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Submit a ProposalMembrane Processes
 | Pervaporation, Vapor Permeation and Membrane Distillation for Industrial Scale Separations and Water/Wastewater Treatment Edited by Sundergopal Sridhar and Siddhartha Moulik Series: Advances in Membrane Processes Copyright: 2018 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119418221 | Hardcover | 480 pages Price: $249 USD  |
One Line Description
A reference for engineers, scientists, and academics who want to be abreast of the latest industrial separation/treatment technique, this new volume aims at providing a holistic vision on the potential of advanced membrane processes for solving challenging separation problems in industrial applications.
Audience
Chemical engineers, chemists, environmental engineers, process engineers, and other professionals working in membrane separations, effluent treatment, and wastewater treatment
Chemical engineers, chemists, environmental engineers, process engineers, and other professionals working in membrane separations, effluent treatment, and wastewater treatment
Description
Separation processes are challenging steps in any process industry for isolation of products and recycling of reactants. Membrane technology has shown immense potential in separation of liquid and gaseous mixtures, effluent treatment, drinking water purification and solvent recovery. It has found endless popularity and wide acceptance for its small footprint, higher selectivity, scalability, energy saving capability and inherent ease of integration into other unit operations. There are many situations where the target component cannot be separated by distillation, liquid extraction, and evaporation. The different membrane processes such as pervaporation, vapor permeation and membrane distillation could be used for solving such industrial bottlenecks.
This book covers the entire array of fundamental aspects, membrane synthesis and applications in the chemical process industries (CPI). It also includes various applications of pervaporation, vapor permeation and membrane distillation in industrially and socially relevant problems including separation of azeotropic mixtures, close-boiling compounds, organic–organic mixtures, effluent treatment along with brackish and seawater desalination, and many others. These processes can also be applied for extraction of small quantities of value-added compounds such as flavors and fragrances and selective removal of hazardous impurities, viz., volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as vinyl chloride, benzene, ethyl benzene and toluene from industrial effluents.
Including case studies, this is a must-have for any process or chemical engineer working in the industry today. Also valuable as a learning tool, students and professors in chemical engineering, chemistry, and process engineering will benefit greatly from the groundbreaking new processes and technologies described in the volume.
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Separation processes are challenging steps in any process industry for isolation of products and recycling of reactants. Membrane technology has shown immense potential in separation of liquid and gaseous mixtures, effluent treatment, drinking water purification and solvent recovery. It has found endless popularity and wide acceptance for its small footprint, higher selectivity, scalability, energy saving capability and inherent ease of integration into other unit operations. There are many situations where the target component cannot be separated by distillation, liquid extraction, and evaporation. The different membrane processes such as pervaporation, vapor permeation and membrane distillation could be used for solving such industrial bottlenecks.
This book covers the entire array of fundamental aspects, membrane synthesis and applications in the chemical process industries (CPI). It also includes various applications of pervaporation, vapor permeation and membrane distillation in industrially and socially relevant problems including separation of azeotropic mixtures, close-boiling compounds, organic–organic mixtures, effluent treatment along with brackish and seawater desalination, and many others. These processes can also be applied for extraction of small quantities of value-added compounds such as flavors and fragrances and selective removal of hazardous impurities, viz., volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as vinyl chloride, benzene, ethyl benzene and toluene from industrial effluents.
Including case studies, this is a must-have for any process or chemical engineer working in the industry today. Also valuable as a learning tool, students and professors in chemical engineering, chemistry, and process engineering will benefit greatly from the groundbreaking new processes and technologies described in the volume.
Back to Top
Supplementary Data
• Covers advanced membrane processes for intricate separations involved in industries and other societal relevant problems such as separation of azeotropic mixtures, close-boiling compounds, organic–organic liquid mixtures, effluent treatment, and seawater desalination
• Provides fundamental applications of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to scale up processes to a commercial level which
• Not only illustrates and cites problems and solutions, but also thoroughly covers membrane engineering, including timely and suitably placed theoretical analyses of membrane-based separations
• Targets a wider audience from graduate students to membrane researchers covering the potential of membrane processes for solving challenging separation problems including students and teachers in the field of chemical engineering and effluent treatment, researchers in the field of effluent treatment and resource, process engineers, and plant managers in various industries
• Covers advanced membrane processes for intricate separations involved in industries and other societal relevant problems such as separation of azeotropic mixtures, close-boiling compounds, organic–organic liquid mixtures, effluent treatment, and seawater desalination
• Provides fundamental applications of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to scale up processes to a commercial level which
• Not only illustrates and cites problems and solutions, but also thoroughly covers membrane engineering, including timely and suitably placed theoretical analyses of membrane-based separations
• Targets a wider audience from graduate students to membrane researchers covering the potential of membrane processes for solving challenging separation problems including students and teachers in the field of chemical engineering and effluent treatment, researchers in the field of effluent treatment and resource, process engineers, and plant managers in various industries
Author / Editor Details
Dr. Sundergopal Sridhar, PhD, is a chemical engineer from the University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad. He has been working as a scientist in the area of membrane separation processes at the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology in Hyderabad for the past 20 years and has published over 130 research papers and is the recipient of 30 prestigious scientific awards.
Dr. Sundergopal Sridhar, PhD, is a chemical engineer from the University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad. He has been working as a scientist in the area of membrane separation processes at the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology in Hyderabad for the past 20 years and has published over 130 research papers and is the recipient of 30 prestigious scientific awards.
Siddhartha Moulik is a scientist at the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology in Hyderabad. He has published 16 research papers in various international journals, 2 book chapters, and 39 papers in conference proceedings. He is also the recipient of 8 prestigious awards in his field.
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Table of Contents
Preface xv
1 Tackling Challenging Industrial Separation Problems
through Membrane Processes 1
Siddhartha Moulik, Sowmya Parakala and S. Sridhar
1.1 Water: The Source of Life 2
1.2 Water/Wastewater Treatment 5
1.3 Wastewater Treatment Techniques 8
1.4 Membrane Technologies for Water/Wastewater Treatment 11
1.5 Membranes: Materials, Classification and Configurations 12
1.5.1 Types of Membranes 12
1.5.1.1 Symmetric Membranes 13
1.5.1.2 Asymmetric Membranes 14
1.5.1.3 Electrically Charged Membranes 14
1.5.1.4 Inorganic Membranes 14
1.5.2 Membranes Modules and Their Characteristics 14
1.6 Introduction to Membrane Processes 17
1.6.1 Conventional Membrane Processes 17
1.7 CSIR-IICT-- Contribution for Water/Wastewater Treatment 22
1.7.1 Nanofiltration Plant for Processing Steel Industrial Effluent for Chloride Separation from Steel
Quenching Tower Wastewater 24
1.8 Potential of Pervaporation (PV), Vapor Permeation (VP),
and Membrane Distillation (MD) in Wastewater Treatment 26
1.9 Conclusion 33
References 34
2 Pervaporation membrane separation: Fundamentals and applications 37
Siddhartha Moulik, Bukke Vani, D. Vaishnavi and S. Sridhar
2.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 38
2.2 Principle 40
vi Contents
2.2.1 Mass Transfer 42
2.2.2 Factors Affecting Membrane Performance 44
2.3 Membranes for Pervaporation 45
2.4 Applications of Pervaporation 46
2.4.1 Solvent Dehydration 46
2.4.2 Organophilic Separation 55
2.4.2.1 Removal of VOCs 57
2.4.2.2 Extraction of Aroma Compounds 58
2.4.3 Organic/Organic Separation 64
2.4.3.1 Separation of Polar/Non-Polar Mixture 65
2.4.3.2 Separation of Aromatic/Alicyclic Mixtures 71
2.4.3.3 Separation of Aromatic/Aliphatic/Aromatic Hydrocarbons 72
2.4.3.4 Separation of Isomers 72
2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 73
References 78
3 Pervaporation for Ethanol-Water Separation and Effect Of Fermentation Inhibitors 89
Anjali Jain, Sushant Upadhyaya, Ajay K. Dalai and
Satyendra P. Chaurasia
3.1 Introduction 90
3.2 Theory of Pervaporation 91
3.2.1 Applications of Pervaporation 92
3.2.2 Advantages of Pervaporation 93
3.2.3 Pervaporation Performance Evaluation Parameters 93
3.3 Various Membranes used for the Recovery of ‚ Ethanol 94
3.3.1 Organic Membranes 94
3.3.2 Inorganic Membranes 102
3.3.3 Mixed Matrix Membranes 104
3.4 Effects of Process Variables on Ethanol Concentration
in PV 106
3.4.1 Effect of Feed Flow Rate 106
3.4.2 Effect of Ethanol Concentration in Feed 107
3.4.3 Effect of Feed Temperature 108
3.4.4 Effect of Permeate Pressure 108
3.5 Effect of Fermentation Inhibitors on Pervaporation
Performance 109
3.5.1 Effect of Furfural Concentration 111
3.5.2 Influence of Hydroxymethyl-Furfural 113
3.5.3 Effect of Vanillin 114
3.5.4 Effect of Acetic Acid 114
3.5.5 Effect of Catechol 116
3.6 Conclusions 116
References 117
4 Dehydration of Acetonitrile Solvent by Pervaporation
Through Graphene Oxide/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Mixed
Matrix Membranes 123
Siddhartha Moulik, D.Vaishnavi and S.Sridhar
4.1 Introduction 124
4.2 Materials and Methods 126
4.2.1 Materials 126
4.2.2 Preparation of Graphene Oxide 126
4.2.3 Fabrication of GO Membrane 127
4.2.4 Structural Characterization of GO/PVA Mixed
Matrix Membrane 127
4.2.5 Pervaporation Experiments 127
4.2.6 Determination of Diffusion Coefficients 129
4.2.7 Membrane Characterization 130
4.2.8 Hydrodynamic Simulation 130
4.3 Results and Discussions 132
4.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscope 132
4.3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimeter 132
4.3.3 Effect of GO concentration on PV Performance 134
4.3.4 Sorption Behavior 135
4.3.5 Concentration Distribution of Water within
the Membrane 135
4.3.6 Effect of Feed Water Concentration 137
4.3.7 Effect of Permeate Pressure 137
4.4 Conclusions 138
References 139
5 Recovery of acetic acid from vinegar wastewater using pervaporation in a pilot plant 141
Haresh K Dave and Kaushik Nath
5.1 Introduction 142
5.2 Materials and Methods 144
5.2.1 Chemicals and Membranes 144
5.2.2 Preparation and Cross-Linking of Membrane 144
5.2.3 Equilibrium Sorption in PVA-PES Membrane 144
5.2.4 Permeation Experimental Study 145
5.2.5 Flux and Separation Factor 146
5.2.6 Permeability and Membrane Selectivity 147
5.2.7 Diffusion and Partition Coefficient 147
5.2.8 Thermogravimetric Analysis 148
5.2.9 FTIR Analysis 148
5.2.10 AFM and SEM Analysis 148
5.2.11 Mechanical Properties 149
5.3 Results and discussion 149
5.3.1 Sorption in PVA-PES Membrane 151
5.3.2 Effect of Feed Composition on Flux and Separation
Factor 151
5.3.3 Activation Energy and Heat of Sorption 152
5.3.4 Permeability, Permeance and Intrinsic Membrane Selectivity 153
5.3.5 Diffusion and Partition Coefficient 154
5.3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis 156
5.3.7 Surface Chemistry by FTIR Analysis 156
5.3.8 Surface Topology by AFM Analysis 159
5.3.9 Surface Topology by SEM Analysis 161
5.3.10 Mechanical Properties of the Membrane 162
5.3.11 Reusability of the Membrane 163
5.4 Conclusion 164
Nomenclature 165
Acknowledgement 165
References 166
6 Thermodynamic Models for Prediction of Sorption
Behavior in Pervaporation 169
Reddi Kamesh, Sumana Chenna and K. Yamuna Rani
6.1 Introduction 170
6.2 Thermodynamic Models For Sorption 172
6.2.1 Flory-Huggins Theory-Based Models 172
6.2.1.1 Models for Single Liquid Sorption in
Polymer 172
6.2.1.2 Models for Binary Liquid Sorption in
Polymer 175
6.2.2 UNIQUAC Model 180
6.2.2.1 Calculation of Binary Solvent-Solvent
Interaction Parameters ( €žij & €žji) 181
6.2.2.2 Calculation of Binary Polymer-Solvent Interaction Parameters ( €žim, €žmi & €žjm, €žmj) 184
6.2.3 UNIQUAC-HB Model 187
6.2.3.1 Calculation of Binary Solvent-Solvent
Interaction Parameters ( €ž ´ij and €ž ´ji ) 187
6.2.3.2 Calculation of Binary Solvent-Polymer Interaction Parameters 188
6.2.3.3 Prediction of Sorption Levels for a
Ternary System: 189
6.2.4 Modified NRTL model 190
6.2.4.1 Calculation of Binary Solvent-Solvent
Interaction Parameters ( €ž12 & €ž21) 192
6.2.4.2 Calculation of Binary Polymer-Solvent Interaction Parameters ( €žiM & €žMi) 192
6.2.4.3 Prediction of Sorption Behavior for a
Ternary System --Method 1: 193
6.2.4.4 Prediction of Sorption Behavior for a
Ternary System --Method 2): 194
6.3 Computational Procedure 196
6.4 Case Study 202
6.5 Summary and Conclusions 206
References 208
7 Potential of Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Prediction of Structure and Self-Diffusive Properties of Pervaporation Membranes 211
Siddhartha Moulik and S. Sridhar
7.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 212
7.2 Molecular dynamics (MD) Simulations 213
7.3 Calculation of Interaction Parameters 214
7.4 Calculation of Permeation Properties 216
7.5 Free Volume Analysis 220
7.6 Conclusions 224
References 224
8 Vapor Permeation: Fundamentals, Principles and
Applications 227
Siddhartha Moulik1, Sowmya Parakala and S. Sridhar3
8.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 228
8.2 Principle 229
8.3 Mass Transfer Models in Vapor Permeation 231
8.4 Membranes for VP 233
8.4.1 Inorganic Membranes 233
8.4.2 Polymeric Membranes: 236
8.4.3 Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs) 239
8.5 Applications of Vapor Permeation 243
8.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 252
References 252
9 Vapor Permeation - A Thermodynamic Perspective 257
Sujay Chattopadhyay
9.1 Introduction 258
9.2 Parameters Influencing Vapor Permeation 259
9.3 Sorption in Polymeric Materials 262
9.3.1 Sorption of Pure Liquid or Vapors 263
9.3.2 Sorption of Binary Mixtures of Liquids and Vapors 264
9.4 Vapor Permeation in Polymeric Membranes 265
9.4.1 Vapor Permeation Through Rubbery Membranes 265
9.4.2 Vapor Permeation Through Glassy Membranes 265
9.4.3 Vapor Permeation Through Crystalline Polymers 267
9.5 Thermodynamics of Penetrant/ Polymer Membrane 268
9.6 Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics 271
9.7 Design of Vapor Permeation Membrane with High
Selectivity 273
9.8 Membranes and Membrane Modules 276
9.9 Applications of Vapor Permeation 277
9.10 Conclusion 280
References: 280
10 Vapor Permeation: Theory and Modeling Perspectives 283
Harsha Nagar, P. Anand and S. Sridhar
10. 1 Introduction 284
10.2 Advantages of Vapor Permeation Process 287
10.3 Mass transfer Mechanism in VP Process 287
10.4 Fundamentals of Vapor Permeation Modeling 288
10.4.1 Solution-Diffusion Mechanisms 289
10.4.2 Diffusion Modeling 290
10.4.2.1 Multi-Component Diffusion 292
10.4.3 Solubility Modeling 292
10.4.3.1 Equation of State Approach 293
10.4.3.2 Lattice Fluid-Based Models 294
10.5 Case Studies of VP Modeling 296
10.5.1 Modeling of a Multi-Component System for
Vapor Permeation Process 296
10.5.2 Cost Effective Vapor Permeation Process
for Isopropanol Dehydration 298
10.5.3 Vapor Permeation Modeling for Inorganic
Shell and Tube Membranes. 299
10.6 Conclusion 301
References 302
11 Membrane distillation: Historical perspective and a
solution to existing issues of membrane technology 305
Siddhartha Moulik, Sowmya Parakala and S. Sridhar
11.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective of Membrane Distillation 306
11.2 Principle of Membrane Distillation 308
11.3 Mass Transfer in MD 312
11.4 Parameters Affecting Performance of MD 314
11.5 Heat Transfer in MD 317
11.6 Membranes for MD 318
11.7 Applications of Membrane Distillation 330
11.7.1 Seawater Desalination 330
11.7.2 Drinking Water Purification 333
11.7.3 Oily Wastewater treatment 338
11.7.4 Solvent Dehydration 340
11.7.5 Treatment of Textile Industrial Effluent 343
11.7.6 Food Industrial Applications 345
11.7.8 Treatment of Radioactive Waste Water 345
11.7.9 Dairy Effluent Treatment 347
11.8 Conclusions and Future Trends 350
References 351
12 Dewatering of Diethylene Glycol and Lactic Acid Solvents
by Membrane Distillation Technique 357
M. Madhumala and S. Sridhar
12.1 Introduction 358
12.2 Materials and Methods 360
12.2.1 Materials 360
12.2.2 Membrane Synthesis 360
12.2.2.1 Synthesis of Microporous Hydrophobic ZSM-5/PVC Mixed Matrix Membrane 360
12.2.2.2 Synthesis of Ultraporous Hydrophobic Polyvinylchloride Membrane 361
12.2.3 Experimental 361
12.2.3.1 Description of Membrane Distillation
Set-up 361
12.2.3.2 Experimental Procedure 361
12.2.4 Membrane Characterization Techniques 363
12.2.4.2 X-Ray Diffraction Studies (XRD) 363
12.2.4.3 Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) 364
12.2.4.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 364
12.2.4.5 Contact Angle Measurement 364
12.3 Results and Discussion 364
12.3.1.1 FTIR 364
12.3.1.2 XRD 366
12.3.1.3 TGA 367
12.3.1.4 SEM 368
12.3.1.5 Contact Angle Measurement 369
12.3.2 Case Study 1: Dehydration of Lactic Acid using
ZSM-5 Loaded Polyvinyl Chloride Membrane 369
12.3.3 Case Study 2: Dehydration of Diethylene
Glycol using Ultraporous PVC Membrane 371
12.4 Conclusions 371
References 373
13 Graphene Oxide/Polystyrene Mixed Matrix Membranes for Desalination of Seawater through Vacuum Membrane
Distillation 375
Siddhartha Moulik, Sowmya Parakala and S. Sridhar
13.1 Introduction 376
13.1.1 Graphene and its Derivatives 377
13.2 Materials and Methods 378
13.2.2 Preparation of Graphene Oxide 380
13.2.3 Membrane Synthesis 381
13.2.4 Performance of the Crosslinked GO Loaded
PS Membrane 382
13.2.6 Membrane Distillation Experiment 383
13.2.7 Membrane Characterization 384
13.2.8 Computational Fluid Dynamics Study 384
13.3 Results and Discussions 388
13.3.1.2 Contact Angle Measurement 389
13.3.1.3 FTIR 390
13.3.1.4 Raman spectra 391
13.3.2 Effect of GO Concentration on MD Performance 391
13.3.3 Concentration Profile of Water Vapor within
the Membrane 392
13.3.4 Effect of Feed Salt Concentration 393
13.3.5 Effect of Degree of Vacuum on MD Performance 395
13.3.6 Effect of Membrane Thickness 395
13.4 Conclusion 396
References 397
14 Vacuum Membrane Distillation for Water Desalination 399
Sushant Upadhyaya, Kailash Singh, S.P. Chaurasia,
Rakesh Baghel and Sarita Kalla
14.1 Introduction 400
14.2 Membrane Distillation 400
14.2.1 Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) 400
14.2.2 Air Gap Membrane Distillation (AGMD) 401
14.2.3 Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation (SGMD) 401
14.2.4 Vacuum Membrane Distillation (VMD) 401
14.3 Selection Criteria for MD Membrane 402
14.4 Characterization of Membranes in MD 403
14.5 Applications 403
14.6 Modeling in MD 404
14.7 Mass and Heat Transport in VMD 407
14.8 Recovery Modeling in VMD 410
14.9 Operating Variables Influence on VMD Process 411
14.9.1 Variation in Permeate Flux with Feed Rate 411
14.9.2 Variation in Permeate Flux with
Feed Inlet Temperature 412
14.9.3 Variation in Permeate Flux with
Permeate Pressure 415
14.9.4 Variation in Permeate flux with
Feed Salt Concentration 416
14.9.5 Effect of Runtime 417
14.10 Water Recovery 418
14.11 Fouling on Membrane 420
14.12 Conclusions 424
References 425
Nomenclature 428
Greek Symbols 429
15 Glycerol Purification Using Membrane Technology 431
Priya Pal1, S.P.Chaurasia2, Sushant Upadhyaya3,
Madhu Agarwal, S. Sridhar
15.1 Introduction 432
15.2 Glycerol 433
15.2.1 Impurities Present in Crude Glycerol 433
15.3 Sources of Glycerol 435
15.3.1 Transesterification Reaction 435
15.3.2 Saponification of Oils and Fats 436
15.3.3 Hydrolysis of Oils and Fats 440
15.4 Purification Processes 440
15.4.1 Conventional Method (Physicochemical Method) 441
15.4.1.1 Pre-Treatment (Acidification and
Neutralization) 441
15.4.1.2 Solvent Removal 443
15.4.1.3 Activated Charcoal Treatment for Color Removal 444
15.4.1.4 Ion-Exchange Adsorption 444
15.4.2 Membrane Technology 444
15.4.2.1 Membrane Distillation (MD) 447
15.4.2.2 Operating Variables affecting VMD
Process 453
15.4.2.3 VMD Application Areas 455
15.5 Material and Methods 455
15.5.2 Synthesis of Hydrophobic Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Membrane 456
15.5.3 Methods 456
15.5.4 Membrane Characterization 458
15.5.4.3 Membrane Thickness Measurement 458
15.5.4.4 Contact Angle 458
15.5.4.5 FTIR 459
15.6 Results and Discussion 459
15.6.2 Effect of Glycerol Concentration on Flux and
Percentage Rejection 460
15.7 Conclusions 462
References 462
Nomenclature 465
Index
Back to Top
Preface xv
1 Tackling Challenging Industrial Separation Problems
through Membrane Processes 1
Siddhartha Moulik, Sowmya Parakala and S. Sridhar
1.1 Water: The Source of Life 2
1.2 Water/Wastewater Treatment 5
1.3 Wastewater Treatment Techniques 8
1.4 Membrane Technologies for Water/Wastewater Treatment 11
1.5 Membranes: Materials, Classification and Configurations 12
1.5.1 Types of Membranes 12
1.5.1.1 Symmetric Membranes 13
1.5.1.2 Asymmetric Membranes 14
1.5.1.3 Electrically Charged Membranes 14
1.5.1.4 Inorganic Membranes 14
1.5.2 Membranes Modules and Their Characteristics 14
1.6 Introduction to Membrane Processes 17
1.6.1 Conventional Membrane Processes 17
1.7 CSIR-IICT-- Contribution for Water/Wastewater Treatment 22
1.7.1 Nanofiltration Plant for Processing Steel Industrial Effluent for Chloride Separation from Steel
Quenching Tower Wastewater 24
1.8 Potential of Pervaporation (PV), Vapor Permeation (VP),
and Membrane Distillation (MD) in Wastewater Treatment 26
1.9 Conclusion 33
References 34
2 Pervaporation membrane separation: Fundamentals and applications 37
Siddhartha Moulik, Bukke Vani, D. Vaishnavi and S. Sridhar
2.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 38
2.2 Principle 40
vi Contents
2.2.1 Mass Transfer 42
2.2.2 Factors Affecting Membrane Performance 44
2.3 Membranes for Pervaporation 45
2.4 Applications of Pervaporation 46
2.4.1 Solvent Dehydration 46
2.4.2 Organophilic Separation 55
2.4.2.1 Removal of VOCs 57
2.4.2.2 Extraction of Aroma Compounds 58
2.4.3 Organic/Organic Separation 64
2.4.3.1 Separation of Polar/Non-Polar Mixture 65
2.4.3.2 Separation of Aromatic/Alicyclic Mixtures 71
2.4.3.3 Separation of Aromatic/Aliphatic/Aromatic Hydrocarbons 72
2.4.3.4 Separation of Isomers 72
2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 73
References 78
3 Pervaporation for Ethanol-Water Separation and Effect Of Fermentation Inhibitors 89
Anjali Jain, Sushant Upadhyaya, Ajay K. Dalai and
Satyendra P. Chaurasia
3.1 Introduction 90
3.2 Theory of Pervaporation 91
3.2.1 Applications of Pervaporation 92
3.2.2 Advantages of Pervaporation 93
3.2.3 Pervaporation Performance Evaluation Parameters 93
3.3 Various Membranes used for the Recovery of ‚ Ethanol 94
3.3.1 Organic Membranes 94
3.3.2 Inorganic Membranes 102
3.3.3 Mixed Matrix Membranes 104
3.4 Effects of Process Variables on Ethanol Concentration
in PV 106
3.4.1 Effect of Feed Flow Rate 106
3.4.2 Effect of Ethanol Concentration in Feed 107
3.4.3 Effect of Feed Temperature 108
3.4.4 Effect of Permeate Pressure 108
3.5 Effect of Fermentation Inhibitors on Pervaporation
Performance 109
3.5.1 Effect of Furfural Concentration 111
3.5.2 Influence of Hydroxymethyl-Furfural 113
3.5.3 Effect of Vanillin 114
3.5.4 Effect of Acetic Acid 114
3.5.5 Effect of Catechol 116
3.6 Conclusions 116
References 117
4 Dehydration of Acetonitrile Solvent by Pervaporation
Through Graphene Oxide/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Mixed
Matrix Membranes 123
Siddhartha Moulik, D.Vaishnavi and S.Sridhar
4.1 Introduction 124
4.2 Materials and Methods 126
4.2.1 Materials 126
4.2.2 Preparation of Graphene Oxide 126
4.2.3 Fabrication of GO Membrane 127
4.2.4 Structural Characterization of GO/PVA Mixed
Matrix Membrane 127
4.2.5 Pervaporation Experiments 127
4.2.6 Determination of Diffusion Coefficients 129
4.2.7 Membrane Characterization 130
4.2.8 Hydrodynamic Simulation 130
4.3 Results and Discussions 132
4.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscope 132
4.3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimeter 132
4.3.3 Effect of GO concentration on PV Performance 134
4.3.4 Sorption Behavior 135
4.3.5 Concentration Distribution of Water within
the Membrane 135
4.3.6 Effect of Feed Water Concentration 137
4.3.7 Effect of Permeate Pressure 137
4.4 Conclusions 138
References 139
5 Recovery of acetic acid from vinegar wastewater using pervaporation in a pilot plant 141
Haresh K Dave and Kaushik Nath
5.1 Introduction 142
5.2 Materials and Methods 144
5.2.1 Chemicals and Membranes 144
5.2.2 Preparation and Cross-Linking of Membrane 144
5.2.3 Equilibrium Sorption in PVA-PES Membrane 144
5.2.4 Permeation Experimental Study 145
5.2.5 Flux and Separation Factor 146
5.2.6 Permeability and Membrane Selectivity 147
5.2.7 Diffusion and Partition Coefficient 147
5.2.8 Thermogravimetric Analysis 148
5.2.9 FTIR Analysis 148
5.2.10 AFM and SEM Analysis 148
5.2.11 Mechanical Properties 149
5.3 Results and discussion 149
5.3.1 Sorption in PVA-PES Membrane 151
5.3.2 Effect of Feed Composition on Flux and Separation
Factor 151
5.3.3 Activation Energy and Heat of Sorption 152
5.3.4 Permeability, Permeance and Intrinsic Membrane Selectivity 153
5.3.5 Diffusion and Partition Coefficient 154
5.3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis 156
5.3.7 Surface Chemistry by FTIR Analysis 156
5.3.8 Surface Topology by AFM Analysis 159
5.3.9 Surface Topology by SEM Analysis 161
5.3.10 Mechanical Properties of the Membrane 162
5.3.11 Reusability of the Membrane 163
5.4 Conclusion 164
Nomenclature 165
Acknowledgement 165
References 166
6 Thermodynamic Models for Prediction of Sorption
Behavior in Pervaporation 169
Reddi Kamesh, Sumana Chenna and K. Yamuna Rani
6.1 Introduction 170
6.2 Thermodynamic Models For Sorption 172
6.2.1 Flory-Huggins Theory-Based Models 172
6.2.1.1 Models for Single Liquid Sorption in
Polymer 172
6.2.1.2 Models for Binary Liquid Sorption in
Polymer 175
6.2.2 UNIQUAC Model 180
6.2.2.1 Calculation of Binary Solvent-Solvent
Interaction Parameters ( €žij & €žji) 181
6.2.2.2 Calculation of Binary Polymer-Solvent Interaction Parameters ( €žim, €žmi & €žjm, €žmj) 184
6.2.3 UNIQUAC-HB Model 187
6.2.3.1 Calculation of Binary Solvent-Solvent
Interaction Parameters ( €ž ´ij and €ž ´ji ) 187
6.2.3.2 Calculation of Binary Solvent-Polymer Interaction Parameters 188
6.2.3.3 Prediction of Sorption Levels for a
Ternary System: 189
6.2.4 Modified NRTL model 190
6.2.4.1 Calculation of Binary Solvent-Solvent
Interaction Parameters ( €ž12 & €ž21) 192
6.2.4.2 Calculation of Binary Polymer-Solvent Interaction Parameters ( €žiM & €žMi) 192
6.2.4.3 Prediction of Sorption Behavior for a
Ternary System --Method 1: 193
6.2.4.4 Prediction of Sorption Behavior for a
Ternary System --Method 2): 194
6.3 Computational Procedure 196
6.4 Case Study 202
6.5 Summary and Conclusions 206
References 208
7 Potential of Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Prediction of Structure and Self-Diffusive Properties of Pervaporation Membranes 211
Siddhartha Moulik and S. Sridhar
7.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 212
7.2 Molecular dynamics (MD) Simulations 213
7.3 Calculation of Interaction Parameters 214
7.4 Calculation of Permeation Properties 216
7.5 Free Volume Analysis 220
7.6 Conclusions 224
References 224
8 Vapor Permeation: Fundamentals, Principles and
Applications 227
Siddhartha Moulik1, Sowmya Parakala and S. Sridhar3
8.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 228
8.2 Principle 229
8.3 Mass Transfer Models in Vapor Permeation 231
8.4 Membranes for VP 233
8.4.1 Inorganic Membranes 233
8.4.2 Polymeric Membranes: 236
8.4.3 Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs) 239
8.5 Applications of Vapor Permeation 243
8.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 252
References 252
9 Vapor Permeation - A Thermodynamic Perspective 257
Sujay Chattopadhyay
9.1 Introduction 258
9.2 Parameters Influencing Vapor Permeation 259
9.3 Sorption in Polymeric Materials 262
9.3.1 Sorption of Pure Liquid or Vapors 263
9.3.2 Sorption of Binary Mixtures of Liquids and Vapors 264
9.4 Vapor Permeation in Polymeric Membranes 265
9.4.1 Vapor Permeation Through Rubbery Membranes 265
9.4.2 Vapor Permeation Through Glassy Membranes 265
9.4.3 Vapor Permeation Through Crystalline Polymers 267
9.5 Thermodynamics of Penetrant/ Polymer Membrane 268
9.6 Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics 271
9.7 Design of Vapor Permeation Membrane with High
Selectivity 273
9.8 Membranes and Membrane Modules 276
9.9 Applications of Vapor Permeation 277
9.10 Conclusion 280
References: 280
10 Vapor Permeation: Theory and Modeling Perspectives 283
Harsha Nagar, P. Anand and S. Sridhar
10. 1 Introduction 284
10.2 Advantages of Vapor Permeation Process 287
10.3 Mass transfer Mechanism in VP Process 287
10.4 Fundamentals of Vapor Permeation Modeling 288
10.4.1 Solution-Diffusion Mechanisms 289
10.4.2 Diffusion Modeling 290
10.4.2.1 Multi-Component Diffusion 292
10.4.3 Solubility Modeling 292
10.4.3.1 Equation of State Approach 293
10.4.3.2 Lattice Fluid-Based Models 294
10.5 Case Studies of VP Modeling 296
10.5.1 Modeling of a Multi-Component System for
Vapor Permeation Process 296
10.5.2 Cost Effective Vapor Permeation Process
for Isopropanol Dehydration 298
10.5.3 Vapor Permeation Modeling for Inorganic
Shell and Tube Membranes. 299
10.6 Conclusion 301
References 302
11 Membrane distillation: Historical perspective and a
solution to existing issues of membrane technology 305
Siddhartha Moulik, Sowmya Parakala and S. Sridhar
11.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective of Membrane Distillation 306
11.2 Principle of Membrane Distillation 308
11.3 Mass Transfer in MD 312
11.4 Parameters Affecting Performance of MD 314
11.5 Heat Transfer in MD 317
11.6 Membranes for MD 318
11.7 Applications of Membrane Distillation 330
11.7.1 Seawater Desalination 330
11.7.2 Drinking Water Purification 333
11.7.3 Oily Wastewater treatment 338
11.7.4 Solvent Dehydration 340
11.7.5 Treatment of Textile Industrial Effluent 343
11.7.6 Food Industrial Applications 345
11.7.8 Treatment of Radioactive Waste Water 345
11.7.9 Dairy Effluent Treatment 347
11.8 Conclusions and Future Trends 350
References 351
12 Dewatering of Diethylene Glycol and Lactic Acid Solvents
by Membrane Distillation Technique 357
M. Madhumala and S. Sridhar
12.1 Introduction 358
12.2 Materials and Methods 360
12.2.1 Materials 360
12.2.2 Membrane Synthesis 360
12.2.2.1 Synthesis of Microporous Hydrophobic ZSM-5/PVC Mixed Matrix Membrane 360
12.2.2.2 Synthesis of Ultraporous Hydrophobic Polyvinylchloride Membrane 361
12.2.3 Experimental 361
12.2.3.1 Description of Membrane Distillation
Set-up 361
12.2.3.2 Experimental Procedure 361
12.2.4 Membrane Characterization Techniques 363
12.2.4.2 X-Ray Diffraction Studies (XRD) 363
12.2.4.3 Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) 364
12.2.4.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 364
12.2.4.5 Contact Angle Measurement 364
12.3 Results and Discussion 364
12.3.1.1 FTIR 364
12.3.1.2 XRD 366
12.3.1.3 TGA 367
12.3.1.4 SEM 368
12.3.1.5 Contact Angle Measurement 369
12.3.2 Case Study 1: Dehydration of Lactic Acid using
ZSM-5 Loaded Polyvinyl Chloride Membrane 369
12.3.3 Case Study 2: Dehydration of Diethylene
Glycol using Ultraporous PVC Membrane 371
12.4 Conclusions 371
References 373
13 Graphene Oxide/Polystyrene Mixed Matrix Membranes for Desalination of Seawater through Vacuum Membrane
Distillation 375
Siddhartha Moulik, Sowmya Parakala and S. Sridhar
13.1 Introduction 376
13.1.1 Graphene and its Derivatives 377
13.2 Materials and Methods 378
13.2.2 Preparation of Graphene Oxide 380
13.2.3 Membrane Synthesis 381
13.2.4 Performance of the Crosslinked GO Loaded
PS Membrane 382
13.2.6 Membrane Distillation Experiment 383
13.2.7 Membrane Characterization 384
13.2.8 Computational Fluid Dynamics Study 384
13.3 Results and Discussions 388
13.3.1.2 Contact Angle Measurement 389
13.3.1.3 FTIR 390
13.3.1.4 Raman spectra 391
13.3.2 Effect of GO Concentration on MD Performance 391
13.3.3 Concentration Profile of Water Vapor within
the Membrane 392
13.3.4 Effect of Feed Salt Concentration 393
13.3.5 Effect of Degree of Vacuum on MD Performance 395
13.3.6 Effect of Membrane Thickness 395
13.4 Conclusion 396
References 397
14 Vacuum Membrane Distillation for Water Desalination 399
Sushant Upadhyaya, Kailash Singh, S.P. Chaurasia,
Rakesh Baghel and Sarita Kalla
14.1 Introduction 400
14.2 Membrane Distillation 400
14.2.1 Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) 400
14.2.2 Air Gap Membrane Distillation (AGMD) 401
14.2.3 Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation (SGMD) 401
14.2.4 Vacuum Membrane Distillation (VMD) 401
14.3 Selection Criteria for MD Membrane 402
14.4 Characterization of Membranes in MD 403
14.5 Applications 403
14.6 Modeling in MD 404
14.7 Mass and Heat Transport in VMD 407
14.8 Recovery Modeling in VMD 410
14.9 Operating Variables Influence on VMD Process 411
14.9.1 Variation in Permeate Flux with Feed Rate 411
14.9.2 Variation in Permeate Flux with
Feed Inlet Temperature 412
14.9.3 Variation in Permeate Flux with
Permeate Pressure 415
14.9.4 Variation in Permeate flux with
Feed Salt Concentration 416
14.9.5 Effect of Runtime 417
14.10 Water Recovery 418
14.11 Fouling on Membrane 420
14.12 Conclusions 424
References 425
Nomenclature 428
Greek Symbols 429
15 Glycerol Purification Using Membrane Technology 431
Priya Pal1, S.P.Chaurasia2, Sushant Upadhyaya3,
Madhu Agarwal, S. Sridhar
15.1 Introduction 432
15.2 Glycerol 433
15.2.1 Impurities Present in Crude Glycerol 433
15.3 Sources of Glycerol 435
15.3.1 Transesterification Reaction 435
15.3.2 Saponification of Oils and Fats 436
15.3.3 Hydrolysis of Oils and Fats 440
15.4 Purification Processes 440
15.4.1 Conventional Method (Physicochemical Method) 441
15.4.1.1 Pre-Treatment (Acidification and
Neutralization) 441
15.4.1.2 Solvent Removal 443
15.4.1.3 Activated Charcoal Treatment for Color Removal 444
15.4.1.4 Ion-Exchange Adsorption 444
15.4.2 Membrane Technology 444
15.4.2.1 Membrane Distillation (MD) 447
15.4.2.2 Operating Variables affecting VMD
Process 453
15.4.2.3 VMD Application Areas 455
15.5 Material and Methods 455
15.5.2 Synthesis of Hydrophobic Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Membrane 456
15.5.3 Methods 456
15.5.4 Membrane Characterization 458
15.5.4.3 Membrane Thickness Measurement 458
15.5.4.4 Contact Angle 458
15.5.4.5 FTIR 459
15.6 Results and Discussion 459
15.6.2 Effect of Glycerol Concentration on Flux and
Percentage Rejection 460
15.7 Conclusions 462
References 462
Nomenclature 465
Index
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