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Rubber to Rubber Adhesion

By Dinesh K. Kotnees and Anil K. Bhowmick
Series: Adhesion and Adhesives: Fundamental and Applied Aspects
Copyright: 2021   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781119768890  |  Hardcover  |  
448 pages | 201 illustrations
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
Readers will get helpful ideas and in-depth knowledge about various aspects of rubber to rubber adhesion with particular reference to theory and practice.

Audience
The book will be used by academicians in polymer science, materials science, chemical and mechanical engineering, chemistry, R & D personnel, industry people, as well as rubber and adhesion practitioners.

Description
This book covers various aspects of rubber to rubber adhesion which is important theoretically, as well as having practical implications. Rubber is a polymer whose glass transition temperature is well below the room temperature and hence the chains are very mobile at room and higher temperatures, making the material very versatile. Rubber is used in a large number of applications ranging from underground mining to tire to space vehicles. In all these cases, compounded rubbers are used in laminates and joined. The higher the adhesion, the higher will be the joint strength. The principles taught in adhesion science and technology are extensively used to prepare better joints and more useful products.
The book serves to satisfy a wide range of disciplines (polymers, materials, chemical, chemistry, mechanical, etc.) and starts with an introduction on rubber, then characterization of rubber, rubber surface and joints and, finally, other chapters on rubber to rubber adhesion. Scientific aspects to understand the technology are highlighted. It gives a comprehensive treatment on adhesion between unvulcanized elastomers, self-healing of elastomers, adhesion between compounded elastomers by co-crosslinking, adhesion between partially vulcanized compounded rubber and partially vulcanized compounded rubber, adhesion between vulcanized rubber and unvulcanized rubber- or partially vulcanized rubber, and adhesion between vulcanized rubber and vulcanized rubber.

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Author / Editor Details
Dinesh Kumar Kotnees, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Patna (IIT Patna). Before joining IIT Patna he was working as a research scientist in General Electric Company (GE Plastics) Bangalore, India. Dr. Kotnees holds a PhD degree in Rubber Science and Technology from IIT Kharagpur.

Anil K. Bhowmick is currently at the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Houston and a former Professor of Eminence, IIT Kharagpur, India. He was previously associated with the University of Akron, Ohio, USA, London School of Polymer Technology, London, and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan. He has more than 550 peer-reviewed international publications, 35 book chapters, and seven books. He holds twenty-one patents, including three US, three Japanese, and one German patent.

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Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
1. Introduction to Rubber
1.1 History
1.2 What is a Rubber?
1.3 What is the Structure of Rubber?
1.4 Why is Rubber Chosen Over Other Materials?
1.5 Brief Outline of Preparation of Rubber
1.6 Types of Rubber
1.6.1 Natural Rubber (NR)
1.6.2 Styrene - Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
1.6.3 Polybutadiene Rubber (BR)
1.6.4 Nitrile Rubber (NBR) and Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (HNBR) 1.6.5 Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPDM/EPM)
1.6.6 Chloroprene Rubber (CR)
1.6.7 Butyl Rubber (IIR)
1.7 Compounding of Rubbers
1.7.1 Rubbers
1.7.2 Vulcanizing Agents
1.7.3 Accelerator and Accelerator-Activators
1.7.4 Age Resistors
1.7.5 Fillers
1.7.6 Processing Aid
1.7.7 Miscellaneous Ingredients
1.8 The Processes of the Rubber Industry
1.9 Why is Adhesion Important in Rubber Science?
References
2. Important Physical Properties for Understanding Rubber Adhesion and Measurements of Rubber Adhesion
2.1 Molecular Weight of Polymer
2.1.1 Definition
2.1.1.1 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn)
2.1.1.2 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw)
2.1.1.3 Z-Average Molecular Weight (Mz) and Viscosity Average Molecular Weight (Mv)
2.1.1.4 Molecular Weight Distribution (MWD)
2.1.2 Determination of Molecular Weight and MWD
2.1.2.1 GPC
2.1.2.2 Viscosity and Light Scattering Methods
2.1.2.3 Use of 1H NMR Spectroscopy in Polymer Molecular Weight Analysis
2.1.3 Relationship Between Adhesion and Molecular Weight in Unvulcanized Rubber
References
2.2 Glass Transition Temperature
2.2.1 Introduction and Definition
2.2.2 Glass Transition and Thermodynamics
2.2.3 Factors on Which Tg Depends
2.2.3.1 Chain Flexibility
2.2.3.2 Bulky Side Group
2.2.3.3 Polar Effect
2.2.3.4 Monomer Structure and Tg
2.2.3.5 Configurational Effect
2.2.3.6 Effect of Crosslinks
2.2.3.7 Tg and Plasticizer
2.2.4 Determination of Tg
References
2.3 Solubility Parameter, Interaction Parameter and Interface
2.3.1 Solubility Parameter
2.3.2 Interaction Parameter
2.3.3 Interface
References
2.4 Spectroscopic Techniques
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Principle of FTIR Spectroscopy
2.4.3 Principle of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
2.4.4 Principle of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
2.4.5 Chemical Groups and Adhesion
References
2.5 Microscopy
2.5.1 Optical or Light Microscopy
2.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.5.2.1 Principle of SEM
2.5.2.2 Sample Preparation and Measurements
2.5.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
2.5.4 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
2.5.4.1 Principle
2.5.4.2 Operational Modes
2.5.4.3 Detection Method
2.5.4.4 Imaging and Analysis
References
2.6 Contact Angle, Surface Energy and Surface Roughness
2.6.1 Contact Angle
2.6.1.1 Concepts
2.6.1.2 Measurements
2.6.2 Surface Energy
2.6.3 Work of Adhesion and Spreading Coefficient
2.6.4 Theoretical Adhesion and Practical Adhesion
2.6.5 Surface Roughness
2.6.5.1 Concepts
2.6.5.2 Measurements
References
2.7 Rheological Properties of Rubber
2.7.1 Definition
2.7.1.1 Shear Viscosity
2.7.1.2 Shear Stress
2.7.1.3 Shear Rate
2.7.1.4 Viscous and Elastic Components
2.7.2 Measurement of Viscosity and Elasticity
2.7.2.1 Capillary Viscometer/Rheometer
2.7.2.2 Rotational Rheometry/Viscometry
2.7.2.3 Oscillatory Rheometry
References
2.8 Curing and Crosslinking of Rubber
2.8.1 Concepts and Definitions
2.8.2 Measurements
2.8.3 Determination of Crosslink Density
2.8.3.1 Chemical Method
2.8.3.2 Physical Method
2.8.4 Relationship Between Adhesion Strength and Crosslinking
References
2.9 Mechanical Properties
2.9.1 Tensile Properties
2.9.1.1 Unvulcanized Rubber
2.9.1.2 Vulcanized Rubber
2.9.2 Tearing Energy/Tear Strength
2.9.3 Fatigue, Stress Relaxation and Creep of Rubber
References
2.10 Dynamical Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
2.10.1 Introduction
2.10.2 Operating Principles
2.10.3 Temperature Sweep Test Using DMA
2.10.4 Frequency Sweep Master Curves from Time-Temperature Superposition (TTS) Using DMA
2.10.4.1 Terminal Relaxation Time (tte) from Plateau and Terminal Zone
2.10.4.2 Self-Diffusion Coefficient (D) 154 2.10.4.3 Onset of Transition Zone Relaxation Time (ttr)
2.10.4.4 Monomer Friction Coefficient, MFC (ΞΆ0) from Transition Zone
2.11 Diffusion and Adhesion
2.11.1 Concepts
2.11.2 Diffusion Theory of Adhesion
2.11.3 Methods to Identify Diffusion Across the Interface
2.11.4 Self-Diffusion Coefficient
2.11.5 Concept of Tack, Diffusion and Viscosity
2.11.6 Models Related to Diffusion of Polymers
2.11.6.1 Reptation Model
2.11.6.2 Model Theory of Crack Healing
References
2.12 Test Methods for Rubber to Rubber Adhesion and Self-Healing
2.12.1 Unvulcanized Rubber Test
2.12.2 Vulcanized Rubber Test
2.12.3 Tests for Self-Healing
References
3. Adhesion Between Unvulcanized Elastomers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Autohesive Tack
3.2.1 Autohesive Tack Criterion
3.2.2 Theories Related to Autohesive Tack
3.2.2.1 Diffusion Theory
3.2.2.2 Contact Theory
3.2.3 Factors Affecting Autohesive Tack Bond Formation Process
3.2.3.1 Effect of Contact Time
3.2.3.2 Effect of Contact Pressure
3.2.3.3 Effect of Contact Temperature
3.2.3.4 Effect of Surface Roughness
3.2.4 Factors Affecting Autohesive Tack Bond Destruction Process
3.2.4.1 Effect of Test Rate
3.2.4.2 Effect of Test Temperature
3.2.4.3 Effect of Bond Thickness
3.2.5 Effect of Molecular Properties on Autohesive Tack
3.2.5.1 Effect of Molecular Weight
3.2.5.2 Effect of Microstructure
3.2.5.3 Effect of Crystallinity
3.2.5.4 Effect of Polar Groups
3.2.6 Environmental Effects on Autohesive Tack
3.2.6.1 Effect of Surface Oxidation
3.2.6.2 Effect of Humidity
3.2.7 Effect of Compounding Ingredients on Autohesive Tack
3.2.7.1 Effect of Processing Oil
3.2.7.2 Effect of Tackifiers
3.2.8 Effect of Fillers
3.2.8.1 Effect of Carbon Black and Silica on Autohesive Tack of Elastomers Used in the Rubber Industry
3.2.8.2 Effect of Nanoclay on Autohesive Tack of Elastomers Used in the Rubber Industry
References
4. Self-Healing of Elastomers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Examples
4.2.1 Hydrogen Bonding
4.2.2 Thermo Reversible Diels-Alder Chemistry
4.2.3 Ionic Bonding
4.2.4 Coordination Complexes
4.2.5 Exchange of Disulfide Bonds
4.2.6 Other Reactions
4.3 Reactions on Various Rubbers
4.4 External Healing Agents
4.5 Self-Healing in Tire Industry
4.6 Summary of Self-Healing System
References
5. Adhesion Between Compounded Elastomers by Co-Crosslinking
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Co-Crosslinking
5.2.1 Adhesion Between Unvulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) and Unvulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) by Co-Crosslinking
References
6. Adhesion Between Partially Vulcanized Rubber and Partially Vulcanized Rubber
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Experiments of Chang and Gent
6.3 Experiments of Bhowmick and Gent
6.4 Experiments of Chun and Gent
6.5 Experiments of Sarkar and Bhowmick
6.6 Experiments of Gent and Lai
6.7 Experiments of Ruch, David and Vallat
References
7. Adhesion Between Vulcanized Rubber and Unvulcanized Rubber or Partially Vulcanized Rubber
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Adhesion Between Vulcanized Rubber and Unvulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents)
7.3 Adhesion Between Vulcanized Rubber and Partially Vulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents)
References
8. Adhesion Between Vulcanized Rubber and Vulcanized Rubber
References
Index


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