-
Browse Book Series
- Adhesion and Adhesives: Fundamental and Applied Aspects
- Advances in Additive Manufacturing Technologies
- Advances in Antenna, Microwave and Communication Engineering
- Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels
- Advances in Cyber Security
- Advances in Data Engineering and Machine Learning
- Advances in E-Mobility
- Advances in Hydrogen Production and Storage
- Advances in Intelligent and Scientific Computing (AISC)
- Advances in Learning Analytics for Intelligent Cloud-IoT Systems
- Advances in Membrane Processes
- Advances in Nanotechnology and Applications
- Advances in Natural Gas Engineering
- Advances in Pipes and Pipelines
- Advances in Production Engineering
- Advances in Solar Cell Materials and Storage
- Applied Functional Materials
- Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing for Industrial Transformation
- Astrobiology Perspectives on Life in the Universe
- Bioprocessing in Food Science
- Computational Intelligence and Biomedical Engineering
- Concise Introductions to AI and Data Science
- Cyber Systems and Quantum Engineering
- Decentralized Systems and Next-Generation Internet
- Diatoms: Biology and Applications
- Digital Convergence in Engineering Systems
- Emerging Trends in Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Engineering Systems Design for Sustainable Development
- Fintech in a Sustainable Digital Society
- Industry 5.0 Transformation Applications
- Infectious and Rare Diseases
- Innovations in Materials and Manufacturing
- Machine Learning in Biomedical Science and Healthcare Informatics
- Materials Degradation and Failure
- Mathematics and Computer Science
- Next-Generation Computing and Communication Engineering
- Performability Engineering Series
- Rotating Machinery Fundamentals and Advances
- Studies in Computational Intelligence and Smart Technologies
- Sustainable Computing and Optimization
Browse Subject Areas
For Authors
Submit a ProposalContact Lenses
 | Chemicals, Methods, and Applications By Johannes Karl Fink Copyright: 2022 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119857358 | Hardcover | 434 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
The book focuses on the chemistry and properties of contact lenses and their fabrication methods.
Audience
The book will be used by chemists, polymer scientists, ophthalmologists, engineers in the contact lens industry as well as polymer industries.
The book will be used by chemists, polymer scientists, ophthalmologists, engineers in the contact lens industry as well as polymer industries.
Description
With research & development continuing in the field, this comprehensive book takes a look at the last 10 years in terms of new materials, chemistry methods, applications, and fabrication techniques. New applications include drug delivery, lenses for augmented reality, electronic contact lenses, and wearable smart contact lenses.
In addition, the book discusses simulation methods for contact lenses, such as ocular topography parameters, gas permeable lenses, and computerized videokeratography. On the fabrication front, several common fabrication methods for contact lenses are detailed, including the computer-aided contact lens design, methods for the fabrication of colored contact lenses, and the fabrication of decentered contact lenses. Special processes are reviewed, including, mold processes, reactive ion etching, electrospinning, and others. Also discussed are the properties of contact lenses and methods for the measurement. Many of the standard methods are discussed, but other issues are taken up too including a discussion on the assessment of cytotoxic effects, the Schirmer tear test, and others. The book concludes with a chapter detailing the possible medical problems related to contact lenses and how to avoid them. These include eye diseases, allergic and toxic reactions, as well as methods for medical treatment such as disinfection agents.
Back to Top
With research & development continuing in the field, this comprehensive book takes a look at the last 10 years in terms of new materials, chemistry methods, applications, and fabrication techniques. New applications include drug delivery, lenses for augmented reality, electronic contact lenses, and wearable smart contact lenses.
In addition, the book discusses simulation methods for contact lenses, such as ocular topography parameters, gas permeable lenses, and computerized videokeratography. On the fabrication front, several common fabrication methods for contact lenses are detailed, including the computer-aided contact lens design, methods for the fabrication of colored contact lenses, and the fabrication of decentered contact lenses. Special processes are reviewed, including, mold processes, reactive ion etching, electrospinning, and others. Also discussed are the properties of contact lenses and methods for the measurement. Many of the standard methods are discussed, but other issues are taken up too including a discussion on the assessment of cytotoxic effects, the Schirmer tear test, and others. The book concludes with a chapter detailing the possible medical problems related to contact lenses and how to avoid them. These include eye diseases, allergic and toxic reactions, as well as methods for medical treatment such as disinfection agents.
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Johannes Karl Fink is Professor of Macromolecular Chemistry at Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria. His industry and academic career spans more than 30 years in the fields of polymers, and his research interests include characterization, flame retardancy, thermodynamics and the degradation of polymers, pyrolysis, and adhesives. Professor Fink has published 20 books on physical chemistry and polymer science with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint, including A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers, The Chemistry of Bio-based Polymers, 2nd edition, 3D Industrial Printing with Polymers, The Chemistry of Environmental Engineering and Flame Retardants.
Johannes Karl Fink is Professor of Macromolecular Chemistry at Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria. His industry and academic career spans more than 30 years in the fields of polymers, and his research interests include characterization, flame retardancy, thermodynamics and the degradation of polymers, pyrolysis, and adhesives. Professor Fink has published 20 books on physical chemistry and polymer science with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint, including A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers, The Chemistry of Bio-based Polymers, 2nd edition, 3D Industrial Printing with Polymers, The Chemistry of Environmental Engineering and Flame Retardants.
Back to Top
Table of Contents
Preface
1. Types of Lenses
1.1 History of Contact Lenses
1.2 Materials
1.3 Monomers
1.3.1 Monomers for Block Copolymers
1.3.2 Silicone Acrylamides
1.4 Soft Lenses
1.4.1 Hydrogels
1.4.2 PVA Hydrogel
1.4.3 Clear Contact Lenses
1.5 Water Absorbable Formulations
1.6 Bandage Contact Lenses
1.6.1 Antimicrobial Bandage Contact Lens
1.7 Functional Contact Lenses
1.7.1 Remote Health Monitoring
1.7.2 Graphene Oxide Nanocolloids
1.7.3 Diabetic Diagnosis
1.7.4 Target Analyte Sensing
1.7.5 Adaptive Tuning
1.7.6 Wireless Communication
1.7.7 Glucose Biosensors
1.7.8 Cancer Detection
1.8 Scleral Contact Lenses
1.8.1 Fabrication of Scleral Lenses
1.8.2 Scleral Lens Fitting
1.8.3 Ocular Drug Delivery Systems
1.9 Multifocal Contact Lenses
1.9.1 Bifocal Contact Lenses
1.9.2 Silicone Hydrogels
1.9.3 Non-Silicone Hydrogels
1.9.4 Tilted-Wear Type Contact Lenses
1.9.5 Neutral Density Filters
1.10 Augmented Reality Contact Lens Systems
1.10.1 Electronic Contact Lenses
1.10.2 Smart Contact Lenses
1.10.3 Wearable Smart Contact Lenses
1.10.4 Collimated Light-Emitting Diodes
1.11 Siloxane Macromers
1.11.1 Silicone Urethane Polymers
1.12 Oxygen-Permeable Lenses
1.12.1 Extended Wear Lenses
1.12.2 Structures for Thick Payloads
1.13 Natural Protein Polymer Contact Lenses
1.14 Ultrathin Coating
1.15 Anti-Biofouling Contact Lenses
1.15.1 Phosphorylcholine
1.15.2 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate
1.15.3 Chitosan
1.16 Drug Delivery via Hydrogel Contact Lenses
1.16.1 Hydrogels with Phosphate Groups
1.16.2 Ophthalmic Drug Delivery
1.17 Simulation Methods
1.17.1 Ocular Topography Parameters
1.17.2 Rigid Gas-Permeable Lenses
1.17.3 Computerized Videokeratography
References
2. Fabrication Methods
2.1 Computer-Aided Contact Lens Design and Fabrication
2.1.1 Spline-Based Mathematical Surfaces
2.1.2 Corneal Refractive Therapy Program
2.2 Contact Lenses with Selective Spectral Blocking
2.3 Colored Contact Lenses
2.3.1 Hard Colored Contact Lenses
2.4 Decentered Contact Lenses
2.5 Stabilized Contact Lenses
2.6 Additive Manufacturing
2.7 Mold Process
2.7.1 Injection Molding
2.7.2 Cast Molding
2.7.3 Two-Part Mold Assembly
2.8 Reactive Ion Etching
2.9 Electrospinning
2.9.1 Creating Electrospun Contact Lens Structures
2.9.2 Electrospinning Controlled Polymer Fibril Matrices
2.9.3 Electrospinning of a Prepolymer Solution
2.10 Rigid Plastic Lenses
2.10.1 Rigid Gas-Permeable Contact Lenses
2.11 Soft Plastic Lenses
2.11.1 Layer-by-Layer Deposition
2.11.2 Electron-Beam Irradiation Polymerization
2.11.3 Shaping and Cutting
2.12 Coating Methods
2.12.1 Zwitterionic Coating
2.12.2 Antibacterial Nanocoating
2.13 Disinfection of Contact Lenses
2.13.1 Hydrogen Peroxide and Fibrous Catalyst
2.13.2 Hydrogen Peroxide and Metal Catalyst
2.13.3 Removing Hydrogen Peroxide
2.14 Integrated Microtubes
2.15. Injection Molding
2.15.1 Aspheric Contact Lenses
2.16 Handling Tools
2.16.1 Insertion Tool
2.16.2 Insertion Tool
References
3. Properties
3.1 Ophthalmic Compatibility Requirements
3.2 Standards
3.2.1 Tensile Properties of Plastics
3.2.2 Tear-Propagation Resistance
3.2.3 Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate
3.2.4 Biomaterials
3.2.5 Eye Protectors
3.3 Eye Model with Blink Mechanism
3.4 Assessment of Cytotoxic Effects
3.4.1 Draize Eye Irritation Test
3.4.2 Acute Eye Irritation Testing
3.4.3 Benzalkonium Chlorides
3.4.4 Residual Monomer Content
3.5 Special Functions
3.5.1 Intraocular Pressure
3.5.2 Coating Thickness
3.6 Cleaning of Contact Lenses
3.7 Biofouling
3.8 Wettability
3.8.1 Blister Pack Solutions
3.8.2 Captive Bubble Method
3.8.3 Tethered Hyaluronic Acid-Based Coatings
3.9 Material Properties and Antimicrobial Efficacy
3.10 Microscopic Examination
3.10.1 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
3.10.2 Atomic Force Spectroscopy
3.10.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
3.10.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.11 Schirmer Tear Test
3.12 Ocular Surface Disease Index Test
3.13 Corneal Fluorescein Staining Test
3.14 Ion Permeability
3.14.1 Ionoflux Technique
3.14.2 Ionoton Measurement Technique
3.15 Hydrodell Water Permeability Technique
3.16 Oxygen Permeability and Transmissibility
3.16.1 Contact Lens Solutions
3.17 Optical Biometer
3.17.1 Ophthalmologic Apparatus
3.17.2 Ophthalmologic Information Processing
3.17.3 Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography
References
4. Drug Delivery
4.1 Basic Issues
4.2 Methodologies for the Design of Therapeutic Contact Lenses
4.2.1 Soaking Method
4.2.2 pH-Sensitive Lenses
4.2.3 Magnetic Micropump
4.2.4 Molecular Imprinting
4.2.5 Colloidal Nanoparticles
4.2.6 Polymeric Nanoparticles
4.2.7 Cyclodextrins
4.2.8 Liposomes
4.2.9 Microemulsion and Micelles
4.2.10 Vitamin E
4.2.11 Supercritical Fluid Technology
4.2.12 Hydrophobic Drug Loading
4.2.13 Cationic Drugs
4.3 Hydrogels
4.3.1 Salt-Induced Modulation
4.3.2 Polymeric Hydrogels
4.3.3 Colloid-Laden Hydrogels
4.3.4 Ligand-Containing Hydrogels
4.3.5 Amphiphilic Polymers
4.3.6 Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses
4.3.7 Zwitterionic Hydrogels
4.3.8 Surface-Modified Hydrogels
4.3.9 Cyclodextrin-Hyaluronan Hydrogels
4.3.10 Bioinspired Hydrogels
4.3.11 Tobramycin Release
4.4 Contact Lens Gels
4.5 Molecularly Imprinted Contact Lenses
4.5.1 Molecular Imprinting Technology
4.5.2 Molecularly Imprinted Contact Lenses
4.5.3 Hydrogels
4.5.4 Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Preparation
4.6 Special Drugs
4.6.1 Timolol
4.6.2 Dexamethasone
4.6.3 Ketotifen Fumarate
4.6.4 Ciprofloxacin
4.6.5 Ofloxacin
4.6.6 Polymyxin B and Vancomycin
4.6.7 Epinastine
4.6.8 Lactoferrin
4.6.9 Bimatoprost
4.6.10 Dipicolylamine
4.6.11 Gatifloxacin
4.6.12 Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose
4.6.13 Dorzolamide
4.6.14 Ethoxzolamide
4.6.15 Hyaluronic Acid
4.6.16 Lifitegrast
4.6.17 Diclofenac Sodium
4.6.18 Moxifloxacin
4.6.19 Norfloxacin
4.6.20 Sparfloxacin
4.6.21 Latanoprost
4.6.22 Loteprednol
4.6.23 Release of Multiple Therapeutics
References
5. Medical Problems
5.1 Eye Diseases
5.2 Corneal Edema
5.2.1 PMMA Lenses
5.2.2 Thickness Changes
5.2.3 Corneal Swelling
5.2.4 Acanthamoeba Keratitis
5.3 Presbyopia and Myopia Control
5.4 Toxic Soft Lenses
5.4.1 Allergic and Toxic Reactions
5.5 Disinfection Agents
5.5.1 Polymeric Biguanide and Vinylimidazole
5.5.2 Saccharides
5.5.3 Amphipathic Peptides
5.5.4 Antibacterial Properties
5.6 Silicone Hydrogels
5.7 Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency
5.8 Computer Vision Syndrome
5.8.1 Tests and Analysis
5.8.2 Pathophysiology
5.8.3 Problems for Radiologists
5.9 Dry Eye Problems
5.9.1 Ions in Tears
5.9.2 Treatment Methods
5.9.3 Comparative Study of the Reasons for Dry Eyes
5.10 Orthokeratology
5.10.1 Myopia
References
Index
Acronyms
Chemicals
General Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Types of Lenses
1.1 History of Contact Lenses
1.2 Materials
1.3 Monomers
1.3.1 Monomers for Block Copolymers
1.3.2 Silicone Acrylamides
1.4 Soft Lenses
1.4.1 Hydrogels
1.4.2 PVA Hydrogel
1.4.3 Clear Contact Lenses
1.5 Water Absorbable Formulations
1.6 Bandage Contact Lenses
1.6.1 Antimicrobial Bandage Contact Lens
1.7 Functional Contact Lenses
1.7.1 Remote Health Monitoring
1.7.2 Graphene Oxide Nanocolloids
1.7.3 Diabetic Diagnosis
1.7.4 Target Analyte Sensing
1.7.5 Adaptive Tuning
1.7.6 Wireless Communication
1.7.7 Glucose Biosensors
1.7.8 Cancer Detection
1.8 Scleral Contact Lenses
1.8.1 Fabrication of Scleral Lenses
1.8.2 Scleral Lens Fitting
1.8.3 Ocular Drug Delivery Systems
1.9 Multifocal Contact Lenses
1.9.1 Bifocal Contact Lenses
1.9.2 Silicone Hydrogels
1.9.3 Non-Silicone Hydrogels
1.9.4 Tilted-Wear Type Contact Lenses
1.9.5 Neutral Density Filters
1.10 Augmented Reality Contact Lens Systems
1.10.1 Electronic Contact Lenses
1.10.2 Smart Contact Lenses
1.10.3 Wearable Smart Contact Lenses
1.10.4 Collimated Light-Emitting Diodes
1.11 Siloxane Macromers
1.11.1 Silicone Urethane Polymers
1.12 Oxygen-Permeable Lenses
1.12.1 Extended Wear Lenses
1.12.2 Structures for Thick Payloads
1.13 Natural Protein Polymer Contact Lenses
1.14 Ultrathin Coating
1.15 Anti-Biofouling Contact Lenses
1.15.1 Phosphorylcholine
1.15.2 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate
1.15.3 Chitosan
1.16 Drug Delivery via Hydrogel Contact Lenses
1.16.1 Hydrogels with Phosphate Groups
1.16.2 Ophthalmic Drug Delivery
1.17 Simulation Methods
1.17.1 Ocular Topography Parameters
1.17.2 Rigid Gas-Permeable Lenses
1.17.3 Computerized Videokeratography
References
2. Fabrication Methods
2.1 Computer-Aided Contact Lens Design and Fabrication
2.1.1 Spline-Based Mathematical Surfaces
2.1.2 Corneal Refractive Therapy Program
2.2 Contact Lenses with Selective Spectral Blocking
2.3 Colored Contact Lenses
2.3.1 Hard Colored Contact Lenses
2.4 Decentered Contact Lenses
2.5 Stabilized Contact Lenses
2.6 Additive Manufacturing
2.7 Mold Process
2.7.1 Injection Molding
2.7.2 Cast Molding
2.7.3 Two-Part Mold Assembly
2.8 Reactive Ion Etching
2.9 Electrospinning
2.9.1 Creating Electrospun Contact Lens Structures
2.9.2 Electrospinning Controlled Polymer Fibril Matrices
2.9.3 Electrospinning of a Prepolymer Solution
2.10 Rigid Plastic Lenses
2.10.1 Rigid Gas-Permeable Contact Lenses
2.11 Soft Plastic Lenses
2.11.1 Layer-by-Layer Deposition
2.11.2 Electron-Beam Irradiation Polymerization
2.11.3 Shaping and Cutting
2.12 Coating Methods
2.12.1 Zwitterionic Coating
2.12.2 Antibacterial Nanocoating
2.13 Disinfection of Contact Lenses
2.13.1 Hydrogen Peroxide and Fibrous Catalyst
2.13.2 Hydrogen Peroxide and Metal Catalyst
2.13.3 Removing Hydrogen Peroxide
2.14 Integrated Microtubes
2.15. Injection Molding
2.15.1 Aspheric Contact Lenses
2.16 Handling Tools
2.16.1 Insertion Tool
2.16.2 Insertion Tool
References
3. Properties
3.1 Ophthalmic Compatibility Requirements
3.2 Standards
3.2.1 Tensile Properties of Plastics
3.2.2 Tear-Propagation Resistance
3.2.3 Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate
3.2.4 Biomaterials
3.2.5 Eye Protectors
3.3 Eye Model with Blink Mechanism
3.4 Assessment of Cytotoxic Effects
3.4.1 Draize Eye Irritation Test
3.4.2 Acute Eye Irritation Testing
3.4.3 Benzalkonium Chlorides
3.4.4 Residual Monomer Content
3.5 Special Functions
3.5.1 Intraocular Pressure
3.5.2 Coating Thickness
3.6 Cleaning of Contact Lenses
3.7 Biofouling
3.8 Wettability
3.8.1 Blister Pack Solutions
3.8.2 Captive Bubble Method
3.8.3 Tethered Hyaluronic Acid-Based Coatings
3.9 Material Properties and Antimicrobial Efficacy
3.10 Microscopic Examination
3.10.1 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
3.10.2 Atomic Force Spectroscopy
3.10.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
3.10.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.11 Schirmer Tear Test
3.12 Ocular Surface Disease Index Test
3.13 Corneal Fluorescein Staining Test
3.14 Ion Permeability
3.14.1 Ionoflux Technique
3.14.2 Ionoton Measurement Technique
3.15 Hydrodell Water Permeability Technique
3.16 Oxygen Permeability and Transmissibility
3.16.1 Contact Lens Solutions
3.17 Optical Biometer
3.17.1 Ophthalmologic Apparatus
3.17.2 Ophthalmologic Information Processing
3.17.3 Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography
References
4. Drug Delivery
4.1 Basic Issues
4.2 Methodologies for the Design of Therapeutic Contact Lenses
4.2.1 Soaking Method
4.2.2 pH-Sensitive Lenses
4.2.3 Magnetic Micropump
4.2.4 Molecular Imprinting
4.2.5 Colloidal Nanoparticles
4.2.6 Polymeric Nanoparticles
4.2.7 Cyclodextrins
4.2.8 Liposomes
4.2.9 Microemulsion and Micelles
4.2.10 Vitamin E
4.2.11 Supercritical Fluid Technology
4.2.12 Hydrophobic Drug Loading
4.2.13 Cationic Drugs
4.3 Hydrogels
4.3.1 Salt-Induced Modulation
4.3.2 Polymeric Hydrogels
4.3.3 Colloid-Laden Hydrogels
4.3.4 Ligand-Containing Hydrogels
4.3.5 Amphiphilic Polymers
4.3.6 Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses
4.3.7 Zwitterionic Hydrogels
4.3.8 Surface-Modified Hydrogels
4.3.9 Cyclodextrin-Hyaluronan Hydrogels
4.3.10 Bioinspired Hydrogels
4.3.11 Tobramycin Release
4.4 Contact Lens Gels
4.5 Molecularly Imprinted Contact Lenses
4.5.1 Molecular Imprinting Technology
4.5.2 Molecularly Imprinted Contact Lenses
4.5.3 Hydrogels
4.5.4 Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Preparation
4.6 Special Drugs
4.6.1 Timolol
4.6.2 Dexamethasone
4.6.3 Ketotifen Fumarate
4.6.4 Ciprofloxacin
4.6.5 Ofloxacin
4.6.6 Polymyxin B and Vancomycin
4.6.7 Epinastine
4.6.8 Lactoferrin
4.6.9 Bimatoprost
4.6.10 Dipicolylamine
4.6.11 Gatifloxacin
4.6.12 Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose
4.6.13 Dorzolamide
4.6.14 Ethoxzolamide
4.6.15 Hyaluronic Acid
4.6.16 Lifitegrast
4.6.17 Diclofenac Sodium
4.6.18 Moxifloxacin
4.6.19 Norfloxacin
4.6.20 Sparfloxacin
4.6.21 Latanoprost
4.6.22 Loteprednol
4.6.23 Release of Multiple Therapeutics
References
5. Medical Problems
5.1 Eye Diseases
5.2 Corneal Edema
5.2.1 PMMA Lenses
5.2.2 Thickness Changes
5.2.3 Corneal Swelling
5.2.4 Acanthamoeba Keratitis
5.3 Presbyopia and Myopia Control
5.4 Toxic Soft Lenses
5.4.1 Allergic and Toxic Reactions
5.5 Disinfection Agents
5.5.1 Polymeric Biguanide and Vinylimidazole
5.5.2 Saccharides
5.5.3 Amphipathic Peptides
5.5.4 Antibacterial Properties
5.6 Silicone Hydrogels
5.7 Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency
5.8 Computer Vision Syndrome
5.8.1 Tests and Analysis
5.8.2 Pathophysiology
5.8.3 Problems for Radiologists
5.9 Dry Eye Problems
5.9.1 Ions in Tears
5.9.2 Treatment Methods
5.9.3 Comparative Study of the Reasons for Dry Eyes
5.10 Orthokeratology
5.10.1 Myopia
References
Index
Acronyms
Chemicals
General Index
Back to Top