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Submit a ProposalConcise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases
 | Applications in Refridgeration and Other Industries By Sina Ebnesajjad Copyright: 2021 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119322979 | Hardcover | 436 pages | 194 illustrations Price: $195 USD  |
One Line Description
This unique book concisely describes fluorocarbons gases’ preparation process, properties, applications and their evolution over time, as well emphasizing the impact of fluorocarbons on the ozone layer and the global developments to mitigate those effects.
Audience
The book will be used by chemists, engineers and technicians in a wide range of industries, users of equipment containing fluorocarbon gases, and manufacturers of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment. It will also be useful in trade schools, NGOs, standards organizations, government and patent agencies.
The book will be used by chemists, engineers and technicians in a wide range of industries, users of equipment containing fluorocarbon gases, and manufacturers of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment. It will also be useful in trade schools, NGOs, standards organizations, government and patent agencies.
Description
The first major industrial fluorinated compound was developed in the 1920’s, to replace ammonia and sulfur dioxide refrigerants, at the General Motors Frigidaire Division by Thomas Midgley, Jr. and Albert Leon Henne. They developed a family of fluorocarbons trademarked Freon® for auto air conditioning units revolutionizing the auto industry. Other applications were developed over time including fire extinguishers, propellants, blowing agents, cleaners, anesthesia, artificial blood and others impacting every facet of life.
In spite of being in broad global use for nearly a century, fluorocarbon gases have gone through great evolution during the last few decades. In the 1980s it was discovered chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases are harmful to the ozone layer, mainly because of their chlorine content. Chlorine was released in the upper atmosphere when chlorofluorocarbon molecules were broken down by the high energy cosmic radiation. CFCs were progressively banned following the Montreal Protocol of 1987.
CFCs were replaced by fluorinated gases containing either less chlorine (hydrofluoro-chlorocarbons, or HCFCs), which are much less damaging (about 90% less) to the ozone layer or with fluorinate gases containing no chlorine, i.e. hydrofluorocarbons or HFCs. HFC have no impact on the ozone layer but impact global warming detrimentally. HFCs are usable without need for changes to the existing refrigeration or air conditioning installations. More recently hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), which have little or no negative impact on global warming, have been developed to replace or reduce the use of HFCs. HFOs are used as single compounds or in blends. Research and development continues to develop and replace the HCFCs and HFCs completely with environmentally friendly products.
Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases presents a reference and text for the commercial fluorocarbon gases which have great many application in a wide range of industries such as refrigeration and air conditioning, as well as consumer products.
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The first major industrial fluorinated compound was developed in the 1920’s, to replace ammonia and sulfur dioxide refrigerants, at the General Motors Frigidaire Division by Thomas Midgley, Jr. and Albert Leon Henne. They developed a family of fluorocarbons trademarked Freon® for auto air conditioning units revolutionizing the auto industry. Other applications were developed over time including fire extinguishers, propellants, blowing agents, cleaners, anesthesia, artificial blood and others impacting every facet of life.
In spite of being in broad global use for nearly a century, fluorocarbon gases have gone through great evolution during the last few decades. In the 1980s it was discovered chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases are harmful to the ozone layer, mainly because of their chlorine content. Chlorine was released in the upper atmosphere when chlorofluorocarbon molecules were broken down by the high energy cosmic radiation. CFCs were progressively banned following the Montreal Protocol of 1987.
CFCs were replaced by fluorinated gases containing either less chlorine (hydrofluoro-chlorocarbons, or HCFCs), which are much less damaging (about 90% less) to the ozone layer or with fluorinate gases containing no chlorine, i.e. hydrofluorocarbons or HFCs. HFC have no impact on the ozone layer but impact global warming detrimentally. HFCs are usable without need for changes to the existing refrigeration or air conditioning installations. More recently hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), which have little or no negative impact on global warming, have been developed to replace or reduce the use of HFCs. HFOs are used as single compounds or in blends. Research and development continues to develop and replace the HCFCs and HFCs completely with environmentally friendly products.
Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases presents a reference and text for the commercial fluorocarbon gases which have great many application in a wide range of industries such as refrigeration and air conditioning, as well as consumer products.
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Author / Editor Details
Sina Ebnesajjad founded FluoroConsultants Group in 2006 after retiring from the DuPont Fluoroproducts with over 23 years of service. He has been a student of commercial fluorocarbo gases and their evolution since the discovery of the ozone hole. His main areas of specialty include fluoropolymer technologies including preparation and use of fluorinated monomers and polymers and surface modification of materials. He is the author, editor and co-author of more than 15 technical books including 3 titles on surface treatment of materials and adhesives and 7 titles on fluoropolymer.
Sina Ebnesajjad founded FluoroConsultants Group in 2006 after retiring from the DuPont Fluoroproducts with over 23 years of service. He has been a student of commercial fluorocarbo gases and their evolution since the discovery of the ozone hole. His main areas of specialty include fluoropolymer technologies including preparation and use of fluorinated monomers and polymers and surface modification of materials. He is the author, editor and co-author of more than 15 technical books including 3 titles on surface treatment of materials and adhesives and 7 titles on fluoropolymer.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Terminology
1.2 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluorocarbons
1.2.1 Refrigerants: Market Trends and Supply Chain Assessment
1.2.2 Fluorocarbon Consumption Demand
1.3 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluoropolymers
1.4 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluoroelastomers
1.5 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluorinated Coatings
1.6 Specialty Fluorochemicals
References
2 Classification and Description of Commercial Fluorinated Compounds
2.1 Fluorine and Fluorochemicals
2.2 Fluorocarbons
2.3 Designations for Fluorocarbons
2.4 Fluoropolymers and Fluoroelastomers
2.4.1 Fluoropolymers
2.4.2 Fluoroelastomers
2.5 Fluorinated Coatings
2.6 Summary
References
3 Fluorine Sources and Basic Fluorocarbon Reactions
3.1 Role of Fluorine in Fluorocarbons
3.2 Fluorine Sources
3.3 Fluorocarbon Compounds
3.4 Hydrofluoric Acid
3.4.1 Manufacturing Hydrofluoric Acid
3.5 Aliphatic Fluorinated Organic Compounds
3.6 Synthesis of Fluorocarbons
References
4 Applications of Fluorocarbon Gases and Liquids
4.1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
4.1.1 Refrigeration Applications
4.1.1.1 Chillers
4.2 Oil in Refrigerants
4.2.1 Oil Return
4.3 Monomers and Intermediates
4.4 Foam Blowing
4.4.1 Foam Blowing Agents
4.4.2 Foaming Process
4.4.3 Flexible Polyurethane Foams
4.5 Aerosol Propellants
4.6 Fire Extinguishing Agents
4.6.1 Aerospace Fire Extinguishing
4.7 Cleaning and Drying Solvents
4.8 Carrier Fluids/Lubricant Deposition
4.9 Heat Transfer
4.10 Etchants
4.10.1 What is Etching?
4.10.2 Fluorocarbon Etchants
4.11 Medical Applications
4.11.1 Enfluorane
4.11.2 Isoflurane
4.11.3 Desflurane
4.11.4 Sevoflurane
4.11.5 Methoxyflurane
4.12 Usage of HCFCs and HFCs
4.12.1 Introduction
4.13 Breakdown of Fluorocarbons in Applications
4.14 Summary
References
5 Refrigeration Cycle and Refrigerant Selection: How Refrigerant Gases Work?
5.1 Refrigeration Cycle
5.1.1 Reversed Carnot Cycle
5.1.2 Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
5.1.3 Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
5.2 Selection of Right Refrigerant
5.3 Refrigerant Blends
5.4 Comparison of Refrigerator and Air Conditioning Systems
References
6 Preparation of Fluorocarbons
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification of Fluorocarbons
6.3 Preparation of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
6.3.1 Longevity of Process Catalysts
6.4 Fluorocarbon Replacements of CFCs
6.5 Substitutes for CFCs: HCFC and HFC
6.5.1 Preparation of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
6.5.2 Preparation of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
6.6 Preparation of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs)
6.7 Preparation Perfluorinated Alkanes
6.8 Summary
References
7 Properties of Fluorocarbons
8 Environmental, Safety, Health and Sustainability
8.1 Montreal Protocol
8.2 Ozone Depletion
8.3 Global Warming
8.3.1 Paris Agreement
8.4 Phase Out of Old Fluorocarbon Gases
8.4.1 Status of Phase Out of HCFCs
8.5 Summary
References
9 Fluorocarbon Blends
9.1 General Blend Characteristics
9.1.1 Azeotropic 245
9.1.2 Zeotropic Blends
9.2 Low GWP HFO and HFO/HFC Blends
9.3 Flammability of Blends
References
10 Substitute Fluorocarbons and Other Compounds
10.1 SNAP Program (EPA, www.epa.gov/snap/overview-snap)
10.2 Guiding Principles of the SNAP Program?
10.3 EPA’s Criteria for Evaluating Alternatives?
10.3.1 Atmospheric Effects
10.3.2 Exposure Assessments
10.3.3 Toxicity Data
10.3.4 Flammability
10.3.5 Other Environmental Impacts
10.4 Alternatives for Refrigeration
10.4.1 Chillers
10.4.2 Cold Storage Warehouses
10.4.3 Commercial Ice Machines
10.4.4 Household Refrigerators and Freezers
10.4.5 Ice Skating Rinks
10.4.6 Industrial Process Refrigeration
10.4.7 Refrigerated Transport
10.4.8 Retail Food Refrigeration
10.4.9 Vending Machines
10.4.10 Very Low Temperature Refrigeration
10.4.11 Water Coolers
10.5 Alternatives for Air Conditioning
10.5.1 Industrial Process Air Conditioning
10.5.2 Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning
10.5.3 Non-Mechanical Heat Transfer Systems
10.5.4 Residential and Light Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps
10.5.5 Residential Dehumidifiers
11 Future Directions of Fluorocarbons
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Inception and Evolution of Fluorocarbons
11.3 Classification of Refrigerants
11.3.1 First Generation (Prior to 1930)
11.3.2 Second Generation (1931–1990)
11.3.3 Third Generation (1990–2010)
11.3.4 Fourth Generation (Beyond 2010)
11.3.5 Hydrofluoroolefin Fluorocarbons
11.4 Natural Refrigerants
11.4.1 Carbon Dioxide
11.4.2 Hydrocarbons
11.4.3 Ammonia
11.5 Phase Out of Fluorocarbon Gases
11.6 Future Directions of Refrigerants
11.6.1 Introduction
11.6.2 Towards the Future br />11.6.2.1 Innovation
11.6.2.2 Innovation Accelerating Transition
11.6.2.3 Speed Bumps
11.6.2.4 New Developments
11.7 Conclusions
References
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix III
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Terminology
1.2 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluorocarbons
1.2.1 Refrigerants: Market Trends and Supply Chain Assessment
1.2.2 Fluorocarbon Consumption Demand
1.3 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluoropolymers
1.4 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluoroelastomers
1.5 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluorinated Coatings
1.6 Specialty Fluorochemicals
References
2 Classification and Description of Commercial Fluorinated Compounds
2.1 Fluorine and Fluorochemicals
2.2 Fluorocarbons
2.3 Designations for Fluorocarbons
2.4 Fluoropolymers and Fluoroelastomers
2.4.1 Fluoropolymers
2.4.2 Fluoroelastomers
2.5 Fluorinated Coatings
2.6 Summary
References
3 Fluorine Sources and Basic Fluorocarbon Reactions
3.1 Role of Fluorine in Fluorocarbons
3.2 Fluorine Sources
3.3 Fluorocarbon Compounds
3.4 Hydrofluoric Acid
3.4.1 Manufacturing Hydrofluoric Acid
3.5 Aliphatic Fluorinated Organic Compounds
3.6 Synthesis of Fluorocarbons
References
4 Applications of Fluorocarbon Gases and Liquids
4.1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
4.1.1 Refrigeration Applications
4.1.1.1 Chillers
4.2 Oil in Refrigerants
4.2.1 Oil Return
4.3 Monomers and Intermediates
4.4 Foam Blowing
4.4.1 Foam Blowing Agents
4.4.2 Foaming Process
4.4.3 Flexible Polyurethane Foams
4.5 Aerosol Propellants
4.6 Fire Extinguishing Agents
4.6.1 Aerospace Fire Extinguishing
4.7 Cleaning and Drying Solvents
4.8 Carrier Fluids/Lubricant Deposition
4.9 Heat Transfer
4.10 Etchants
4.10.1 What is Etching?
4.10.2 Fluorocarbon Etchants
4.11 Medical Applications
4.11.1 Enfluorane
4.11.2 Isoflurane
4.11.3 Desflurane
4.11.4 Sevoflurane
4.11.5 Methoxyflurane
4.12 Usage of HCFCs and HFCs
4.12.1 Introduction
4.13 Breakdown of Fluorocarbons in Applications
4.14 Summary
References
5 Refrigeration Cycle and Refrigerant Selection: How Refrigerant Gases Work?
5.1 Refrigeration Cycle
5.1.1 Reversed Carnot Cycle
5.1.2 Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
5.1.3 Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
5.2 Selection of Right Refrigerant
5.3 Refrigerant Blends
5.4 Comparison of Refrigerator and Air Conditioning Systems
References
6 Preparation of Fluorocarbons
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification of Fluorocarbons
6.3 Preparation of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
6.3.1 Longevity of Process Catalysts
6.4 Fluorocarbon Replacements of CFCs
6.5 Substitutes for CFCs: HCFC and HFC
6.5.1 Preparation of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
6.5.2 Preparation of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
6.6 Preparation of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs)
6.7 Preparation Perfluorinated Alkanes
6.8 Summary
References
7 Properties of Fluorocarbons
8 Environmental, Safety, Health and Sustainability
8.1 Montreal Protocol
8.2 Ozone Depletion
8.3 Global Warming
8.3.1 Paris Agreement
8.4 Phase Out of Old Fluorocarbon Gases
8.4.1 Status of Phase Out of HCFCs
8.5 Summary
References
9 Fluorocarbon Blends
9.1 General Blend Characteristics
9.1.1 Azeotropic 245
9.1.2 Zeotropic Blends
9.2 Low GWP HFO and HFO/HFC Blends
9.3 Flammability of Blends
References
10 Substitute Fluorocarbons and Other Compounds
10.1 SNAP Program (EPA, www.epa.gov/snap/overview-snap)
10.2 Guiding Principles of the SNAP Program?
10.3 EPA’s Criteria for Evaluating Alternatives?
10.3.1 Atmospheric Effects
10.3.2 Exposure Assessments
10.3.3 Toxicity Data
10.3.4 Flammability
10.3.5 Other Environmental Impacts
10.4 Alternatives for Refrigeration
10.4.1 Chillers
10.4.2 Cold Storage Warehouses
10.4.3 Commercial Ice Machines
10.4.4 Household Refrigerators and Freezers
10.4.5 Ice Skating Rinks
10.4.6 Industrial Process Refrigeration
10.4.7 Refrigerated Transport
10.4.8 Retail Food Refrigeration
10.4.9 Vending Machines
10.4.10 Very Low Temperature Refrigeration
10.4.11 Water Coolers
10.5 Alternatives for Air Conditioning
10.5.1 Industrial Process Air Conditioning
10.5.2 Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning
10.5.3 Non-Mechanical Heat Transfer Systems
10.5.4 Residential and Light Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps
10.5.5 Residential Dehumidifiers
11 Future Directions of Fluorocarbons
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Inception and Evolution of Fluorocarbons
11.3 Classification of Refrigerants
11.3.1 First Generation (Prior to 1930)
11.3.2 Second Generation (1931–1990)
11.3.3 Third Generation (1990–2010)
11.3.4 Fourth Generation (Beyond 2010)
11.3.5 Hydrofluoroolefin Fluorocarbons
11.4 Natural Refrigerants
11.4.1 Carbon Dioxide
11.4.2 Hydrocarbons
11.4.3 Ammonia
11.5 Phase Out of Fluorocarbon Gases
11.6 Future Directions of Refrigerants
11.6.1 Introduction
11.6.2 Towards the Future br />11.6.2.1 Innovation
11.6.2.2 Innovation Accelerating Transition
11.6.2.3 Speed Bumps
11.6.2.4 New Developments
11.7 Conclusions
References
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix III
Index
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