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Biodiesel Technology and Applications

Edited by Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, and Mashallah Rezakazemi
Copyright: 2021   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781119724643  |  Hardcover  |  
508 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
This outstanding new volume provides a comprehensive overview on biodiesel technologies, covering a broad range of topics and practical applications, edited by one of the most well-respected and prolific engineers in the world and his team.

Audience
Chemical and process engineers and other professionals, faculty, students, scientists, biotechnologists, and environmental engineers

Description
Energy technologies have attracted great attention due to the fast development of sustainable energy. Biodiesel technologies have been identified as the sustainable route through which overdependence on fossil fuels can be reduced. Biodiesel has played a key role in handling the growing challenge of a global climate change policy. Biodiesel is defined as the monoalkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel is a cost-effective, renewable, and sustainable fuel that can be made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Compared to petroleum-based diesel, biodiesel would offer a non-toxicity, biodegradability, improved air quality and positive impact on the environment, energy security, safe-to-handle, store and transport and so on. Biodiesels have been used as a replacement of petroleum diesel in transport vehicles, heavy-duty trucks, locomotives, heat oils, hydrogen production, electricity generators, agriculture, mining, construction, and forestry equipment.

This book describes a comprehensive overview, covering a broad range of topics on biodiesel technologies and allied applications. Chapters cover history, properties, resources, fabrication methods, parameters, formulations, reactors, catalysis, transformations, analysis, in situ spectroscopies, key issues and applications of biodiesel technology. It also includes biodiesel methods, extraction strategies, biowaste utilization, oleochemical resources, non-edible feedstocks, heterogeneous catalysts, patents, and case-studies. Progress, challenges, future directions, and state-of-the-art biodiesel commercial technologies are discussed in detail. This book is an invaluable resource guide for professionals, faculty, students, chemical engineers, biotechnologists, and environmentalists in these research and development areas.


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Supplementary Data
--Summarizes the recent developments in this rapidly-developing, multi-disciplinary field

--Provides the reader with a practical understanding of biodiesel technology toward the real-world applications

--Formulates concepts, case-studies, patents, and applications helpful in decision making and problem-solving, in a single resource

--Delivers state-of-the-art information on biodiesel technology


Author / Editor Details
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of multiple awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award and the Young Researcher of the Year Award for 2020, from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published almost 200 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 120 edited books with multiple well-known publishers.

Mohd Imran Ahamed, PhD, is a research associate in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in various international scientific journals and has co-edited multiple books. His research work includes ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment, and analysis, bending actuator and electrospinning.

Rajender Boddula, PhD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals. He is also serving as an editorial board member and a referee for several reputed international peer-reviewed journals. He has published edited books with numerous publishers and has authored over twenty book chapters.


Mashallah Rezakazemi, PhD, received his doctorate from the University of Tehran (UT) in 2015. In his first appointment, he served as associate professor in the Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering at Shahrood University of Technology. He has co-authored in more than 140 highly cited journal publications, conference articles and book chapters. He has received numerous major awards and grants from various funding agencies in recognition of his research. Notable among these are Khwarizmi Youth Award from the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), and the Outstanding Young Researcher Award in Chemical Engineering from the Academy of Sciences of Iran. He was named a top 1% most Highly Cited Researcher by Web of Science (ESI).

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Table of Contents
1 Biocatalytic Processes for Biodiesel Production 1
Ubaid Mehmood, Faizan Muneer, Muhammad Riaz
and Habibullah Nadeem
1.1 Introduction and Background 2
1.2 Importance of Biodiesel Over Conventional Diesel Fuel 3
1.3 Substrates for Biodiesel Production 4
1.4 Methods in Biodiesel Production 6
1.5 Types of Catalysts Involved in Biodiesel Production 7
1.5.1 Chemical Homogenous Catalysts 7
1.5.2 Solid Heterogeneous Catalysts 8
1.5.3 Biocatalysts 8
1.6 Factors Affecting Enzymatic Transesterification Reaction 8
1.6.1 Effect of Water in Enzyme Catalyzed
Transesterification 9
1.6.2 Effect of Bioreactor 10
1.6.3 Effect of Acyl Acceptor on Enzymatic Production
of Biodiesel 10
1.6.4 Effect of Temperature on Enzymatic Biodiesel
Production 14
1.6.5 Effect of Glycerol on Enzymatic Biodiesel Production 14
1.6.6 Effect of Solvent on Biodiesel Production 16
1.7 Lipases as Biocatalysts for Biodiesel Production 17
1.7.1 Mechanisms of Lipase Action 19
1.7.2 Efficient Lipase Sources for Biodiesel Producing
Biocatalyst 19
1.8 Comparative Analysis of Intracellular and Extracellular
Lipases for Biodiesel Production 21
1.9 Recombinant Lipases for Cost-Effective Biodiesel Production 26
1.10 Immobilization of Lipases for Better Biodiesel Production 28
1.11 Recent Strategies to Improve Biodiesel Production 31
1.11.1 Combination of Lipases 31
1.11.2 Microwave and Ultrasonic-Assisted Reaction 33
1.12 Lipase Catalyzed Reaction Modeling and Statistical
Approaches for Reaction Optimization 35
1.13 Conclusion and Summary 38
References 38
2 Application of Low-Frequency Ultrasound for Intensified
Biodiesel Production Process 59
Mohd Razealy Anuar, Mohamed Hussein Abdurahman,
Nor Irwin Basir and Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah
2.1 Current Fossil Fuel Scenario 60
2.2 Biodiesel 60
2.3 Transesterification 61
2.4 Challenges for Improved Biodiesel Production 62
2.5 Homogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production 63
2.6 Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production 64
2.7 Immiscibility of the Reactants 65
2.8 Ultrasound-Assisted Biodiesel Production Process 66
2.8.1 Fundamental Aspects of the Process 66
2.8.2 Homogeneously Catalyzed Ultrasound-Assisted
System 69
2.8.3 Heterogeneously Catalyzed Ultrasound-Assisted
System 72
2.8.3.1 Heterogeneously Acid Catalyzed System 72
2.8.3.2 Heterogeneous Base Catalyzed
Ultrasound-Assisted System 74
2.8.3.3 Influence of Reaction Parameters 78
2.9 Conclusions 79
Acknowledgement 80
References 80
3 Application of Catalysts in Biodiesel Production 83
Anilkumar R. Gupta and Virendra K. Rathod
3.1 Introduction 83
3.2 Homogeneous Catalysis for the Biodiesel Production 87
3.2.1 Homogeneous Acid Catalyst 87
3.2.2 Homogeneous Base Catalyst 91
3.3 Heterogeneous Catalyst 94
3.3.1 Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst 95
3.3.2 Heterogeneous Base Catalyst 104
3.4 Biocatalysts 113
3.5 Conclusion 117
References 122
4 Hydrogenolysis as a Means of Valorization
of Biodiesel-Derived Glycerol: A Review 135
Manjoro TT, Adeniyi A and Mbaya RKK
4.1 Introduction 136
4.2 Ways of Valorization of Biodiesel-Derived Glycerol 137
4.2.1 Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol Into Value-Added
Commodities 138
4.2.1.1 Catalytic Oxidation of Glycerol 138
4.2.1.2 Catalytic Dehydration of Glycerol 141
4.2.1.3 Pyrolysis of Bio-Glycerol 142
4.2.1.4 Glycerol Transesterification 143
4.2.1.5 Glycerol Direct Carboxylation 144
4.3 Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol 145
4.3.1 Definition of Hydrogenolysis 145
4.3.2 Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol 146
4.3.3 Product Spectrum from Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol 146
4.3.4 Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1,2-PDO (Propylene
Glycol): Reaction Systems Overview 147
4.3.5 Catalyst Selection 150
4.3.6 Reaction Conditions That Influence the
Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1,2-PDO 152
4.3.6.1 Effect of Reaction Temperature 152
4.3.6.2 Effect of H2 Pressure 153
4.3.6.3 Effect of Initial Water Concentration 154
4.3.6.4 Effect of Reaction Time 155
4.3.6.5 Effect of Catalyst Weight 155
4.3.6.6 Proposed Reaction Mechanisms for Glycerol
Hydrogenolysis to Produce 1,2-PDO 156
4.4 Conclusion 158
References 158
5 Current Status, Synthesis, and Characterization of Biodiesel 165
Akshay Garg, Gaurav Dwivedi, Prashant Baredar
and Siddharth Jain
5.1 Introduction 165
5.2 Status of Biodiesel in India 167
5.3 Biodiesel Production in India 167
5.3.1 Feedstocks Popular in India 167
5.3.1.1 Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) Oil 168
5.3.1.2 Pongamia Oil 168
5.3.1.3 Mahua Oil 168
5.3.1.4 Neem Oil 168
5.3.1.5 Linseed Oil 168
5.3.1.6 Rubber Seed Oil 169
5.3.1.7 Tobacco Oil 169
5.3.1.8 Castor 169
5.3.1.9 Waste Cooking Oil 169
5.3.1.10 Algae Oil 169
5.3.2 Advantages of Non-Edible Oils 171
5.3.3 Modification Techniques 171
5.3.3.1 Blending 171
5.3.3.2 Micro-Emulsification 171
5.3.3.3 Cracking 172
5.3.3.4 Transesterification 172
5.3.4 Biodiesel Production Methodology 172
5.3.4.1 Catalytic Transesterification 172
5.3.4.2 Non-Catalytic Transesterification 173
5.3.5 Optimization Methodology for Biodiesel 173
5.3.5.1 Central Composite Design Technique 173
5.3.5.2 Box Behnken Technique 177
5.4 Properties of Biodiesel 178
5.5 Analytical Methods 179
5.5.1 Titration 179
5.5.2 Chromatic Methods 179
5.5.2.1 Gas Chromatography 180
5.5.2.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 180
5.5.3 Spectroscopic Methods 180
5.5.3.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 181
5.5.3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 181
5.5.4 Rancimat Method 183
5.5.5 Viscometry 184
5.6 Conclusion 184
References 185
6 Commercial Technologies for Biodiesel Production 193
Chikati Roick, Leonard Okonye, Nkazi Diankanua
and Gorimbo Joshua
Abbreviation 194
6.1 Introduction 194
6.2 Biodiesel Production 195
6.3 Technologies Used for Biodiesel Production 196
6.3.1 Chemical Reaction (Transesterification) 196
6.3.2 Thermochemical Conversion 197
6.3.3 Biomechanical Conversion 199
6.3.4 Direct Combustion 199
6.4 Other Technologies in Use for Biodiesel Production 199
6.5 Feedstock Requirement 201
6.6 Some Problems Facing Commercialization of Biodiesel
in Africa 201
6.7 Case Studies/Current Status and Future Potential 202
6.8 Conclusions 205
Acknowledgments 206
References 206
7 A Global Scenario of Sustainable Technologies and Progress
in a Biodiesel Production 213
M. B. Kumbhar, P. E. Lokhande,, U. S. Chavan
and V.G. Salunkhe
7.1 Introduction 214
7.2 Current Status of Feedstock for Biodiesel Production
Technology 216
7.3 Scenario of Biodiesel in Combustion Engine 220
7.4 Biodiesel Production Technologies 221
7.4.1 Direct Blending 221
7.4.2 Pyrolysis 222
7.4.3 Microemulsification 223
7.4.4 Transesterification 224
7.5 Microwave-Mediated Transesterification 225
7.6 Ultrasound-Mediated Transesterification 227
7.7 Catalysis in Biodiesel Production 228
7.7.1 Homogeneous Catalysts 228
7.7.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts 229
7.7.3 Heterogeneous Nanocatalysts 230
7.7.4 Supercritical Fluids 230
7.7.5 Biocatalysts 230
7.8 The Concept of Biorefinery 232
7.9 Summary and Outlook 234
7.10 Conclusion 235
References 235
8 Contemporary Biodiesel Production Technologies—
An Overview 239
Moina Athar and Sadaf Zaidi
8.1 Introduction 240
8.2 Biodiesel Feedstocks 240
8.2.1 Selection of Feedstocks 241
8.3 Biodiesel Production Technologies 246
8.3.1 Pyrolysis 246
8.3.2 Dilution 247
8.3.3 Micro-Emulsion 247
8.3.4 Transesterification 247
8.3.4.1 Homogeneously Catalyzed
Transesterification Processes 248
8.3.4.2 Heterogeneously Catalyzed
Transesterification Processes 250
8.3.4.3 Enzymatic Catalyzed Transesterification
Processes 250
8.4 Intensification Techniques for Biodiesel Production 251
8.4.1 Supercritical Alcohol Method 251
8.4.2 Microwave Heating 251
8.4.3 Ultrasonic Irradiation 252
8.4.4 Co-Solvent Method 254
8.5 Other Techniques of Biodiesel Production 254
References 255
9 Methods for Biodiesel Production 265
M.Gul, M.A. Mujtaba, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam
and N.W.M. Zulkifli
9.1 Selection of Feedstock for Biodiesel 265
9.1.1 First-Generation Feedstock 266
9.1.2 Second-Generation Feedstock 266
9.1.3 Third-Generation Feedstock 267
9.2 Methods for Biodiesel Production 267
9.2.1 Dilution With Hydrocarbons Blending 267
9.2.2 Micro-Emulsion 267
9.2.3 Pyrolysis (Thermal Cracking) 268
9.2.4 Transesterification (Alcoholysis) 269
9.2.4.1 In Situ Transesterification
(Reactive Extraction) 269
9.2.4.2 Conventional Transesterification 270
9.2.4.3 Microwave/Ultrasound-Assisted
Transesterification 276
9.2.4.4 Variables Affecting Transesterification
Reaction 276
References 280
10 Non-Edible Feedstock for Biodiesel Production 283
Chikati Roick, Kabir Opeyemi Otun, Nkazi Diankanua
and Gorimbo Joshua
List of Abbreviations 284
10.1 Introduction 284
10.2 Reports Relevant to Global Warming
and Renewable Energy 285
10.3 Biofuels as an Alternative Energy Source 286
10.3.1 First-Generation Biofuels 286
10.3.2 Second-Generation Biofuels 287
10.3.3 Third-Generation Biofuels 288
10.4 Benefits of Using Biodiesel 288
10.5 Technologies of Biodiesel Production From Non-Edible
Feedstock 289
10.6 Biodiesel Production by Transesterification 290
10.7 Non-Edible Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production 293
10.7.1 Non-Edible Vegetable Oils 294
10.7.2 Waste Cooking Oil 295
10.7.3 Algal Oil 296
10.7.4 Waste Animal Fat/Oil 297
10.8 Fuel Properties of Biodiesel Obtained From Non-Edible
Feedstock 297
10.9 Advantages of Non-Edible Feedstocks 300
10.10 Economic Importance of Biodiesel Production 300
10.11 Conclusions 301
Acknowledgments 301
References 302
11 Oleochemical Resources for Biodiesel Production 309
Gayathri R, Ranjitha J and Vijayalakshmi Shankar
Abbreviations 309
11.1 Introduction 310
11.2 Definition of Oleochemicals 311
11.3 Oleochemical Types 312
11.4 Production of Biodiesel 312
11.5 Types of Feedstocks 314
11.5.1 Non-Edible Feedstocks 314
11.5.2 Non-Edible Vegetable Oil 315
11.5.3 Tall Oil 315
11.5.4 Waste Cooking Oils 315
11.5.5 Animal Fats 316
11.5.6 Chicken Fat 317
11.5.7 Lard 317
11.5.8 Tallow 318
11.5.9 Leather Industry Solid Waste Fat 319
11.5.10 Oil From Fish 320
11.6 Uses of Oleochemicals 320
11.6.1 Polymer Applications 320
11.6.2 Application of Plant Oil Petro-Diesel Substitute 321
11.6.3 Used as Surfactants 321
11.6.4 Oleochemicals Used in Pesticide 322
11.6.5 Oleochemicals Used in Spray Adjuvants
and Solvents 322
11.7 Methyl Ester or Biodiesel Production 322
11.7.1 Palm Oil 323
11.7.2 Sunflower Oil 324
11.7.3 ME From AFW 326
11.8 Parameters Affecting the Yield of Biodiesel 326
11.8.1 Reaction Conditions 326
11.8.2 Catalyst 326
11.8.2.1 Alkali Catalyst 326
11.8.2.2 Acid Catalyst 326
11.8.2.3 Bio Catalyst 327
11.8.2.4 Heterogeneous Catalyst 327
11.8.2.5 ME Conversion by Supercritical
Method 327
11.8.3 Properties of Feedstock 327
11.8.3.1 Composition of FA 329
11.8.3.2 FFA 329
11.8.3.3 Heat 329
11.8.3.4 Presence of Unwanted Materials 329
11.8.3.5 Titer 329
11.8.4 Characteristic of Feedstock 329
11.9 Optimization of Reactions Conditions for High Yield
and Quality of Biodiesel 331
11.9.1 Pre-Treatment of Feedstock 331
11.9.1.1 Elimination of Water 331
11.9.1.2 Elimination of Insoluble Impurities 331
11.9.1.3 Elimination of Unsaponifiables 331
11.9.2 Characterization and Selection of Feedstocks 332
11.9.3 Selection of Reaction Conditions 332
11.10 Oil Recovery 332
11.10.1 Alkaline Flooding Method 332
11.10.2 Additives 332
11.11 Quality Improvement of Biodiesel 333
11.11.1 Additives for Improving Combustion Ability 333
11.11.2 Additives for Enhancing the Octane Number 333
11.11.3 Additives for Improving the Stability 333
11.11.4 Additives to Enhance Cold Flow Property 333
11.11.5 Additives to Enhance Lubricity 333
11.11.6 Additives to Enhance Cetane Number 334
11.12 Conclusion 334
References 334
12 Overview on Different Reactors for Biodiesel Production 341
V. C. Akubude, K.F. Jaiyeoba, T.F Oyewusi, E.C. Abbah,
J.A. Oyedokun and V.C. Okafor
12.1 Introduction 341
12.2 Biodiesel Production Reactors 342
12.2.1 Batch Reactor 343
12.2.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor 344
12.2.3 Fixed Bed Reactor 346
12.2.4 Bubble Column Reactor 347
12.2.5 Reactive Distillation Column 349
12.2.6 Hybrid Catalytic Plasma Reactor 350
12.2.7 Microreactors Technology 350
12.2.8 Oscillatory Flow Reactors 353
12.2.9 Other Novel Reactors 353
12.3 Future Prospects 354
12.4 Conclusion 354
References 354
13 Patents on Biodiesel 361
Azira Abdul Razak, Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed
and Darfizzi Derawi
13.1 Introduction 361
13.2 Generation of Biodiesel 362
13.3 Development of Catalyst 363
13.3.1 Homogeneous Catalyst 364
13.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalyst 364
13.4 Method Producing Biodiesel 365
13.4.1 Pre-Treatment Process 365
13.4.2 Direct Use and Blending of Oils 366
13.4.3 Esterification of FFA 366
13.4.4 Transesterification of TAG 367
13.4.5 Pyrolysis 368
13.5 Reactor’s Technology for Biodiesel Production 369
13.5.1 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor 370
13.5.2 Fixed Bed Reactor 370
13.5.3 Micro-Mixer Reactor 371
13.6 Conclusion 372
References 372
14 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids With an Alcohol Over
Acid Materials 377
J.E. Castanheiro
14.1 Introduction 377
14.2 Zeolites 378
14.3 SO3H as Catalyst 379
14.4 Metal Oxides 380
14.5 Heteropolyacids 382
14.6 Other Materials 384
14.7 Conclusions 384
References 385
15 Biodiesel Production From Non-Edible and Waste
Lipid Sources 389
Opeoluwa O. Fasanya, Aishat A. Osigbesan
and Onoriode P. Avbenake
15.1 Introduction 390
15.2 Non-Edible Plant Based Oils 394
15.2.1 Jatropha curcas 394
15.2.2 Calophyllum inophyllum 397
15.2.3 Mesua ferrea 397
15.2.4 Jojoba Oil 398
15.2.5 Azadirachta indica 398
15.2.6 Rubber Seed Oil 399
15.2.7 Ricinus communis as Feedstock (Castor Oil) 402
15.2.8 Other Non-Edible Oils 403
15.3 Waste Animal Fats 404
15.4 Expired and Waste Cooking Oils 405
15.5 Algae/Microalgae 406
15.6 Insects as Biodiesel Feedstock 411
15.7 Deacidification 414
15.8 Other Technologies 414
15.9 Conclusion 415
References 415
16 Microalgae for Biodiesel Production 429
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Victoria Olaide Adenigba,
Devarajan Thangadura and Mohd Imran Ahamed
16.1 Introduction 430
16.2 Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel From Microalgae 431
16.3 Genetic Engineering/Techniques Enhancing Biodiesel
Production 432
16.4 Nanotechnology in Microalgae Biodiesel Production 434
16.5 Specific Examples of Biodiesel Production From
Microalgae 434
16.6 Methodology Involved in the Extraction of Algae 438
16.6.1 Chemical Solvents Extraction 439
16.6.2 Extraction by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide 439
16.6.3 Extraction Using Biochemical Techniques 439
16.6.4 Extraction Involving Direct Transesterification 440
16.6.5 Extraction Using Transesterification Techniques 440
16.7 Conclusion and Future Recommendation to Knowledge 440
References 441
17 Biodiesel Production Methods and Feedstocks 447
Setareh Heidari and David A. Wood
17.1 Introduction 448
17.2 Biofuel Classification in Terms of Origin and
Technological Conversion of Raw Materials 451
17.3 Techniques Capable of Producing Biodiesel
on Commercial Scales 451
17.3.1 Direct and Blending Methods With the Aim
of Biodiesel Generation 452
17.3.2 Microemulsion Methods 452
17.3.3 Pyrolysis Methods 453
17.3.4 Transesterification Methods 453
17.4 Influential Parameters on Biodiesel Production 454
17.4.1 The Choice of Transesterification Catalysts 454
17.4.2 Effects of Catalyst Characteristics on Biodiesel
Production Efficiency 454
17.5 Biodiesel Markets and Economic Considerations 455
17.6 Challenges Confronting Biodiesel Uptake 456
17.7 Corrosion and Quality Monitoring Issues for Biodiesel 457
17.8 Conclusions 457
References 458
18 Application of Nanoparticles for the Enhanced Production
of Biodiesel 465
Muhammad Hilman Mustapha, Akhsan Kamil Azizi,
Wan Nur Aini Wan Mokhtar and Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed
18.1 Introduction 465
18.2 Solid Nanoparticles 466
18.3 Nanobioparticles/Nanobiocatalyst 471
18.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles 473
18.5 How Nanoparticles Enhanced Biodiesel Production? 475
18.6 Conclusion 477
References 477
Index 481

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BISAC SUBJECT HEADINGS
TEC031010 : TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Power Resources / Alternative & Renewable
SCI024000 : SCIENCE / Energy
BUS070040 : BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Industries / Energy
 
BIC CODES
THX: Alternative & renewable energy sources & technology
TDCB: Chemical engineering
RNU: Sustainability

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