydroelectricity to Electric Stove 421
10.6 Global Effi ciency of Biomass Energy 422
10.7 Global effi ciency of nuclear power 425
10.8 Discussion 426
10.9 Concluding remarks 428
Contents xiii
11 The Zero-Waste Concept and its Application to
Petroleum Engineering 431
11.1 Introduction 431
11.2 Petroleum Refi ning 433
11.2.1 Zero-waste Refi ning Process 440
11.3 Zero Waste in Product Life Cycle
(Transportation, Use, and End-of-Life) 450
11.4 No-Flaring Technique 451
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