-
Browse Book Series
- Adhesion and Adhesives: Fundamental and Applied Aspects
- Advances in Additive Manufacturing Technologies
- Advances in Antenna, Microwave and Communication Engineering
- Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels
- Advances in Cyber Security
- Advances in Data Engineering and Machine Learning
- Advances in E-Mobility
- Advances in Hydrogen Production and Storage
- Advances in Intelligent and Scientific Computing (AISC)
- Advances in Learning Analytics for Intelligent Cloud-IoT Systems
- Advances in Membrane Processes
- Advances in Nanotechnology and Applications
- Advances in Natural Gas Engineering
- Advances in Pipes and Pipelines
- Advances in Production Engineering
- Advances in Solar Cell Materials and Storage
- Applied Functional Materials
- Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing for Industrial Transformation
- Astrobiology Perspectives on Life in the Universe
- Bioprocessing in Food Science
- Computational Intelligence and Biomedical Engineering
- Concise Introductions to AI and Data Science
- Cyber Systems and Quantum Engineering
- Decentralized Systems and Next-Generation Internet
- Diatoms: Biology and Applications
- Digital Convergence in Engineering Systems
- Emerging Trends in Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Engineering Systems Design for Sustainable Development
- Fintech in a Sustainable Digital Society
- Industry 5.0 Transformation Applications
- Infectious and Rare Diseases
- Innovations in Materials and Manufacturing
- Machine Learning in Biomedical Science and Healthcare Informatics
- Materials Degradation and Failure
- Mathematics and Computer Science
- Next-Generation Computing and Communication Engineering
- Performability Engineering Series
- Rotating Machinery Fundamentals and Advances
- Studies in Computational Intelligence and Smart Technologies
- Sustainable Computing and Optimization
Browse Subject Areas
For Authors
Submit a ProposalFlexible Supercapacitor Nanoarchitectonics
 | Edited by Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula and Tariq Altalhi Copyright: 2021 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119711452 | Hardcover | 664 pages | 162 illustrations Price: $245 USD  |
One Line Description
This is probably the first book of its type which systematically describes the recent developments and progress in flexible supercapacitor technology.
Audience
This book will appeal to scientists, researchers and engineers in industry and academia who work in any field of flexible power sources, solid-state electrochemistry, advanced energy storage materials science, energy, electronics, advanced materials, and wearable electronics.
This book will appeal to scientists, researchers and engineers in industry and academia who work in any field of flexible power sources, solid-state electrochemistry, advanced energy storage materials science, energy, electronics, advanced materials, and wearable electronics.
Description
The tremendous energy demands for miniaturized portable and wearable electronic devices have inspired intense research on lightweight flexible energy storage devices for commercial applications such as smartwatches, mobile phones, flexible displays, electronic skin and implantable medical devices, etc.
This book presents a comprehensive overview of flexible supercapacitors using engineering nanoarchitectures mediated by functional nanomaterials and polymers as electrodes, electrolytes, separators, etc., for advanced energy applications. Various aspects of flexible supercapacitors, including capacitor electrochemistry, evaluating parameters, operating conditions, characterization techniques, different types of electrodes, electrolytes, and flexible substrates are covered. Since it is probably the first book of its type to systematically describe the recent developments and progress in flexible supercapacitor technology, it will help readers understand fundamental issues and solve problems. This book is the result of the commitment of top researchers with various backgrounds and expertise in the flexible power sources field
Back to Top
The tremendous energy demands for miniaturized portable and wearable electronic devices have inspired intense research on lightweight flexible energy storage devices for commercial applications such as smartwatches, mobile phones, flexible displays, electronic skin and implantable medical devices, etc.
This book presents a comprehensive overview of flexible supercapacitors using engineering nanoarchitectures mediated by functional nanomaterials and polymers as electrodes, electrolytes, separators, etc., for advanced energy applications. Various aspects of flexible supercapacitors, including capacitor electrochemistry, evaluating parameters, operating conditions, characterization techniques, different types of electrodes, electrolytes, and flexible substrates are covered. Since it is probably the first book of its type to systematically describe the recent developments and progress in flexible supercapacitor technology, it will help readers understand fundamental issues and solve problems. This book is the result of the commitment of top researchers with various backgrounds and expertise in the flexible power sources field
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Inamuddin PhD is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and edited 60 books with multiple well-known publishers.
Inamuddin PhD is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and edited 60 books with multiple well-known publishers.
Mohd Imran Ahamed PhD is in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in SCI journals. His research focuses on ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, actuators and electrospinning.
Rajender Boddula PhD is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals, edited books with numerous publishers and has authored 20 book chapters.
Tariq Altalhi PhD is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management, converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes, and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material.
Back to Top
Table of Contents
Preface
1. Electrodes for Flexible Integrated Supercapacitors
Said ur Reham and Hong Bi
1.1 Introduction and Overview of Supercapacitors
1.2. Electrode Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors
1.2.1 Carbon Materials
1.2.1.1 Activated Carbon
1.2.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes
1.2.1.3 Graphene
1.2.1.4 Carbon Aerogels
1.2.1.5 Graphene Hydrogel
1.2.2 Conducting Polymers
1.2.3 Metal Compounds
1.2.3.1 Ruthenium Oxide (RuO2) Electrode Material
1.2.3.2 Nickel Oxide (NiO) Electrode Material
1.2.3.3 Copper Oxide (CuO) Electrode Material
1.2.3.4 Composite Electrode Materials
1.3 Device Architecture of Flexible Supercapacitor
1.4 Integration of Flexible Supercapacitors
1.5 Conclusion
References
2. Flexible Supercapacitors Based on Fiber-Shape Electrodes
Faiza Bibi, Muhammad Inam Khan, Abdur Rahim, Nawshad Muhammad and Lucas S.S. Santos
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Supercapacitors
2.2.1 Electrochemical Supercapacitor
2.2.2 Flexible Supercapacitors
2.3 Shape Dependent Flexible Electrodes
2.3.1 Porous 3D Flexible Electrodes
2.3.2 Flexible Paper Electrodes
2.3.3 Flexible Fiber Electrodes
2.4 Fiber Shape Electrodes (FE/FSC)
2.4.1 Wrapping Fiber Shape Electrode/Supercapacitors
2.4.2 Coaxial Fiber Shape Electrode/Supercapacitor
2.4.3 Parallel Fiber Shape Electrode/Supercapacitor
2.4.4 Twisted Fiber Shape Electrode/Supercapacitor
2.4.5 Rolled Fiber Shape Electrode/Supercapacitors
2.5 Conclusion
References
3. Graphene-Based Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Jyoti Raghav, Sapna Raghav and Pallavi Jain
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Type of SCs
3.2.1 EDLC
3.2.2 PCs
3.2.3 Flexible Graphene-Based Nano Composites
3.3 Fabrication Techniques for the Electrode Materials
3.3.1 Electrodeposition
3.3.2 Direct Coating (DC)
3.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
3.3.4 Hydrothermal
3.4 Substrate Materials for the Flexible SCs
3.5 Graphene Nanocomposite-Based Electrode Materials
3.5.1 Additives/Graphene Electrodes
3.5.2 Binder/Graphene Electrodes
3.5.3 Pure Graphene Electrode
3.5.4 Conductive Polymers/Graphene Composites Electrode
3.5.5 Metal or Metal Oxides (MOs) Composite Electrodes
3.6 NSs for the Flexible SC
3.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
4. Polymer-Based Flexible Substrates for Flexible Supercapacitors
Zul Adlan Mohd Hir, Shaari Daud, Hartini Ahmad Rafaie, Nurul Infaza Talalah Ramli and Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Polymers-Based Flexible Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors
4.3 Synthesis and Fabrication Approach of the Polymer-Based Electrode
4.3.1 Preparation of Polymer-Based Electrode Materials
4.3.1.1 Polyaniline (PANI)
4.3.1.2 Polypyrrole (PPy)
4.3.1.3 Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)
4.3.2 Electrode Fabrication
4.4 Physicochemical Characterization of Flexible Supercapacitors
4.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
4.4.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy
4.4.3 X-Ray Diffraction
4.4.4 Surface Area Analysis by BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller)
4.4.5 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
4.5 Recent Findings on the Performance of Flexible Supercapacitors
4.5.1 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC)
4.5.2 Pseudocapacitor
4.5.3 Hybrid Supercapacitor
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Carbon Substrates for Flexible Supercapacitors and Energy Storage Applications
Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Najmeh Parvin, Chin Wei Lai, Sonia Bahrani, Wei-Hung Chiang and Sargol Mazraedoost
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Overview of the Energy Storage System
5.3 Capacitors Modeling
5.3.1 Equivalent Circuit Models
5.3.2 Intelligent Models
5.3.3 Self-Discharge
5.3.4 Fractional-Order Models
5.3.5 Thermal Modeling
5.4 Industrial Applications of Capacitors
5.4.1 Power Electronics
5.4.2 Uninterruptible Power Supplies
5.4.3 Hybrid Energy Storage
5.5 Conclusions
References
6. Organic Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Younus Raza Beg, Gokul Ram Nishad and Priyanka Singh
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Organic Electrolytes
6.3 Solid and Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes
6.3.1 PVA-Based Gel Electrolytes
6.3.2 PEG-Based Gel Electrolytes
6.3.3 PVDF-Based Gel Electrolytes
6.4 Ionic Liquids-Based Electrolytes
6.5 Redox Active Electrolytes
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. Carbon-Based Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors Beyond Graphene
Sunil Kumar and Rashmi Madhuri
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Materials Used to Prepare Flexible Supercapacitors
7.2.1 Carbon Materials
7.2.1.1 Activated Carbon (AC)
7.2.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
7.2.1.3 Graphene
7.2.1.4 Carbon Aerogel
7.2.2 Conducting Polymer
7.2.3 Metal Oxide
7.3 The Carbon-Based Electrode Used for Flexible Supercapacitors
7.3.1 Carbon Nanotube (CNT)-Based Materials
7.3.1.1 CNT-Conducting Polymer Composite as Supercapacitors
7.3.1.2 CNT–Metal Oxide Composite as Supercapacitors
7.3.2 Activated Carbon-Based Materials
7.3.2.1 Activated Carbon-Conducting Polymer Composite as a Supercapacitor
7.3.2.2 Activated Carbon–Metal Oxide Composite as a Supercapacitor
7.4. Conclusion
References
8. Biomass-Derived Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Selvasundarasekar Sam Sankar and Subrata Kundu
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Electrode Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors
8.2 Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials
8.2.1 Activation
8.2.1.1 Physical Activation
8.2.1.2 Chemical Activation
8.2.1.3 Other Activation
8.2.2 Carbonization
8.2.2.1 Hydrothermal Method
8.2.2.2 Pyrolysis Method
8.3 Incorporation of Biomass-Based Electrodes in Flexible Supercapacitors
8.4 Challenges for Using Biomass-Derived Materials
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Conducting Polymer Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Aqib Muzaffar, M. Basheer Ahamed and Kalim Deshmukh
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Components of a Supercapacitor
9.2.1 Electrodes
9.2.2 Electrolytes
9.2.3 Separator
9.2.4 Current Collectors
9.2.5 Sealants
9.3 Configuration of a Supercapacitor
9.4 Conducting Polymer Electrolytes
9.4.1 Gel Conducting Polymer Electrolytes
9.4.2 Ionic Liquid-Based Conducting Polymer
9.4.3 OH− Ion Conducting Polymers
9.5 Conclusion
References
10. Inorganic Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitor
Muhammad Inam Khan, Faiza Bibi, Muhammad Mudassir Hassan, Nawshad Muhammad, Muhammad Tariq and Abdur Rahim
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Flexible Inorganic Electrode Based on Carbon Nanomaterial
10.2.1 Carbonaceous Material
10.2.1.1 Graphene
10.2.1.2 Graphene Oxide-Based Electrodes
10.2.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes
10.2.1.4 Carbon Films/Textiles
10.3 Conclusion
References
11. New-Generation Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors
P.E. Lokhande, U.S. Chavan, Suraj Bhosale, Amol Kalam and Sonal Deokar
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Taxonomy of Supercapacitor
11.3 Fundamentals of Supercapacitor
11.4 Flexible Supercapacitor
11.4.1 Graphene-Based Flexible Supercapacitor
11.4.2 Metal Oxide/Hydroxide-Based Flexible
Supercapacitor
11.4.3 Conducting Polymer-Based Flexible Supercapacitor
11.5 Outlook and Perspectives
Acknowledgement
References
12. Asymmetric Flexible Supercapacitors: An Overview of Principle, Materials and Mechanism
Sabina Yeasmin and Debajyoti Mahanta
12.1 Introduction: Why Store Energy?
12.2 Supercapacitor: A Green Approach Towards Energy Storage
12.3 Flexible Supercapacitors
12.3.1 Solid Electrolytes
12.3.2 Flexible Electrodes
12.3.3 Cell Designs for Flexible Supercapacitor
12.4 Asymmetric Supercapacitor
12.4.1 Principle, Material and Mechanism
12.4.2 Performance Evaluation in Asymmetric Supercapacitor
12.5 Recent Advances in Flexible Asymmetric Supercapacitors
12.6 Conclusion
References
13. Aqueous Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Dipanwita Majumdar
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Influence of Electrolytes on Performance of Supercapacitors
13.1.2 What is an Ideal Electrolyte?
13.1.3 Classes of Electrolytes for Supercapacitors
13.2 Electrolyte Performance-Controlling Parameters for Designing Flexible Supercapacitors
13.2.1 Large Electrochemical Stability
13.2.2 High Ionic Conductivity
13.2.3 Nature of Electrolyte
13.2.4 Dielectric Constant and Viscosity of Solvent
13.2.5 Low Melting and High Boiling Points
13.2.6 High Chemical Stability
13.2.7 High Flash Point
13.2.8 Low Cost and Availability
13.2.9 Influence of Pressure
13.2.10 Influence of Binder
13.3 Why Aqueous Electrolytes?
13.4 Acid Electrolytes
13.4.1 EDLC and Pseudocapacitor Electrode Materials Employing H2SO4 Aqueous Electrolyte
13.4.2 H2SO4 Electrolyte-Based Nanocomposite Electrode Material Supercapacitors
13.4.3 H2SO4 Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors
13.5 Alkaline Electrolytes
13.5.1 Alkaline Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors
13.5.2 Alkaline Electrolyte-Based Nanocomposite Supercapacitors
13.5.3 Alkaline Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors
13.6 Neutral Electrolyte
13.6.1 Neutral Salt Aqueous Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors
13.6.2 Neutral Salt Aqueous Electrolyte-Based Nanocomposite Supercapacitors
13.6.3 Neutral Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors
13.7 Comparative Electrochemical Performances in Different Aqueous Electrolytes
13.8 Water-in-Salt Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
13.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects 395 Acknowledgements
References
14. Electrodes for Flexible Micro-Supercapacitors
Subrata Ghosh, Jiacheng Wang, Gustavo Tontini and Suelen Barg
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Electrode Configurations
14.2.1 Sandwich μSCs
14.2.2 Fiber or Wire μSC
14.2.2.1 Parallel
14.2.2.2 Twisted or Two-Ply
14.2.2.3 Coaxial
14.2.2.4 Rolled
14.2.2.5 All-in-One
14.2.3 Interdigitated μSCs
14.3 Manufacturing Techniques
14.3.1 Photolithography
14.3.2 Electrodeposition
14.3.3 Laser Direct-Writing
14.3.3.1 Laser Carving
14.3.3.2 Laser Scribing
14.3.3.3 Laser Transfer Method
14.3.4 Printing
14.3.4.1 Screen Printing
14.3.4.2 Inkjet Printing
14.3.4.3 3D Printing
14.4 State-of-the-Art Electrode Materials
14.4.1 Nanocarbons
14.4.2 MXenes
14.4.3 Transition-Metal Chalcogenides
14.4.4 Metal-Based Materials
14.4.5 Conducting Polymers
14.4.6 Composites or Hybrid Structures
14.4.7 Symmetric vs Asymmetric
14.5 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgement
References
15. Electrodes for Flexible Self-Healable Supercapacitors
Ayesha Taj, Rabisa Zia, Sumaira Younis, Hunza Hayat, Waheed S. Khan and Sadia Z. Bajwa
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Supercapacitors
15.1.2 Electric Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs)
15.1.3 Hybrid Capacitors
15.2 Self-Healable Nanomaterials
15.2.1 Metallic Nanomaterials
15.2.2 Non-Metallic/Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
15.2.3 Conducting Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
15.3 Nanomaterials-Based Interfaces for Supercapacitors
15.3.1 Metal Nanomaterials-Based Interfaces for Supercapacitors
15.3.2 Graphene-Based Interfaces for Self-Healable Supercapacitors
15.3.3 CNT/GO/PANI Composites Supercapacitors
15.4 Conclusion
References
16. Electrodes for Flexible–Stretchable Supercapacitors
Ravi Arukula, Pawan K. Kahol and Ram K. Gupta
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Supercapacitors and Energy Storage Mechanisms
16.1.2 Flexible/Stretchable Supercapacitors
16.2 Electrodes for Flexible/Stretchable Supercapacitors
16.2.1 Metal Oxide-Based Flexible/Stretchable Supercapacitors
16.2.1.1 Vanadium-Based Flexible Electrodes
16.2.1.2 Manganese-Based Flexible/Stretchable Electrodes
16.2.1.3 Ruthenium-Based Flexible Electrodes
16.2.1.4 Other Metal Oxides-Based Flexible Electrodes
16.2.2 2D Materials-Based Flexible/Stretchable Supercapacitors
16.2.3 Carbon-Based Flexible/Stretchable Supercapacitors
16.2.4 Conductive Polymer-Based Flexible/Stretchable Supercapacitors
16.2.5 Hybrid Composites-Based Flexible/Stretchable Supercapacitors
16.3 Conclusion and Future Remarks
References
17. Fabrication Approaches of Energy Storage Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors
Mohan Kumar Anand Raj, Rajasekar Rathanasamy, Prabhakaran Paramasivam and Santhosh Sivaraj
Abbreviations
17.1 Intoduction
17.2 Classification of Flexible Supercapacitors
17.2.1 Materials
17.2.1.1 Carbon
17.2.1.2 Metal Oxides
17.2.1.3 Conducting Polymers
17.2.1.4 Composites
17.2.2 Fabrication Methods
17.2.2.1 Electro-Chemical Deposition Method
17.2.2.2 Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) Process
17.2.2.3 Inkjet Printing
17.2.2.4 Spray Deposition Method
17.2.2.5 Sol-Gel Technique
17.2.2.6 Direct Writing Method
17.3 Conclusion
References
18. Nature-Inspired Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Aqib Muzaffar, M. Basheer Ahamed and Kalim Deshmukh
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Energy Storing Mechanism of Supercapacitors
18.2.1 Electrostatic Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC)
18.2.2 Pseudocapacitor
18.2.3 Hybrid Supercapacitor
18.3 Flexible Supercapacitors
18.4 Essential Parameters of Supercapacitors
18.4.1 Energy Density Parameter
18.4.2 Power Density Parameter
18.5 Natural Flexible Supercapacitors
18.6 Conclusion
References
19. Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Udaya Bhat K. and Devadas Bhat Panemangalore
Abbreviations
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Mobile Energy Storage Systems and Supercapacitors
19.3 Flexible Supercapacitors: Need and Challenges
19.4 Developments in the Design of a Supercapacitor
19.5 Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
19.5.1 Aqueous Electrolytes
19.5.2 Solid Electrolytes
19.5.3 Liquid Electrolytes
19.5.4 Ionic Liquid (IL) Electrolytes
19.6 Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPEs)
19.7 Development in ILEs
19.8 Design Flexibility With IL Electrolytes
19.9 Electrolyte–Electrode Hybrid Design
19.10 Ionic Liquid Electrolytes and Problem of Leakage
19.11 Mechanical Stability of ILs
19.12 Conclusions
References
20. Conducting Polymer-Based Flexible Supercapacitor Devices
Anand I. Torvi, Satishkumar R. Naik, Sachin N. Hegde, Mohemmedumar Mulla, Ravindra R. Kamble, Geoffrey R. Mitchell and Mahadevappa Y. Kariduraganavar
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Principles of Supercapacitor
20.3 Classification of Supercapacitors
20.3.1 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors
20.3.2 Pseudocapacitors
20.3.2.1 Conducting Polymers
20.4 Conducting Polymer-Based Flexible Supercapacitors
20.4.1 Polyaniline-Based Flexible Supercapacitors
20.4.2 Polypyrrole-Based Flexible Supercapacitors
20.4.3 Polythiophene and its Derivatives-Based Flexible Supercapacitors
20.5 Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
20.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Electrodes for Flexible Integrated Supercapacitors
Said ur Reham and Hong Bi
1.1 Introduction and Overview of Supercapacitors
1.2. Electrode Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors
1.2.1 Carbon Materials
1.2.1.1 Activated Carbon
1.2.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes
1.2.1.3 Graphene
1.2.1.4 Carbon Aerogels
1.2.1.5 Graphene Hydrogel
1.2.2 Conducting Polymers
1.2.3 Metal Compounds
1.2.3.1 Ruthenium Oxide (RuO2) Electrode Material
1.2.3.2 Nickel Oxide (NiO) Electrode Material
1.2.3.3 Copper Oxide (CuO) Electrode Material
1.2.3.4 Composite Electrode Materials
1.3 Device Architecture of Flexible Supercapacitor
1.4 Integration of Flexible Supercapacitors
1.5 Conclusion
References
2. Flexible Supercapacitors Based on Fiber-Shape Electrodes
Faiza Bibi, Muhammad Inam Khan, Abdur Rahim, Nawshad Muhammad and Lucas S.S. Santos
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Supercapacitors
2.2.1 Electrochemical Supercapacitor
2.2.2 Flexible Supercapacitors
2.3 Shape Dependent Flexible Electrodes
2.3.1 Porous 3D Flexible Electrodes
2.3.2 Flexible Paper Electrodes
2.3.3 Flexible Fiber Electrodes
2.4 Fiber Shape Electrodes (FE/FSC)
2.4.1 Wrapping Fiber Shape Electrode/Supercapacitors
2.4.2 Coaxial Fiber Shape Electrode/Supercapacitor
2.4.3 Parallel Fiber Shape Electrode/Supercapacitor
2.4.4 Twisted Fiber Shape Electrode/Supercapacitor
2.4.5 Rolled Fiber Shape Electrode/Supercapacitors
2.5 Conclusion
References
3. Graphene-Based Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Jyoti Raghav, Sapna Raghav and Pallavi Jain
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Type of SCs
3.2.1 EDLC
3.2.2 PCs
3.2.3 Flexible Graphene-Based Nano Composites
3.3 Fabrication Techniques for the Electrode Materials
3.3.1 Electrodeposition
3.3.2 Direct Coating (DC)
3.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
3.3.4 Hydrothermal
3.4 Substrate Materials for the Flexible SCs
3.5 Graphene Nanocomposite-Based Electrode Materials
3.5.1 Additives/Graphene Electrodes
3.5.2 Binder/Graphene Electrodes
3.5.3 Pure Graphene Electrode
3.5.4 Conductive Polymers/Graphene Composites Electrode
3.5.5 Metal or Metal Oxides (MOs) Composite Electrodes
3.6 NSs for the Flexible SC
3.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
4. Polymer-Based Flexible Substrates for Flexible Supercapacitors
Zul Adlan Mohd Hir, Shaari Daud, Hartini Ahmad Rafaie, Nurul Infaza Talalah Ramli and Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Polymers-Based Flexible Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors
4.3 Synthesis and Fabrication Approach of the Polymer-Based Electrode
4.3.1 Preparation of Polymer-Based Electrode Materials
4.3.1.1 Polyaniline (PANI)
4.3.1.2 Polypyrrole (PPy)
4.3.1.3 Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)
4.3.2 Electrode Fabrication
4.4 Physicochemical Characterization of Flexible Supercapacitors
4.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
4.4.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy
4.4.3 X-Ray Diffraction
4.4.4 Surface Area Analysis by BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller)
4.4.5 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
4.5 Recent Findings on the Performance of Flexible Supercapacitors
4.5.1 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC)
4.5.2 Pseudocapacitor
4.5.3 Hybrid Supercapacitor
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Carbon Substrates for Flexible Supercapacitors and Energy Storage Applications
Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Najmeh Parvin, Chin Wei Lai, Sonia Bahrani, Wei-Hung Chiang and Sargol Mazraedoost
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Overview of the Energy Storage System
5.3 Capacitors Modeling
5.3.1 Equivalent Circuit Models
5.3.2 Intelligent Models
5.3.3 Self-Discharge
5.3.4 Fractional-Order Models
5.3.5 Thermal Modeling
5.4 Industrial Applications of Capacitors
5.4.1 Power Electronics
5.4.2 Uninterruptible Power Supplies
5.4.3 Hybrid Energy Storage
5.5 Conclusions
References
6. Organic Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Younus Raza Beg, Gokul Ram Nishad and Priyanka Singh
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Organic Electrolytes
6.3 Solid and Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes
6.3.1 PVA-Based Gel Electrolytes
6.3.2 PEG-Based Gel Electrolytes
6.3.3 PVDF-Based Gel Electrolytes
6.4 Ionic Liquids-Based Electrolytes
6.5 Redox Active Electrolytes
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. Carbon-Based Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors Beyond Graphene
Sunil Kumar and Rashmi Madhuri
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Materials Used to Prepare Flexible Supercapacitors
7.2.1 Carbon Materials
7.2.1.1 Activated Carbon (AC)
7.2.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
7.2.1.3 Graphene
7.2.1.4 Carbon Aerogel
7.2.2 Conducting Polymer
7.2.3 Metal Oxide
7.3 The Carbon-Based Electrode Used for Flexible Supercapacitors
7.3.1 Carbon Nanotube (CNT)-Based Materials
7.3.1.1 CNT-Conducting Polymer Composite as Supercapacitors
7.3.1.2 CNT–Metal Oxide Composite as Supercapacitors
7.3.2 Activated Carbon-Based Materials
7.3.2.1 Activated Carbon-Conducting Polymer Composite as a Supercapacitor
7.3.2.2 Activated Carbon–Metal Oxide Composite as a Supercapacitor
7.4. Conclusion
References
8. Biomass-Derived Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Selvasundarasekar Sam Sankar and Subrata Kundu
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Electrode Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors
8.2 Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials
8.2.1 Activation
8.2.1.1 Physical Activation
8.2.1.2 Chemical Activation
8.2.1.3 Other Activation
8.2.2 Carbonization
8.2.2.1 Hydrothermal Method
8.2.2.2 Pyrolysis Method
8.3 Incorporation of Biomass-Based Electrodes in Flexible Supercapacitors
8.4 Challenges for Using Biomass-Derived Materials
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Conducting Polymer Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Aqib Muzaffar, M. Basheer Ahamed and Kalim Deshmukh
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Components of a Supercapacitor
9.2.1 Electrodes
9.2.2 Electrolytes
9.2.3 Separator
9.2.4 Current Collectors
9.2.5 Sealants
9.3 Configuration of a Supercapacitor
9.4 Conducting Polymer Electrolytes
9.4.1 Gel Conducting Polymer Electrolytes
9.4.2 Ionic Liquid-Based Conducting Polymer
9.4.3 OH− Ion Conducting Polymers
9.5 Conclusion
References
10. Inorganic Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitor
Muhammad Inam Khan, Faiza Bibi, Muhammad Mudassir Hassan, Nawshad Muhammad, Muhammad Tariq and Abdur Rahim
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Flexible Inorganic Electrode Based on Carbon Nanomaterial
10.2.1 Carbonaceous Material
10.2.1.1 Graphene
10.2.1.2 Graphene Oxide-Based Electrodes
10.2.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes
10.2.1.4 Carbon Films/Textiles
10.3 Conclusion
References
11. New-Generation Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors
P.E. Lokhande, U.S. Chavan, Suraj Bhosale, Amol Kalam and Sonal Deokar
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Taxonomy of Supercapacitor
11.3 Fundamentals of Supercapacitor
11.4 Flexible Supercapacitor
11.4.1 Graphene-Based Flexible Supercapacitor
11.4.2 Metal Oxide/Hydroxide-Based Flexible
Supercapacitor
11.4.3 Conducting Polymer-Based Flexible Supercapacitor
11.5 Outlook and Perspectives
Acknowledgement
References
12. Asymmetric Flexible Supercapacitors: An Overview of Principle, Materials and Mechanism
Sabina Yeasmin and Debajyoti Mahanta
12.1 Introduction: Why Store Energy?
12.2 Supercapacitor: A Green Approach Towards Energy Storage
12.3 Flexible Supercapacitors
12.3.1 Solid Electrolytes
12.3.2 Flexible Electrodes
12.3.3 Cell Designs for Flexible Supercapacitor
12.4 Asymmetric Supercapacitor
12.4.1 Principle, Material and Mechanism
12.4.2 Performance Evaluation in Asymmetric Supercapacitor
12.5 Recent Advances in Flexible Asymmetric Supercapacitors
12.6 Conclusion
References
13. Aqueous Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Dipanwita Majumdar
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Influence of Electrolytes on Performance of Supercapacitors
13.1.2 What is an Ideal Electrolyte?
13.1.3 Classes of Electrolytes for Supercapacitors
13.2 Electrolyte Performance-Controlling Parameters for Designing Flexible Supercapacitors
13.2.1 Large Electrochemical Stability
13.2.2 High Ionic Conductivity
13.2.3 Nature of Electrolyte
13.2.4 Dielectric Constant and Viscosity of Solvent
13.2.5 Low Melting and High Boiling Points
13.2.6 High Chemical Stability
13.2.7 High Flash Point
13.2.8 Low Cost and Availability
13.2.9 Influence of Pressure
13.2.10 Influence of Binder
13.3 Why Aqueous Electrolytes?
13.4 Acid Electrolytes
13.4.1 EDLC and Pseudocapacitor Electrode Materials Employing H2SO4 Aqueous Electrolyte
13.4.2 H2SO4 Electrolyte-Based Nanocomposite Electrode Material Supercapacitors
13.4.3 H2SO4 Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors
13.5 Alkaline Electrolytes
13.5.1 Alkaline Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors
13.5.2 Alkaline Electrolyte-Based Nanocomposite Supercapacitors
13.5.3 Alkaline Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors
13.6 Neutral Electrolyte
13.6.1 Neutral Salt Aqueous Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors
13.6.2 Neutral Salt Aqueous Electrolyte-Based Nanocomposite Supercapacitors
13.6.3 Neutral Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors
13.7 Comparative Electrochemical Performances in Different Aqueous Electrolytes
13.8 Water-in-Salt Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
13.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects 395 Acknowledgements
References
14. Electrodes for Flexible Micro-Supercapacitors
Subrata Ghosh, Jiacheng Wang, Gustavo Tontini and Suelen Barg
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Electrode Configurations
14.2.1 Sandwich μSCs
14.2.2 Fiber or Wire μSC
14.2.2.1 Parallel
14.2.2.2 Twisted or Two-Ply
14.2.2.3 Coaxial
14.2.2.4 Rolled
14.2.2.5 All-in-One
14.2.3 Interdigitated μSCs
14.3 Manufacturing Techniques
14.3.1 Photolithography
14.3.2 Electrodeposition
14.3.3 Laser Direct-Writing
14.3.3.1 Laser Carving
14.3.3.2 Laser Scribing
14.3.3.3 Laser Transfer Method
14.3.4 Printing
14.3.4.1 Screen Printing
14.3.4.2 Inkjet Printing
14.3.4.3 3D Printing
14.4 State-of-the-Art Electrode Materials
14.4.1 Nanocarbons
14.4.2 MXenes
14.4.3 Transition-Metal Chalcogenides
14.4.4 Metal-Based Materials
14.4.5 Conducting Polymers
14.4.6 Composites or Hybrid Structures
14.4.7 Symmetric vs Asymmetric
14.5 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgement
References
15. Electrodes for Flexible Self-Healable Supercapacitors
Ayesha Taj, Rabisa Zia, Sumaira Younis, Hunza Hayat, Waheed S. Khan and Sadia Z. Bajwa
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Supercapacitors
15.1.2 Electric Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs)
15.1.3 Hybrid Capacitors
15.2 Self-Healable Nanomaterials
15.2.1 Metallic Nanomaterials
15.2.2 Non-Metallic/Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
15.2.3 Conducting Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
15.3 Nanomaterials-Based Interfaces for Supercapacitors
15.3.1 Metal Nanomaterials-Based Interfaces for Supercapacitors
15.3.2 Graphene-Based Interfaces for Self-Healable Supercapacitors
15.3.3 CNT/GO/PANI Composites Supercapacitors
15.4 Conclusion
References
16. Electrodes for Flexible–Stretchable Supercapacitors
Ravi Arukula, Pawan K. Kahol and Ram K. Gupta
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Supercapacitors and Energy Storage Mechanisms
16.1.2 Flexible/Stretchable Supercapacitors
16.2 Electrodes for Flexible/Stretchable Supercapacitors
16.2.1 Metal Oxide-Based Flexible/Stretchable Supercapacitors
16.2.1.1 Vanadium-Based Flexible Electrodes
16.2.1.2 Manganese-Based Flexible/Stretchable Electrodes
16.2.1.3 Ruthenium-Based Flexible Electrodes
16.2.1.4 Other Metal Oxides-Based Flexible Electrodes
16.2.2 2D Materials-Based Flexible/Stretchable Supercapacitors
16.2.3 Carbon-Based Flexible/Stretchable Supercapacitors
16.2.4 Conductive Polymer-Based Flexible/Stretchable Supercapacitors
16.2.5 Hybrid Composites-Based Flexible/Stretchable Supercapacitors
16.3 Conclusion and Future Remarks
References
17. Fabrication Approaches of Energy Storage Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors
Mohan Kumar Anand Raj, Rajasekar Rathanasamy, Prabhakaran Paramasivam and Santhosh Sivaraj
Abbreviations
17.1 Intoduction
17.2 Classification of Flexible Supercapacitors
17.2.1 Materials
17.2.1.1 Carbon
17.2.1.2 Metal Oxides
17.2.1.3 Conducting Polymers
17.2.1.4 Composites
17.2.2 Fabrication Methods
17.2.2.1 Electro-Chemical Deposition Method
17.2.2.2 Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) Process
17.2.2.3 Inkjet Printing
17.2.2.4 Spray Deposition Method
17.2.2.5 Sol-Gel Technique
17.2.2.6 Direct Writing Method
17.3 Conclusion
References
18. Nature-Inspired Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Aqib Muzaffar, M. Basheer Ahamed and Kalim Deshmukh
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Energy Storing Mechanism of Supercapacitors
18.2.1 Electrostatic Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC)
18.2.2 Pseudocapacitor
18.2.3 Hybrid Supercapacitor
18.3 Flexible Supercapacitors
18.4 Essential Parameters of Supercapacitors
18.4.1 Energy Density Parameter
18.4.2 Power Density Parameter
18.5 Natural Flexible Supercapacitors
18.6 Conclusion
References
19. Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Udaya Bhat K. and Devadas Bhat Panemangalore
Abbreviations
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Mobile Energy Storage Systems and Supercapacitors
19.3 Flexible Supercapacitors: Need and Challenges
19.4 Developments in the Design of a Supercapacitor
19.5 Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
19.5.1 Aqueous Electrolytes
19.5.2 Solid Electrolytes
19.5.3 Liquid Electrolytes
19.5.4 Ionic Liquid (IL) Electrolytes
19.6 Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPEs)
19.7 Development in ILEs
19.8 Design Flexibility With IL Electrolytes
19.9 Electrolyte–Electrode Hybrid Design
19.10 Ionic Liquid Electrolytes and Problem of Leakage
19.11 Mechanical Stability of ILs
19.12 Conclusions
References
20. Conducting Polymer-Based Flexible Supercapacitor Devices
Anand I. Torvi, Satishkumar R. Naik, Sachin N. Hegde, Mohemmedumar Mulla, Ravindra R. Kamble, Geoffrey R. Mitchell and Mahadevappa Y. Kariduraganavar
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Principles of Supercapacitor
20.3 Classification of Supercapacitors
20.3.1 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors
20.3.2 Pseudocapacitors
20.3.2.1 Conducting Polymers
20.4 Conducting Polymer-Based Flexible Supercapacitors
20.4.1 Polyaniline-Based Flexible Supercapacitors
20.4.2 Polypyrrole-Based Flexible Supercapacitors
20.4.3 Polythiophene and its Derivatives-Based Flexible Supercapacitors
20.5 Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
20.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Index
Back to Top