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Submit a ProposalPolysaccharides
 | Properties and Applications Edited by Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula and Tariq A. Altalhi Copyright: 2021 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119711384 | Hardcover | 785 pages Price: $275 USD  |
One Line Description
A unique and comprehensive resource serving both researcher and industrialist
Audience
The book will have a wide readership among academic researchers and industrial engineers and technologists working on polysaccharides-based solutions in chemistry, biotechnology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical sciences, polymer science, food science, environmental engineering, agriculture and the biomedical field
The book will have a wide readership among academic researchers and industrial engineers and technologists working on polysaccharides-based solutions in chemistry, biotechnology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical sciences, polymer science, food science, environmental engineering, agriculture and the biomedical field
Description
Polysaccharides are versatile and abundant biopolymers derived from natural resources which have emerged as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional polymers or traditional plastics. This book presents the entire spectrum of polysaccharide-related topics—from basic concepts to commercial market applications. The 32 chapters cover various sources, classifications, properties, characterizations, processing methods, rheologies and fabrications of polysaccharide-based materials and their composites and gels. Also covered are the applications of polysaccharides in cosmetics, food science, drug delivery, biomedicine, biofuel production, packaging, chromatography and environmental remediation. In addition to incorporating industrial applications and filling in the gap between exploratory works in the laboratory and viable applications in related ventures, this book also reviews the fabrication of inorganic and carbon nanomaterials from polysaccharides.
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Polysaccharides are versatile and abundant biopolymers derived from natural resources which have emerged as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional polymers or traditional plastics. This book presents the entire spectrum of polysaccharide-related topics—from basic concepts to commercial market applications. The 32 chapters cover various sources, classifications, properties, characterizations, processing methods, rheologies and fabrications of polysaccharide-based materials and their composites and gels. Also covered are the applications of polysaccharides in cosmetics, food science, drug delivery, biomedicine, biofuel production, packaging, chromatography and environmental remediation. In addition to incorporating industrial applications and filling in the gap between exploratory works in the laboratory and viable applications in related ventures, this book also reviews the fabrication of inorganic and carbon nanomaterials from polysaccharides.
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Author / Editor Details
Inamuddin PhD is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and edited 60 books with multiple well-known publishers.
Inamuddin PhD is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and edited 60 books with multiple well-known publishers.
Mohd Imran Ahamed PhD is in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in SCI journals. His research focuses on ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, actuators and electrospinning.
Rajender Boddula PhD is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences Presi
dent’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience
and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and
scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed
journals, edited books with numerous publishers and has authored 20 book chapters.
dent’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience
and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and
scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed
journals, edited books with numerous publishers and has authored 20 book chapters.
Tariq Altalhi PhD is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management, converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes, and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Natural Polysaccharides From Aloe vera L. Gel (Aloe barbadensis Miller): Processing Techniques and Analytical Methods
Silvana Teresa Lacerda Jales, Raquel de Melo Barbosa, Girliane Regina da Silva, Patricia Severino and Tulio Flávio Accioly de Lima Moura
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Gel Composition from A. vera
1.2 Applications of A. vera Mucilaginous Gel or Fractions
1.3 Aloe vera Gel Processing
1.3.1 Obtaining Polysaccharide Fraction or Acemannan
1.4 Analytical Methods Applied
1.4.1 Total Carbohydrates, Oligosaccharides, Acemannan and Free Sugars
1.4.2 Analytical Techniques
1.4.2.1 Chromatography Analysis
1.4.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
1.4.2.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
1.4.2.4 Mass Spectrometry
1.4.2.5 Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy
1.4.2.6 Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling
1.5 Conclusion
References
2. Cell Wall Polysaccharides
Ata Ullah, Lutufur Rahman, Muhammad Bilal Yazdani, Muhammad Irfan, Waheed S. Khan and Asma Rehman
2.1 Introduction to Cell Wall
2.2 Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides
2.2.1 Cellulose
2.2.2 Hemicellulose
2.2.2.1 Xyloglucan
2.2.2.2 Xylans
2.2.2.3 Mannans
2.2.3 Callose
2.2.4 Pectic Polysaccharides
2.2.4.1 Homogalacturonan (HG)
2.2.4.2 Arabinan
2.3 Algal Cell Wall Polysaccharides
2.3.1 Alginates
2.3.2 Sulfated Galactans
2.3.3 Fucoidans
2.4 Fungal Cell Wall Polysaccharides
2.4.1 Glucan
2.4.2 Chitin and Chitosan
2.5 Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides
2.5.1 Peptidoglycan
2.5.2 Lipopolysaccharides
References
3. Marine Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications
Tonmoy Ghosh, Rabinder Singh, Asha Arumugam Nesamma and Pannaga Pavan Jutur
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Polysaccharide Origins
3.3 Properties
3.3.1 Cellulose
3.3.2 Chitosan
3.3.3 Alginate
3.3.4 Carrageenan
3.3.5 Agar
3.3.6 Porphyran
3.3.7 Fucoidan
3.3.8 Ulvan
3.3.9 Exopolysaccharides From Microalgae
3.4 Applications of Polysaccharides
3.4.1 Biomedical Applications
3.4.1.1 Cellulose
3.4.1.2 Chitosan
3.4.1.3 Alginate
3.4.2 Food Applications
3.4.2.1 Cellulose
3.4.2.2 Chitosan
3.4.2.3 Alginates
3.4.2.4 Carrageenan
3.4.2.5 Agar
3.4.3 Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Applications
3.4.3.1 Cellulose
3.4.3.2 Chitosan
3.4.3.3 Alginate
3.4.3.4 Carrageenan
3.4.3.5 Porphyran
3.4.3.6 Fucoidan
3.4.4 Agriculture
3.5 Conclusions
References
4. Seaweed Polysaccharides: Structure, Extraction and Applications
Oya Irmak Şahin
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Agar
4.1.2 Carrageenan
4.1.3 Alginate (Alginic Acid, Algin)
4.1.4 Fucoidan
4.1.5 Laminaran
4.1.6 Ulvan
4.2 Conclusion
References
5. Agars: Properties and Applications
Sudhakar Padmesh and Aditi Singh
5.1 History and Origin of Agar
5.1.1 Agarophytes Used in Agar Manufacturing
5.2 Physical Properties of Agar Producing Seaweeds
5.3 Agar Manufacturing
5.3.1 Types of Agar Manufacturing
5.3.1.1 Freeze–Thaw Method
5.3.1.2 Syneresis Method
5.4 Structure of Agar
5.5 Heterogeneity of Agar
5.6 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Agar
5.7 Chemical Characteristics of Agar
5.8 Factors Influencing the Characteristics of Agar
5.8.1 Techniques to Analyze the Fine Chemical Structure of Agar
5.8.2 Synergies and Antagonisms of Agar Gels
5.9 Uses of Agar in Various Sectors
5.9.1 Applications of Agar in Food Industry
5.9.2 Application of Agar in Harvesting Insects and Worms
5.9.3 Vegetable Tissue Culture Formulations
5.9.4 Culture Media for Microbes
5.9.5 Industrial Applications of Agar
5.10 Conclusion and Discussion
References
6. Biopolysaccharides: Properties and Applications
Sinem Tunçer
6.1 Structure and Classification of Biopolysaccharides
6.1.1 Structure
6.1.2 Classification
6.1.3 Structural Characterization Techniques
6.2 Uses
6.2.1 Functional Fibers
6.2.2 Biomedicine and Applications of Biopolysaccharides
6.2.2.1 Tissue Engineering
6.2.2.2 Wound Healing
6.2.2.3 Drug Loading and Delivery
6.2.2.4 Therapeutics
6.2.3 Cosmetics
6.2.4 Foods and Food Ingredients
6.2.5 Biofuels
6.2.6 Wastewater Treatment
6.2.7 Textiles
6.3 Conclusion
References
7. Chitosan Derivatives: Properties and Applications
Gincy Marina Mathew, Sarah Bill Ulaeto, Reshmy R., Rajeev Kumar Sukumaran, Parameswaran Binod, Ashok Pandey and Raveendran Sindhu
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Properties of Chitosan Derivatives
7.2.1 Physiochemical Properties
7.2.2 Functional Properties
7.2.3 Biological Properties of Chitosan
7.3 Applications of Chitosan Derivatives
7.3.1 Anticancer Agents
7.3.2 Bone Tissue Material Formation
7.3.3 Wound Healing, Tissue Regeneration and Antimicrobial Resistance
7.3.4 Drug Delivery
7.3.5 Chromatographic Separations
7.3.6 Waste Management
7.3.7 Food Industry
7.3.8 In Cosmetics
7.3.9 In Paint as Antifouling Coatings
7.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
8. Green Seaweed Polysaccharides Inventory of Nador Lagoon in North East Morocco
El Asri Ouahid, Ramdani Mohamed and Fadlaoui Soufiane
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Nador Lagoon: Situation and Characteristics
8.3 Seaweed
8.4 Polysaccharides in Seaweed
8.5 Algae Polysaccharides in Nador Lagoon’s Seaweed
8.5.1 C. prolifera
8.5.1.1 Sulfated Galactans
8.5.2 U. rigida & E. intestinalis
8.5.2.1 Ulvan
8.5.3 C. adhaerens, C. bursa, C. tomentosum
8.5.3.1 Sulfated Arabinans
8.5.3.2 Sulfated Arabinogalactans
8.5.3.3 Mannans
8.6 Conclusion
References
9. Salep Glucomannan: Properties and Applications
Abdullah Kurt
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Production
9.3 Composition and Physicochemical Structure
9.4 Rheological Properties
9.5 Purification and Deacetylation
9.6 Food Applications
9.6.1 Beverage
9.6.2 Ice Cream and Emulsion Stabilizing
9.6.3 Edible Film/Coating
9.6.4 Gelation
9.7 Health Benefits
9.8 Conclusions and Future Trends
References
10. Exudate Tree Gums: Properties and Applications
Aruna Jyothi Kora
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Gum Arabic
10.1.2 Gum Karaya
10.1.3 Gum Kondagogu
10.1.4 Gum Ghatti
10.1.5 Gum Tragacanth
10.1.6 Gum Olibanum
10.2 Nanobiotechnology Applications
10.3 Minor Tree Gums
10.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
11. Cellulose and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications
Rafael de Avila Delucis, Pedro Henrique Gonzalez de Cademartori, André Ricardo Fajardo and Sandro Campos Amico
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Main Raw Materials
11.3 Composition and Chemical Structure of Lignocellulosic Materials
11.4 Cellulose: Chemical Backbone and Crystalline Formats
11.5 Cellulose Extraction
11.5.1 Mechanical Methods
11.5.2 Chemical Methods 11.6 Cellulose Products and its Derivatives
11.7 Main Applications
11.8 Conclusion
References
12. Starch and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications
Bhanita Goswami and Debajyoti Mahanta
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Starch
12.2.1 Size, Morphology and Crystallinity of Starch Granules
12.2.2 Physical Properties due to Associated Lipids, Proteins and Phosphorus With Starch Granules
12.2.3 Solubility and Swelling Capacity of Starch
12.2.4 Gelatinization and Retrogradation of Starch
12.2.5 Birefringence and Glass Transition Temperature of Starch
12.2.6 Rheological and Thermal Properties of Starch
12.2.7 Transmittance and Opacity of Starch
12.2.8 Melt Processability of Starch
12.3 Modification of Starch
12.3.1 Physical Modification of Starch
12.3.2 Chemical Modification of Starch
12.3.3 Dual Modification of Starch
12.3.4 Enzymatic Modification of Starch
12.3.5 Genetic Modification of Starch
12.4 Application of Starch and its Derivatives
12.4.1 In Food Industry
12.4.2 In Paper Industry
12.4.3 Starch as Binders
12.4.4 In Detergent Products
12.4.5 As Biodegradable Thermoplastic Materials or Bioplastics
12.4.6 In Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries
12.4.7 As Industrial Raw Materials
12.4.8 As Adsorbents for Environmental Applications
12.4.9 As Food Packaging Materials
12.4.10 In Drug Delivery
12.4.11 As Antimicrobial Films and Coatings
12.4.12 In Advanced Functional Materials
12.5 Conclusion
References
13. Crystallization of Polysaccharides
Mohsen Khodadadi Yazdi, Farzad Seidi, Yongcan Jin, Payam Zarrintaj, Huining Xiao, Amin Esmaeili, Sajjad Habibzadeh and Mohammad Reza Saeb
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Principles of Crystallization of Polysaccharides
13.3 Techniques for Crystallinity Measurement
13.4 Crystallization Behavior of Polysaccharides
13.4.1 Cellulose
13.4.2 Chitosan and Chitin
13.4.3 Starch
13.5 Polymer/Polysaccharide Crystalline Nanocomposites
13.6 Conclusion
References
14. Polysaccharides as Novel Materials for Tissue Engineering Applications
Nandini A. Pattanashetti, Anand I. Torvi, Arun K. Shettar, Pramod B. Gai and Mahadevappa Y. Kariduraganavar
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Types of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
14.3 Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
14.4 Polysaccharide-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
14.4.1 Alginate-Based Scaffolds
14.4.2 Chitosan-Based Scaffolds
14.4.3 Cellulose-Based Scaffolds
14.4.4 Dextran and Pullulan-Based Scaffolds
14.4.5 Starch-Based Scaffolds
14.4.6 Xanthan-Based Scaffolds
14.4.7 Glycosaminoglycans-Based Scaffolds
14.5 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
15. Structure and Solubility of Polysaccharides
Vickramjeet Singh, Shikha Indoria, K.J. Jisha and Ramesh L. Gardas
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Polysaccharide Structure and Solubility in Water
15.3 Solubility and Molecular Weight
15.4 Solubility and Branching
15.5 Polysaccharide Solutions
15.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
16. Polysaccharides: An Efficient Tool for Fabrication of Carbon Nanomaterials
Yuliya Dzyazko and Vladimir Ogenko
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Aerogels
16.2.1 Plant and Bacterial Cellulose
16.2.2 Carbon Derived From Nanocrystalline Cellulose of Plant Origin
16.2.3 Carbon Aerogels Produced From Bacterial Cellulose
16.2.4 Chitosan and Sodium Alginate for Preparation of Carbon Aerogels
16.3 Graphene-Like Materials and Nanotubes Produced From Polysaccharides
16.4 Biocarbon Quantum Dots
16.5 Membranes Containing Carbon Nanoparticles Derived From Cellulose
16.6 Conclusions 358 References
17. Rheology and Structural Properties of Polysaccharides
Andreea Irina Barzic
17.1 Introduction
17.2 General Structural Features of Polysaccharides
17.3 Main Types of Polysaccharides and Their Structural Properties
17.4 Rheological Behavior of Polysaccharides
17.4.1 Semi-Diluted and Concentrated Solutions of Polysaccharides
17.4.2 Gels of Polysaccharides
17.4.3 Polysaccharide Liquid Crystals
17.5 Conclusions
References
18. Gums-Based Bionanostructures for Medical Applications
Hira Munir, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Imran Khan and Hafiz M.N. Iqbal
18.1 Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds
18.2 Natural Gums—Physicochemical Features
18.3 Sources of Natural Gums
18.3.1 Exudate Gums
18.3.2 Mucilages
18.3.3 Seaweed Polysaccharides
18.3.4 Microbial Polysaccharides
18.3.5 Animal Polysaccharide
18.3.6 Other Sources of Polysaccharide Gums
18.4 Classification of Gums
18.4.1 According to the Charge
18.4.2 According to the Source
18.4.3 According to Shape
18.4.4 According to Monomeric Units in Chemical Structure
18.4.5 Semi-Synthetic Gums
18.5 Composition of Natural Gums
18.6 Extraction and Purification of Natural Gums
18.7 Modification and Hydrolysis of Natural Gums
18.8 Medical Applications of Gums-Based Bio-Nanostructures
18.8.1 Conductive Adhesive Properties and Pharmaceutical Applications
18.8.2 Application in Imaging and Cell Studies
18.8.3 Application in Sutures
18.8.4 Biomaterials for Implantation
18.9 Conclusions
References
19. Alginates: Properties and Applications
Sapna Raghav, Pallavi Jain and Dinesh Kumar
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Properties of Sodium Alginate (Na-Alg)
19.2.1 Thickening Property of Alginates
19.2.2 Gelling Property of Alginates
19.2.3 Film-Forming Property
19.2.4 Lipophilicity
19.2.5 Solubility
19.2.6 pH Sensitivity
19.3 Chemical Properties
19.4 Applications
19.4.1 Bone Tissue Engineering
19.4.2 Pharmaceutical Applications
19.4.2.1 Small Chemical Drug Delivery
19.4.2.2 Protein Delivery
19.4.3 Wound Dressing
19.4.4 Vaccine Delivery
19.4.5 Water Treatment Application
19.4.6 Alginate for Anion Removal
19.5 Conclusions and Prospects
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
20. Marine Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications
Olugbenga Samuel Michael, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Ayodele Eugene Ayeni, Muhammad Akram, Inamuddin, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Mathew Olaniyan and Musa Abidemi Muhibi
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Marine Bacteria That Produce Polysaccharides
20.3 Marine Fungi That Produce Polysaccharide
20.4 Production, Extraction and Purification of Polysaccharides
20.4.1 Solid State Fermentation
20.4.2 Submerged Fermentation
20.4.3 Extraction and Purification of Polysaccharides
20.5 Characterization via Molecular, Biochemical and Cultural Characterization of Marine Polysaccharides
20.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendation to Knowledge
References
21. Polysaccharides: Promising Constituent for the Preparation of Nanomaterials
Rafeeya Shams, Quratul Eain Hyder Rizvi, Aamir Hussain Dar, Ishrat Majid, Shafat Ahmad Khan and Anurag Singh
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Classification and Types of Nanomaterials
21.2 Preparation of Polysaccharide-Dependent Nanomaterials
21.2.1 Electrospinning
21.2.2 Dip Coating, Film Casting, and Physical Mixing
21.2.3 Layer by Layer Assembly
21.2.4 Ionotropic Gelation, Colloidal Assembly and Coprecipitation
21.2.5 In Situ NP Preparation
21.2.6 Ionotropic Gelation
21.3 Biocompatibility of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
21.4 Conclusions and Summary
References
22. Anticancer Potential of Polysaccharides
Ali Raza, Javed Iqbal, Muhammad Usman Munir, Anila Asif and Arsalan Ahmed
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Mode of Action
22.2.1 Cell-Cycle Arrest
22.2.2 Receptor
22.2.3 Immunomodulatory Effect
22.2.4 Chemotherapy Enhancement
22.2.5 Mitochondrial Membrane Inhibition
22.2.6 Free Radicals Capture
22.3 Polysaccharides in Cancer Treatment
22.3.1 Lung Cancer
22.3.2 Blood Cancer
22.3.3 Liver Cancer
22.3.4 Gastric and Colon Cancer
22.3.5 Bladder and Kidney Cancer
22.3.6 Breast Cancer
22.3.7 Cervical Cancer
22.4 Polysaccharides in Conventional Therapies
22.4.1 Chemotherapy
22.4.2 Radiotherapy
22.4.3 Surgery
22.4.4 Phototherapy
22.4.5 Drug Delivery
22.4.6 Bioimaging
22.4.7 Food Supplement
22.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends
References
23. Polysaccharide-Based Membrane for Packaging Applications
Saumya Pandey
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Polysaccharides as Biomaterials for Biodegradable Packaging
23.2.1 Polysaccharides Extracted From Animals
23.2.1.1 Chitin and Chitosan
23.2.2 Polysaccharides Extracted From Plants
23.2.2.1 Cellulose
23.2.2.2 Pectin
23.2.2.3 Starch
23.2.2.4 Galactomannans
23.2.3 Polysaccharides Extracted From Algae
23.2.3.1 Carrageenan
23.2.3.2 Alginate
23.2.4 Polysaccharides Synthesized by Microorganisms
23.2.4.1 Pullulan
23.2.4.2 Gellan Gum
23.2.4.3 Xanthan Gum
23.2.4.4 FucoPol
23.3 Properties of Polysaccharide-Based Packaging Film or Coating
23.3.1 Barrier Properties of Film or Coatings
23.3.2 Mechanical Properties of the Film
23.4 Polysaccharides-Based Nanocomposites Packaging
23.5 Polysaccharides-Based Films and Coatings in Food Packaging Applications 23.5.1 Food Preservation and Self-Life Extension
23.5.2 Antimicrobial Coating
23.5.3 Delaying of Post-Harvest Ripening
23.5.4 Restoring Color, Aroma and Nutritional Value
23.5.5 Antioxidant Properties
23.6 Conclusion and Prospects
References
24. Applications of Polysaccharides in Cancer Treatment
Nivedita Pujari S., Joy Hoskeri H., Anand I. Torvi and Arun K. Shettar
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Types of Polysaccharides Used in Cancer Treatment
24.2.1 Animal Polysaccharides
24.2.2 Vegetal Polysaccharides
24.2.3 Microorganism and Fungi Polysaccharides
24.3 Mechanism of Polysaccharides as Anticancer Agent
24.3.1 Actions of Polysaccharides as Anticancer Agent
24.3.2 Role of Polysaccharides in Cell Signaling
24.3.3 Effect of Polysaccharides in Cell Signaling
24.3.4 Antitumor Effect of Polysaccharides
24.4 Usage of Polysaccharides in Preclinical and Clinical Models of Cancer
24.4.1 In-Vitro Cell Line Model
24.4.2 Polysaccharides as Antitumor/Anticancer in Animal Model Study
24.4.3 Clinical Trials of Polysaccharides in Cancer Treatment
24.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
25. Application of Chitosan-Based Catalysts for Heterocycles Synthesis
and Other Reactions
Yadavalli Venkata Durga Nageswar, Nelson L.C. Domingues, Ramesh Katla and Rakhi Katla
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Recent Research Reports
25.2.1 Furans
25.2.2 Pyrazoles
25.2.3 Imidazoles
25.2.4 Oxazoles
25.2.5 Thiazoles
25.2.6 Triazoles
25.2.7 Tetrazoles
25.2.8 Pyridines
25.2.9 Quinolines
25.2.10 Pyrazines
25.2.11 Pyrimidines
25.2.12 Quinazolines
25.2.13 Phthalazines
25.2.14 Perimidines
25.2.15 Pyrans
25.2.16 Coumarins
25.2.17 Chromenes
25.2.18 Other Reactions
25.2.18.1 Oxidations
25.2.18.2 Reductions
25.2.18.3 Coupling/Condensation Reactions
25.2.18.4 Isomerization
25.2.18.5 Ring Opening
25.3 Conclusion
References
26. Preparation and Applications of Polysaccharide-Based Composites
Sadaf Ahmad, Bushra Anees Palvasha, Bakar bin Khatab Abbasi, Muhammad Shahid Nazir, Majid Niaz Akhtar, Zaman Tahir and Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Types
26.2.1 Cellulose
26.2.2 Starch
26.2.3 Glycogen
26.2.4 Chitin
26.2.5 Pectin
26.3 Importance
26.4 Fabrication and Applications of Polysaccharide-Inorganic-Based Composites 26.4.1 Cellulose–Inorganic Materials
26.4.2 Starch–Inorganic Materials
26.4.3 Pectin–Inorganic Materials
26.4.4 Chitin and Chitosan–Inorganic Materials
26.4.5 Polysaccharides–Metal Organic Frameworks
26.5 Recent Applications
26.6 Conclusion
References
27. Polysaccharide-Based Liquid Crystals
Sumaira Saleem, Gulzar Muhammad, Muhammad Mudassir Iqbal, Muhammad Ajaz Hussain, Muhammad Arshad Raza, Zahid Shafiq and Haseeba Razzaq
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Polysaccharides-Based Liquid Crystals
27.2.1 Cellulose-Based Liquid Crystals
27.2.2 Liquid Crystals From Cellulose Derivatives
27.2.3 Amylose-Based Liquid Crystals
27.2.4 Dextrin-Based Liquid Crystals
27.2.5 Chitin-Based Liquid Crystals
27.2.6 Schizophyllan-Based Liquid Crystals
27.3 Conclusion
References
28. Patents on Polysaccharide Applications
Nadhratun Naiim Mobarak, Sharifah Nabihah Syed Jaafar and Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Polysaccharides in Medical Application
28.3 Polysaccharides in Cosmetic Application
28.4 Polysaccharides in Battery Components
28.5 Polysaccharides in Paper Manufacture
28.6 Conclusion
References
29. Applications of Polysaccharides in Controlled Release Drug Delivery System
Muhammad Harris Shoaib, Muhammad Sikandar, Farrukh Rafiq Ahmed, Fatima Ramzan Ali, Faaiza Qazi, Rabia Ismail Yousuf, Asma Irshad, Sabahat Jabeen and Kamran Ahmed
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Polysaccharides From Plant Sources and Their Derivatives
29.2.1 Cellulose
29.2.2 Cellulose Derivatives
29.2.2.1 Cellulose Ethers
29.2.2.2 Cellulose Esters
29.2.3 Hemicellulose
29.2.3.1 Mannans
29.2.4 Starch
29.2.5 Pectin
29.2.6 Lignin
29.2.7 Inulin
29.3 Gums
29.3.1 Exudate Gums
29.3.1.1 Gum Arabic (Gum Acacia)
29.3.1.2 Gum Tragacanth
29.3.1.3 Gum Karaya
29.3.2 Mucilage Gums
29.3.2.1 Okra Gum
29.3.2.2 Khaya Gum
29.3.2.3 Hakea Gum
29.3.2.4 Cassia tora Gum
29.3.2.5 Albizia Gum
29.3.2.6 Prunus cerasoides Gum
29.3.2.7 Tamarind Gum
29.3.2.8 Cissus populnea Gum
29.4 Polysaccharides From Algal Sources
29.4.1 Alginates
29.4.2 Galactans
29.4.3 Carrageenan
29.4.4 Agar
29.4.5 Agarose
29.5 Polysaccharides From Fungal Sources
29.5.1 Scleroglucan
29.5.2 Beta-Glucan
29.5.3 Pullulan
29.6 Polysaccharides From Animals Sources and Their Derivatives
29.6.1 Chitin
29.6.2 Chitosan
29.6.3 Hyaluronic Acid
29.6.4 Glycogen
29.6.5 Chondroitin Sulfate
29.6.6 Dermatan Sulfate
29.6.7 Gelatin
29.7 Polysaccharides From Microorganisms
29.7.1 Curdlan
29.7.2 Xanthan Gum
29.7.3 Gellan Gum
References
30. Applications of Polysaccharides in Nutrition and Medicine
Nivedita Pujari S., Arun K. Shettar and Joy Hoskeri H.
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Sources of Polysaccharides
30.2.1 Polysaccharides in Dietary Fibers
30.2.2 Polysaccharides in Plants
30.2.3 Polysaccharides in Algae and Lichens
30.2.4 Polysaccharides in Fungi
30.2.5 Polysaccharides From Bacteria
30.2.6 Polysaccharides From Other Sources
30.3 Role of Polysaccharides in Nutrition
30.3.1 Polysaccharides in Food
30.3.2 Polysaccharides as Energy Sources
30.3.3 Health Impact of Polysaccharides
30.3.4 Nutritional Aspect of Polysaccharides
30.4 Biomedical Applications of Polysaccharides
30.4.1 Polysaccharides as Antimicrobial and Antiviral
30.4.2 Polysaccharides as Antitumor/Anticancer
30.4.3 Polysaccharides as Anti-Obesity and Anti-Hypercholesterolemic Agents
30.4.4 Polysaccharides as Antidiabetic Agents
30.4.5 Polysaccharides as Immune Modulator Agent
30.4.6 Polysaccharides as Anti-Inflammatory Agent
30.4.7 Polysaccharides as Neuro-Protective Agent
30.4.8 Polysaccharides as a Source of Antioxidant
30.4.9 Polysaccharides in Wound Healing and Wound Dressing
30.5 Conclusion
References
31. Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines: Progress and Achievements
Rafig Gurbanov
31.1 A Brief History of Vaccination
31.2 The Leverage of Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines Over Natural
Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines
31.3 The Principles of Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines
31.3.1 Tumor Vaccines
31.3.2 Leishmaniasis Vaccines
31.3.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccines
31.3.4 Bacterial Vaccines
31.4 The Opportunities and Prospects of Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccine Technologies
References
32. Polysaccharides Derived From Natural Sources: A Panacea to Health
and Nutritional Challenges
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Muhammad Akram, Olugbenga Samuel Michael, Khuram Shahzad, Ayodele Eugene Ayeni, Sidra Hasan, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji,
Syed Muhammad Hasan, Inamuddin, Mathew Olaniyan and Musa Abidemi Muhibi
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Different Types of Polysaccharides Derived From Different Natural Sources
32.2.1 Polysaccharides Derived From Plants and Their Applications
32.2.2 Animal Derived Polysaccharides and Their Applications
32.2.2.1 Chitosan and Chitin
32.2.2.2 Heparin and Heparin Sulfates
32.2.2.3 Hyaluronic Acid
32.2.3 Microorganisms Derived Polysaccharides and Their Applications
32.2.3.1 Alginate
32.2.3.2 Dextran
32.2.3.3 Fucoidans
32.2.3.4 Spirulina
32.2.4 Homoglycans
32.2.4.1 Starch and Hetastarch
32.2.4.2 Cellulose
32.2.4.3 Inulin
32.2.4.4 Chitin and Chitosan
32.2.4.5 Glycogen
32.2.4.6 Heteroglycans and Other Polysaccharides
32.2.4.7 Glycosaminoglycans Significance
32.2.4.8 Chondroitin Sulfates
32.2.4.9 Hyaluronic Acid
32.2.4.10 Alginic Acid
32.2.4.11 Mucopolysaccharidoses
32.3 Production, Extraction and Purification of Polysaccharides
32.3.1 Solid State Fermentation
32.3.2 Submerged Fermentation
32.3.3 Extraction and Purification Process of Polysaccharides
32.4 Specific Examples of Polysaccharides and Their Various Applications in Nutrition and Medicine
32.4.1 Schizophyllan
32.4.1.1 Antitumor Activity of Schizophyllan
32.4.1.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Schizophyllan
32.4.1.3 Immunomodulatory Activity of Schizophyllan
32.4.1.4 Prebiotic Potential of Schizophyllan
32.4.2 Pleuran and Others Polysaccharides From Pleurotus spp.
32.4.2.1 Specific Nutritional and Beneficial Functions of Pleurotus Polysaccharides
32.4.3 Scleroglucan
32.4.3.1 Applications for Nutritional and Medicinal Purposes Derived From Scleroglucan
32.4.5 Other Essential Polysaccharides With Medical Significance
32.5 Conclusion and Recommendation to Knowledge
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Natural Polysaccharides From Aloe vera L. Gel (Aloe barbadensis Miller): Processing Techniques and Analytical Methods
Silvana Teresa Lacerda Jales, Raquel de Melo Barbosa, Girliane Regina da Silva, Patricia Severino and Tulio Flávio Accioly de Lima Moura
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Gel Composition from A. vera
1.2 Applications of A. vera Mucilaginous Gel or Fractions
1.3 Aloe vera Gel Processing
1.3.1 Obtaining Polysaccharide Fraction or Acemannan
1.4 Analytical Methods Applied
1.4.1 Total Carbohydrates, Oligosaccharides, Acemannan and Free Sugars
1.4.2 Analytical Techniques
1.4.2.1 Chromatography Analysis
1.4.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
1.4.2.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
1.4.2.4 Mass Spectrometry
1.4.2.5 Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy
1.4.2.6 Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling
1.5 Conclusion
References
2. Cell Wall Polysaccharides
Ata Ullah, Lutufur Rahman, Muhammad Bilal Yazdani, Muhammad Irfan, Waheed S. Khan and Asma Rehman
2.1 Introduction to Cell Wall
2.2 Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides
2.2.1 Cellulose
2.2.2 Hemicellulose
2.2.2.1 Xyloglucan
2.2.2.2 Xylans
2.2.2.3 Mannans
2.2.3 Callose
2.2.4 Pectic Polysaccharides
2.2.4.1 Homogalacturonan (HG)
2.2.4.2 Arabinan
2.3 Algal Cell Wall Polysaccharides
2.3.1 Alginates
2.3.2 Sulfated Galactans
2.3.3 Fucoidans
2.4 Fungal Cell Wall Polysaccharides
2.4.1 Glucan
2.4.2 Chitin and Chitosan
2.5 Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides
2.5.1 Peptidoglycan
2.5.2 Lipopolysaccharides
References
3. Marine Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications
Tonmoy Ghosh, Rabinder Singh, Asha Arumugam Nesamma and Pannaga Pavan Jutur
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Polysaccharide Origins
3.3 Properties
3.3.1 Cellulose
3.3.2 Chitosan
3.3.3 Alginate
3.3.4 Carrageenan
3.3.5 Agar
3.3.6 Porphyran
3.3.7 Fucoidan
3.3.8 Ulvan
3.3.9 Exopolysaccharides From Microalgae
3.4 Applications of Polysaccharides
3.4.1 Biomedical Applications
3.4.1.1 Cellulose
3.4.1.2 Chitosan
3.4.1.3 Alginate
3.4.2 Food Applications
3.4.2.1 Cellulose
3.4.2.2 Chitosan
3.4.2.3 Alginates
3.4.2.4 Carrageenan
3.4.2.5 Agar
3.4.3 Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Applications
3.4.3.1 Cellulose
3.4.3.2 Chitosan
3.4.3.3 Alginate
3.4.3.4 Carrageenan
3.4.3.5 Porphyran
3.4.3.6 Fucoidan
3.4.4 Agriculture
3.5 Conclusions
References
4. Seaweed Polysaccharides: Structure, Extraction and Applications
Oya Irmak Şahin
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Agar
4.1.2 Carrageenan
4.1.3 Alginate (Alginic Acid, Algin)
4.1.4 Fucoidan
4.1.5 Laminaran
4.1.6 Ulvan
4.2 Conclusion
References
5. Agars: Properties and Applications
Sudhakar Padmesh and Aditi Singh
5.1 History and Origin of Agar
5.1.1 Agarophytes Used in Agar Manufacturing
5.2 Physical Properties of Agar Producing Seaweeds
5.3 Agar Manufacturing
5.3.1 Types of Agar Manufacturing
5.3.1.1 Freeze–Thaw Method
5.3.1.2 Syneresis Method
5.4 Structure of Agar
5.5 Heterogeneity of Agar
5.6 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Agar
5.7 Chemical Characteristics of Agar
5.8 Factors Influencing the Characteristics of Agar
5.8.1 Techniques to Analyze the Fine Chemical Structure of Agar
5.8.2 Synergies and Antagonisms of Agar Gels
5.9 Uses of Agar in Various Sectors
5.9.1 Applications of Agar in Food Industry
5.9.2 Application of Agar in Harvesting Insects and Worms
5.9.3 Vegetable Tissue Culture Formulations
5.9.4 Culture Media for Microbes
5.9.5 Industrial Applications of Agar
5.10 Conclusion and Discussion
References
6. Biopolysaccharides: Properties and Applications
Sinem Tunçer
6.1 Structure and Classification of Biopolysaccharides
6.1.1 Structure
6.1.2 Classification
6.1.3 Structural Characterization Techniques
6.2 Uses
6.2.1 Functional Fibers
6.2.2 Biomedicine and Applications of Biopolysaccharides
6.2.2.1 Tissue Engineering
6.2.2.2 Wound Healing
6.2.2.3 Drug Loading and Delivery
6.2.2.4 Therapeutics
6.2.3 Cosmetics
6.2.4 Foods and Food Ingredients
6.2.5 Biofuels
6.2.6 Wastewater Treatment
6.2.7 Textiles
6.3 Conclusion
References
7. Chitosan Derivatives: Properties and Applications
Gincy Marina Mathew, Sarah Bill Ulaeto, Reshmy R., Rajeev Kumar Sukumaran, Parameswaran Binod, Ashok Pandey and Raveendran Sindhu
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Properties of Chitosan Derivatives
7.2.1 Physiochemical Properties
7.2.2 Functional Properties
7.2.3 Biological Properties of Chitosan
7.3 Applications of Chitosan Derivatives
7.3.1 Anticancer Agents
7.3.2 Bone Tissue Material Formation
7.3.3 Wound Healing, Tissue Regeneration and Antimicrobial Resistance
7.3.4 Drug Delivery
7.3.5 Chromatographic Separations
7.3.6 Waste Management
7.3.7 Food Industry
7.3.8 In Cosmetics
7.3.9 In Paint as Antifouling Coatings
7.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
8. Green Seaweed Polysaccharides Inventory of Nador Lagoon in North East Morocco
El Asri Ouahid, Ramdani Mohamed and Fadlaoui Soufiane
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Nador Lagoon: Situation and Characteristics
8.3 Seaweed
8.4 Polysaccharides in Seaweed
8.5 Algae Polysaccharides in Nador Lagoon’s Seaweed
8.5.1 C. prolifera
8.5.1.1 Sulfated Galactans
8.5.2 U. rigida & E. intestinalis
8.5.2.1 Ulvan
8.5.3 C. adhaerens, C. bursa, C. tomentosum
8.5.3.1 Sulfated Arabinans
8.5.3.2 Sulfated Arabinogalactans
8.5.3.3 Mannans
8.6 Conclusion
References
9. Salep Glucomannan: Properties and Applications
Abdullah Kurt
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Production
9.3 Composition and Physicochemical Structure
9.4 Rheological Properties
9.5 Purification and Deacetylation
9.6 Food Applications
9.6.1 Beverage
9.6.2 Ice Cream and Emulsion Stabilizing
9.6.3 Edible Film/Coating
9.6.4 Gelation
9.7 Health Benefits
9.8 Conclusions and Future Trends
References
10. Exudate Tree Gums: Properties and Applications
Aruna Jyothi Kora
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Gum Arabic
10.1.2 Gum Karaya
10.1.3 Gum Kondagogu
10.1.4 Gum Ghatti
10.1.5 Gum Tragacanth
10.1.6 Gum Olibanum
10.2 Nanobiotechnology Applications
10.3 Minor Tree Gums
10.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
11. Cellulose and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications
Rafael de Avila Delucis, Pedro Henrique Gonzalez de Cademartori, André Ricardo Fajardo and Sandro Campos Amico
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Main Raw Materials
11.3 Composition and Chemical Structure of Lignocellulosic Materials
11.4 Cellulose: Chemical Backbone and Crystalline Formats
11.5 Cellulose Extraction
11.5.1 Mechanical Methods
11.5.2 Chemical Methods 11.6 Cellulose Products and its Derivatives
11.7 Main Applications
11.8 Conclusion
References
12. Starch and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications
Bhanita Goswami and Debajyoti Mahanta
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Starch
12.2.1 Size, Morphology and Crystallinity of Starch Granules
12.2.2 Physical Properties due to Associated Lipids, Proteins and Phosphorus With Starch Granules
12.2.3 Solubility and Swelling Capacity of Starch
12.2.4 Gelatinization and Retrogradation of Starch
12.2.5 Birefringence and Glass Transition Temperature of Starch
12.2.6 Rheological and Thermal Properties of Starch
12.2.7 Transmittance and Opacity of Starch
12.2.8 Melt Processability of Starch
12.3 Modification of Starch
12.3.1 Physical Modification of Starch
12.3.2 Chemical Modification of Starch
12.3.3 Dual Modification of Starch
12.3.4 Enzymatic Modification of Starch
12.3.5 Genetic Modification of Starch
12.4 Application of Starch and its Derivatives
12.4.1 In Food Industry
12.4.2 In Paper Industry
12.4.3 Starch as Binders
12.4.4 In Detergent Products
12.4.5 As Biodegradable Thermoplastic Materials or Bioplastics
12.4.6 In Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries
12.4.7 As Industrial Raw Materials
12.4.8 As Adsorbents for Environmental Applications
12.4.9 As Food Packaging Materials
12.4.10 In Drug Delivery
12.4.11 As Antimicrobial Films and Coatings
12.4.12 In Advanced Functional Materials
12.5 Conclusion
References
13. Crystallization of Polysaccharides
Mohsen Khodadadi Yazdi, Farzad Seidi, Yongcan Jin, Payam Zarrintaj, Huining Xiao, Amin Esmaeili, Sajjad Habibzadeh and Mohammad Reza Saeb
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Principles of Crystallization of Polysaccharides
13.3 Techniques for Crystallinity Measurement
13.4 Crystallization Behavior of Polysaccharides
13.4.1 Cellulose
13.4.2 Chitosan and Chitin
13.4.3 Starch
13.5 Polymer/Polysaccharide Crystalline Nanocomposites
13.6 Conclusion
References
14. Polysaccharides as Novel Materials for Tissue Engineering Applications
Nandini A. Pattanashetti, Anand I. Torvi, Arun K. Shettar, Pramod B. Gai and Mahadevappa Y. Kariduraganavar
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Types of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
14.3 Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
14.4 Polysaccharide-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
14.4.1 Alginate-Based Scaffolds
14.4.2 Chitosan-Based Scaffolds
14.4.3 Cellulose-Based Scaffolds
14.4.4 Dextran and Pullulan-Based Scaffolds
14.4.5 Starch-Based Scaffolds
14.4.6 Xanthan-Based Scaffolds
14.4.7 Glycosaminoglycans-Based Scaffolds
14.5 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
15. Structure and Solubility of Polysaccharides
Vickramjeet Singh, Shikha Indoria, K.J. Jisha and Ramesh L. Gardas
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Polysaccharide Structure and Solubility in Water
15.3 Solubility and Molecular Weight
15.4 Solubility and Branching
15.5 Polysaccharide Solutions
15.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
16. Polysaccharides: An Efficient Tool for Fabrication of Carbon Nanomaterials
Yuliya Dzyazko and Vladimir Ogenko
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Aerogels
16.2.1 Plant and Bacterial Cellulose
16.2.2 Carbon Derived From Nanocrystalline Cellulose of Plant Origin
16.2.3 Carbon Aerogels Produced From Bacterial Cellulose
16.2.4 Chitosan and Sodium Alginate for Preparation of Carbon Aerogels
16.3 Graphene-Like Materials and Nanotubes Produced From Polysaccharides
16.4 Biocarbon Quantum Dots
16.5 Membranes Containing Carbon Nanoparticles Derived From Cellulose
16.6 Conclusions 358 References
17. Rheology and Structural Properties of Polysaccharides
Andreea Irina Barzic
17.1 Introduction
17.2 General Structural Features of Polysaccharides
17.3 Main Types of Polysaccharides and Their Structural Properties
17.4 Rheological Behavior of Polysaccharides
17.4.1 Semi-Diluted and Concentrated Solutions of Polysaccharides
17.4.2 Gels of Polysaccharides
17.4.3 Polysaccharide Liquid Crystals
17.5 Conclusions
References
18. Gums-Based Bionanostructures for Medical Applications
Hira Munir, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Imran Khan and Hafiz M.N. Iqbal
18.1 Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds
18.2 Natural Gums—Physicochemical Features
18.3 Sources of Natural Gums
18.3.1 Exudate Gums
18.3.2 Mucilages
18.3.3 Seaweed Polysaccharides
18.3.4 Microbial Polysaccharides
18.3.5 Animal Polysaccharide
18.3.6 Other Sources of Polysaccharide Gums
18.4 Classification of Gums
18.4.1 According to the Charge
18.4.2 According to the Source
18.4.3 According to Shape
18.4.4 According to Monomeric Units in Chemical Structure
18.4.5 Semi-Synthetic Gums
18.5 Composition of Natural Gums
18.6 Extraction and Purification of Natural Gums
18.7 Modification and Hydrolysis of Natural Gums
18.8 Medical Applications of Gums-Based Bio-Nanostructures
18.8.1 Conductive Adhesive Properties and Pharmaceutical Applications
18.8.2 Application in Imaging and Cell Studies
18.8.3 Application in Sutures
18.8.4 Biomaterials for Implantation
18.9 Conclusions
References
19. Alginates: Properties and Applications
Sapna Raghav, Pallavi Jain and Dinesh Kumar
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Properties of Sodium Alginate (Na-Alg)
19.2.1 Thickening Property of Alginates
19.2.2 Gelling Property of Alginates
19.2.3 Film-Forming Property
19.2.4 Lipophilicity
19.2.5 Solubility
19.2.6 pH Sensitivity
19.3 Chemical Properties
19.4 Applications
19.4.1 Bone Tissue Engineering
19.4.2 Pharmaceutical Applications
19.4.2.1 Small Chemical Drug Delivery
19.4.2.2 Protein Delivery
19.4.3 Wound Dressing
19.4.4 Vaccine Delivery
19.4.5 Water Treatment Application
19.4.6 Alginate for Anion Removal
19.5 Conclusions and Prospects
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
20. Marine Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications
Olugbenga Samuel Michael, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Ayodele Eugene Ayeni, Muhammad Akram, Inamuddin, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Mathew Olaniyan and Musa Abidemi Muhibi
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Marine Bacteria That Produce Polysaccharides
20.3 Marine Fungi That Produce Polysaccharide
20.4 Production, Extraction and Purification of Polysaccharides
20.4.1 Solid State Fermentation
20.4.2 Submerged Fermentation
20.4.3 Extraction and Purification of Polysaccharides
20.5 Characterization via Molecular, Biochemical and Cultural Characterization of Marine Polysaccharides
20.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendation to Knowledge
References
21. Polysaccharides: Promising Constituent for the Preparation of Nanomaterials
Rafeeya Shams, Quratul Eain Hyder Rizvi, Aamir Hussain Dar, Ishrat Majid, Shafat Ahmad Khan and Anurag Singh
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Classification and Types of Nanomaterials
21.2 Preparation of Polysaccharide-Dependent Nanomaterials
21.2.1 Electrospinning
21.2.2 Dip Coating, Film Casting, and Physical Mixing
21.2.3 Layer by Layer Assembly
21.2.4 Ionotropic Gelation, Colloidal Assembly and Coprecipitation
21.2.5 In Situ NP Preparation
21.2.6 Ionotropic Gelation
21.3 Biocompatibility of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
21.4 Conclusions and Summary
References
22. Anticancer Potential of Polysaccharides
Ali Raza, Javed Iqbal, Muhammad Usman Munir, Anila Asif and Arsalan Ahmed
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Mode of Action
22.2.1 Cell-Cycle Arrest
22.2.2 Receptor
22.2.3 Immunomodulatory Effect
22.2.4 Chemotherapy Enhancement
22.2.5 Mitochondrial Membrane Inhibition
22.2.6 Free Radicals Capture
22.3 Polysaccharides in Cancer Treatment
22.3.1 Lung Cancer
22.3.2 Blood Cancer
22.3.3 Liver Cancer
22.3.4 Gastric and Colon Cancer
22.3.5 Bladder and Kidney Cancer
22.3.6 Breast Cancer
22.3.7 Cervical Cancer
22.4 Polysaccharides in Conventional Therapies
22.4.1 Chemotherapy
22.4.2 Radiotherapy
22.4.3 Surgery
22.4.4 Phototherapy
22.4.5 Drug Delivery
22.4.6 Bioimaging
22.4.7 Food Supplement
22.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends
References
23. Polysaccharide-Based Membrane for Packaging Applications
Saumya Pandey
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Polysaccharides as Biomaterials for Biodegradable Packaging
23.2.1 Polysaccharides Extracted From Animals
23.2.1.1 Chitin and Chitosan
23.2.2 Polysaccharides Extracted From Plants
23.2.2.1 Cellulose
23.2.2.2 Pectin
23.2.2.3 Starch
23.2.2.4 Galactomannans
23.2.3 Polysaccharides Extracted From Algae
23.2.3.1 Carrageenan
23.2.3.2 Alginate
23.2.4 Polysaccharides Synthesized by Microorganisms
23.2.4.1 Pullulan
23.2.4.2 Gellan Gum
23.2.4.3 Xanthan Gum
23.2.4.4 FucoPol
23.3 Properties of Polysaccharide-Based Packaging Film or Coating
23.3.1 Barrier Properties of Film or Coatings
23.3.2 Mechanical Properties of the Film
23.4 Polysaccharides-Based Nanocomposites Packaging
23.5 Polysaccharides-Based Films and Coatings in Food Packaging Applications 23.5.1 Food Preservation and Self-Life Extension
23.5.2 Antimicrobial Coating
23.5.3 Delaying of Post-Harvest Ripening
23.5.4 Restoring Color, Aroma and Nutritional Value
23.5.5 Antioxidant Properties
23.6 Conclusion and Prospects
References
24. Applications of Polysaccharides in Cancer Treatment
Nivedita Pujari S., Joy Hoskeri H., Anand I. Torvi and Arun K. Shettar
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Types of Polysaccharides Used in Cancer Treatment
24.2.1 Animal Polysaccharides
24.2.2 Vegetal Polysaccharides
24.2.3 Microorganism and Fungi Polysaccharides
24.3 Mechanism of Polysaccharides as Anticancer Agent
24.3.1 Actions of Polysaccharides as Anticancer Agent
24.3.2 Role of Polysaccharides in Cell Signaling
24.3.3 Effect of Polysaccharides in Cell Signaling
24.3.4 Antitumor Effect of Polysaccharides
24.4 Usage of Polysaccharides in Preclinical and Clinical Models of Cancer
24.4.1 In-Vitro Cell Line Model
24.4.2 Polysaccharides as Antitumor/Anticancer in Animal Model Study
24.4.3 Clinical Trials of Polysaccharides in Cancer Treatment
24.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
25. Application of Chitosan-Based Catalysts for Heterocycles Synthesis
and Other Reactions
Yadavalli Venkata Durga Nageswar, Nelson L.C. Domingues, Ramesh Katla and Rakhi Katla
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Recent Research Reports
25.2.1 Furans
25.2.2 Pyrazoles
25.2.3 Imidazoles
25.2.4 Oxazoles
25.2.5 Thiazoles
25.2.6 Triazoles
25.2.7 Tetrazoles
25.2.8 Pyridines
25.2.9 Quinolines
25.2.10 Pyrazines
25.2.11 Pyrimidines
25.2.12 Quinazolines
25.2.13 Phthalazines
25.2.14 Perimidines
25.2.15 Pyrans
25.2.16 Coumarins
25.2.17 Chromenes
25.2.18 Other Reactions
25.2.18.1 Oxidations
25.2.18.2 Reductions
25.2.18.3 Coupling/Condensation Reactions
25.2.18.4 Isomerization
25.2.18.5 Ring Opening
25.3 Conclusion
References
26. Preparation and Applications of Polysaccharide-Based Composites
Sadaf Ahmad, Bushra Anees Palvasha, Bakar bin Khatab Abbasi, Muhammad Shahid Nazir, Majid Niaz Akhtar, Zaman Tahir and Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Types
26.2.1 Cellulose
26.2.2 Starch
26.2.3 Glycogen
26.2.4 Chitin
26.2.5 Pectin
26.3 Importance
26.4 Fabrication and Applications of Polysaccharide-Inorganic-Based Composites 26.4.1 Cellulose–Inorganic Materials
26.4.2 Starch–Inorganic Materials
26.4.3 Pectin–Inorganic Materials
26.4.4 Chitin and Chitosan–Inorganic Materials
26.4.5 Polysaccharides–Metal Organic Frameworks
26.5 Recent Applications
26.6 Conclusion
References
27. Polysaccharide-Based Liquid Crystals
Sumaira Saleem, Gulzar Muhammad, Muhammad Mudassir Iqbal, Muhammad Ajaz Hussain, Muhammad Arshad Raza, Zahid Shafiq and Haseeba Razzaq
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Polysaccharides-Based Liquid Crystals
27.2.1 Cellulose-Based Liquid Crystals
27.2.2 Liquid Crystals From Cellulose Derivatives
27.2.3 Amylose-Based Liquid Crystals
27.2.4 Dextrin-Based Liquid Crystals
27.2.5 Chitin-Based Liquid Crystals
27.2.6 Schizophyllan-Based Liquid Crystals
27.3 Conclusion
References
28. Patents on Polysaccharide Applications
Nadhratun Naiim Mobarak, Sharifah Nabihah Syed Jaafar and Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Polysaccharides in Medical Application
28.3 Polysaccharides in Cosmetic Application
28.4 Polysaccharides in Battery Components
28.5 Polysaccharides in Paper Manufacture
28.6 Conclusion
References
29. Applications of Polysaccharides in Controlled Release Drug Delivery System
Muhammad Harris Shoaib, Muhammad Sikandar, Farrukh Rafiq Ahmed, Fatima Ramzan Ali, Faaiza Qazi, Rabia Ismail Yousuf, Asma Irshad, Sabahat Jabeen and Kamran Ahmed
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Polysaccharides From Plant Sources and Their Derivatives
29.2.1 Cellulose
29.2.2 Cellulose Derivatives
29.2.2.1 Cellulose Ethers
29.2.2.2 Cellulose Esters
29.2.3 Hemicellulose
29.2.3.1 Mannans
29.2.4 Starch
29.2.5 Pectin
29.2.6 Lignin
29.2.7 Inulin
29.3 Gums
29.3.1 Exudate Gums
29.3.1.1 Gum Arabic (Gum Acacia)
29.3.1.2 Gum Tragacanth
29.3.1.3 Gum Karaya
29.3.2 Mucilage Gums
29.3.2.1 Okra Gum
29.3.2.2 Khaya Gum
29.3.2.3 Hakea Gum
29.3.2.4 Cassia tora Gum
29.3.2.5 Albizia Gum
29.3.2.6 Prunus cerasoides Gum
29.3.2.7 Tamarind Gum
29.3.2.8 Cissus populnea Gum
29.4 Polysaccharides From Algal Sources
29.4.1 Alginates
29.4.2 Galactans
29.4.3 Carrageenan
29.4.4 Agar
29.4.5 Agarose
29.5 Polysaccharides From Fungal Sources
29.5.1 Scleroglucan
29.5.2 Beta-Glucan
29.5.3 Pullulan
29.6 Polysaccharides From Animals Sources and Their Derivatives
29.6.1 Chitin
29.6.2 Chitosan
29.6.3 Hyaluronic Acid
29.6.4 Glycogen
29.6.5 Chondroitin Sulfate
29.6.6 Dermatan Sulfate
29.6.7 Gelatin
29.7 Polysaccharides From Microorganisms
29.7.1 Curdlan
29.7.2 Xanthan Gum
29.7.3 Gellan Gum
References
30. Applications of Polysaccharides in Nutrition and Medicine
Nivedita Pujari S., Arun K. Shettar and Joy Hoskeri H.
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Sources of Polysaccharides
30.2.1 Polysaccharides in Dietary Fibers
30.2.2 Polysaccharides in Plants
30.2.3 Polysaccharides in Algae and Lichens
30.2.4 Polysaccharides in Fungi
30.2.5 Polysaccharides From Bacteria
30.2.6 Polysaccharides From Other Sources
30.3 Role of Polysaccharides in Nutrition
30.3.1 Polysaccharides in Food
30.3.2 Polysaccharides as Energy Sources
30.3.3 Health Impact of Polysaccharides
30.3.4 Nutritional Aspect of Polysaccharides
30.4 Biomedical Applications of Polysaccharides
30.4.1 Polysaccharides as Antimicrobial and Antiviral
30.4.2 Polysaccharides as Antitumor/Anticancer
30.4.3 Polysaccharides as Anti-Obesity and Anti-Hypercholesterolemic Agents
30.4.4 Polysaccharides as Antidiabetic Agents
30.4.5 Polysaccharides as Immune Modulator Agent
30.4.6 Polysaccharides as Anti-Inflammatory Agent
30.4.7 Polysaccharides as Neuro-Protective Agent
30.4.8 Polysaccharides as a Source of Antioxidant
30.4.9 Polysaccharides in Wound Healing and Wound Dressing
30.5 Conclusion
References
31. Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines: Progress and Achievements
Rafig Gurbanov
31.1 A Brief History of Vaccination
31.2 The Leverage of Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines Over Natural
Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines
31.3 The Principles of Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines
31.3.1 Tumor Vaccines
31.3.2 Leishmaniasis Vaccines
31.3.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccines
31.3.4 Bacterial Vaccines
31.4 The Opportunities and Prospects of Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccine Technologies
References
32. Polysaccharides Derived From Natural Sources: A Panacea to Health
and Nutritional Challenges
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Muhammad Akram, Olugbenga Samuel Michael, Khuram Shahzad, Ayodele Eugene Ayeni, Sidra Hasan, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji,
Syed Muhammad Hasan, Inamuddin, Mathew Olaniyan and Musa Abidemi Muhibi
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Different Types of Polysaccharides Derived From Different Natural Sources
32.2.1 Polysaccharides Derived From Plants and Their Applications
32.2.2 Animal Derived Polysaccharides and Their Applications
32.2.2.1 Chitosan and Chitin
32.2.2.2 Heparin and Heparin Sulfates
32.2.2.3 Hyaluronic Acid
32.2.3 Microorganisms Derived Polysaccharides and Their Applications
32.2.3.1 Alginate
32.2.3.2 Dextran
32.2.3.3 Fucoidans
32.2.3.4 Spirulina
32.2.4 Homoglycans
32.2.4.1 Starch and Hetastarch
32.2.4.2 Cellulose
32.2.4.3 Inulin
32.2.4.4 Chitin and Chitosan
32.2.4.5 Glycogen
32.2.4.6 Heteroglycans and Other Polysaccharides
32.2.4.7 Glycosaminoglycans Significance
32.2.4.8 Chondroitin Sulfates
32.2.4.9 Hyaluronic Acid
32.2.4.10 Alginic Acid
32.2.4.11 Mucopolysaccharidoses
32.3 Production, Extraction and Purification of Polysaccharides
32.3.1 Solid State Fermentation
32.3.2 Submerged Fermentation
32.3.3 Extraction and Purification Process of Polysaccharides
32.4 Specific Examples of Polysaccharides and Their Various Applications in Nutrition and Medicine
32.4.1 Schizophyllan
32.4.1.1 Antitumor Activity of Schizophyllan
32.4.1.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Schizophyllan
32.4.1.3 Immunomodulatory Activity of Schizophyllan
32.4.1.4 Prebiotic Potential of Schizophyllan
32.4.2 Pleuran and Others Polysaccharides From Pleurotus spp.
32.4.2.1 Specific Nutritional and Beneficial Functions of Pleurotus Polysaccharides
32.4.3 Scleroglucan
32.4.3.1 Applications for Nutritional and Medicinal Purposes Derived From Scleroglucan
32.4.5 Other Essential Polysaccharides With Medical Significance
32.5 Conclusion and Recommendation to Knowledge
References
Index
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