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Submit a ProposalEnergy |
Energy Storage for Modern Power System Operations
 | Edited by Sandeep Dhundhara and Yajvender Pal Verma Copyright: 2021 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119760337 | Hardcover | 344 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
Written and edited by a team of well-known and respected experts in the field, this new volume on energy storage presents the state-of-the-art developments and challenges for modern power systems for engineers, researchers, academicians, industry professionals, consultants, and designers.
Audience
Electrical engineers and other designers, engineers, and scientists working in energy storage
Electrical engineers and other designers, engineers, and scientists working in energy storage
Description
Energy storage systems have been recognized as the key elements in modern power systems, where they are able to provide primary and secondary frequency controls, voltage regulation, power quality improvement, stability enhancement, reserve service, peak shaving, and so on. Particularly, deployment of energy storage systems in a distributed manner will contribute greatly in the development of smart grids and providing promising solutions for the above issues. The main challenges will be the adoption of new techniques and strategies for the optimal planning, control, monitoring and management of modern power systems with the wide installation of distributed energy storage systems. Thus, the aim of this book is to illustrate the potential of energy storage systems in different applications of modern power systems, with a view toward illuminating recent advances and research trends in storage technologies.
This exciting new volume covers the recent advancements and applications of different energy storage technologies that are useful to engineers, scientists, and students in the discipline of electrical engineering. Suitable for the engineers at power companies and energy storage consultants working on energy storage field, this book offers a cross-disciplinary look across electrical, mechanical, chemical and renewable engineering aspects of energy storage. Whether for the veteran engineer or the student, this is a must-have for any library.
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Energy storage systems have been recognized as the key elements in modern power systems, where they are able to provide primary and secondary frequency controls, voltage regulation, power quality improvement, stability enhancement, reserve service, peak shaving, and so on. Particularly, deployment of energy storage systems in a distributed manner will contribute greatly in the development of smart grids and providing promising solutions for the above issues. The main challenges will be the adoption of new techniques and strategies for the optimal planning, control, monitoring and management of modern power systems with the wide installation of distributed energy storage systems. Thus, the aim of this book is to illustrate the potential of energy storage systems in different applications of modern power systems, with a view toward illuminating recent advances and research trends in storage technologies.
This exciting new volume covers the recent advancements and applications of different energy storage technologies that are useful to engineers, scientists, and students in the discipline of electrical engineering. Suitable for the engineers at power companies and energy storage consultants working on energy storage field, this book offers a cross-disciplinary look across electrical, mechanical, chemical and renewable engineering aspects of energy storage. Whether for the veteran engineer or the student, this is a must-have for any library.
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Supplementary Data
--Covers not only the state-of-the-art of energy storage in modern power systems, but also the basics, making this volume useful not just to the veteran engineer, but the new-hire or student as well
--Offers a comprehensive coverage of energy storage, focusing on energy storage on a large scale
--Is filled with workable examples and designs that are helpful for practical applications
--Is useful as a textbook for researchers, students, and faculty for understanding new ideas in this rapidly emerging field
--Covers not only the state-of-the-art of energy storage in modern power systems, but also the basics, making this volume useful not just to the veteran engineer, but the new-hire or student as well
--Offers a comprehensive coverage of energy storage, focusing on energy storage on a large scale
--Is filled with workable examples and designs that are helpful for practical applications
--Is useful as a textbook for researchers, students, and faculty for understanding new ideas in this rapidly emerging field
Author / Editor Details
Sandeep Dhundhara, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Basic Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, India. He completed his doctorate in electrical engineering from Panjab University Chandigarh and has worked as a visiting research fellow at the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom. His areas of interest are power system controls and stability, operational planning and control, deregulation and applications of energy storage systems. He has published more than 25 papers in various national and international journals and conferences and is a member of several scientific and technical societies.
Sandeep Dhundhara, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Basic Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, India. He completed his doctorate in electrical engineering from Panjab University Chandigarh and has worked as a visiting research fellow at the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom. His areas of interest are power system controls and stability, operational planning and control, deregulation and applications of energy storage systems. He has published more than 25 papers in various national and international journals and conferences and is a member of several scientific and technical societies.
Yajvender Pal Verma, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering at UIET Panjab University Chandigarh. He completed his doctorate in electrical engineering from NIT Kurukshetra, in India. His research interest includes distributed generation, wind power integration, power system restructuring, and power system optimization. He has one book and more than 60 papers in various national and international Journals and conferences to his credit. He is also a member of a number of scientific and technical societies.
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Table of Contents
Preface xiii
1 Energy Storage Systems and Their Applications
in Modern Power System 1
Rajender Kumar Beniwal, Sandeep Dhundhara
and Amarjit Kalra
1.1 Introduction 2
1.1.1 Basic Components of Energy Storage Systems 5
1.2 Types of Energy Storage Systems 5
1.2.1 Chemical Energy Storage System 6
1.2.2 Mechanical Energy Storage System 8
1.2.3 Electromagnetic Energy Storage System 11
1.2.4 Electrostatic Energy Storage System 12
1.2.5 Electrochemical Energy Storage System 14
1.2.6 Thermal Energy Storage System 18
1.3 The Terminology Used in ESS 19
1.4 Applications of ESS 21
1.5 Comparative Analyses of Cost and Technical
Parameters of ESSs 23
1.6 Analysis of Energy Storage Techniques 23
1.7 Conclusion 28
References 28
2 A Look at Energy Storage: The Perspective of Technology
Applied in the Modern Power System 33
Reinaldo Padilha França*, Ana Carolina Borges Monteiro,
Rangel Arthur and Yuzo Iano
2.1 Introduction 34
2.2 Significance of Storage Technologies in Renewable
Integration 35
2.3 Overview of Current Development in Electrical
Energy Storage Technologies 38
2.4 Commercial Aspects of Energy Storage Technologies 40
2.5 Reducing the Costs of Storage Systems 41
2.6 Energy Storage Economics – A View Through
Current Scenario 42
2.7 Implications for Researchers, Practitioners,
and Policymakers 43
2.8 Regulatory Considerations – A Need for Reform 44
2.9 Discussion 46
2.10 Conclusions 47
2.11 Trends and Technological Modernizations – A Look
Into What the Future Might Bring 49
References 50
3 Virtual Inertia Provision Through Energy Storage
Technologies in Modern Power Systems 59
Shreya Mahajan and Dr. Yajvender Pal Verma
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Virtual Inertia-Based Frequency Control 61
3.2.1 Concept of Virtual Inertia 61
3.2.2 Virtual Inertia Emulation 62
3.3 Impact of Low System Inertia on Power System Voltage
and Operation & Control Due to Large Share of Renewables 63
3.4 Control Methods for Inertia Emulation in RES-Based
Power Systems 65
3.4.1 Control Methods Without ESS for Frequency Control 66
3.4.2 Control Methods with ESS for Frequency Control 67
3.4.2.1 Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) 69
3.4.2.2 Super Capacitors and Ultra-Capacitors 70
3.4.2.3 Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) 70
3.4.2.4 Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) 71
3.5 Challenges 73
References 73
4 Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles 79
Dr. M. Nandhini Gayathri
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicle 82
4.3 Types of Energy Storage System 82
4.4 Types of Electric Vehicles 82
4.4.1 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) 85
4.4.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) 86
4.4.3 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) 87
4.5 Review of Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicle
Applications 88
4.5.1 Key Attributes of Battery Technologies 88
4.5.2 Widely Used Battery Technologies 88
4.5.3 Alternate Energy Storage Solutions 92
4.6 Electric Vehicle Charging Schemes 93
4.7 Issues and Challenges of ESSs in EV Applications 94
4.8 Recent Advancement in the Storage Technologies
of EVs to Improve Efficiency and Storage Time 94
4.9 Factors, Challenges and Problems in Sustainable
Electric Vehicle 96
4.9.1 Economic Challenge 96
4.9.2 Technological Challenge 96
4.9.3 Social and Environmental Challenge 96
4.10 Conclusions and Recommendations 97
References 97
5 Fast-Acting Electrical Energy Storage Systems for Frequency
Regulation in Modern Power Systems 105
Mandeep Sharma, Sandeep Dhundhara, Yogendra Arya
and Maninder Kaur
5.1 Introduction 106
5.1.1 Significance of Fast-Acting Electrical
Energy Storage (EES) System in Frequency
Regulation 106
5.1.2 Capacitive Energy Storage (CES) 107
5.1.2.1 Basic Configuration of CES 109
5.1.2.2 CES Control Logic 112
5.1.3 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) 113
5.1.3.1 Constructional and Working Details
of SMES 113
5.1.3.2 Basic Configuration of SMES 114
5.1.3.3 SMES Block Diagram Presentation 115
5.1.3.4 Benefits Over Other Energy Storage
Methods 116
5.1.4 Advantages of CES Over SMES 117
5.2 Case Study to Investigate the Impact of CES and SMES
in Modern Power System 118
5.2.1 Literature Review 118
5.2.2 Modeling of the System Under Study 121
5.2.3 Control Approach 121
5.2.3.1 Controller 121
5.2.3.2 Objective Function for Controller Design 121
5.2.3.3 Optimization Technique 122
5.3 Impact of Fast-Acting EES Systems on the Frequency
Regulation Services of Modern Power Systems 124
5.3.1 System Model-1 124
5.3.2 System Model-2 128
5.3.2.1 Bilateral Transactions (BT) 128
5.3.2.2 Contract Violation (CV) 129
5.4 Conclusion 137
Appendix A 137
References 138
6 Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell and Its Control in a Grid-Connected
System 143
Preeti Gupta, Vivek Pahwa and Yajvender Pal Verma
Abbreviations 144
Symbols and Molecular Formulae 144
Nomenclature 145
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 Fuel Cells 147
6.2.1 Different Types of Fuel Cells 148
6.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 148
6.2.3 Applications in Modern Power System 150
6.3 Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell 150
6.3.1 Mathematical Modeling 152
6.3.2 Linearization 152
6.3.3 Control Schemes for Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell
Based Power System 155
6.3.3.1 Constant Voltage Control 156
6.3.3.2 Constant Fuel Utilization Control 156
6.4 Illustration of a Case Study on Control
of Grid-Connected SOFC 160
6.5 Recent Trend in Fuel Cell Technologies 165
6.5.1 Techno-Economic Comparison 166
6.5.2 Market and Policy Barriers 168
6.6 Summary and Future Scope 169
Acknowledgement 170
References 170
7 Lithium-Ion-Based vs. Redox Flow Batteries –
A Techno-Economic Comparative Analysis
for Isolated Microgrid System 177
Maninder Kaur, Sanchita Chauhan and Mandeep Sharma
7.1 Introduction to Battery Energy Storage System 178
7.1.1 Lithium-Ion Battery 178
7.1.2 Redox Flow Batteries 182
7.2 Role of Battery Energy Storage System in Microgrids 186
7.3 Case study to Investigate the Impact of Li-ion
and VRFB Energy Storage System in Microgrid System 188
7.3.1 System Modelling 188
7.3.2 Evaluation Criteria for a Microgrid System 191
7.3.3 Load and Resource Assessment 191
7.4 Results and Discussion 192
7.5 Conclusion 194
References 195
8 Role of Energy Storage Systems in the Micro-Grid
Operation in Presence of Intermittent Renewable
Energy Sources and Load Growth 199
V V S N Murty, Ashwani Kumar and M. Nageswara Rao
8.1 Introduction 200
8.1.1 Techniques and Classification of Energy Storage
Technologies Used in Hybrid AC/DC Micro-Grids 201
8.2.2 Applications and Benefits of Energy Storage
Systems in the Microgrid Operating with Hybrid
Renewable Energy Sources 202
8.1.2.1 Applications and Benefits of BESS
in Micro-Grid 203
8.1.3 Importance of Appropriate Configuration
of Energy Storage System in Micro-Grid
with Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources 205
8.1.3.1 Decentralized Control 206
8.1.3.2 Centralized Control 206
8.1.3.3 Coordinated Control 207
8.1.3.4 Topology of BESS and PCS 208
8.1.3.5 Battery Management System 208
8.2 Concept of Micro-Grid Energy Management 209
8.2.1 Concept of Micro-Grid 210
8.2.2 Benefits of Micro-Grids 212
8.2.3 Overview of MGEM 213
8.3 Modelling of Renewable Energy Sources and Battery
Storage System 214
8.3.1 PV System 214
8.3.2 Wind Power 214
8.3.3 Battery Energy Storage System 214
8.3.4 Power Converter 216
8.3.5 Generator Capacity 216
8.3.6 Demand Response 217
8.3.7 Loss of Power Supply Probability 217
8.3.8 MGEM Problem Modelling 217
8.3.8.1 Objective Function 217
8.3.8.2 Constraints 218
8.4 Uncertainty of Load Demand and Renewable
Energy Sources 220
8.5 Demand Response Programs in Micro-Grid System 221
8.5.1 Modelling of Price Elasticity of Demand 221
8.5.2 Load Control in Time-Based Rate DR Program 222
8.5.3 Load Control in Incentive-Based DR Program 223
8.6 Economic Analysis of Micro-Grid System 223
8.7 Results and Discussions 224
8.7.1 Dispatch Schedule Without Demand Response 224
8.7.2 Dispatch Schedule with Demand Response 225
8.7.3 Micro-Grid Resiliency 229
8.7.4 BESS for Emergency DG Replacement 235
8.8 Conclusions 237
List of Symbols and Indices 238
References 240
9 Role of Energy Storage System in Integration
of Renewable Energy Technologies in Active
Distribution Network 243
Dr. Vijay Babu Pamshetti and Prof. Shiv Pujan Singh
Nomenclature 244
9.1 Introduction 246
9.1.1 Background 246
9.1.2 Motivation and Aim 248
9.1.3 Related Work 249
9.1.4 Main Contributions 253
9.2 Active Distribution Network 253
9.3 Uncertainties Modelling of Renewable Energy Sources
and Load 254
9.3.1 Uncertainty of Photovoltaic (PV) Power Generation 254
9.3.2 Uncertainty of Wind Power Generation 255
9.3.3 Voltage Dependent Load Modelling (VDLM) 256
9.3.4 Proposed Stochastic Variable Module
for Uncertainties Modelling 256
9.3.5 Modelling of Energy Storage System 258
9.3.6 Basic Concept of Conservation Voltage Reduction 259
9.3.7 Framework of Proposed Two-Stage Coordinated
Optimization Model 259
9.3.8 Proposed Problem Formulation 260
9.3.8.1 Investments Constraints 262
9.3.8.2 Operational Constraints 262
9.3.9 Proposed Solution Methodology 263
9.3.10 Simulation Results and Discussions 265
9.3.10.1 Simulation Platform 265
9.3.10.2 Data and Assumptions 265
9.3.10.3 Numerical Results and Discussions 266
9.3.10.4 Effect of Voltage Profile 268
9.3.10.5 Effect of Energy Losses and Consumption 268
9.3.10.6 Effect of Energy Not Served and Carbon
Emissions 272
9.3.10.7 Performance of Proposed Hybrid
Optimization Solver 272
9.3.11 Conclusion 274
References 275
10 Inclusion of Energy Storage Technology with Renewable
Energy Resources in Contemporary Distribution
Networks – Review and a Case Study 281
Rayees Ahmad Thokar, Vipin Chandra Pandey, Nikhil Gupta,
K. R. Niazi, Anil Swarnkar, Pradeep Singh and N. K. Meena
10.1 Introduction 282
10.2 Optimal Allocation of ESSs in Modern Distribution
Networks 284
10.2.1 ESS Allocation (Siting and Sizing) 285
10.2.2 ESS Allocation Methods 286
10.3 Applications of ESS in Modern Distribution Networks 290
10.3.1 ESS Applications at the Generation and
Distribution Side 293
10.3.2 ESS Applications at the End-Consumer Side 293
10.4 Different Types of ESS Technologies Employed
for Sustainable Operation of Power Networks 294
10.5 Case Study 301
10.5.1 Proposed Two-Layer Optimization Framework
and Problem Formulation 302
10.5.1.1 Upper-Layer Optimization 303
10.5.1.2 Internal-Layer Optimization 304
10.5.1.3 Problem Constraints 305
10.5.1.4 Proposed Management Strategies
for BESS Deployment 307
10.5.2 Results and Discussions 308
10.5.3 Conclusions 316
10.6 Future Research and Recommendations 317
Acknowledgement 318
References 318
Appendix A 327
Index 329
Back to Top
Preface xiii
1 Energy Storage Systems and Their Applications
in Modern Power System 1
Rajender Kumar Beniwal, Sandeep Dhundhara
and Amarjit Kalra
1.1 Introduction 2
1.1.1 Basic Components of Energy Storage Systems 5
1.2 Types of Energy Storage Systems 5
1.2.1 Chemical Energy Storage System 6
1.2.2 Mechanical Energy Storage System 8
1.2.3 Electromagnetic Energy Storage System 11
1.2.4 Electrostatic Energy Storage System 12
1.2.5 Electrochemical Energy Storage System 14
1.2.6 Thermal Energy Storage System 18
1.3 The Terminology Used in ESS 19
1.4 Applications of ESS 21
1.5 Comparative Analyses of Cost and Technical
Parameters of ESSs 23
1.6 Analysis of Energy Storage Techniques 23
1.7 Conclusion 28
References 28
2 A Look at Energy Storage: The Perspective of Technology
Applied in the Modern Power System 33
Reinaldo Padilha França*, Ana Carolina Borges Monteiro,
Rangel Arthur and Yuzo Iano
2.1 Introduction 34
2.2 Significance of Storage Technologies in Renewable
Integration 35
2.3 Overview of Current Development in Electrical
Energy Storage Technologies 38
2.4 Commercial Aspects of Energy Storage Technologies 40
2.5 Reducing the Costs of Storage Systems 41
2.6 Energy Storage Economics – A View Through
Current Scenario 42
2.7 Implications for Researchers, Practitioners,
and Policymakers 43
2.8 Regulatory Considerations – A Need for Reform 44
2.9 Discussion 46
2.10 Conclusions 47
2.11 Trends and Technological Modernizations – A Look
Into What the Future Might Bring 49
References 50
3 Virtual Inertia Provision Through Energy Storage
Technologies in Modern Power Systems 59
Shreya Mahajan and Dr. Yajvender Pal Verma
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Virtual Inertia-Based Frequency Control 61
3.2.1 Concept of Virtual Inertia 61
3.2.2 Virtual Inertia Emulation 62
3.3 Impact of Low System Inertia on Power System Voltage
and Operation & Control Due to Large Share of Renewables 63
3.4 Control Methods for Inertia Emulation in RES-Based
Power Systems 65
3.4.1 Control Methods Without ESS for Frequency Control 66
3.4.2 Control Methods with ESS for Frequency Control 67
3.4.2.1 Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) 69
3.4.2.2 Super Capacitors and Ultra-Capacitors 70
3.4.2.3 Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) 70
3.4.2.4 Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) 71
3.5 Challenges 73
References 73
4 Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles 79
Dr. M. Nandhini Gayathri
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicle 82
4.3 Types of Energy Storage System 82
4.4 Types of Electric Vehicles 82
4.4.1 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) 85
4.4.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) 86
4.4.3 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) 87
4.5 Review of Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicle
Applications 88
4.5.1 Key Attributes of Battery Technologies 88
4.5.2 Widely Used Battery Technologies 88
4.5.3 Alternate Energy Storage Solutions 92
4.6 Electric Vehicle Charging Schemes 93
4.7 Issues and Challenges of ESSs in EV Applications 94
4.8 Recent Advancement in the Storage Technologies
of EVs to Improve Efficiency and Storage Time 94
4.9 Factors, Challenges and Problems in Sustainable
Electric Vehicle 96
4.9.1 Economic Challenge 96
4.9.2 Technological Challenge 96
4.9.3 Social and Environmental Challenge 96
4.10 Conclusions and Recommendations 97
References 97
5 Fast-Acting Electrical Energy Storage Systems for Frequency
Regulation in Modern Power Systems 105
Mandeep Sharma, Sandeep Dhundhara, Yogendra Arya
and Maninder Kaur
5.1 Introduction 106
5.1.1 Significance of Fast-Acting Electrical
Energy Storage (EES) System in Frequency
Regulation 106
5.1.2 Capacitive Energy Storage (CES) 107
5.1.2.1 Basic Configuration of CES 109
5.1.2.2 CES Control Logic 112
5.1.3 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) 113
5.1.3.1 Constructional and Working Details
of SMES 113
5.1.3.2 Basic Configuration of SMES 114
5.1.3.3 SMES Block Diagram Presentation 115
5.1.3.4 Benefits Over Other Energy Storage
Methods 116
5.1.4 Advantages of CES Over SMES 117
5.2 Case Study to Investigate the Impact of CES and SMES
in Modern Power System 118
5.2.1 Literature Review 118
5.2.2 Modeling of the System Under Study 121
5.2.3 Control Approach 121
5.2.3.1 Controller 121
5.2.3.2 Objective Function for Controller Design 121
5.2.3.3 Optimization Technique 122
5.3 Impact of Fast-Acting EES Systems on the Frequency
Regulation Services of Modern Power Systems 124
5.3.1 System Model-1 124
5.3.2 System Model-2 128
5.3.2.1 Bilateral Transactions (BT) 128
5.3.2.2 Contract Violation (CV) 129
5.4 Conclusion 137
Appendix A 137
References 138
6 Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell and Its Control in a Grid-Connected
System 143
Preeti Gupta, Vivek Pahwa and Yajvender Pal Verma
Abbreviations 144
Symbols and Molecular Formulae 144
Nomenclature 145
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 Fuel Cells 147
6.2.1 Different Types of Fuel Cells 148
6.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 148
6.2.3 Applications in Modern Power System 150
6.3 Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell 150
6.3.1 Mathematical Modeling 152
6.3.2 Linearization 152
6.3.3 Control Schemes for Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell
Based Power System 155
6.3.3.1 Constant Voltage Control 156
6.3.3.2 Constant Fuel Utilization Control 156
6.4 Illustration of a Case Study on Control
of Grid-Connected SOFC 160
6.5 Recent Trend in Fuel Cell Technologies 165
6.5.1 Techno-Economic Comparison 166
6.5.2 Market and Policy Barriers 168
6.6 Summary and Future Scope 169
Acknowledgement 170
References 170
7 Lithium-Ion-Based vs. Redox Flow Batteries –
A Techno-Economic Comparative Analysis
for Isolated Microgrid System 177
Maninder Kaur, Sanchita Chauhan and Mandeep Sharma
7.1 Introduction to Battery Energy Storage System 178
7.1.1 Lithium-Ion Battery 178
7.1.2 Redox Flow Batteries 182
7.2 Role of Battery Energy Storage System in Microgrids 186
7.3 Case study to Investigate the Impact of Li-ion
and VRFB Energy Storage System in Microgrid System 188
7.3.1 System Modelling 188
7.3.2 Evaluation Criteria for a Microgrid System 191
7.3.3 Load and Resource Assessment 191
7.4 Results and Discussion 192
7.5 Conclusion 194
References 195
8 Role of Energy Storage Systems in the Micro-Grid
Operation in Presence of Intermittent Renewable
Energy Sources and Load Growth 199
V V S N Murty, Ashwani Kumar and M. Nageswara Rao
8.1 Introduction 200
8.1.1 Techniques and Classification of Energy Storage
Technologies Used in Hybrid AC/DC Micro-Grids 201
8.2.2 Applications and Benefits of Energy Storage
Systems in the Microgrid Operating with Hybrid
Renewable Energy Sources 202
8.1.2.1 Applications and Benefits of BESS
in Micro-Grid 203
8.1.3 Importance of Appropriate Configuration
of Energy Storage System in Micro-Grid
with Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources 205
8.1.3.1 Decentralized Control 206
8.1.3.2 Centralized Control 206
8.1.3.3 Coordinated Control 207
8.1.3.4 Topology of BESS and PCS 208
8.1.3.5 Battery Management System 208
8.2 Concept of Micro-Grid Energy Management 209
8.2.1 Concept of Micro-Grid 210
8.2.2 Benefits of Micro-Grids 212
8.2.3 Overview of MGEM 213
8.3 Modelling of Renewable Energy Sources and Battery
Storage System 214
8.3.1 PV System 214
8.3.2 Wind Power 214
8.3.3 Battery Energy Storage System 214
8.3.4 Power Converter 216
8.3.5 Generator Capacity 216
8.3.6 Demand Response 217
8.3.7 Loss of Power Supply Probability 217
8.3.8 MGEM Problem Modelling 217
8.3.8.1 Objective Function 217
8.3.8.2 Constraints 218
8.4 Uncertainty of Load Demand and Renewable
Energy Sources 220
8.5 Demand Response Programs in Micro-Grid System 221
8.5.1 Modelling of Price Elasticity of Demand 221
8.5.2 Load Control in Time-Based Rate DR Program 222
8.5.3 Load Control in Incentive-Based DR Program 223
8.6 Economic Analysis of Micro-Grid System 223
8.7 Results and Discussions 224
8.7.1 Dispatch Schedule Without Demand Response 224
8.7.2 Dispatch Schedule with Demand Response 225
8.7.3 Micro-Grid Resiliency 229
8.7.4 BESS for Emergency DG Replacement 235
8.8 Conclusions 237
List of Symbols and Indices 238
References 240
9 Role of Energy Storage System in Integration
of Renewable Energy Technologies in Active
Distribution Network 243
Dr. Vijay Babu Pamshetti and Prof. Shiv Pujan Singh
Nomenclature 244
9.1 Introduction 246
9.1.1 Background 246
9.1.2 Motivation and Aim 248
9.1.3 Related Work 249
9.1.4 Main Contributions 253
9.2 Active Distribution Network 253
9.3 Uncertainties Modelling of Renewable Energy Sources
and Load 254
9.3.1 Uncertainty of Photovoltaic (PV) Power Generation 254
9.3.2 Uncertainty of Wind Power Generation 255
9.3.3 Voltage Dependent Load Modelling (VDLM) 256
9.3.4 Proposed Stochastic Variable Module
for Uncertainties Modelling 256
9.3.5 Modelling of Energy Storage System 258
9.3.6 Basic Concept of Conservation Voltage Reduction 259
9.3.7 Framework of Proposed Two-Stage Coordinated
Optimization Model 259
9.3.8 Proposed Problem Formulation 260
9.3.8.1 Investments Constraints 262
9.3.8.2 Operational Constraints 262
9.3.9 Proposed Solution Methodology 263
9.3.10 Simulation Results and Discussions 265
9.3.10.1 Simulation Platform 265
9.3.10.2 Data and Assumptions 265
9.3.10.3 Numerical Results and Discussions 266
9.3.10.4 Effect of Voltage Profile 268
9.3.10.5 Effect of Energy Losses and Consumption 268
9.3.10.6 Effect of Energy Not Served and Carbon
Emissions 272
9.3.10.7 Performance of Proposed Hybrid
Optimization Solver 272
9.3.11 Conclusion 274
References 275
10 Inclusion of Energy Storage Technology with Renewable
Energy Resources in Contemporary Distribution
Networks – Review and a Case Study 281
Rayees Ahmad Thokar, Vipin Chandra Pandey, Nikhil Gupta,
K. R. Niazi, Anil Swarnkar, Pradeep Singh and N. K. Meena
10.1 Introduction 282
10.2 Optimal Allocation of ESSs in Modern Distribution
Networks 284
10.2.1 ESS Allocation (Siting and Sizing) 285
10.2.2 ESS Allocation Methods 286
10.3 Applications of ESS in Modern Distribution Networks 290
10.3.1 ESS Applications at the Generation and
Distribution Side 293
10.3.2 ESS Applications at the End-Consumer Side 293
10.4 Different Types of ESS Technologies Employed
for Sustainable Operation of Power Networks 294
10.5 Case Study 301
10.5.1 Proposed Two-Layer Optimization Framework
and Problem Formulation 302
10.5.1.1 Upper-Layer Optimization 303
10.5.1.2 Internal-Layer Optimization 304
10.5.1.3 Problem Constraints 305
10.5.1.4 Proposed Management Strategies
for BESS Deployment 307
10.5.2 Results and Discussions 308
10.5.3 Conclusions 316
10.6 Future Research and Recommendations 317
Acknowledgement 318
References 318
Appendix A 327
Index 329
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BISAC SUBJECT HEADINGS
TEC031020 : TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Power Resources / Electrical
SCI024000 : SCIENCE / Energy
BUS070040 : BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Industries / Energy
BIC CODES
THRD: Power networks, systems, stations & plants
TGBN: Engines & power transmission
KNBL: Electrical power industries
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