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For Authors
Submit a ProposalRechargeable Batteries
 | History, Progress, and Applications Rajender Boddula, Inamuddin, Ramyakrishna Pothu, and Abdullah M. Asiri Copyright: 2020 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119661191 | Hardcover | Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
Edited by one of the most well-respected and prolific engineers in the world and his team, this is the most thorough, up-to-date, and comprehensive volume on rechargeable batteries available today.
Audience
Engineers, researchers, professionals, and graduate students in batteries and material science and nanotechnology, including engineers in areas such as chemical, environmental, biomedical, and electrical engineering
Engineers, researchers, professionals, and graduate students in batteries and material science and nanotechnology, including engineers in areas such as chemical, environmental, biomedical, and electrical engineering
Description
Battery technology is constantly changing, and the concepts and applications of these changes are rapidly becoming increasingly more important as more and more industries and individuals continue to make “greener” choices in their energy sources. As global dependence on fossil fuels slowly wanes, there is a heavier and heavier importance placed on cleaner power sources and methods for storing and transporting that power. Battery technology is a huge part of this global energy revolution.
Rechargeable battery technologies have been a milestone for moving toward a fossil-fuel-free society. They include groundbreaking changes in energy storage, transportation, and electronics. Improvements in battery electrodes and electrolytes have been a remarkable development, and, in the last few years, rechargeable batteries have attracted significant interest from scientists as they are a boon for electric vehicles, laptops and computers, mobile phones, portable electronics, and grid-level electricity storage devices.
Rechargeable Batteries: History, Progress, and Applications outlines the history, development, future, and applications for rechargeable batteries for energy storage applications. It also provides an in-depth description of various energy storage materials and is an invaluable reference guide for electro¬chemists, chemical engineers, students, faculty, and R&D professionals in energy storage science, material science, and renewable energy. This is a must-have for any engineer’s library who works with batteries and energy storage.
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Battery technology is constantly changing, and the concepts and applications of these changes are rapidly becoming increasingly more important as more and more industries and individuals continue to make “greener” choices in their energy sources. As global dependence on fossil fuels slowly wanes, there is a heavier and heavier importance placed on cleaner power sources and methods for storing and transporting that power. Battery technology is a huge part of this global energy revolution.
Rechargeable battery technologies have been a milestone for moving toward a fossil-fuel-free society. They include groundbreaking changes in energy storage, transportation, and electronics. Improvements in battery electrodes and electrolytes have been a remarkable development, and, in the last few years, rechargeable batteries have attracted significant interest from scientists as they are a boon for electric vehicles, laptops and computers, mobile phones, portable electronics, and grid-level electricity storage devices.
Rechargeable Batteries: History, Progress, and Applications outlines the history, development, future, and applications for rechargeable batteries for energy storage applications. It also provides an in-depth description of various energy storage materials and is an invaluable reference guide for electro¬chemists, chemical engineers, students, faculty, and R&D professionals in energy storage science, material science, and renewable energy. This is a must-have for any engineer’s library who works with batteries and energy storage.
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Supplementary Data
• Covers the basic research and application approaches to rechargeable batteries, with an emphasis on fundamental principles, mechanisms, challenges, and perspective
• Includes descriptions and uses of all types of energy storage materials in a single volume
• Focuses on a wide range of energy storage materials
• Provides an understanding of electrodes, electrolytes, and separators
• Includes overage of Pb-acid batteries to modern, flexible batteries
• Covers the basic research and application approaches to rechargeable batteries, with an emphasis on fundamental principles, mechanisms, challenges, and perspective
• Includes descriptions and uses of all types of energy storage materials in a single volume
• Focuses on a wide range of energy storage materials
• Provides an understanding of electrodes, electrolytes, and separators
• Includes overage of Pb-acid batteries to modern, flexible batteries
Author / Editor Details
Rajender Boddula, PdD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals. He is also serving as an editorial board member and a referee for several reputed international peer-reviewed journals. He has published edited books with numerous publishers and has authored twenty book chapters.
Rajender Boddula, PdD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals. He is also serving as an editorial board member and a referee for several reputed international peer-reviewed journals. He has published edited books with numerous publishers and has authored twenty book chapters.
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 60 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. His current research interests include ion exchange materials, a sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors and bending actuators.
Ramyakrishna Pothu is currently pursuing her PhD at Hunan University, China. She received her bachelor’s and master’s degrees from Satavahana University and Osmania University, India, in 2013 and 2015, respectively, and was later a chemist at Izen Biosciences, India and a lecturer and researcher at the Aligarh Muslim University, India. She has published several scientific articles in peer-reviewed international journals and coauthored more than twenty book chapters by various publishers. She has co-edited books with with several publishers, including Wiley.
Abdullah M. Asiri is the Head of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University and the founder and Director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR). He is the Editor-in-Chief of the King Abdulaziz University Journal of Science. He has received numerous awards, including the “Young Scientist Award” from the Saudi Chemical Society in 2009 and the first prize for the distinction in science from the Saudi Chemical Society in 2012. He serves on the editorial boards of multiple scientific journals and is the Vice President of the Saudi Chemical Society (Western Province Branch). He holds multiple patents, has authored ten books, more than one thousand publications in international journals, and multiple book chapters.
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Table of Contents
Preface xv
1 Progress in Separators for Rechargeable Batteries 1
Cheng-song Yang, Dian-hui Han and Meng Zhang
1.1 Separator Overview 1
1.2 Polymer Membrane 1
1.2.1 Polyolefin Separators 1
1.2.2 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) 4
1.2.3 Polytetrafluoroethylene 5
1.2.4 PU 6
1.2.5 PVA 7
1.2.6 Cellulose 7
1.2.7 Other Polymer 8
1.3 Non-Woven Fabric Separator 8
1.3.1 PET 8
1.3.2 PAN 9
1.3.3 PVDF 10
1.3.4 PTFE 11
1.3.5 PVA 11
1.3.6 PI 12
1.4 Polymer Electrolyte 13
1.5 Conclusion 14
References 14
2 Pb Acid Batteries 17
Hasan Jafari and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour
2.1 History of Batteries 17
2.2 Primary Batteries 19
2.3 Secondary Batteries 20
2.4 Flow Batteries 23
2.4.1 All Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRBs) 24
2.4.2 Zinc-Bromine Flow Cells 25
2.5 Lead-Acid Batteries 26
2.5.1 Early Applications of Lead-Acid Batteries 26
2.5.2 Comparison With Other Types of Secondary Batteries 26
2.5.3 Electrochemistry of Lead-Acid Batteries 28
2.5.4 Basic Components of Lead-Acid Cells 29
2.5.5 Types of Lead-Acid Batteries 31
2.5.6 Charging 33
2.5.7 Maintenance 34
2.5.8 Failure Modes 34
List of Abbreviations 36
References 36
3 Flexible Batteries 41
Muhammad Inam Khan, Muhammad Mudassir Hassan, Abdur Rahim and Nawshad Muhammad
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 Battery Types 43
3.2.1 Lead-Acid Battery 44
3.2.2 Nickel Cadmium 44
3.2.3 Nickel/Hydrogen and Nickle/Metal Hydride 44
3.2.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries 45
3.3 Storage Mechanism 45
3.3.1 Flexible Electrode 47
3.3.2 Carbon Base Flexible Electrodes 47
3.4 Graphene Base Flexible Batteries 52
3.5 Metal Oxide-Based Flexible Batteries 52
3.6 Fiber-Shape Designed Flexible Batteries 53
3.7 Natural Fiber Base Flexible Batteries 55
3.8 Flexible Electrolytes 56
3.9 Conclusion 57
References 58
4 Polymer Electrolytes in Rechargeable Batteries 61
Yogesh Kumar, Meenal Gupta, Ashwani Kumar
and N. B. Singh
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Solid Electrolytes for Rechargeable Batteries 63
4.2.1 Solid Oxide Electrolytes 63
4.2.2 Sulfide Solid Electrolytes 63
4.2.3 Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Electrolytes 65
4.2.4 Solid Polymer Electrolytes in Rechargeable Batteries 65
4.3 Polymer-Based Electrolytes 65
4.4 Classification of Polymer-Based Electrolytes 68
4.4.1 Polymer-Salt Complexes 68
4.4.2 Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes 69
4.4.3 Rubbery Electrolytes 71
4.4.4 Solvent-Swollen Polymers 72
4.4.5 Polyelectrolytes 72
4.4.6 Gel Polymer Electrolytes 72
4.4.7 Composite Polymer Electrolytes (CPEs) 74
4.4.8 Ionic Liquid Incorporated Polymer/Gel Electrolytes 77
4.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 79
References 79
5 Advancement in Electrolytes for Rechargeable Batteries 87
Prasun Banerjee, Adolfo Franco Jr, R. Z. Xiao, K. Chandra Babu Naidu, R. M. Rao, Ramyakrishna Pothu and Rajender Boddula
5.1 Introduction 88
5.2 Aqueous Electrolytes 89
5.2.1 Lithium Nitrate 89
5.2.2 Saturated LiCl Electrolyte 89
5.2.3 Aqueous Sodium Salts 90
5.3 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes 90
5.4 Polymer Electrolytes 91
5.4.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPE) 91
5.4.2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPE) 92
5.5 Ionic Liquids Electrolytes (ILE) 94
5.6 Hybrid Electrolytes 94
5.7 Conclusions 95
Acknowledgements 95
References 96
6 Fabrication Assembly Techniques for K-Ion Batteries 99
Praachi Kapoor, Parul Khurana, Christinee Jeyseelen,
Dinesh Kumar and Sheenam Thatai
6.1 Introduction 100
6.2 Battery and Its Types 100
6.3 Ni-Cd Batteries 100
6.4 Li-Ion Batteries 101
6.5 Advantages of Rechargeable Batteries 101
6.6 Disadvantages of Rechargeable Batteries 102
6.7 K-Ion Batteries 102
6.8 Advantages 102
6.9 Disadvantages 103
6.10 Honeycomb Structure of K-Ion Batteries 105
6.11 Negative Electrode Materials for K-Ion Batteries 108
6.12 K-Ion Batteries Based on Patterned Electrodes 110
6.13 Conclusion 111
Acknowledgement 112
References 112
7 Recent Advances in Ni-Fe Batteries as Electrical
Energy Storage Devices 115
K. Chandra Babu Naidu, N. Suresh Kumar, H. Manjunatha,
Prasun Benerjee, D. Baba Basha, S. Naresh Kumar, Ramyakrishna Pothu and Rajender Boddula
7.1 Introduction 116
7.2 Structure of Ni-Fe Batteries 117
7.3 Discussion on Electrochemical Parameters
of Various Materials for Ni-Fe Batteries 118
7.4 Conclusions 128
References 128
8 Ni-MH Batteries 131
Sandeep Arya and Sonali Verma
8.1 Introduction 131
8.2 History 132
8.3 Invention of the Rechargeable Battery 133
8.4 Metal Hydrides (MH) 133
8.5 Thermodynamics and Crystal Structures
of Ni-MH Battery Materials 135
8.5.1 Thermodynamics 135
8.5.2 Crystal Structures of Battery Materials 137
8.5.3 Crystal Structure of AB5 and AB2 Materials 138
8.5.4 Structure of AB5 Compounds 138
8.5.5 Structure of AB2 Compounds 139
8.5.6 Substitutions of A and B Components
in AB5 and AB2 139
8.5.7 Mg-Based Alloys 143
8.5.8 Rare Earth-Mg-Ni-Based Alloys 144
8.5.9 Ti-V-Based Alloys 145
8.6 Ni-MH Batteries 145
8.7 Mechanism of Ni-MH Batteries 147
8.7.1 Battery Description 148
8.7.2 Principle 148
8.7.3 Negative Electrode 149
8.7.4 Positive Electrode 150
8.7.5 Electrolyte 150
8.7.6 Separator 150
8.8 Materials 150
8.9 Charging Nickel-Based Batteries 151
8.9.1 Guidelines for Charging 153
8.10 Performance 153
8.11 Factors Affecting Life 154
8.11.1 Exposure to Elevated Temperatures 154
8.11.2 Reversal 154
8.11.3 Extended Storage under Load 155
8.11.4 Limiting Mechanisms 155
8.12 Advantages 155
8.13 Applications 156
8.13.1 Electric Vehicles 156
8.13.2 Fuel Cell (FC) EVs 156
8.13.3 Pure EVs 156
8.13.4 Hybrid EVs 157
8.13.5 Applications in Traditional Portable
Electronic Devices 158
8.13.5.1 Mobile Phones 158
8.13.5.2 Digital Cameras 159
8.14 Recent Developments and Research Work 159
8.15 Shortcomings 162
References 162
9 Ni-Cd Batteries 177
Christine Jeyaseelan, Antil Jain, Parul Khurana,
Dinesh Kumar and Sheenam Thatai
9.1 Introduction 178
9.2 History 179
9.3 Characteristics 180
9.4 Construction and Working 180
9.5 Types of NiCd Batteries 183
9.6 Maintenance and Safety 185
9.7 Availability and Cost 186
9.8 Applications 187
9.8.1 Transportation in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 187
9.8.2 Aircrafts 187
9.8.3 Electronic Flash Units 187
9.8.4 Cordless Applications 188
9.8.5 Motorized Equipment 188
9.8.6 Two Ways Radios 188
9.8.7 Medical Instrumentation 188
9.8.8 Toys 188
9.9 Advantages and Disadvantages 189
9.10 Recycling of NiCd Batteries 192
9.11 Comparison With Other Batteries 192
9.12 Conclusion 192
Acknowledgement 193
References 193
10 Ca-Ion Batteries 195
Arti Jain and Ritu Payal
10.1 Introduction 196
10.2 Selection of Anodic Metal and Electrolytes 199
10.2.1 Alloy Anodes 201
10.2.1.1 Choice of Cathodes
for Calcium-Ion Batteries 202
10.2.1.2 Metallic Anodes Cells 204
10.3 Electrochemical Arrangement 207
10.4 Electrode Materials 207
10.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 209
References 210
11 Analytical Investigations in Rechargeable Batteries 217
Bhawana Jain, Sunita Singh, Anupama Asthana,
Ajaya Kumar Sing and Md. Abu Bin Hasan Susan
11.1 Introduction 217
11.2 Components of a Battery 219
11.3 Principle of Rechargeable Battery 220
11.4 Aging of Rechargeable Battery 221
11.5 Analysis Techniques Used for Rechargeable Batteries 222
11.5.1 X-Ray Based 224
11.5.2 Neutron Based 225
11.5.3 Optical Analysis Techniques 225
11.5.4 Electron Based 226
11.5.5 Scanning Probe Based 227
11.5.6 Vibrational Analysis Techniques 227
11.5.7 Magnetism Based 228
11.5.8 Gravimetric-Based Analysis Techniques 229
11.6 Conclusion 229
References 230
12 Remediation of Spent Rechargeable Batteries 237
Amal I. Hassan and Hosam M. Saleh
12.1 Introduction 237
12.2 A Brief History of Battery Origin 239
12.3 The Types of Batteries 240
12.3.1 Types of Primary Batteries 240
12.3.1.1 Types of Secondary Batteries 242
12.4 Recharge the Battery 245
12.5 Battery Life 247
12.6 A Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB) 248
12.6.1 Advantages of Li-Ion Batteries 251
12.6.2 Disadvantages of Li-Ion Batteries 251
12.7 Impact of Batteries on Health 252
12.7.1 Protection Against Battery Disadvantages 252
12.8 Mercury (Hg) 253
12.9 Remediation of Spent Rechargeable Batteries 255
12.9.1 Future and Challenges:
Nanotechnology in Batteries 255
12.10 Conclusions 257
References 257
13 Progress in Separators for Rechargeable Batteries 265
Zahra Pezeshki
Acronyms 265
13.1 Introduction and Area 267
13.2 Separators in Rechargeable Batteries 269
13.3 Classification of Separator in Rechargeable Batteries 272
13.3.1 Nonwoven Separators 273
13.3.2 Microporous Membrane Separators 277
13.3.3 Ion-Exchange Membrane Separators 287
13.3.4 Nanoporous Membrane Separators 297
13.4 Properties of Separator in Rechargeable Batteries 299
13.5 Requirements for Separator in Rechargeable Batteries 301
13.6 Modeling of Separator in Rechargeable Batteries 303
13.7 Results and Discussions 307
13.8 Future Approach 307
13.9 Conclusion 308
Bibliography 308
14 Research and Development and Commercialization in Rechargeable Batteries 315
Nelson Pynadathu Rumjit, Paul Thomas, Jishnu Naskar, George Thomas, P.J. George, Chin Wei Lai,
Mohd Rafie Bin Johan and Elizabeth George
14.1 Introduction 316
14.1.1 Types of Rechargeable Batteries (RBs)
and Challenges Faced Towards
Practical Applications 316
14.1.1.1 Li-Ion Batteries (LIBs) 316
14.1.1.2 Na and K-Ion Batteries 317
14.1.1.3 Magnesium Rechargeable
Batteries (MgRBs) 319
14.1.1.4 Aqueous RBs 320
14.1.1.5 Pb-Acid, Ni-Cd, and Ni-MH Batteries 320
14.1.1.6 Zinc-Ion RBs 321
14.1.1.7 Metal-Air Batteries 321
14.1.1.8 Flexible RBs 322
14.1.2 Nanotechnology Interventions
in Rechargeable Batteries 323
14.2 Research and Development in Rechargeable Batteries 327
14.2.1 Zinc Rechargeable Batteries (ZnRBs) 327
14.2.2 Magnesium Rechargeable Batteries (MgRBs) 330
14.2.3 Aqueous RBs and Hybrid Aqueous RBs 330
14.2.4 Li-Based RBs 331
14.3 Commercialization Aspects of Rechargeable Batteries 339
14.4 Future Prospects of RBs 341
14.5 Conclusion 343
References 344
15 Alkaline Batteries 357
Sapna Raghav, Jyoti Raghav, Praveen Kumar Yadav
and Dinesh Kumar
15.1 Introduction 357
15.1.1 How Batteries Work 359
15.2 History 361
15.3 Advantages 363
15.4 Disadvantages 365
15.4.1 Internal Resistance 365
15.4.2 Leakage and Damages 365
15.5 Spent ARBs 365
15.6 Classification of ABs 367
15.6.1 Ni/Co Batteries 367
15.6.2 Ni/Ni ARBs 368
15.7 Application of ABs 370
15.8 Conclusion 371
Acknowledgements 372
References 372
16 Advances in Green--‚¬Â Ion-Batteries Using Aqueous Electrolytes 379
Chenar A. Tahir, Charu Agarwal and Levente Csóka
16.1 Introduction 379
16.2 Monovalent Ion Aqueous Batteries 380
16.2.1 Lithium-Ion Aqueous Batteries (LIABs) 380
16.2.2 Sodium-Ion Aqueous Batteries (SIABs) 382
16.2.3 Potassium Ion Aqueous Batteries (PIABs) 386
16.3 Multivalent Ion Aqueous Batteries 387
16.3.1 Zinc Ion Aqueous Batteries (ZIABs) 387
16.3.2 Magnesium Ion Aqueous Batteries (MIABs) 389
16.3.3 Aluminum Ion Aqueous Batteries (AIABs) 392
16.4 Summary and Outlook 394
Acknowledgements 394
References 394
17 K-Ion Batteries 403
Mohd Imran Ahamed and Naushad Anwar
17.1 Introduction 404
17.2 Fundamentals of K-Ion Batteries 406
17.3 Mechanism 406
17.3.1 Cathode Materials 409
17.3.1.1 Hexacyanoferrate 409
17.3.1.2 Prussian Blue 410
17.3.1.3 Layered Materials 413
17.3.1.4 Polyanionic Compounds 413
17.3.1.5 Organic Materials 414
17.4 Anode Materials: Graphite Anodes 415
17.5 Key Performance 415
17.6 Conclusion 417
References 417
18 Li-S Batteries 425
Nitin Kumar Sharma and Dinesh Kumar
18.1 What are Li-S Batteries? 425
18.2 Advances and Challenges in Carbon-Sulfur Electrodes 428
18.3 Role of Additives in Sulfur Electrodes 431
18.3.1 Chemical Absorption Method 432
18.3.2 Electrolytic Additives 433
18.3.3 Metal Fabrication in Li-S Batteries 433
18.3.4 Graphite as an Anode 433
18.3.5 Polymer-Based Electrolyte 434
18.4 Summary and Outlook 434
Acknowledgements 436
References 436
19 Aqueous Na-Air Batteries 439
Mehdi Dehghan Manshadi and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour
19.1 Introduction 439
19.2 Characteristics of Sodium 441
19.3 Electrochemical Reactions in Aqueous Na-Air Batteries 443
19.4 Main Components of Aqueous SABs 445
19.4.1 Properties and Characteristics of Sodium Anode 445
19.4.2 Properties and Characteristics of Air Electrode 451
19.4.3 Properties and Characteristics of Electrolyte 452
19.4.3.1 Effect of Sodium Salt 453
19.4.3.2 Effect of Organic Solvents and Additives 453
19.4.4 Properties and Characteristics
of Separators 453
19.5 Harmful Factors for the Aqueous SABs Stability 454
19.5.1 Carbon Dioxide Poisoning 454
19.5.2 Water Leakage/Evaporation 455
19.6 Price Comparison Among Different Types of Batteries 456
19.7 Conclusion 456
References 457
Index 463
Back to Top
Preface xv
1 Progress in Separators for Rechargeable Batteries 1
Cheng-song Yang, Dian-hui Han and Meng Zhang
1.1 Separator Overview 1
1.2 Polymer Membrane 1
1.2.1 Polyolefin Separators 1
1.2.2 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) 4
1.2.3 Polytetrafluoroethylene 5
1.2.4 PU 6
1.2.5 PVA 7
1.2.6 Cellulose 7
1.2.7 Other Polymer 8
1.3 Non-Woven Fabric Separator 8
1.3.1 PET 8
1.3.2 PAN 9
1.3.3 PVDF 10
1.3.4 PTFE 11
1.3.5 PVA 11
1.3.6 PI 12
1.4 Polymer Electrolyte 13
1.5 Conclusion 14
References 14
2 Pb Acid Batteries 17
Hasan Jafari and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour
2.1 History of Batteries 17
2.2 Primary Batteries 19
2.3 Secondary Batteries 20
2.4 Flow Batteries 23
2.4.1 All Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRBs) 24
2.4.2 Zinc-Bromine Flow Cells 25
2.5 Lead-Acid Batteries 26
2.5.1 Early Applications of Lead-Acid Batteries 26
2.5.2 Comparison With Other Types of Secondary Batteries 26
2.5.3 Electrochemistry of Lead-Acid Batteries 28
2.5.4 Basic Components of Lead-Acid Cells 29
2.5.5 Types of Lead-Acid Batteries 31
2.5.6 Charging 33
2.5.7 Maintenance 34
2.5.8 Failure Modes 34
List of Abbreviations 36
References 36
3 Flexible Batteries 41
Muhammad Inam Khan, Muhammad Mudassir Hassan, Abdur Rahim and Nawshad Muhammad
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 Battery Types 43
3.2.1 Lead-Acid Battery 44
3.2.2 Nickel Cadmium 44
3.2.3 Nickel/Hydrogen and Nickle/Metal Hydride 44
3.2.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries 45
3.3 Storage Mechanism 45
3.3.1 Flexible Electrode 47
3.3.2 Carbon Base Flexible Electrodes 47
3.4 Graphene Base Flexible Batteries 52
3.5 Metal Oxide-Based Flexible Batteries 52
3.6 Fiber-Shape Designed Flexible Batteries 53
3.7 Natural Fiber Base Flexible Batteries 55
3.8 Flexible Electrolytes 56
3.9 Conclusion 57
References 58
4 Polymer Electrolytes in Rechargeable Batteries 61
Yogesh Kumar, Meenal Gupta, Ashwani Kumar
and N. B. Singh
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Solid Electrolytes for Rechargeable Batteries 63
4.2.1 Solid Oxide Electrolytes 63
4.2.2 Sulfide Solid Electrolytes 63
4.2.3 Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Electrolytes 65
4.2.4 Solid Polymer Electrolytes in Rechargeable Batteries 65
4.3 Polymer-Based Electrolytes 65
4.4 Classification of Polymer-Based Electrolytes 68
4.4.1 Polymer-Salt Complexes 68
4.4.2 Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes 69
4.4.3 Rubbery Electrolytes 71
4.4.4 Solvent-Swollen Polymers 72
4.4.5 Polyelectrolytes 72
4.4.6 Gel Polymer Electrolytes 72
4.4.7 Composite Polymer Electrolytes (CPEs) 74
4.4.8 Ionic Liquid Incorporated Polymer/Gel Electrolytes 77
4.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 79
References 79
5 Advancement in Electrolytes for Rechargeable Batteries 87
Prasun Banerjee, Adolfo Franco Jr, R. Z. Xiao, K. Chandra Babu Naidu, R. M. Rao, Ramyakrishna Pothu and Rajender Boddula
5.1 Introduction 88
5.2 Aqueous Electrolytes 89
5.2.1 Lithium Nitrate 89
5.2.2 Saturated LiCl Electrolyte 89
5.2.3 Aqueous Sodium Salts 90
5.3 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes 90
5.4 Polymer Electrolytes 91
5.4.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPE) 91
5.4.2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPE) 92
5.5 Ionic Liquids Electrolytes (ILE) 94
5.6 Hybrid Electrolytes 94
5.7 Conclusions 95
Acknowledgements 95
References 96
6 Fabrication Assembly Techniques for K-Ion Batteries 99
Praachi Kapoor, Parul Khurana, Christinee Jeyseelen,
Dinesh Kumar and Sheenam Thatai
6.1 Introduction 100
6.2 Battery and Its Types 100
6.3 Ni-Cd Batteries 100
6.4 Li-Ion Batteries 101
6.5 Advantages of Rechargeable Batteries 101
6.6 Disadvantages of Rechargeable Batteries 102
6.7 K-Ion Batteries 102
6.8 Advantages 102
6.9 Disadvantages 103
6.10 Honeycomb Structure of K-Ion Batteries 105
6.11 Negative Electrode Materials for K-Ion Batteries 108
6.12 K-Ion Batteries Based on Patterned Electrodes 110
6.13 Conclusion 111
Acknowledgement 112
References 112
7 Recent Advances in Ni-Fe Batteries as Electrical
Energy Storage Devices 115
K. Chandra Babu Naidu, N. Suresh Kumar, H. Manjunatha,
Prasun Benerjee, D. Baba Basha, S. Naresh Kumar, Ramyakrishna Pothu and Rajender Boddula
7.1 Introduction 116
7.2 Structure of Ni-Fe Batteries 117
7.3 Discussion on Electrochemical Parameters
of Various Materials for Ni-Fe Batteries 118
7.4 Conclusions 128
References 128
8 Ni-MH Batteries 131
Sandeep Arya and Sonali Verma
8.1 Introduction 131
8.2 History 132
8.3 Invention of the Rechargeable Battery 133
8.4 Metal Hydrides (MH) 133
8.5 Thermodynamics and Crystal Structures
of Ni-MH Battery Materials 135
8.5.1 Thermodynamics 135
8.5.2 Crystal Structures of Battery Materials 137
8.5.3 Crystal Structure of AB5 and AB2 Materials 138
8.5.4 Structure of AB5 Compounds 138
8.5.5 Structure of AB2 Compounds 139
8.5.6 Substitutions of A and B Components
in AB5 and AB2 139
8.5.7 Mg-Based Alloys 143
8.5.8 Rare Earth-Mg-Ni-Based Alloys 144
8.5.9 Ti-V-Based Alloys 145
8.6 Ni-MH Batteries 145
8.7 Mechanism of Ni-MH Batteries 147
8.7.1 Battery Description 148
8.7.2 Principle 148
8.7.3 Negative Electrode 149
8.7.4 Positive Electrode 150
8.7.5 Electrolyte 150
8.7.6 Separator 150
8.8 Materials 150
8.9 Charging Nickel-Based Batteries 151
8.9.1 Guidelines for Charging 153
8.10 Performance 153
8.11 Factors Affecting Life 154
8.11.1 Exposure to Elevated Temperatures 154
8.11.2 Reversal 154
8.11.3 Extended Storage under Load 155
8.11.4 Limiting Mechanisms 155
8.12 Advantages 155
8.13 Applications 156
8.13.1 Electric Vehicles 156
8.13.2 Fuel Cell (FC) EVs 156
8.13.3 Pure EVs 156
8.13.4 Hybrid EVs 157
8.13.5 Applications in Traditional Portable
Electronic Devices 158
8.13.5.1 Mobile Phones 158
8.13.5.2 Digital Cameras 159
8.14 Recent Developments and Research Work 159
8.15 Shortcomings 162
References 162
9 Ni-Cd Batteries 177
Christine Jeyaseelan, Antil Jain, Parul Khurana,
Dinesh Kumar and Sheenam Thatai
9.1 Introduction 178
9.2 History 179
9.3 Characteristics 180
9.4 Construction and Working 180
9.5 Types of NiCd Batteries 183
9.6 Maintenance and Safety 185
9.7 Availability and Cost 186
9.8 Applications 187
9.8.1 Transportation in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 187
9.8.2 Aircrafts 187
9.8.3 Electronic Flash Units 187
9.8.4 Cordless Applications 188
9.8.5 Motorized Equipment 188
9.8.6 Two Ways Radios 188
9.8.7 Medical Instrumentation 188
9.8.8 Toys 188
9.9 Advantages and Disadvantages 189
9.10 Recycling of NiCd Batteries 192
9.11 Comparison With Other Batteries 192
9.12 Conclusion 192
Acknowledgement 193
References 193
10 Ca-Ion Batteries 195
Arti Jain and Ritu Payal
10.1 Introduction 196
10.2 Selection of Anodic Metal and Electrolytes 199
10.2.1 Alloy Anodes 201
10.2.1.1 Choice of Cathodes
for Calcium-Ion Batteries 202
10.2.1.2 Metallic Anodes Cells 204
10.3 Electrochemical Arrangement 207
10.4 Electrode Materials 207
10.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 209
References 210
11 Analytical Investigations in Rechargeable Batteries 217
Bhawana Jain, Sunita Singh, Anupama Asthana,
Ajaya Kumar Sing and Md. Abu Bin Hasan Susan
11.1 Introduction 217
11.2 Components of a Battery 219
11.3 Principle of Rechargeable Battery 220
11.4 Aging of Rechargeable Battery 221
11.5 Analysis Techniques Used for Rechargeable Batteries 222
11.5.1 X-Ray Based 224
11.5.2 Neutron Based 225
11.5.3 Optical Analysis Techniques 225
11.5.4 Electron Based 226
11.5.5 Scanning Probe Based 227
11.5.6 Vibrational Analysis Techniques 227
11.5.7 Magnetism Based 228
11.5.8 Gravimetric-Based Analysis Techniques 229
11.6 Conclusion 229
References 230
12 Remediation of Spent Rechargeable Batteries 237
Amal I. Hassan and Hosam M. Saleh
12.1 Introduction 237
12.2 A Brief History of Battery Origin 239
12.3 The Types of Batteries 240
12.3.1 Types of Primary Batteries 240
12.3.1.1 Types of Secondary Batteries 242
12.4 Recharge the Battery 245
12.5 Battery Life 247
12.6 A Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB) 248
12.6.1 Advantages of Li-Ion Batteries 251
12.6.2 Disadvantages of Li-Ion Batteries 251
12.7 Impact of Batteries on Health 252
12.7.1 Protection Against Battery Disadvantages 252
12.8 Mercury (Hg) 253
12.9 Remediation of Spent Rechargeable Batteries 255
12.9.1 Future and Challenges:
Nanotechnology in Batteries 255
12.10 Conclusions 257
References 257
13 Progress in Separators for Rechargeable Batteries 265
Zahra Pezeshki
Acronyms 265
13.1 Introduction and Area 267
13.2 Separators in Rechargeable Batteries 269
13.3 Classification of Separator in Rechargeable Batteries 272
13.3.1 Nonwoven Separators 273
13.3.2 Microporous Membrane Separators 277
13.3.3 Ion-Exchange Membrane Separators 287
13.3.4 Nanoporous Membrane Separators 297
13.4 Properties of Separator in Rechargeable Batteries 299
13.5 Requirements for Separator in Rechargeable Batteries 301
13.6 Modeling of Separator in Rechargeable Batteries 303
13.7 Results and Discussions 307
13.8 Future Approach 307
13.9 Conclusion 308
Bibliography 308
14 Research and Development and Commercialization in Rechargeable Batteries 315
Nelson Pynadathu Rumjit, Paul Thomas, Jishnu Naskar, George Thomas, P.J. George, Chin Wei Lai,
Mohd Rafie Bin Johan and Elizabeth George
14.1 Introduction 316
14.1.1 Types of Rechargeable Batteries (RBs)
and Challenges Faced Towards
Practical Applications 316
14.1.1.1 Li-Ion Batteries (LIBs) 316
14.1.1.2 Na and K-Ion Batteries 317
14.1.1.3 Magnesium Rechargeable
Batteries (MgRBs) 319
14.1.1.4 Aqueous RBs 320
14.1.1.5 Pb-Acid, Ni-Cd, and Ni-MH Batteries 320
14.1.1.6 Zinc-Ion RBs 321
14.1.1.7 Metal-Air Batteries 321
14.1.1.8 Flexible RBs 322
14.1.2 Nanotechnology Interventions
in Rechargeable Batteries 323
14.2 Research and Development in Rechargeable Batteries 327
14.2.1 Zinc Rechargeable Batteries (ZnRBs) 327
14.2.2 Magnesium Rechargeable Batteries (MgRBs) 330
14.2.3 Aqueous RBs and Hybrid Aqueous RBs 330
14.2.4 Li-Based RBs 331
14.3 Commercialization Aspects of Rechargeable Batteries 339
14.4 Future Prospects of RBs 341
14.5 Conclusion 343
References 344
15 Alkaline Batteries 357
Sapna Raghav, Jyoti Raghav, Praveen Kumar Yadav
and Dinesh Kumar
15.1 Introduction 357
15.1.1 How Batteries Work 359
15.2 History 361
15.3 Advantages 363
15.4 Disadvantages 365
15.4.1 Internal Resistance 365
15.4.2 Leakage and Damages 365
15.5 Spent ARBs 365
15.6 Classification of ABs 367
15.6.1 Ni/Co Batteries 367
15.6.2 Ni/Ni ARBs 368
15.7 Application of ABs 370
15.8 Conclusion 371
Acknowledgements 372
References 372
16 Advances in Green--‚¬Â Ion-Batteries Using Aqueous Electrolytes 379
Chenar A. Tahir, Charu Agarwal and Levente Csóka
16.1 Introduction 379
16.2 Monovalent Ion Aqueous Batteries 380
16.2.1 Lithium-Ion Aqueous Batteries (LIABs) 380
16.2.2 Sodium-Ion Aqueous Batteries (SIABs) 382
16.2.3 Potassium Ion Aqueous Batteries (PIABs) 386
16.3 Multivalent Ion Aqueous Batteries 387
16.3.1 Zinc Ion Aqueous Batteries (ZIABs) 387
16.3.2 Magnesium Ion Aqueous Batteries (MIABs) 389
16.3.3 Aluminum Ion Aqueous Batteries (AIABs) 392
16.4 Summary and Outlook 394
Acknowledgements 394
References 394
17 K-Ion Batteries 403
Mohd Imran Ahamed and Naushad Anwar
17.1 Introduction 404
17.2 Fundamentals of K-Ion Batteries 406
17.3 Mechanism 406
17.3.1 Cathode Materials 409
17.3.1.1 Hexacyanoferrate 409
17.3.1.2 Prussian Blue 410
17.3.1.3 Layered Materials 413
17.3.1.4 Polyanionic Compounds 413
17.3.1.5 Organic Materials 414
17.4 Anode Materials: Graphite Anodes 415
17.5 Key Performance 415
17.6 Conclusion 417
References 417
18 Li-S Batteries 425
Nitin Kumar Sharma and Dinesh Kumar
18.1 What are Li-S Batteries? 425
18.2 Advances and Challenges in Carbon-Sulfur Electrodes 428
18.3 Role of Additives in Sulfur Electrodes 431
18.3.1 Chemical Absorption Method 432
18.3.2 Electrolytic Additives 433
18.3.3 Metal Fabrication in Li-S Batteries 433
18.3.4 Graphite as an Anode 433
18.3.5 Polymer-Based Electrolyte 434
18.4 Summary and Outlook 434
Acknowledgements 436
References 436
19 Aqueous Na-Air Batteries 439
Mehdi Dehghan Manshadi and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour
19.1 Introduction 439
19.2 Characteristics of Sodium 441
19.3 Electrochemical Reactions in Aqueous Na-Air Batteries 443
19.4 Main Components of Aqueous SABs 445
19.4.1 Properties and Characteristics of Sodium Anode 445
19.4.2 Properties and Characteristics of Air Electrode 451
19.4.3 Properties and Characteristics of Electrolyte 452
19.4.3.1 Effect of Sodium Salt 453
19.4.3.2 Effect of Organic Solvents and Additives 453
19.4.4 Properties and Characteristics
of Separators 453
19.5 Harmful Factors for the Aqueous SABs Stability 454
19.5.1 Carbon Dioxide Poisoning 454
19.5.2 Water Leakage/Evaporation 455
19.6 Price Comparison Among Different Types of Batteries 456
19.7 Conclusion 456
References 457
Index 463
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BISAC SUBJECT HEADINGS
TEC031010: TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Power Resources / Alternative & Renewable
SCI024000: SCIENCE / Energy
BUS070040: BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Industries / Energy
BIC CODES
THRH: Energy conversion and storage
TDCB: Chemical engineering
TGM: Materials Science
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