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Submit a ProposalApplied Water Science Volume 2
 | Remediation Technologies Edited by Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula and Tauseef Ahmad Rangreez Copyright: 2021 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119724735 | Hardcover | 644 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
The second volume in a new two-volume set on applied water science, this book provides understanding, occurrence, identification, toxic effects and control of water pollutants in aquatic environment using green chemistry protocols.
Audience
This book is an invaluable guide to engineers, students, professors, scientists and R&D industrial specialists working in the field of environmental science, geoscience, water science, physics and chemistry.
This book is an invaluable guide to engineers, students, professors, scientists and R&D industrial specialists working in the field of environmental science, geoscience, water science, physics and chemistry.
Description
The high rate of industrialization around the world has led to an increase in the rate of anthropogenic activities which involves the release of different types of contaminants into the aquatic environment generating high environmental risks, which could affect health and socio-economic activities if not treated properly. There is no doubt that the rapid progress in improving the water quality and management has been motivated by the latest developments in green chemistry. Over the past decade, sources of water pollutants and the conventional methods used for the treatment of industrial wastewater treatment has flourished.
Water quality and its adequate availability have been a matter of concern worldwide particularly in developing countries. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report, more than 80% of diseases are owing to the consumption of contaminated water. Heavy metals are highly toxic that are a potential threat for water, soil, and air, their consumption in higher concentrations provided hazardous outcomes. The water quality is usually measured keeping in mind chemical, physical, biological, and radiological standards. The discharge of the effluent by industries contains heavy metals, hazardous chemicals, and a high amount of organic and inorganic impurities those can contaminate the water environment, and hence, human health. Therefore, it is our primary responsibility to maintain the water quality in our respective countries.
This book provides understanding, occurrence, identification, toxic effects and control of water pollutants in aquatic environment using green chemistry protocols. It focuses on water remediation properties and processes including industry-scale water remediation technologies. This book covers recent literature on remediation technologies in preventing water contamination and its treatment. Chapters in this book discuss remediation of emerging pollutants using nanomaterials, polymers, advanced oxidation processes, membranes, and microalgae bioremediation, etc. It also includes photochemical, electrochemical, piezoacoustic, and ultrasound techniques. It is a unique reference guide for graduate students, faculties, researchers and industrialists working in the area of water science, environmental science, analytical chemistry, and chemical engineering.
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The high rate of industrialization around the world has led to an increase in the rate of anthropogenic activities which involves the release of different types of contaminants into the aquatic environment generating high environmental risks, which could affect health and socio-economic activities if not treated properly. There is no doubt that the rapid progress in improving the water quality and management has been motivated by the latest developments in green chemistry. Over the past decade, sources of water pollutants and the conventional methods used for the treatment of industrial wastewater treatment has flourished.
Water quality and its adequate availability have been a matter of concern worldwide particularly in developing countries. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report, more than 80% of diseases are owing to the consumption of contaminated water. Heavy metals are highly toxic that are a potential threat for water, soil, and air, their consumption in higher concentrations provided hazardous outcomes. The water quality is usually measured keeping in mind chemical, physical, biological, and radiological standards. The discharge of the effluent by industries contains heavy metals, hazardous chemicals, and a high amount of organic and inorganic impurities those can contaminate the water environment, and hence, human health. Therefore, it is our primary responsibility to maintain the water quality in our respective countries.
This book provides understanding, occurrence, identification, toxic effects and control of water pollutants in aquatic environment using green chemistry protocols. It focuses on water remediation properties and processes including industry-scale water remediation technologies. This book covers recent literature on remediation technologies in preventing water contamination and its treatment. Chapters in this book discuss remediation of emerging pollutants using nanomaterials, polymers, advanced oxidation processes, membranes, and microalgae bioremediation, etc. It also includes photochemical, electrochemical, piezoacoustic, and ultrasound techniques. It is a unique reference guide for graduate students, faculties, researchers and industrialists working in the area of water science, environmental science, analytical chemistry, and chemical engineering.
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Supplementary Data
--Provides an in-depth overview of remediation technologies in water science
--Written by leading experts in the field
--Contains excellent, well-drafted chapters for beginners, graduate students, veteran engineers, and other experts alike
--Discusses current challenges and future perspectives in the field
--Provides an in-depth overview of remediation technologies in water science
--Written by leading experts in the field
--Contains excellent, well-drafted chapters for beginners, graduate students, veteran engineers, and other experts alike
--Discusses current challenges and future perspectives in the field
Author / Editor Details
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of multiple awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award and the Young Researcher of the Year Award for 2020, from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published almost 200 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 120 edited books with multiple well-known publishers.
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of multiple awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award and the Young Researcher of the Year Award for 2020, from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published almost 200 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 120 edited books with multiple well-known publishers.
Mohd Imran Ahamed, PhD, is a research associate in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in various international scientific journals and has co-edited multiple books. His research work includes ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment, and analysis, bending actuator and electrospinning.
Rajender Boddula, PhD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals. He is also serving as an editorial board member and a referee for several reputed international peer-reviewed journals. He has published edited books with numerous publishers and has authored over twenty book chapters.
Tauseef Ahmad Rangreez, PhD, is working as a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India. He completed his PhD in applied chemistry from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India and worked as a project fellow under the University Grant Commission, India. He has published several research articles and co-edited books. His research interest includes ion-exchange chromatography, development of nanocomposite sensors for heavy metals and biosensors.
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Table of Contents
1 Insights of the Removal of Antibiotics From Water and Wastewater:
A Review on Physical, Chemical, and Biological Techniques 1
Ali Khadir, Amin M. Ramezanali, Shabnam Taghipour
and Khadijeh Jafari
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Antibiotic Removal Methods 4
1.2.1 Aerobic Biological Treatment 4
1.2.2 Anaerobic Biological Treatment 8
1.2.3 Adsorption Processes 12
1.2.3.1 Activated Carbon and its Composites 12
1.2.3.2 Magnetic Nanomaterials/Adsorbents 15
1.2.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes 18
1.2.4.1 Fenton Type Processes 19
1.2.4.2 Peroxone 24
1.2.4.3 Photocatalytic Degradation 27
1.2.5 Electrocoagulation 30
1.3 Conclusion 32
References 33
2 Adsorption on Alternative Low-Cost Materials-Derived
Adsorbents in Water Treatment 49
Wojciech Stawiński and Katarzyna Wal
2.1 General Introduction 50
2.2 Water Treatment 50
2.3 Adsorption 51
2.4 Application of Low-Cost Waste-Based Adsorbents in
Water Treatment 51
2.4.1 Bark 52
2.4.1.1 Eucalyptus 52
2.4.1.2 Pine 52
2.4.1.3 Other 55
2.4.2 Coffee 55
2.4.3 Feather 58
2.4.4 Husks, Hulls 60
2.4.4.1 Peanut 62
2.4.4.2 Rice 62
2.4.4.3 Other 63
2.4.5 Leaves 63
2.4.6 Peels 65
2.4.6.1 Banana 65
2.4.6.2 Citruses 67
2.4.6.3 Garlic 68
2.4.6.4 Litchi 70
2.4.6.5 Other 70
2.4.7 Rinds 71
2.4.8 Seeds 75
2.4.9 Stones, Pits 78
2.4.9.1 Date 78
2.4.9.2 Olive 81
2.4.9.3 Other 81
2.4.10 Tea 82
2.5 Disadvantages 84
2.6 Conclusions 86
References 86
3 Mathematical Modeling of Reactor for Water Remediation 87
Hamidreza Bagheri, Ali Mohebbi, Maryam Mirzaie
and Vahab Ghalandari
3.1 Introduction 88
3.2 Water Remediation 89
3.2.1 Water Remediation Techniques 91
3.3 Reactor Modeling 93
3.3.1 Modeling of Multi-Phase Flows 101
3.3.2 Governing Equations for Multiphase Models 105
3.3.2.1 Photocatalytic Reactors 109
3.3.2.2 Bubble Column 116
3.3.2.3 Fluidized Bed Reactors 118
3.3.2.4 Adsorption Column 123
3.3.2.5 Air Sparging Technology 124
3.3.2.6 Electrochemical Reactors 127
3.4 Conclusions 136
References 137
4 Environmental Remediation Using Integrated Microbial
Electrochemical Wetlands: iMETLands 151
A. Biswas and S. Chakraborty
4.1 Introduction 152
4.2 Constructed Wetland–Microbial Fuel Cell
(CW–MFC) System 154
4.2.1 Role of Redox Gradient 155
4.2.2 Role of Microorganisms 156
4.2.3 Role of WW Strength 156
4.2.4 Role of Wetland Vegetation 156
4.3 iMETLand State of the Art 157
4.3.1 iMETLand as a Potential Treatment Unit for
Industrial Wastewater 164
4.4 Challenges and Future Directions 164
References 165
5 Forward Osmosis Membrane Technology for the Petroleum
Industry Wastewater Treatment 171
Shahryar Jafarinejad and Nader Vahdat
5.1 Introduction 171
5.2 Forward Osmosis Membrane Process 172
5.2.1 Main Factors in FO Technology 173
5.3 FO Technology for the Petroleum Industry Wastewater
Treatment 174
5.3.1 Literature Review of FO Technology for the
Petroleum Industry Wastewater Treatment 174
5.3.2 Recent Advances in FO Membranes 185
5.4 Challenges Ahead and Future Perspectives 186
5.5 Conclusions 187
References 188
6 UV/Periodate Advanced Oxidation Process: Fundamentals
and Applications 195
Slimane Merouani and Oualid Hamdaoui
6.1 Introduction 196
6.2 Periodate Speciation in Aqueous Solution 197
6.3 Generation of Reactive Species Upon UV-Photolysis of
Periodate 198
6.4 Application of UV/ IO4
− for Organics Degradation 203
6.5 Scavenging of the Reactive Species Under Laboratory
Conditions 214
6.6 Factors Influencing the Degradation Process 216
6.6.1 Initial Periodate Concentration 216
6.6.2 Irradiation Intensity 217
6.6.3 Initial Pollutant Concentration 217
6.6.4 pH 218
6.6.5 Temperature 220
6.7 Advantages of UV/Periodate Process 220
6.8 Conclusion 221
Acknowledgements 222
References 222
7 Trends in Landfill Leachate Treatment Through Biological
Biotechnology 231
Ali Khadir, Arman N. Ardestani, Mika Sillanpää
and Shreya Mahajan
7.1 Introduction 232
7.2 Landfill Leachate Characteristics 234
7.3 Wastewater Treatment Techniques 237
7.4 Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes 240
7.5 Different Biological Systems for Landfill Leachate Treatment 242
7.5.1 Aerobic Membrane Bioreactor 242
7.5.2 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors 245
7.5.3 Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor 248
7.5.4 Sequencing Batch Reactor 249
7.5.5 Aerobic/Anaerobic/Facultative Lagoons 253
7.5.6 Trickling Filter 255
7.5.7 Rotating Biological Contactor 256
7.6 Conclusion 258
Declaration of Interests 259
References 259
8 Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticle Technology for
Water Remediation: Road to a Sustainable Ecosystem 271
Rashmirekha Tripathy, Tejaswini Sahoo, Jagannath Panda,
Madhuri hembram, Saraswati Soren, C.K. Rath,
Sunil Kumar Sahoo and Rojalin Sahu1
8.1 Introduction to MOF Nanoparticles 272
8.2 MOFs for Decontamination of Water 273
8.2.1 Inorganic Contaminant 274
8.2.2 Nuclear Contaminants 275
8.2.3 Organic Contaminants 275
8.2.4 Sources of Heavy Metals in Water 276
8.3 Impact of MOFs for Remediation of Water 277
8.3.1 Applications of MOF Nanoparticles for Water
Remediation 278
8.3.2 Adsorption By MOF Nanoparticles 280
8.3.3 Conventional Nanoparticles Used in Water
Remediation 281
8.4 Removal of Organic Contaminant 285
8.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metal Ions 285
8.4.2 MOF Powder-Based Membrane for Organic
Contaminants Removal 288
8.4.3 Photocatalytic Remediation of Water Using MOF
Nanoparticles 289
8.5 MOF Nanoparticle Magnetic Iron-Based Technology
for Water Remediation 289
8.5.1 Iron as a Remediation Tool 290
8.5.2 Research Needs and Limitations 292
8.6 Conclusions 293
References 293
9 Metal–Organic Frameworks for Heavy Metal Removal 303
Anam Asghar, Mustapha Mohammed Bello
and Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
9.1 Introduction 304
9.2 Heavy Metals in Environment 306
9.3 Heavy Metals Removal Technologies 307
9.3.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 308
9.3.2 Metal–Organic Frameworks as Adsorbent
for Heavy Metals Removal 309
9.4 Applications of Metal–Organic Framework in
Heavy Metals Removal 312
9.4.1 Mercury 312
9.4.2 Copper 315
9.4.3 Chromium 316
9.4.4 Lead 319
9.4.5 Arsenic 320
9.4.6 Cadmium 323
9.5 Conclusion 324
References 324
10 Microalgae-Based Bioremediation 337
Rosangela R. Dias, Mariany C. Deprá, Leila Q. Zepka
and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes
10.1 Introduction to Microalgae-Based Bioremediation 337
10.2 Microalgae Bioremediation Mechanisms 338
10.3 Inorganic Pollutants Bioremediation 340
10.3.1 Heavy Metals 340
10.3.2 Greenhouse Gases 342
10.4 Organic Pollutants Bioremediation 343
10.4.1 Agrochemicals 343
10.4.2 Phthalate Esters (PAEs) 344
10.4.3 Tributyltin 345
10.4.4 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 346
10.4.5 Trinitrotoluene 347
10.5 Emerging Pollutants Removal 348
10.5.1 Pharmaceutics 348
10.5.2 Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl
Compounds (PFAS) 350
10.6 Bioremediation Associated with the Bioproducts
Production 350
10.7 Integrated Technology for Microalgae-Based
Bioremediation 352
10.8 Conclusion 352
References 353
11 Photocatalytic Water Disinfection 355
Prachi Upadhyay and Sankar Chakma
11.1 Introduction 355
11.2 Techniques for Water Disinfection 357
11.2.1 Ozone and Ozone-Based Water Disinfection 358
11.2.2 H2O2/UV Based Water Disinfection 360
11.2.3 Fenton Based Water Disinfection 361
11.2.4 Sonolysis Based Water Disinfection 362
11.2.5 Photocatalysis Based Water Disinfection 364
11.2.6 Ultrasound/Ozone Based Water Disinfection 368
11.2.7 Ultrasound/H2O2/UV Based Water Disinfection 369
11.2.8 Ultrasound/Fenton/H2O2 Based Water Disinfection 369
11.2.9 Ultrasound/Photocatalysis Based Water
Disinfection 370
11.3 Conclusion 372
References 372
12 Phytoremediation and the Way Forward: Challenges
and Opportunities 379
Shinomol George K. and Bhanu Revathi K.
12.1 Introduction 379
12.1.1 Bioremediation and Biosorption 380
12.1.2 Recent Developments in Bioremediation 382
12.2 Biosorbant for Phytoremediation 384
12.2.1 Algae and Weeds as Biosorbants 384
12.2.1.1 Removal of Chromium 385
12.2.1.2 Removal of Cadmium 386
12.2.1.3 Removal of Zinc 386
12.2.1.4 Removal of Copper 387
12.2.1.5 Removal of Strontium, Uranium
and Lead 387
12.2.2 Agricultural Biomass as Biosorbents 388
12.2.2.1 Removal of Nickel and Chromium 389
12.2.2.2 Removal of Cadmium and Lead 390
12.2.2.3 Removal of Copper and Zinc 392
12.2.2.4 Removal of Other Metals: Fe (II),
Mn(II), Va and Mo 393
12.2.2.5 Removal of Nickel and Cobalt 393
12.2.2.6 Removal of Uranium 394
12.2.2.7 Other Biomaterials 395
12.2.3 Biochar as Biosorbent 396
12.3 Soil Amendments for Enhancement of Bioremediation 397
12.4 Challenges & Future Prespectives 398
12.4.1 Future Perspectives 398
12.5 Conclusion 399
References 400
13 Sonochemistry for Water Remediation: Toward an Up-Scaled
Continuous Technology 411
Kaouther Kerboua and Oualid Hamdaoui
13.1 Introduction 412
13.2 Water Remediation Technologies:
The Place of Ultrasound and Sonochemistry 413
13.3 Continuous-Flow Sonochemistry:
State of the Art 430
13.4 Perspectives for an Up-Scaled Continuous
Sonochemical Technology for Water Remediation 434
References 435
14 Advanced Oxidation Technologies for the Treatment
of Wastewater 443
Pallavi Jain, Sapna Raghav and Dinesh Kumar
14.1 Introduction 443
14.2 Principle Involved 445
14.3 Advanced Oxidation Process 446
14.3.1 Fenton’s Reagent 446
14.3.2 Peroxonation 448
14.3.3 Sonolysis 449
14.3.4 Ozonation 450
14.3.5 Ultraviolet Radiation Based AOP 450
14.3.6 Photo-Fenton Process 451
14.3.7 Heterogeneous Photocatalysts 452
14.4 Perspectives and Recommendations 452
14.5 Conclusions 453
Acknowledgment 454
References 454
15 Application of Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts in Advanced
Oxidation Processes 459
D. Mohammady Maklavany, Z. Rouzitalab, S. Jafarinejad,
Y. Mohammadpourderakhshi and A. Rashidi
15.1 Introduction 459
15.2 An Overview of Catalytic AOPs 461
15.2.1 Fenton-Based Processes 461
15.2.2 Catalytic Ozonation 462
15.2.3 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 463
15.2.4 Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO) 464
15.2.5 Catalytic Supercritical Water Oxidation
(CSCWO) 465
15.2.6 Persulfate Advanced Oxidation Processes
(PS-AOPs) 465
15.3 Recent Advances in Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts 466
15.3.1 Morphologically Transformed Copper Oxide 467
15.3.2 Supported Copper Oxide (CuOx/Support) 468
15.3.3 Coupled Copper Oxide 470
15.3.4 Doped Copper Oxide (X-Doped CuOx) 471
15.4 Literature Review of Application of Copper
Oxide-Based Catalysts for AOPs 473
15.4.1 Degradation of Dyes in Wastewater 473
15.4.2 Degradation of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater 481
15.4.3 Degradation of Phenols in Wastewater 484
15.4.4 Degradation of Other Toxic Organic Compounds
in Wastewater 488
15.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 488
References 490
16 Biochar-Based Sorbents for Sequestration of Pharmaceutical
Compounds: Considering the Main Parameters in the
Adsorption Process 501
Ali Khadir
16.1 Introduction 501
16.2 Adsorption Fundamentals 503
16.3 Effect of Various Parameters on Adsorption of
Pharmaceuticals 504
16.3.1 Contact Time 504
16.3.2 Effect of Initial pH 507
16.3.3 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage 511
16.3.4 Effect of Temperature and Thermodynamic
Parameters 511
16.4 Isotherm Models 516
16.5 Adsorption Kinetics 522
16.6 Conclusion 527
References 528
17 Bioremediation of Agricultural Wastewater 539
Shivani Garg, Nelson Pynadathu Rumjit, Paul Thomas
and Chin Wei Lai
Abbreviations 539
17.1 Introduction 540
17.2 Sources of Agricultural Wastewater 540
17.3 Bioremediation Processes for Agricultural Wastewater
Treatment 541
17.3.1 Biological Treatment Processes 542
17.3.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion Treatment 542
17.3.1.2 Aerobic Wastewater Treatment 544
17.3.2 Bioremediation of Pesticides 547
17.3.3 Constructed Wetlands 548
17.3.4 Riparian Buffer 549
17.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook 549
Acknowledgements 550
References 550
18 Remediation of Toxic Contaminants in Water Using
Agricultural Waste 555
Arti Jain and Ritu Payal
18.1 Introduction 556
18.2 Components in Waste Water
and Their Negative Impact 557
18.3 Techniques for Remediation of Waste Water 557
18.4 Agricultural Waste Materials 558
18.4.1 Orange Peel 559
18.4.2 Pomelo Peel 579
18.4.3 Grapefruit Peel (GFP) 579
18.4.4 Lemon Peels 579
18.4.5 Banana Peel 580
18.4.6 Jackfruit Peel 580
18.4.7 Cassava Peel 580
18.4.8 Pomegranate Peel 581
18.4.9 Garlic Peel 581
18.4.10 Palm Kernel Shell 581
18.4.11 Coconut Shell 581
18.4.12 Mangosteen 582
18.4.13 Rice Husk 582
18.4.14 Corncob 582
18.5 Agricultural Waste Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles
and Waste Water Remediation Through Nanoparticles 582
18.6 Adsorption Models for Adsorbents 583
18.6.1 Langmuir Isotherm 583
18.6.2 Freundlich Isotherm 584
18.7 Conclusions 585
References 585
19 Remediation of Emerging Pollutants by Using Advanced
Biological Wastewater Treatments 597
S. Ghosh and S. Chakraborty
19.1 Introduction 598
19.2 Pharmaceutical Wastewater 600
19.2.1 Occurrence and Potential Threats 600
19.2.2 Advanced Biological Remediation 600
19.3 Pesticide Contaminated Wastewater 602
19.3.1 Source of Pollution With Environmental
and Health Impacts 602
19.3.2 Advanced Biological Treatments 602
19.4 Surfactant Pollution 606
19.4.1 Source and Impacts of Pollution 606
19.4.2 Biological Remediation 606
19.5 Microplastic Pollution 608
19.5.1 Occurrence and Environmental Threats 608
19.5.2 Proposed Remediation Strategies 609
19.5.2.1 Microplastic Generation Source
Control 609
19.5.2.2 Mitigation Policies 610
19.6 Endocrine Disrupters in Environment 610
19.7 Remedies for Endocrine Disrupters 611
19.8 Conclusion 611
Acknowledgement 612
References 612
Index
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1 Insights of the Removal of Antibiotics From Water and Wastewater:
A Review on Physical, Chemical, and Biological Techniques 1
Ali Khadir, Amin M. Ramezanali, Shabnam Taghipour
and Khadijeh Jafari
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Antibiotic Removal Methods 4
1.2.1 Aerobic Biological Treatment 4
1.2.2 Anaerobic Biological Treatment 8
1.2.3 Adsorption Processes 12
1.2.3.1 Activated Carbon and its Composites 12
1.2.3.2 Magnetic Nanomaterials/Adsorbents 15
1.2.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes 18
1.2.4.1 Fenton Type Processes 19
1.2.4.2 Peroxone 24
1.2.4.3 Photocatalytic Degradation 27
1.2.5 Electrocoagulation 30
1.3 Conclusion 32
References 33
2 Adsorption on Alternative Low-Cost Materials-Derived
Adsorbents in Water Treatment 49
Wojciech Stawiński and Katarzyna Wal
2.1 General Introduction 50
2.2 Water Treatment 50
2.3 Adsorption 51
2.4 Application of Low-Cost Waste-Based Adsorbents in
Water Treatment 51
2.4.1 Bark 52
2.4.1.1 Eucalyptus 52
2.4.1.2 Pine 52
2.4.1.3 Other 55
2.4.2 Coffee 55
2.4.3 Feather 58
2.4.4 Husks, Hulls 60
2.4.4.1 Peanut 62
2.4.4.2 Rice 62
2.4.4.3 Other 63
2.4.5 Leaves 63
2.4.6 Peels 65
2.4.6.1 Banana 65
2.4.6.2 Citruses 67
2.4.6.3 Garlic 68
2.4.6.4 Litchi 70
2.4.6.5 Other 70
2.4.7 Rinds 71
2.4.8 Seeds 75
2.4.9 Stones, Pits 78
2.4.9.1 Date 78
2.4.9.2 Olive 81
2.4.9.3 Other 81
2.4.10 Tea 82
2.5 Disadvantages 84
2.6 Conclusions 86
References 86
3 Mathematical Modeling of Reactor for Water Remediation 87
Hamidreza Bagheri, Ali Mohebbi, Maryam Mirzaie
and Vahab Ghalandari
3.1 Introduction 88
3.2 Water Remediation 89
3.2.1 Water Remediation Techniques 91
3.3 Reactor Modeling 93
3.3.1 Modeling of Multi-Phase Flows 101
3.3.2 Governing Equations for Multiphase Models 105
3.3.2.1 Photocatalytic Reactors 109
3.3.2.2 Bubble Column 116
3.3.2.3 Fluidized Bed Reactors 118
3.3.2.4 Adsorption Column 123
3.3.2.5 Air Sparging Technology 124
3.3.2.6 Electrochemical Reactors 127
3.4 Conclusions 136
References 137
4 Environmental Remediation Using Integrated Microbial
Electrochemical Wetlands: iMETLands 151
A. Biswas and S. Chakraborty
4.1 Introduction 152
4.2 Constructed Wetland–Microbial Fuel Cell
(CW–MFC) System 154
4.2.1 Role of Redox Gradient 155
4.2.2 Role of Microorganisms 156
4.2.3 Role of WW Strength 156
4.2.4 Role of Wetland Vegetation 156
4.3 iMETLand State of the Art 157
4.3.1 iMETLand as a Potential Treatment Unit for
Industrial Wastewater 164
4.4 Challenges and Future Directions 164
References 165
5 Forward Osmosis Membrane Technology for the Petroleum
Industry Wastewater Treatment 171
Shahryar Jafarinejad and Nader Vahdat
5.1 Introduction 171
5.2 Forward Osmosis Membrane Process 172
5.2.1 Main Factors in FO Technology 173
5.3 FO Technology for the Petroleum Industry Wastewater
Treatment 174
5.3.1 Literature Review of FO Technology for the
Petroleum Industry Wastewater Treatment 174
5.3.2 Recent Advances in FO Membranes 185
5.4 Challenges Ahead and Future Perspectives 186
5.5 Conclusions 187
References 188
6 UV/Periodate Advanced Oxidation Process: Fundamentals
and Applications 195
Slimane Merouani and Oualid Hamdaoui
6.1 Introduction 196
6.2 Periodate Speciation in Aqueous Solution 197
6.3 Generation of Reactive Species Upon UV-Photolysis of
Periodate 198
6.4 Application of UV/ IO4
− for Organics Degradation 203
6.5 Scavenging of the Reactive Species Under Laboratory
Conditions 214
6.6 Factors Influencing the Degradation Process 216
6.6.1 Initial Periodate Concentration 216
6.6.2 Irradiation Intensity 217
6.6.3 Initial Pollutant Concentration 217
6.6.4 pH 218
6.6.5 Temperature 220
6.7 Advantages of UV/Periodate Process 220
6.8 Conclusion 221
Acknowledgements 222
References 222
7 Trends in Landfill Leachate Treatment Through Biological
Biotechnology 231
Ali Khadir, Arman N. Ardestani, Mika Sillanpää
and Shreya Mahajan
7.1 Introduction 232
7.2 Landfill Leachate Characteristics 234
7.3 Wastewater Treatment Techniques 237
7.4 Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes 240
7.5 Different Biological Systems for Landfill Leachate Treatment 242
7.5.1 Aerobic Membrane Bioreactor 242
7.5.2 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors 245
7.5.3 Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor 248
7.5.4 Sequencing Batch Reactor 249
7.5.5 Aerobic/Anaerobic/Facultative Lagoons 253
7.5.6 Trickling Filter 255
7.5.7 Rotating Biological Contactor 256
7.6 Conclusion 258
Declaration of Interests 259
References 259
8 Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticle Technology for
Water Remediation: Road to a Sustainable Ecosystem 271
Rashmirekha Tripathy, Tejaswini Sahoo, Jagannath Panda,
Madhuri hembram, Saraswati Soren, C.K. Rath,
Sunil Kumar Sahoo and Rojalin Sahu1
8.1 Introduction to MOF Nanoparticles 272
8.2 MOFs for Decontamination of Water 273
8.2.1 Inorganic Contaminant 274
8.2.2 Nuclear Contaminants 275
8.2.3 Organic Contaminants 275
8.2.4 Sources of Heavy Metals in Water 276
8.3 Impact of MOFs for Remediation of Water 277
8.3.1 Applications of MOF Nanoparticles for Water
Remediation 278
8.3.2 Adsorption By MOF Nanoparticles 280
8.3.3 Conventional Nanoparticles Used in Water
Remediation 281
8.4 Removal of Organic Contaminant 285
8.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metal Ions 285
8.4.2 MOF Powder-Based Membrane for Organic
Contaminants Removal 288
8.4.3 Photocatalytic Remediation of Water Using MOF
Nanoparticles 289
8.5 MOF Nanoparticle Magnetic Iron-Based Technology
for Water Remediation 289
8.5.1 Iron as a Remediation Tool 290
8.5.2 Research Needs and Limitations 292
8.6 Conclusions 293
References 293
9 Metal–Organic Frameworks for Heavy Metal Removal 303
Anam Asghar, Mustapha Mohammed Bello
and Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
9.1 Introduction 304
9.2 Heavy Metals in Environment 306
9.3 Heavy Metals Removal Technologies 307
9.3.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 308
9.3.2 Metal–Organic Frameworks as Adsorbent
for Heavy Metals Removal 309
9.4 Applications of Metal–Organic Framework in
Heavy Metals Removal 312
9.4.1 Mercury 312
9.4.2 Copper 315
9.4.3 Chromium 316
9.4.4 Lead 319
9.4.5 Arsenic 320
9.4.6 Cadmium 323
9.5 Conclusion 324
References 324
10 Microalgae-Based Bioremediation 337
Rosangela R. Dias, Mariany C. Deprá, Leila Q. Zepka
and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes
10.1 Introduction to Microalgae-Based Bioremediation 337
10.2 Microalgae Bioremediation Mechanisms 338
10.3 Inorganic Pollutants Bioremediation 340
10.3.1 Heavy Metals 340
10.3.2 Greenhouse Gases 342
10.4 Organic Pollutants Bioremediation 343
10.4.1 Agrochemicals 343
10.4.2 Phthalate Esters (PAEs) 344
10.4.3 Tributyltin 345
10.4.4 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 346
10.4.5 Trinitrotoluene 347
10.5 Emerging Pollutants Removal 348
10.5.1 Pharmaceutics 348
10.5.2 Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl
Compounds (PFAS) 350
10.6 Bioremediation Associated with the Bioproducts
Production 350
10.7 Integrated Technology for Microalgae-Based
Bioremediation 352
10.8 Conclusion 352
References 353
11 Photocatalytic Water Disinfection 355
Prachi Upadhyay and Sankar Chakma
11.1 Introduction 355
11.2 Techniques for Water Disinfection 357
11.2.1 Ozone and Ozone-Based Water Disinfection 358
11.2.2 H2O2/UV Based Water Disinfection 360
11.2.3 Fenton Based Water Disinfection 361
11.2.4 Sonolysis Based Water Disinfection 362
11.2.5 Photocatalysis Based Water Disinfection 364
11.2.6 Ultrasound/Ozone Based Water Disinfection 368
11.2.7 Ultrasound/H2O2/UV Based Water Disinfection 369
11.2.8 Ultrasound/Fenton/H2O2 Based Water Disinfection 369
11.2.9 Ultrasound/Photocatalysis Based Water
Disinfection 370
11.3 Conclusion 372
References 372
12 Phytoremediation and the Way Forward: Challenges
and Opportunities 379
Shinomol George K. and Bhanu Revathi K.
12.1 Introduction 379
12.1.1 Bioremediation and Biosorption 380
12.1.2 Recent Developments in Bioremediation 382
12.2 Biosorbant for Phytoremediation 384
12.2.1 Algae and Weeds as Biosorbants 384
12.2.1.1 Removal of Chromium 385
12.2.1.2 Removal of Cadmium 386
12.2.1.3 Removal of Zinc 386
12.2.1.4 Removal of Copper 387
12.2.1.5 Removal of Strontium, Uranium
and Lead 387
12.2.2 Agricultural Biomass as Biosorbents 388
12.2.2.1 Removal of Nickel and Chromium 389
12.2.2.2 Removal of Cadmium and Lead 390
12.2.2.3 Removal of Copper and Zinc 392
12.2.2.4 Removal of Other Metals: Fe (II),
Mn(II), Va and Mo 393
12.2.2.5 Removal of Nickel and Cobalt 393
12.2.2.6 Removal of Uranium 394
12.2.2.7 Other Biomaterials 395
12.2.3 Biochar as Biosorbent 396
12.3 Soil Amendments for Enhancement of Bioremediation 397
12.4 Challenges & Future Prespectives 398
12.4.1 Future Perspectives 398
12.5 Conclusion 399
References 400
13 Sonochemistry for Water Remediation: Toward an Up-Scaled
Continuous Technology 411
Kaouther Kerboua and Oualid Hamdaoui
13.1 Introduction 412
13.2 Water Remediation Technologies:
The Place of Ultrasound and Sonochemistry 413
13.3 Continuous-Flow Sonochemistry:
State of the Art 430
13.4 Perspectives for an Up-Scaled Continuous
Sonochemical Technology for Water Remediation 434
References 435
14 Advanced Oxidation Technologies for the Treatment
of Wastewater 443
Pallavi Jain, Sapna Raghav and Dinesh Kumar
14.1 Introduction 443
14.2 Principle Involved 445
14.3 Advanced Oxidation Process 446
14.3.1 Fenton’s Reagent 446
14.3.2 Peroxonation 448
14.3.3 Sonolysis 449
14.3.4 Ozonation 450
14.3.5 Ultraviolet Radiation Based AOP 450
14.3.6 Photo-Fenton Process 451
14.3.7 Heterogeneous Photocatalysts 452
14.4 Perspectives and Recommendations 452
14.5 Conclusions 453
Acknowledgment 454
References 454
15 Application of Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts in Advanced
Oxidation Processes 459
D. Mohammady Maklavany, Z. Rouzitalab, S. Jafarinejad,
Y. Mohammadpourderakhshi and A. Rashidi
15.1 Introduction 459
15.2 An Overview of Catalytic AOPs 461
15.2.1 Fenton-Based Processes 461
15.2.2 Catalytic Ozonation 462
15.2.3 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 463
15.2.4 Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO) 464
15.2.5 Catalytic Supercritical Water Oxidation
(CSCWO) 465
15.2.6 Persulfate Advanced Oxidation Processes
(PS-AOPs) 465
15.3 Recent Advances in Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts 466
15.3.1 Morphologically Transformed Copper Oxide 467
15.3.2 Supported Copper Oxide (CuOx/Support) 468
15.3.3 Coupled Copper Oxide 470
15.3.4 Doped Copper Oxide (X-Doped CuOx) 471
15.4 Literature Review of Application of Copper
Oxide-Based Catalysts for AOPs 473
15.4.1 Degradation of Dyes in Wastewater 473
15.4.2 Degradation of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater 481
15.4.3 Degradation of Phenols in Wastewater 484
15.4.4 Degradation of Other Toxic Organic Compounds
in Wastewater 488
15.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 488
References 490
16 Biochar-Based Sorbents for Sequestration of Pharmaceutical
Compounds: Considering the Main Parameters in the
Adsorption Process 501
Ali Khadir
16.1 Introduction 501
16.2 Adsorption Fundamentals 503
16.3 Effect of Various Parameters on Adsorption of
Pharmaceuticals 504
16.3.1 Contact Time 504
16.3.2 Effect of Initial pH 507
16.3.3 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage 511
16.3.4 Effect of Temperature and Thermodynamic
Parameters 511
16.4 Isotherm Models 516
16.5 Adsorption Kinetics 522
16.6 Conclusion 527
References 528
17 Bioremediation of Agricultural Wastewater 539
Shivani Garg, Nelson Pynadathu Rumjit, Paul Thomas
and Chin Wei Lai
Abbreviations 539
17.1 Introduction 540
17.2 Sources of Agricultural Wastewater 540
17.3 Bioremediation Processes for Agricultural Wastewater
Treatment 541
17.3.1 Biological Treatment Processes 542
17.3.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion Treatment 542
17.3.1.2 Aerobic Wastewater Treatment 544
17.3.2 Bioremediation of Pesticides 547
17.3.3 Constructed Wetlands 548
17.3.4 Riparian Buffer 549
17.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook 549
Acknowledgements 550
References 550
18 Remediation of Toxic Contaminants in Water Using
Agricultural Waste 555
Arti Jain and Ritu Payal
18.1 Introduction 556
18.2 Components in Waste Water
and Their Negative Impact 557
18.3 Techniques for Remediation of Waste Water 557
18.4 Agricultural Waste Materials 558
18.4.1 Orange Peel 559
18.4.2 Pomelo Peel 579
18.4.3 Grapefruit Peel (GFP) 579
18.4.4 Lemon Peels 579
18.4.5 Banana Peel 580
18.4.6 Jackfruit Peel 580
18.4.7 Cassava Peel 580
18.4.8 Pomegranate Peel 581
18.4.9 Garlic Peel 581
18.4.10 Palm Kernel Shell 581
18.4.11 Coconut Shell 581
18.4.12 Mangosteen 582
18.4.13 Rice Husk 582
18.4.14 Corncob 582
18.5 Agricultural Waste Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles
and Waste Water Remediation Through Nanoparticles 582
18.6 Adsorption Models for Adsorbents 583
18.6.1 Langmuir Isotherm 583
18.6.2 Freundlich Isotherm 584
18.7 Conclusions 585
References 585
19 Remediation of Emerging Pollutants by Using Advanced
Biological Wastewater Treatments 597
S. Ghosh and S. Chakraborty
19.1 Introduction 598
19.2 Pharmaceutical Wastewater 600
19.2.1 Occurrence and Potential Threats 600
19.2.2 Advanced Biological Remediation 600
19.3 Pesticide Contaminated Wastewater 602
19.3.1 Source of Pollution With Environmental
and Health Impacts 602
19.3.2 Advanced Biological Treatments 602
19.4 Surfactant Pollution 606
19.4.1 Source and Impacts of Pollution 606
19.4.2 Biological Remediation 606
19.5 Microplastic Pollution 608
19.5.1 Occurrence and Environmental Threats 608
19.5.2 Proposed Remediation Strategies 609
19.5.2.1 Microplastic Generation Source
Control 609
19.5.2.2 Mitigation Policies 610
19.6 Endocrine Disrupters in Environment 610
19.7 Remedies for Endocrine Disrupters 611
19.8 Conclusion 611
Acknowledgement 612
References 612
Index
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BISAC SUBJECT HEADINGS
TEC010010 : TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Environmental / Pollution Control
SCI026000 : SCIENCE / Environmental Science
SCI081000 : SCIENCE / Earth Sciences / Hydrology
BIC CODES
RNC: Applied ecology
RNU: Sustainability
TTS: Marine engineering
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