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Application of Nanotechnology in Mining Processes

Beneficiation and Sustainability

Edited by Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, Martin Mkandawire and Bhekie Mamba
Copyright: 2022   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781119864998  |  Hardcover  |  
355 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
Nanotechnology has revolutionized processes in many industries, but its application in the mining industry has not been widely discussed. This unique book provides an overview of the successful implementation of nanotechnology in some of the key environmental and beneficiation mining processes.

Audience
Industrial interest will be from mining plant operators, environmental managers, water treatment plants managers, and operators. Researchers in nanotechnology, environmental science, mining, and metallurgy engineering will find the book valuable, as will government entities such as regulatory bodies officers and environmentalists.


Description
This book explores extensively the potential of nanotechnology to revolutionize the mining industry which has been relying for very long on processes with limited efficiencies. The nine specialized chapters focus on applying nanoflotation to improve mineral processing, effective extraction of metals from leachates or pregnant solutions using nanoscale supramolecular hosts, and development of nano-adsorbents or nano-based strategies for the remediation or valorization of AMD.
The application of nanotechnology in mining has so far received little attention from the industry and researchers and this groundbreaking book features critical issues so far under- reported in the literature:
• Application of nanotechnology in mineral processing for the enhancement of froth flotation
• Development of smart nanomaterials and application for the treatment of acid mine drainage
• Recovery of values from pregnant solutions using nanoadsorbents
• Valorization of AMD through formation of multipurpose nanoproducts.

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Author / Editor Details
Elvis Fosso-Kankeu has a doctorate degree from the University of Johannesburg in South Africa. He is currently a Full Professor in the School of Chemical and Mineral Engineering at the North-West University in South Africa. His research focuses on the prediction of pollutants dispersion from industrial areas, and on the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from polluted water. He has published more than 200 publications including journal articles, books (3 are with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint), book chapters, and conference proceedings papers.

Martin Mkandawire is a professor of solid-state chemistry in the School of Science and Technology and former Industrial Research Chair for Mine Water Management at Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia, Canada. Before joining Cape Breton University in 2012, he was based at Technische Universitaet Dresden, Germany for 20 years. He serves on a few research foundations in Europe, Asia, South and North America, and Africa. He is the author of Ecowriting: Advice to ESL on Effective Scientific Writing in Environmental Science and Engineering.

Bhekie Mamba is the Executive Dean of the College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa since January 2017. He previously served as the director of the Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (NanoWS) research unit at the University of South Africa. Prof. Mamba has published more than 250 journal papers, about 12 technical reports, and over 50 conference proceedings.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Modified Dendrimer Nanoparticles for Effective and Sustainable Recovery of Rare Earth Element from Acid Rock Drainage
Anyik John Leo, Innocentia Gugulethu Erdogan, Frans B. Waanders, Martin Mkandawire, Thabo T.I Nkambule, Bhekie B. Mamba and Elvis Fosso-Kankeu
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Rare-Earth Element Occurrence in Acid Mine Drainage
1.2.1 Acid Mine Drainage Generation and Effects
1.2.2 Rare-Earth Elements and Their Importance
1.2.3 Classical AMD Remediation and Treatment Methods
1.3 Dendrimer as Extraction Agent of Rare Earth Element in AMD
1.3.1 Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) Dendrimers
1.3.2 Principle REE Extraction Using PAMAM
1.4 Designed a Recovery System for REE from AMD
1.4.1 Process Overview
1.4.2 Components and Their Functions
1.4.2.1 Reactor 1 – Collection Tank
1.4.2.2 Reactor 2 – Mixing Tank
1.4.2.3 Reactor 3 – Separation Tank
1.4.2.4 Reactor 4 – Recovery of REEs Metals
1.5 Challenges and Opportunities for the Future of Metal Mining
1.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
2. Cellulose-Based Nanomaterials for Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage-Contaminated Waters
Thato M. Masilompane, Hlanganani Tutu and Anita Etale
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cellulose
2.2.1 Structure and Properties of Cellulose
2.2.2 Nanocellulose
2.3 Synthesis of CNFs and CNCs
2.3.1 Synthesis of CNFs
2.3.2 Synthesis of CNCs Through Acid Hydrolysis
2.3.3 Cationization for Anion Uptake
2.3.4 Application of CNF and CNC Nanocomposite in Metal and Anion Removal
2.4 Cellulose Composites
2.4.1 Cellulose/Chitosan Nanocomposites
2.4.2 Cellulose/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: ZnO, Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles, Nano Zero-Valent Iron
2.5 Valorization of AMD-Contaminated Water and the Possible Uses of Recovered Elements
2.5.1 Sludge from AMD
2.5.1.1 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Sludge
2.5.1.2 Sludge as a Fertilizer
2.5.1.3 Sludge Used in Construction Material
2.5.2 Resource Recovery
2.6 Conclusion
References
3. Application of Nanomaterials for Remediation of Pollutants from Mine Water Effluents
Ephraim Vunain
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Mine Water Chemistry
3.2 Existing Treatment Methods of Mine Water and Their Limitations
3.3 Nanoremediation of Mine Water
3.4 Application of Nanomaterials for Mine Water Remediation
3.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
4. Application of Nanofiltration in Mine-Influenced Water Treatment: A Review with a Focus on South Africa
Frédéric Jules Doucet, Gloria Dube, Sameera Mohamed, Sisanda Gcasamba, Henk Coetzee and Viswanath Ravi Kumar Vadapalli
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Mine-Influenced Water
4.1.1.1 Occurrence and Types of Mine-Influenced Water
4.1.1.2 Mine-Influenced Water Treatment
4.1.2 Reuse of Mine-Influenced Water
4.2 Nanofiltration for Mine-Influenced Water Treatment
4.2.1 Introduction—Membrane Separation Technologies
4.2.2 Nanofiltration
4.2.2.1 Background and Benefits
4.2.2.2 Types and Performances of Nanofiltration Membranes
4.2.2.3 Limitations and Challenges
4.2.2.4 Nanocomposite Membranes and Nanofillers
4.2.3 Membrane Distillation
4.3 Large-Scale Operations Using Nanofiltration or Reverse Osmosis
4.3.1 Integration of Membrane and Conventional Treatment Approaches
4.3.2 Pilot-Scale Case Studies
4.3.3 Challenges of Scale-Up and Commercialization
4.3.3.1 Fouling
4.3.3.2 Membrane Selection
4.3.3.3 Modeling and Simulation of NF Systems
4.3.3.4 Cost Estimates
4.3.3.5 Environmental Considerations
4.4 Some Perspectives and Research Directions
References
5. Recovery of Gold from Thiosulfate Leaching Solutions with Magnetic Nanoparticles
N.D. Ilankoon and C. Aldrich
Abbreviations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Recovery of Precious Metals with Magnetic Nanohydrometallurgy
5.2.1 Superparamagnetism
5.2.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
5.2.3 Selective Adsorption
5.2.4 Adsorption Mechanisms
5.2.5 Recovery of Gold
5.2.6 Recovery of Silver
5.2.7 Recovery of PGMs
5.3 Synthesis and Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.4 Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.5 Recovery of Gold from Thiosulfate Leaching Solutions
5.5.1 Preparation of PEI-MNPs
5.5.2 Application of PEI-MNPs for Gold Adsorption from Synthetic Leaching Solutions
5.5.3 Application of PEI-MNPs for Gold Adsorption from Ore Leachates
5.6 Gold Elution and Reuse of the Adsorbent
5.7 Industrial Scale-Up and Challenges
5.7.1 High Gradient Magnetic Separation
5.7.2 Nanoparticle Aggregation and Agglomeration
5.7.3 Nanoparticle Dissolution
5.7.4 Magnetic Separation from a Solution
5.8 Environmental Concerns and Toxicity of MNPs
References
6. Recovery of Na2CO3 and Nano CaCO3 from Na2SO4 and CaSO4 Wastes
Conny P. Mokgohloa, Johannes P. Maree, David S. van Vuuren, Kwena D. Modibane,
Munyaradzi Mujuru and Malose P. Mokhonoana
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Literature Survey
6.2.1 Gypsum Reduction
6.2.2 Nano CaCO3
6.2.2.1 Uses
6.2.2.2 Composition and Particle Size
6.2.3.1 Introduction
6.2.3.2 Uses
6.2.3.3 Chemical Properties
6.2.3 Na2CO3
6.2.3.4 Physical Properties
6.2.3.5 Production Methods
6.3 Materials and Methods
6.3.1 Feedstock, Chemicals and Reagents
6.3.2 Equipment
6.3.3 Experimental and Procedure
6.3.3.1 Thermal Treatment
6.3.3.2 OLI Simulations and Beaker Studies
6.3.3.3 Na2S Formation
6.3.3.4 Ca(HS)2 Formation
6.3.3.5 Nano CaCO3 Formation
6.3.5 OLI Software Simulations
6.4 Results and Discussion
6.4.1 Direct Conversion of Na2SO4 to Na2S
6.4.2 CaSO4 Reduction
6.4.2.1 CaS Formation
6.4.2.2 Ca(HS)2 Formation
6.4.3 Na2CO3 Production
6.4.3.1 Indirect Conversion of Na2SO4 to Na2S
6.4.3.2 NaHCO3 Formation
6.4.3.3 NaHCO3 and NaHS Separation
6.4.3.4 Na2CO3 Formation
6.3.4 Analysis
6.4.3.5 Up-Concentration of NaHS (Freeze Crystallization)
6.4.4 CaCO3 Formation
6.4.4.1 Crude and Pure CaCO3 and Ca(HS)2 Formation
6.4.4.2 Nano CaCO3 Formation
6.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
7. Recovery of Drinking Water and Nanosized Fe2O3 Pigment from Iron Rich Acid Mine Water
Tumelo Monty Mogashane, Johannes Philippus Maree, Leny Letjiane, Vhahangwele Masindi, Kwena Desmomd Modibane, Munyaradzi Mujuru and Mabel Mamasegare Mphahlele-Makgwane
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Formation and Quantities
7.1.2 Legal Requirements
7.1.3 ROC Process
7.1.4 Raw Material Manufacturing
7.1.5 Objectives
7.2 Literature Review
7.2.1 Uses of Nanopigment
7.2.2 Production of Nanopigment
7.2.3 Market for Nanopigment
7.3 Materials and Methods
7.3.1 Neutralization
7.3.1.1 Feedstock
7.3.1.2 Equipment
7.3.1.3 Procedure
7.3.1.4 Experimental
7.3.1.5 Analytical
7.3.1.6 Characterization
7.3.2 Coagulation
7.3.2.1 Feedstock
7.3.2.2 Equipment
7.3.2.3 Procedure
7.3.2.4 Experimental
7.3.3 Pigment Formation
7.3.3.1 Feedstock
7.3.3.2 Equipment
7.3.3.3 Procedure
7.3.3.4 Experimental
7.3.3.5 Characterization of the Sludge
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.4.1 Neutralization with MgO and Na2CO3
7.4.1.1 Solubilities of Alkalis and Products
7.4.1.2 Sludge Characteristics
7.4.1.3 Flocculant/Coagulant Selection and Dosing
7.4.1.4 Centrifugation
7.4.2 Concentration of Acid Mine Water
7.4.2.1 Freeze Crystallization
7.4.2.2 Forward Osmosis
7.4.2.3 Feasibility of Forward Osmosis and Freeze Desalination
7.4.3 Pigment Formation
7.4.3.1 Effect of Temperature
7.4.3.2 Elemental Composition of Feed and Product Mineral
7.4.3.3 Morphological Characteristics of the Synthesized Pigments
7.4.4 Process Configurations
7.4.4.1 Iron(III)-Rich Water (Kopseer Dam) (Process Configuration A)
7.4.4.2 Iron(II)-Rich Water (Top Dam) (Process Configuration B)
7.4.4.3 Tailings and Tailings Leachate
7.4.5 Economic Feasibility
7.5 Conclusion
7.6 Recommendation
Acknowledgments
References
8. Advances of Nanotechnology Applications in Mineral Froth Flotation Technology
Madzokere Tatenda Crispen, Nheta Willie and Gumbochuma Sheunopa
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction to Froth Flotation
8.2 Current Developments of Nanotechnology in the Mineral Froth Flotation Process
8.2.1 Nanobubbles in Mineral Froth Flotation
8.2.1.1 Generation and Conditions of Nanobubble Formation
8.2.1.2 Properties and Stability of Nanobubbles
8.2.2 General Overview of Applications of Nanobubbles in Mineral Froth Flotation and Recovery of Selected Minerals
8.2.2.1 Flotation of Fine and Ultrafine Mineral Particles Using Nanobubbles
8.2.2.2 Flotation of Coal Using Nanobubbles
8.2.2.3 Flotation of Phosphate Ore Using Nanobubbles
8.2.2.4 Interactive Relationship Between Nanobubbles, Collectors and Mineral Particles
8.2.3 Nanofrothers in Mineral Froth Flotation
8.2.4 Nanocollectors in Mineral Froth Flotation
8.2.4.1 Nanopolystyrene Collector
8.2.4.2 Cellulose-Based Nanocrystals Collector
8.2.4.3 Carbon Black and Talc Nanoparticle Collectors
8.2.5 Nanodepressants in Mineral Froth Flotation
8.3 Intellectual Property (IP) and Commercialization of Nanotechnology in Mineral Froth Flotation Technology
8.4 Current Research Gaps
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Nanoscale Materials for Mineral Froth Flotation: Synthesis and Implications of Nanoscale Material Design Strategies on Flotation Performance
Madzokere Tatenda Crispen, Nheta Willie, Chiririwa Haleden, Gumbochuma Sheunopa, Mudono Stanford and Mamuse Antony
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classification of Minerals
9.2.1 Chemical Classification of Minerals
9.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoscale Materials
9.3.1 Top-Down Synthesis Approach
9.3.2 Bottom-Up Synthesis Approach
9.3.3 Characterization of Nanomaterials
9.3.4 Effect of Nanoparticle Size, Morphology and Structure on Flotation Performance
9.4 Nanoflotation Reagents and Mineral Particle Interaction in the Flotation Environment
9.4.1 Effect of Mineral Surface Properties on Recovery
9.4.1.1 Potential Strategies of Evaluating Surface Properties
9.4.1.2 Effect of Mineral Surface Electric Charge and Microstructure on Flotation and Potential Techniques for Tailoring Nanocollector Hydrophobicity
9.5 Nanotoxicology
9.6 Conclusion
References
Index

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Table of Contents
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