-
Browse Book Series
- Adhesion and Adhesives: Fundamental and Applied Aspects
- Advances in Additive Manufacturing Technologies
- Advances in Antenna, Microwave and Communication Engineering
- Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels
- Advances in Cyber Security
- Advances in Data Engineering and Machine Learning
- Advances in E-Mobility
- Advances in Hydrogen Production and Storage
- Advances in Intelligent and Scientific Computing (AISC)
- Advances in Learning Analytics for Intelligent Cloud-IoT Systems
- Advances in Membrane Processes
- Advances in Nanotechnology and Applications
- Advances in Natural Gas Engineering
- Advances in Pipes and Pipelines
- Advances in Production Engineering
- Advances in Solar Cell Materials and Storage
- Applied Functional Materials
- Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing for Industrial Transformation
- Astrobiology Perspectives on Life in the Universe
- Bioprocessing in Food Science
- Computational Intelligence and Biomedical Engineering
- Concise Introductions to AI and Data Science
- Cyber Systems and Quantum Engineering
- Decentralized Systems and Next-Generation Internet
- Diatoms: Biology and Applications
- Digital Convergence in Engineering Systems
- Emerging Trends in Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Engineering Systems Design for Sustainable Development
- Fintech in a Sustainable Digital Society
- Industry 5.0 Transformation Applications
- Infectious and Rare Diseases
- Innovations in Materials and Manufacturing
- Machine Learning in Biomedical Science and Healthcare Informatics
- Materials Degradation and Failure
- Mathematics and Computer Science
- Next-Generation Computing and Communication Engineering
- Performability Engineering Series
- Rotating Machinery Fundamentals and Advances
- Studies in Computational Intelligence and Smart Technologies
- Sustainable Computing and Optimization
Browse Subject Areas
For Authors
Submit a ProposalThe Evolution of Earth's Climate
 | By John O. Robertson, George V. Chilingar, O. G. Sorokhtin, N. O. Sorokhtin, and W. Long Copyright: 2018 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119407065 | Hardcover | 302 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
Written by a group of the most experienced and well-known environmental engineers in the world, from a unique perspective, this volume explores the hot-button issue of climate change, its causes, and the future of the planet.
Audience
This is an important work for engineers and scientists in all areas, especially those dealing specifically with the environment, such as environmental, petroleum, and civil engineers. It is also easily accessible for the average reader or layperson who is interested in climate change.
This is an important work for engineers and scientists in all areas, especially those dealing specifically with the environment, such as environmental, petroleum, and civil engineers. It is also easily accessible for the average reader or layperson who is interested in climate change.
Description
Climate change is one of the most controversial and argued issues in the world today, and it has been for years. It has been politicized by politicians on all sides, some scientists have used the study of it for their own material gain above true scientific discovery, and some scientific theories surrounding it have been believed even though proven false. But there is not, by any means, complete agreement among all scientists throughout the world on this issue.
Written by two of the world’s most well-respected environmental and petroleum engineers, this book is meant to be one voice in the scientific literature on this important subject. Other books, also available from Wiley-Scrivener, take the opposite stance, but it is important, in our scientific journey, to listen to all voices and rely on facts, rather than opinions. We trust the reader to make his or her decisions based on all of the facts, and not just some of them.
Back to Top
Climate change is one of the most controversial and argued issues in the world today, and it has been for years. It has been politicized by politicians on all sides, some scientists have used the study of it for their own material gain above true scientific discovery, and some scientific theories surrounding it have been believed even though proven false. But there is not, by any means, complete agreement among all scientists throughout the world on this issue.
Written by two of the world’s most well-respected environmental and petroleum engineers, this book is meant to be one voice in the scientific literature on this important subject. Other books, also available from Wiley-Scrivener, take the opposite stance, but it is important, in our scientific journey, to listen to all voices and rely on facts, rather than opinions. We trust the reader to make his or her decisions based on all of the facts, and not just some of them.
Back to Top
Supplementary Data
• Offers a thorough history of the Earth’s climate, including how it developed in its early stages and has changed over time
• Covers recent developments in the Earth’s climate, including global warming and global temperature changes
• Covers the hot-button issues relating to the environment, such as climate change and the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere
• Is filled with many case studies and sample problems, for the student and the veteran engineer alike
• Is a unique perspective on the hot topics and environmental concerns covered heavily by the media and argued over by scientists
• Offers a thorough history of the Earth’s climate, including how it developed in its early stages and has changed over time
• Covers recent developments in the Earth’s climate, including global warming and global temperature changes
• Covers the hot-button issues relating to the environment, such as climate change and the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere
• Is filled with many case studies and sample problems, for the student and the veteran engineer alike
• Is a unique perspective on the hot topics and environmental concerns covered heavily by the media and argued over by scientists
Author / Editor Details
John O. Robertson, PhD, is the owner of Earth Engineering, Inc. and an adjunct professor at ITT Tech in National City, CA. He has over 50 years of experience in petroleum and environmental engineering and geology and is the author of over 12 textbooks and 75 articles.
John O. Robertson, PhD, is the owner of Earth Engineering, Inc. and an adjunct professor at ITT Tech in National City, CA. He has over 50 years of experience in petroleum and environmental engineering and geology and is the author of over 12 textbooks and 75 articles.
George V. Chilingar, PhD, is an Emeritus Professor of Engineering at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, CA. He is one of the most well-known petroleum geologists in the world and the founder of several prestigious journals in the oil and gas industry. He has published over 70 books and 500 articles and has received over 100 awards over his career.
Oleg G. Sorokhtin is recognized for his work in geophysics, geology and ecology at the institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He passed away in 2010.
Nikolai Sorokhtin is a geologist and academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences and has participated in over 20 major geological expeditions and author of more than 100 scientific publications, including six monographs.
Wennan Long is a reservoir engineer specialist in Synergy Oil and Gas, LLC in Long Beach, California and an active member of the Russian Academy of Nature Sciences He has published many engineering articles in the areas of climate change and environmental science.
Back to Top
Table of Contents
Introduction xv
Acknowledgments xix
Part I: Climatic Paradox 1
1 Climatic Paradox 3
Historic Temperatures of Early Earth 3
Concepts by Some of Global Warming 5
Earth-- Historic Temperature Charts 6
Misuse of Temperature Charts 7
Use of Paleoclimatology to Estimate Prehistoric Temperatures 8
Use of the Oxygen Isotope Ratio to Estimate Historic Temperatures 9
Historic Temperature Charts for the Past 4.6 BY 10
Glacial Periods and Interglacial Periods (4.5 to 0.540 -- BY AGO) 10
Historic Temperature Record of the Past 540 MY 11
Today-- Temperature Charts 16
The Sun----a Primary Source of Energy 17
Physical Aspects of the Sun 18
Sunspots 18
Solar Irradiation Reaching the Earth 20
The Sun-- Energy 23
Energy Received by the Earth from the Sun 26
The Paradox Reviewed 27
2 Adiabatic Theory 29
Troposphere 29
How is heat transferred in the troposphere? 31
Modeling the Earth-- troposphere 33
Features of the Earth-- atmosphere 33
Development of an Adiabatic Equation 35
Development of the Adiabatic Equation 37
Earth-- Troposphere Model 41
Effect of precession angle 42
Application of Adiabatic Equation to the Planet Venus 47
3 The Earth-- Synoptic Activities 51
Greenhouse Effect Adiabatic Theory 51
Model of Heat Transfer in the Troposphere 52
Part II: Development of the Hydrosphere 59
4 Development of Earth-- Hydrosphere 61
Hydrosphere of the Primordial Earth 61
Formation of the Hydrosphere 66
Part III: Development of the Earth-- Atmosphere 79
5 Earth-- Historic Atmospheres 81
Earth-- Primordial Atmosphere 81
Earth-- First Atmosphere (Hadean time----4.56 to 4.0 BY ago) 83
Earth-- Second Atmosphere (Archean time, 4.0 to 2.5 BY ago) 85
Earth-- Third Atmosphere (Proterozoic to
mid-Phanerozoic time --2.5 to 0.54 BY ago) 86
Today-- Atmosphere (Phanerozoic time, 0.542 BY ago
to today) 89
The Earth-- Future Atmosphere 89
6 Nitrogen in Earth-- Atmosphere 91
Origin of Earth-- Atmospheric Nitrogen 91
Estimate of the Earth-- Volume of Organic-Nitrogen Sediments 95
7 Development of Free Oxygen in Earth-- Atmosphere 99
Oxygen 99
History of Free Oxygen in Earth-- Atmosphere 100
8 Development of Methane in Earth-- Atmosphere 111
Methane the Gas 111
Historic Levels of Methane in the Earth-- Atmosphere 114
Monitoring of methane gas emissions 126
9 The Effect of the Greenhouse Gases 129
The Greenhouse Gases 129
The Classic Greenhouse Effect 130
The Greenhouse gases 131
Understanding the Greenhouse Effect 134
9.3 The Greenhouse Effect 135
Effect of the precession angle 138
Convective Heat Transsphere in Troposphere 140
Effect of water vapor on heat transfer 140
Effect of Carbon Dioxide on Temperature Distribution 141
The Effect of Carbon Dioxide Anthropogenic Emissions 143
10 Development of Carbon Dioxide in Earth-- Atmosphere 147
Carbon Dioxide 147
Sources of carbon dioxide 148
The Carbon Cycle 148
Mass of Carbon in the Earth-- Crust 151
Mass of Carbon in the Earth-- Mantle 151
Historic Content of Carbon Dioxide in the Earth-- Atmosphere 155
Earth-- Hadean atmosphere (4.56 to 4.0 BY ago) 155
Earth-- Archaean Atmosphere (4.0 to 2.4 BY ago) 156
Earth-- Proterozoic and Phanerozoic atmosphere
(2.4 BY ago to today) 159
Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere 163
Historic effect of anthropogenic carbon dioxide 168
11 Ozone in the Earth-- Atmosphere 173
Properties of Ozone 173
Ozone Layer as the Earth-- Shield -- 174
Atmospheric Gases Ability to Absorb Energy 175
The Ozone Hole 184
Ozone --Methane Reaction 188
Concluding Remarks 189
12 Evolution of Atmospheric Composition and Pressure 191
Partial Pressure of Atmospheric Gases 191
Part IV: Various Factors Affecting the Evolution
of the Earth-- Climate 197
13 Earth-- Orbital Distance from the Sun 199
Effect of Gravity on Earth-- Orbital Paths 199
Earth-- Orbital Path About the Sun 200
Kepler-- laws pertaining to planetary orbits 202
Eccentricity of an object-- orbit 205
Effect of other planets on Earth-- orbit 206
The effect of the planet Jupiter on Earth-- orbital path 212
14 Climatalogical Effect of Continental Drift 223
Continental Drift-- Effect on the Earth-- Precession Angle 223
Latitudinal Temperature Contrast on Earth-- Surface 228
xiv Contents
15 Earth-- Future Climate 235
Conclusions 239
References and Bibliography 241
Author Index 271
Subject Index 275
Back to Top
Introduction xv
Acknowledgments xix
Part I: Climatic Paradox 1
1 Climatic Paradox 3
Historic Temperatures of Early Earth 3
Concepts by Some of Global Warming 5
Earth-- Historic Temperature Charts 6
Misuse of Temperature Charts 7
Use of Paleoclimatology to Estimate Prehistoric Temperatures 8
Use of the Oxygen Isotope Ratio to Estimate Historic Temperatures 9
Historic Temperature Charts for the Past 4.6 BY 10
Glacial Periods and Interglacial Periods (4.5 to 0.540 -- BY AGO) 10
Historic Temperature Record of the Past 540 MY 11
Today-- Temperature Charts 16
The Sun----a Primary Source of Energy 17
Physical Aspects of the Sun 18
Sunspots 18
Solar Irradiation Reaching the Earth 20
The Sun-- Energy 23
Energy Received by the Earth from the Sun 26
The Paradox Reviewed 27
2 Adiabatic Theory 29
Troposphere 29
How is heat transferred in the troposphere? 31
Modeling the Earth-- troposphere 33
Features of the Earth-- atmosphere 33
Development of an Adiabatic Equation 35
Development of the Adiabatic Equation 37
Earth-- Troposphere Model 41
Effect of precession angle 42
Application of Adiabatic Equation to the Planet Venus 47
3 The Earth-- Synoptic Activities 51
Greenhouse Effect Adiabatic Theory 51
Model of Heat Transfer in the Troposphere 52
Part II: Development of the Hydrosphere 59
4 Development of Earth-- Hydrosphere 61
Hydrosphere of the Primordial Earth 61
Formation of the Hydrosphere 66
Part III: Development of the Earth-- Atmosphere 79
5 Earth-- Historic Atmospheres 81
Earth-- Primordial Atmosphere 81
Earth-- First Atmosphere (Hadean time----4.56 to 4.0 BY ago) 83
Earth-- Second Atmosphere (Archean time, 4.0 to 2.5 BY ago) 85
Earth-- Third Atmosphere (Proterozoic to
mid-Phanerozoic time --2.5 to 0.54 BY ago) 86
Today-- Atmosphere (Phanerozoic time, 0.542 BY ago
to today) 89
The Earth-- Future Atmosphere 89
6 Nitrogen in Earth-- Atmosphere 91
Origin of Earth-- Atmospheric Nitrogen 91
Estimate of the Earth-- Volume of Organic-Nitrogen Sediments 95
7 Development of Free Oxygen in Earth-- Atmosphere 99
Oxygen 99
History of Free Oxygen in Earth-- Atmosphere 100
8 Development of Methane in Earth-- Atmosphere 111
Methane the Gas 111
Historic Levels of Methane in the Earth-- Atmosphere 114
Monitoring of methane gas emissions 126
9 The Effect of the Greenhouse Gases 129
The Greenhouse Gases 129
The Classic Greenhouse Effect 130
The Greenhouse gases 131
Understanding the Greenhouse Effect 134
9.3 The Greenhouse Effect 135
Effect of the precession angle 138
Convective Heat Transsphere in Troposphere 140
Effect of water vapor on heat transfer 140
Effect of Carbon Dioxide on Temperature Distribution 141
The Effect of Carbon Dioxide Anthropogenic Emissions 143
10 Development of Carbon Dioxide in Earth-- Atmosphere 147
Carbon Dioxide 147
Sources of carbon dioxide 148
The Carbon Cycle 148
Mass of Carbon in the Earth-- Crust 151
Mass of Carbon in the Earth-- Mantle 151
Historic Content of Carbon Dioxide in the Earth-- Atmosphere 155
Earth-- Hadean atmosphere (4.56 to 4.0 BY ago) 155
Earth-- Archaean Atmosphere (4.0 to 2.4 BY ago) 156
Earth-- Proterozoic and Phanerozoic atmosphere
(2.4 BY ago to today) 159
Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere 163
Historic effect of anthropogenic carbon dioxide 168
11 Ozone in the Earth-- Atmosphere 173
Properties of Ozone 173
Ozone Layer as the Earth-- Shield -- 174
Atmospheric Gases Ability to Absorb Energy 175
The Ozone Hole 184
Ozone --Methane Reaction 188
Concluding Remarks 189
12 Evolution of Atmospheric Composition and Pressure 191
Partial Pressure of Atmospheric Gases 191
Part IV: Various Factors Affecting the Evolution
of the Earth-- Climate 197
13 Earth-- Orbital Distance from the Sun 199
Effect of Gravity on Earth-- Orbital Paths 199
Earth-- Orbital Path About the Sun 200
Kepler-- laws pertaining to planetary orbits 202
Eccentricity of an object-- orbit 205
Effect of other planets on Earth-- orbit 206
The effect of the planet Jupiter on Earth-- orbital path 212
14 Climatalogical Effect of Continental Drift 223
Continental Drift-- Effect on the Earth-- Precession Angle 223
Latitudinal Temperature Contrast on Earth-- Surface 228
xiv Contents
15 Earth-- Future Climate 235
Conclusions 239
References and Bibliography 241
Author Index 271
Subject Index 275
Back to Top
BISAC SUBJECT HEADINGS
SCI092000 : SCIENCE / Global Warming & Climate Change
POL044000 : POLITICAL SCIENCE / Public Policy / Environmental Policy
TEC010000 : TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Environmental / General
BIC CODES
RNPG: Climate change
TQ: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
JPFM: Conservatism & right-of-centre democratic ideologies
Back to Top