-
Browse Book Series
- Adhesion and Adhesives: Fundamental and Applied Aspects
- Advances in Additive Manufacturing Technologies
- Advances in Antenna, Microwave and Communication Engineering
- Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels
- Advances in Cyber Security
- Advances in Data Engineering and Machine Learning
- Advances in E-Mobility
- Advances in Hydrogen Production and Storage
- Advances in Intelligent and Scientific Computing (AISC)
- Advances in Learning Analytics for Intelligent Cloud-IoT Systems
- Advances in Membrane Processes
- Advances in Nanotechnology and Applications
- Advances in Natural Gas Engineering
- Advances in Pipes and Pipelines
- Advances in Production Engineering
- Advances in Solar Cell Materials and Storage
- Applied Functional Materials
- Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing for Industrial Transformation
- Astrobiology Perspectives on Life in the Universe
- Bioprocessing in Food Science
- Computational Intelligence and Biomedical Engineering
- Concise Introductions to AI and Data Science
- Cyber Systems and Quantum Engineering
- Decentralized Systems and Next-Generation Internet
- Diatoms: Biology and Applications
- Digital Convergence in Engineering Systems
- Emerging Trends in Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Engineering Systems Design for Sustainable Development
- Fintech in a Sustainable Digital Society
- Industry 5.0 Transformation Applications
- Infectious and Rare Diseases
- Innovations in Materials and Manufacturing
- Machine Learning in Biomedical Science and Healthcare Informatics
- Materials Degradation and Failure
- Mathematics and Computer Science
- Next-Generation Computing and Communication Engineering
- Performability Engineering Series
- Rotating Machinery Fundamentals and Advances
- Studies in Computational Intelligence and Smart Technologies
- Sustainable Computing and Optimization
Browse Subject Areas
For Authors
Submit a ProposalGreen Chemistry for Sustainable Water Purification
 | Edited by Shahid-ul-Islam, Aabid Hussain Shalla, and Mohammad Shahadat Copyright: 2023 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119852292 | Hardcover | 292 pages | 80 illustrations Price: $195 USD  |
One Line Description
Green Chemistry for Sustainable Water Purification provides systematic coverageof the most recent research and development in clean water treatment
technologies based on green materials and nanocomposites.
Audience
The book will serve as an important resource for materials scientists, chemists, chemical engineers, biotechnologists, textile engineers and environmental scientists. It will also be valuable to industrial organizations, consulting engineering companies, etc. for the selection and implementation of the most sustainable wastewater treatment technologies.
The book will serve as an important resource for materials scientists, chemists, chemical engineers, biotechnologists, textile engineers and environmental scientists. It will also be valuable to industrial organizations, consulting engineering companies, etc. for the selection and implementation of the most sustainable wastewater treatment technologies.
Description
Providing safe drinking water is one of the top priorities for scientists and industrialists working on projects, and one particular problem is the contamination of groundwater with toxic organic and inorganic compounds released by various industries. The presence of contaminants or industrial effluents in drinking water systems has increasingly become a major environmental challenge. To address the problem, several methods, including ion exchange, membrane filtration, advanced oxidation, biological degradation, photocatalytic degradation, electro-coagulation, and adsorption, are in operation for removing or minimizing these wastes. The purification process of wastewater using conventional methods, however, has proved to be markedly ineffective, very difficult, and highly expensive.
On the other hand, for the remediation of water resources, a concept like green chemistry, based on the application of biological agents including polymers, bacteria, and fungi, has received great scientific attention as it helps to avoid the toxic by-products of conventional techniques and enhances eco-friendly wastewater treatment approaches.
This book discusses the different treatment technologies with a special focus on the green adsorption approach, using biological and hybrid biochemical treatment technologies to prevent water contamination and maintain the ecosystem. It discusses the analysis of organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial wastewater. It also focuses on the removal and recovery of organic and inorganic contaminants from the environment and several case studies describing the removal and recovery of environmental pollutants using green technology are given. The recycling of low-cost along with green adsorbent technology is explained in detail. Finally, the book highlights treatment technologies with effective pollutant removal capacities that are used in modern water treatment units.
Back to Top
Providing safe drinking water is one of the top priorities for scientists and industrialists working on projects, and one particular problem is the contamination of groundwater with toxic organic and inorganic compounds released by various industries. The presence of contaminants or industrial effluents in drinking water systems has increasingly become a major environmental challenge. To address the problem, several methods, including ion exchange, membrane filtration, advanced oxidation, biological degradation, photocatalytic degradation, electro-coagulation, and adsorption, are in operation for removing or minimizing these wastes. The purification process of wastewater using conventional methods, however, has proved to be markedly ineffective, very difficult, and highly expensive.
On the other hand, for the remediation of water resources, a concept like green chemistry, based on the application of biological agents including polymers, bacteria, and fungi, has received great scientific attention as it helps to avoid the toxic by-products of conventional techniques and enhances eco-friendly wastewater treatment approaches.
This book discusses the different treatment technologies with a special focus on the green adsorption approach, using biological and hybrid biochemical treatment technologies to prevent water contamination and maintain the ecosystem. It discusses the analysis of organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial wastewater. It also focuses on the removal and recovery of organic and inorganic contaminants from the environment and several case studies describing the removal and recovery of environmental pollutants using green technology are given. The recycling of low-cost along with green adsorbent technology is explained in detail. Finally, the book highlights treatment technologies with effective pollutant removal capacities that are used in modern water treatment units.
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Shahid-ul-Islam, PhD, is a Research Scientist at the Department of Textile & Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT). His area of interests are antimicrobial coatings, green chemistry, fibers & polymers, polymeric composites and nanocomoposites and nano-biotechnology. He has published numerous peer-reviewed research articles in journals of high repute including contributions to several internationally recognized books published by the Wiley-Scrivener imprint, Springer, and Elsevier.
Shahid-ul-Islam, PhD, is a Research Scientist at the Department of Textile & Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT). His area of interests are antimicrobial coatings, green chemistry, fibers & polymers, polymeric composites and nanocomoposites and nano-biotechnology. He has published numerous peer-reviewed research articles in journals of high repute including contributions to several internationally recognized books published by the Wiley-Scrivener imprint, Springer, and Elsevier.
Aabid Hussain Shalla, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at Islamic University of Science and Technology, J&K, India. He has more than 35 publications in international journals, three books, and many book chapters to his credit. His research interests include the synthesis of hybrid ion exchange materials/ion-selective electrodes/synthesis of smart responsive hydrogels to envisage their application in the removal and identification of toxic heavy metal ions, dyes, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wastewaters.
Mohammad Shahadat, PhD, is a senior lecturer
Mohammad Shahadat, PhD, is a senior lecturer
Mohammad Shahadat, PhD, is a senior lecturer at the School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. He has published over 60 research papers and 8 review articles in international journals as well as edited one book and 25 book chapters. His research interests include synthesis, characterization, green technologies, chitosan/polyaniline-supported biodegradable nanocomposite materials, and their significant applications in various fields, including drug delivery systems.
Back to Top
Table of Contents
Preface
1. Green Chemistry for Water Remediation
Syed Wazed Ali, Satyaranjan Bairagi and Swagata Banerjee
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Challenges in Water Remediation
1.3 Green Chemistry as a Novel Alternative to Conventional Wastewater Treatment
1.3.1 Green Chemistry
1.3.2 Applications of Green Chemistry in Water Remediation
1.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
2. Advances in Wastewater Treatment Using Natural and Modified Zeolites
Sheikh A. Majid, Gowher Jan and Aabid H. Shalla
2.1 Global Impact of Wastewater Treatment
2.2 Different Wastewater Treatments
2.3 Technologies to Treat Chemical Industry Effluents
2.4 Oil–Water Separator—Treatment of Oily Effluent
2.5 Coagulation–Flocculation
2.6 Techniques for Treating Wastewater Using Adsorption
2.7 Adsorption of Dyes
2.8 Zeolite in Wastewater Treatment
2.9 Negative Impact of Heavy Metals on Health
2.9.1 Origin of Heavy Metal Exposure to Humans
2.9.1.1 Arsenic
2.9.1.2 Lead
2.9.1.3 Mercury
2.10 Wastewater Treatment Using Different Zeolites
2.10.1 Natural Zeolites
2.11 Treatment of Surface Waters, Ground, and Underground Waters
2.12 Drinking and Greywater Treatment
2.13 Heavy Metal Removal Comparison by Zeolites
2.13.1 Different Adsorbents Used to Remove Cr3+
2.13.2 Different Adsorbents Employed for the Removal of Cd3+
2.13.3 Removal of Cu2+ by Different Adsorbents
2.13.4 Different Adsorbents Used to Remove Pb2+
2.13.5 Removal of Zn2+ by Different Adsorbents
2.14 Adsorption Kinetics and Thermodynamics
2.15 Conclusion
References
3. Sustainable Green Synergistic Emulsion Liquid Membrane Formulation for Metal Removal from Aqueous Waste Solution
Norasikin Othman, Norela Jusoh, Raja Norimie Raja Sulaiman and Norul Fatiha Mohamed Noah
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theoretical
3.2.1 Mass Transfer Mechanism in the ELM Process
3.2.2 Component Selection in the ELM
3.3 Experimental
3.3.1 Materials
3.3.2 Reactive Extraction Procedure
3.3.3 Determination and Calculations
3.4 Results and Discussion
3.4.1 Extraction of Metal Ions Using Single Carrier
3.4.2 Extraction of Metal Ions Using Mixed of Carriers
3.4.3 Approach to a Sustainable ELM Process
3.4.4 Prospect and Future Challenges in ELM Technology
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Contents
4. Chemical Activation of Carbonized Neem Seed as an Effective Adsorbent for Rhodamine B Dye Adsorption
Edwin Andrew Ofudje, Samson O. Alayande, Abimbola A. Ogundiran, Ezekiel Folorunso Sodiya, Oyesolape Basirat Akinsipo-Oyelaja, Godswill Akhigbe and Olugbenga Bowale Oladeji
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Methods
4.2.1 Chemicals
4.2.2 Preparation of Adsorbent
4.2.3 Magnetic Activation Carbonized Neem Seed
4.2.4 Adsorbent Characterizations
4.2.5 Batch Adsorption Experiments
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.3.1 Adsorption Studies
4.3.2 Adsorption Kinetics of RB Dye Removal
4.3.3 Adsorption Isotherms of RB Dye Removal
4.3.4 Thermodynamic of RB Dye Removal
4.4 Conclusions
References
5. Green Water Treatment for Organic Pollutions: Photocatalytic Degradation Approach
Yahiya Kadaf Manea, Amjad Mumtaz Khan, Ajaz Ahmad Wani, Adel A. M. Saeed, Shaif M. Kasim and Ashrf Mashrai
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Solar Energy
5.3 Green Photocatalysis
5.4 Organic Pollutants
5.5 Reactive Species Responsible for Green Photocatalysis Treatment
5.6 Advancements in Photocatalysts
5.6.1 Titanium/Tin-Based Nanocomposite-Mediated Photocatalysis
5.6.2 Synthesis of Various Nanocomposites as Photocatalysts
5.6.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants
5.7 Green Treatment of Pollutants
5.7.1 Photodegradation of Toxic Dyes
5.7.2 Photodegradation of Antibiotics
5.7.3 Photodegradation of Bisphenol BPA
5.8 Conclusion
References
6. Treatment of Textile-Wastewater Using Green Technologies
Shuchita Tomar, Mohammad Shahadat, S. Wazed Ali, Mangala Joshi and B.S. Butola
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Textile Industries: Causes of Water Pollution
6.1.2 The Effect of Polluted Water Discharged From Textile Industries on the Environment
6.1.3 Various Techniques for Effluent Treatment
6.1.4 Physical Treatment Technique
6.1.4.1 Adsorption Method
6.1.4.2 Ion-Exchange Method
6.1.4.3 Floatation
6.1.5 Chemical Treatment Technique
6.1.5.1 Chemical Precipitation Method
6.1.5.2 Coagulation and Sedimentation Method
6.1.6 Chemical Oxidation
6.1.6.1 Ozonation Method
6.1.6.2 Fenton Oxidation Method
6.1.6.3 Evaporation
6.1.6.4 Solar Evaporation Method
6.1.7 Mechanical Evaporation Method
6.2 Green Water Treatment Technique for Textile Effluents
6.2.1 Electrocoagulation (EC)
6.2.2 Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP)
6.2.3 Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)
6.2.4 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
6.2.5 Effluent Treatment Using Enzymes
6.2.6 Membrane Filtration
6.2.7 Bioadsorbents Process for Effluent Treatment
6.2.7.1 Citrus Fruits
6.2.7.2 Coir Fiber
6.2.7.3 Coconut Shell–Activated Carbon
6.3 Conclusions
References
7. Photocatalytic Activity of Green Mixed Matrix Membranes for Degradation of Anionic Dye
Oladipo, Gabriel Opeoluwa, Alayande, Samson Oluwagbemiga, Ogunyinka Opeyemi O., Akinsiku, Anuoluwa Abimbola, Akinsipo-Oyelaja, Oyesolape Basirat, Ofudje Edwin Andrew, Bolarinwa Hakeem S., Akinlabi, Akinola Kehinde and Msagati, Titus, A.M.
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Materials and Methods
7.2.1 Materials
7.2.2 Methods
7.2.2.1 Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles
7.2.2.2 Preparation of Natural Rubber Composites
7.2.3 Analysis
7.2.3.1 Micrograph Analysis
7.2.3.2 Structural Analysis
7.2.3.3 Thermal Analysis
7.2.3.4 Wetting Analysis
7.2.3.5 Photocatalytic Performance
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Composites Membranes
7.3.2 SEM-EDX of Composite Membranes
7.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis of Composite Membranes
7.3.4 Contact Angle Measurement of Composite Membranes
7.3.5 Photodegradation of Composite Membranes
7.4 Conclusion
References
8. Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
Asim Ali Yaqoob, Claudia Guerrero–Barajas, Akil Ahmad, Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim and Mohammed B. Alshammari
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Advanced Approaches for Wastewater Treatment
8.2.1 Photocatalytic Method
8.2.1.1 Mechanism of Photocatalysis
8.2.2 Nanomembranes Technology
8.2.2.1 Limitations and Future of the Nanomembranes Technology
8.2.3 Utilization of Nanosorbent for Wastewater Treatment
8.2.4 Microbial Fuel Cells as a Sustainable Technique
8.2.4.1 Mechanism and Application of MFCs in Wastewater Treatment
8.3 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
9. PDMS-Supported Composite Materials as Oil Absorbent
Nur Anis Syazmin, Mohammad Shahadat, Mohd Rizal Razali and Rohana Adnan
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fabrications Techniques of PDMS Sponges as Oil Absorbent
9.2.1 Sacrificial Templates
9.2.2 Emulsion Templating Method
9.2.3 Phase Separation Method
9.2.4 3D Printing Techniques
9.2.5 Gas-Forming Technique
9.3 PDMS Sponges as an Oil/Water Separation
9.4 Conclusion
References
10. Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Anode for Bioelectrochemical Systems: A Review
Mohammad Danish Khan, Abdul Hakeem Anwer and Mohammad Zain Khan
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Conventional Anode Materials Based on Carbon
10.3 Modification of Anode with Nanomaterials Based on Carbon
10.4 Metal or Metal Oxide-Based Modified Anode
10.5 Polymer-Based Modified Anode
10.6 Polymer Nanocomposites for Anode Modification
10.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
11. Electrospinning Setup Design and Modification for Fabrication of Photocatalytic Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Water Treatment
N. Awang, A.M. Nasir, S.J. Fatihhi, A. Johari, S. Shaharuddin, A.H. Bakri, M.F.M. Alkbir, M.A.M. Yajid and J. Jaafar
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Application of Electrospun Nanofibers Polymeric Membranes (ENPM) on Wastewater Treatments
11.3 Improvements in Morphology and Physical Structure of ENPM
11.3.1 Surface Modification
11.3.2 Chemical Modification
11.4 Setup and Configurations of Electrospinning for Core-Sheath Structures of EPNM for Photocatalytic Membranes
11.4.1 Impacts of Electrospinning Set Up on EPNM Structures
11.4.1.1 Coaxial Electrospinning
11.4.1.2 Electrospinning and Electrospraying
11.4.1.3 Separation of the Melt Phase Technique
11.4.1.4 Process of Electrospinning and Precipitation
11.5 Future Directions and Challenges
11.6 Conclusion
11.7 Acknowledgment
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Green Chemistry for Water Remediation
Syed Wazed Ali, Satyaranjan Bairagi and Swagata Banerjee
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Challenges in Water Remediation
1.3 Green Chemistry as a Novel Alternative to Conventional Wastewater Treatment
1.3.1 Green Chemistry
1.3.2 Applications of Green Chemistry in Water Remediation
1.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
2. Advances in Wastewater Treatment Using Natural and Modified Zeolites
Sheikh A. Majid, Gowher Jan and Aabid H. Shalla
2.1 Global Impact of Wastewater Treatment
2.2 Different Wastewater Treatments
2.3 Technologies to Treat Chemical Industry Effluents
2.4 Oil–Water Separator—Treatment of Oily Effluent
2.5 Coagulation–Flocculation
2.6 Techniques for Treating Wastewater Using Adsorption
2.7 Adsorption of Dyes
2.8 Zeolite in Wastewater Treatment
2.9 Negative Impact of Heavy Metals on Health
2.9.1 Origin of Heavy Metal Exposure to Humans
2.9.1.1 Arsenic
2.9.1.2 Lead
2.9.1.3 Mercury
2.10 Wastewater Treatment Using Different Zeolites
2.10.1 Natural Zeolites
2.11 Treatment of Surface Waters, Ground, and Underground Waters
2.12 Drinking and Greywater Treatment
2.13 Heavy Metal Removal Comparison by Zeolites
2.13.1 Different Adsorbents Used to Remove Cr3+
2.13.2 Different Adsorbents Employed for the Removal of Cd3+
2.13.3 Removal of Cu2+ by Different Adsorbents
2.13.4 Different Adsorbents Used to Remove Pb2+
2.13.5 Removal of Zn2+ by Different Adsorbents
2.14 Adsorption Kinetics and Thermodynamics
2.15 Conclusion
References
3. Sustainable Green Synergistic Emulsion Liquid Membrane Formulation for Metal Removal from Aqueous Waste Solution
Norasikin Othman, Norela Jusoh, Raja Norimie Raja Sulaiman and Norul Fatiha Mohamed Noah
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theoretical
3.2.1 Mass Transfer Mechanism in the ELM Process
3.2.2 Component Selection in the ELM
3.3 Experimental
3.3.1 Materials
3.3.2 Reactive Extraction Procedure
3.3.3 Determination and Calculations
3.4 Results and Discussion
3.4.1 Extraction of Metal Ions Using Single Carrier
3.4.2 Extraction of Metal Ions Using Mixed of Carriers
3.4.3 Approach to a Sustainable ELM Process
3.4.4 Prospect and Future Challenges in ELM Technology
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Contents
4. Chemical Activation of Carbonized Neem Seed as an Effective Adsorbent for Rhodamine B Dye Adsorption
Edwin Andrew Ofudje, Samson O. Alayande, Abimbola A. Ogundiran, Ezekiel Folorunso Sodiya, Oyesolape Basirat Akinsipo-Oyelaja, Godswill Akhigbe and Olugbenga Bowale Oladeji
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Methods
4.2.1 Chemicals
4.2.2 Preparation of Adsorbent
4.2.3 Magnetic Activation Carbonized Neem Seed
4.2.4 Adsorbent Characterizations
4.2.5 Batch Adsorption Experiments
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.3.1 Adsorption Studies
4.3.2 Adsorption Kinetics of RB Dye Removal
4.3.3 Adsorption Isotherms of RB Dye Removal
4.3.4 Thermodynamic of RB Dye Removal
4.4 Conclusions
References
5. Green Water Treatment for Organic Pollutions: Photocatalytic Degradation Approach
Yahiya Kadaf Manea, Amjad Mumtaz Khan, Ajaz Ahmad Wani, Adel A. M. Saeed, Shaif M. Kasim and Ashrf Mashrai
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Solar Energy
5.3 Green Photocatalysis
5.4 Organic Pollutants
5.5 Reactive Species Responsible for Green Photocatalysis Treatment
5.6 Advancements in Photocatalysts
5.6.1 Titanium/Tin-Based Nanocomposite-Mediated Photocatalysis
5.6.2 Synthesis of Various Nanocomposites as Photocatalysts
5.6.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants
5.7 Green Treatment of Pollutants
5.7.1 Photodegradation of Toxic Dyes
5.7.2 Photodegradation of Antibiotics
5.7.3 Photodegradation of Bisphenol BPA
5.8 Conclusion
References
6. Treatment of Textile-Wastewater Using Green Technologies
Shuchita Tomar, Mohammad Shahadat, S. Wazed Ali, Mangala Joshi and B.S. Butola
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Textile Industries: Causes of Water Pollution
6.1.2 The Effect of Polluted Water Discharged From Textile Industries on the Environment
6.1.3 Various Techniques for Effluent Treatment
6.1.4 Physical Treatment Technique
6.1.4.1 Adsorption Method
6.1.4.2 Ion-Exchange Method
6.1.4.3 Floatation
6.1.5 Chemical Treatment Technique
6.1.5.1 Chemical Precipitation Method
6.1.5.2 Coagulation and Sedimentation Method
6.1.6 Chemical Oxidation
6.1.6.1 Ozonation Method
6.1.6.2 Fenton Oxidation Method
6.1.6.3 Evaporation
6.1.6.4 Solar Evaporation Method
6.1.7 Mechanical Evaporation Method
6.2 Green Water Treatment Technique for Textile Effluents
6.2.1 Electrocoagulation (EC)
6.2.2 Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP)
6.2.3 Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)
6.2.4 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
6.2.5 Effluent Treatment Using Enzymes
6.2.6 Membrane Filtration
6.2.7 Bioadsorbents Process for Effluent Treatment
6.2.7.1 Citrus Fruits
6.2.7.2 Coir Fiber
6.2.7.3 Coconut Shell–Activated Carbon
6.3 Conclusions
References
7. Photocatalytic Activity of Green Mixed Matrix Membranes for Degradation of Anionic Dye
Oladipo, Gabriel Opeoluwa, Alayande, Samson Oluwagbemiga, Ogunyinka Opeyemi O., Akinsiku, Anuoluwa Abimbola, Akinsipo-Oyelaja, Oyesolape Basirat, Ofudje Edwin Andrew, Bolarinwa Hakeem S., Akinlabi, Akinola Kehinde and Msagati, Titus, A.M.
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Materials and Methods
7.2.1 Materials
7.2.2 Methods
7.2.2.1 Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles
7.2.2.2 Preparation of Natural Rubber Composites
7.2.3 Analysis
7.2.3.1 Micrograph Analysis
7.2.3.2 Structural Analysis
7.2.3.3 Thermal Analysis
7.2.3.4 Wetting Analysis
7.2.3.5 Photocatalytic Performance
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Composites Membranes
7.3.2 SEM-EDX of Composite Membranes
7.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis of Composite Membranes
7.3.4 Contact Angle Measurement of Composite Membranes
7.3.5 Photodegradation of Composite Membranes
7.4 Conclusion
References
8. Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
Asim Ali Yaqoob, Claudia Guerrero–Barajas, Akil Ahmad, Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim and Mohammed B. Alshammari
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Advanced Approaches for Wastewater Treatment
8.2.1 Photocatalytic Method
8.2.1.1 Mechanism of Photocatalysis
8.2.2 Nanomembranes Technology
8.2.2.1 Limitations and Future of the Nanomembranes Technology
8.2.3 Utilization of Nanosorbent for Wastewater Treatment
8.2.4 Microbial Fuel Cells as a Sustainable Technique
8.2.4.1 Mechanism and Application of MFCs in Wastewater Treatment
8.3 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
9. PDMS-Supported Composite Materials as Oil Absorbent
Nur Anis Syazmin, Mohammad Shahadat, Mohd Rizal Razali and Rohana Adnan
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fabrications Techniques of PDMS Sponges as Oil Absorbent
9.2.1 Sacrificial Templates
9.2.2 Emulsion Templating Method
9.2.3 Phase Separation Method
9.2.4 3D Printing Techniques
9.2.5 Gas-Forming Technique
9.3 PDMS Sponges as an Oil/Water Separation
9.4 Conclusion
References
10. Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Anode for Bioelectrochemical Systems: A Review
Mohammad Danish Khan, Abdul Hakeem Anwer and Mohammad Zain Khan
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Conventional Anode Materials Based on Carbon
10.3 Modification of Anode with Nanomaterials Based on Carbon
10.4 Metal or Metal Oxide-Based Modified Anode
10.5 Polymer-Based Modified Anode
10.6 Polymer Nanocomposites for Anode Modification
10.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
11. Electrospinning Setup Design and Modification for Fabrication of Photocatalytic Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Water Treatment
N. Awang, A.M. Nasir, S.J. Fatihhi, A. Johari, S. Shaharuddin, A.H. Bakri, M.F.M. Alkbir, M.A.M. Yajid and J. Jaafar
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Application of Electrospun Nanofibers Polymeric Membranes (ENPM) on Wastewater Treatments
11.3 Improvements in Morphology and Physical Structure of ENPM
11.3.1 Surface Modification
11.3.2 Chemical Modification
11.4 Setup and Configurations of Electrospinning for Core-Sheath Structures of EPNM for Photocatalytic Membranes
11.4.1 Impacts of Electrospinning Set Up on EPNM Structures
11.4.1.1 Coaxial Electrospinning
11.4.1.2 Electrospinning and Electrospraying
11.4.1.3 Separation of the Melt Phase Technique
11.4.1.4 Process of Electrospinning and Precipitation
11.5 Future Directions and Challenges
11.6 Conclusion
11.7 Acknowledgment
References
Index
Back to Top