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Submit a ProposalSustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution Volume 2
 | Air, Water and Soil Reclamation Edited by Nour Shafik El-Gendy Copyright: 2022 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119827511 | Hardcover | 537 pages Price: $249 USD  |
One Line Description
This second volume in a broad, comprehensive two-volume set, Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, concentrates on air, water, and soil reclamation, some of the biggest challenges facing environmental engineers and scientists today.
Audience
Petroleum, chemical, process, and environmental engineers, other scientists and engineers working in the area of environmental pollution, and students at the university and graduate level studying these areas
Petroleum, chemical, process, and environmental engineers, other scientists and engineers working in the area of environmental pollution, and students at the university and graduate level studying these areas
Description
This second, new volume in the two-volume set, Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, picks up where volume one left off, covering the remediation of air, water, and soil environments. Outlining new methods and technologies for all three environmental scenarios, the authors and editor go above and beyond, introducing naturally based techniques in addition to changes and advances in more standard methods.
Written by some of the most well-known and respected experts in the field, with a prolific and expert editor, this volume takes a multidisciplinary approach, across many scientific and engineering fields, intending the two-volume set as a “one stop shop” for all of the advances and emerging techniques and processes in this area.
This groundbreaking new volume in this forward-thinking set is the most comprehensive coverage of all of these issues, laying out the latest advances and addressing the most serious current concerns in environmental pollution. Whether for the veteran engineer or the student, this is a must-have for any library.
Back to Top
This second, new volume in the two-volume set, Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, picks up where volume one left off, covering the remediation of air, water, and soil environments. Outlining new methods and technologies for all three environmental scenarios, the authors and editor go above and beyond, introducing naturally based techniques in addition to changes and advances in more standard methods.
Written by some of the most well-known and respected experts in the field, with a prolific and expert editor, this volume takes a multidisciplinary approach, across many scientific and engineering fields, intending the two-volume set as a “one stop shop” for all of the advances and emerging techniques and processes in this area.
This groundbreaking new volume in this forward-thinking set is the most comprehensive coverage of all of these issues, laying out the latest advances and addressing the most serious current concerns in environmental pollution. Whether for the veteran engineer or the student, this is a must-have for any library.
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Author / Editor Details
Nour Shafik El-Gendy, PhD, is a professor in the field of petroleum and environmental biotechnology, advisor for the Egyptian Minster of Environment, vice head for Department of Process Design & Development and former head manager of Petroleum Biotechnology Lab, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI). She is an editor, reviewer, and contributor to many scientific journals, and she has numerous awards, papers, and presentations to her credit, including being the author or co-author of several books. She is vice coordinator of the Scientific Research Committee, National Council for Women (NCW) of Egypt and member in the Egyptian Young Academy of Sciences (EYAS). El-Gendy is expert in the field of environmental pollution, wastewater treatment, biofuel, petroleum upgrading, green chemistry, nanobiotechnology, recycling of wastes and biocorrosion. She has extensive research, teaching, and lecturing experience, and she is the co-editor of the book, Biodesulfurization in Petroleum Refining, also available from Wiley-Scrivener.
Nour Shafik El-Gendy, PhD, is a professor in the field of petroleum and environmental biotechnology, advisor for the Egyptian Minster of Environment, vice head for Department of Process Design & Development and former head manager of Petroleum Biotechnology Lab, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI). She is an editor, reviewer, and contributor to many scientific journals, and she has numerous awards, papers, and presentations to her credit, including being the author or co-author of several books. She is vice coordinator of the Scientific Research Committee, National Council for Women (NCW) of Egypt and member in the Egyptian Young Academy of Sciences (EYAS). El-Gendy is expert in the field of environmental pollution, wastewater treatment, biofuel, petroleum upgrading, green chemistry, nanobiotechnology, recycling of wastes and biocorrosion. She has extensive research, teaching, and lecturing experience, and she is the co-editor of the book, Biodesulfurization in Petroleum Refining, also available from Wiley-Scrivener.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Natural-Based Solutions for Bioremediation in Water Environment
Pascal Breil, Marie-Noëlle Pons, Gilles Armani, Ranya Amer, Harrison Pienaar, Paul Oberholster and Philippe Namour
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic Principles
1.2.1 Bioremediation
1.2.2 Self-Purification
1.2.2.1 Redox Processes
1.2.2.2 Photo-Degradation
1.3 Aquatic Bioremediation Structures
1.4 Constructed Porous Ramps
1.5 Bank Filtration for Water Treatment
1.6 Constructed Wetlands (CWs)
1.6.1 Water Flow
1.6.2 Aquatic Vegetation
1.7 Phytoremediation and Constructed Wetlands
1.7.1 Phytoremediation Techniques
1.7.2 Aquatic Phytobiome
1.7.3 Various Aquatic Plants Used
1.7.4 Emergent Aquatic Plants
1.7.5 Floating Leaved Aquatic Plants
1.7.6 Floating Aquatic Plants
1.7.7 Submerged Aquatic Plants
1.7.8 Mixture of Macrophytes and Microalgae
1.8 Phycoremediation
1.8.1 Carbon and Nutrients (N and P) Removal
1.8.2 Micropollutant Removal
1.9 Phytoremediation
1.9.1 Carbon and Nutrients (N and P) Removal
1.9.2 Metals Removal
1.9.3 Organic Micropollutant Removal
1.10 Improving Bioremediation Systems
1.10.1 Introduction
1.10.2 Floating Treatment Constructed Wetlands
1.10.3 Electro-Bioremediation
1.10.4 Bench Tests
1.10.5 Pilot Tests
1.10.6 Field Implementations
1.10.7 Maintenance of Aquatic Bioremediation Systems
1.10.8 Biomass Management
1.10.9 Sediment Management
1.11 Animal Biodiversity
1.11.1 Biodiversity Management
1.12 Nuisances
1.12.1 Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
1.12.2 Noxious Gases
1.12.3 Mosquitoes
1.12.4 Burrowing Animals
1.12.5 Algal Blooms
1.13 Wetland Monitoring
1.13.1 Monitoring Large-Scale CWs
1.13.2 Vegetation Monitoring
1.14 Wetland Modeling
1.15 Aquatic Plant Development Models
1.15.1 Submerged Aquatic Plants
1.15.2 Duckweed
1.15.3 Micropollutants Sorption
1.15.4 Organic Micropollutant Photolysis
1.15.5 Global CW Modeling
1.16 Social Acceptance
1.17 Yzeron Watershed Case Study (France)
1.18 South Africa Case Study
1.19 Ecohydrology, an Integrative NBS Implementation
1.19.1 Three Nested Logics for Innovative NBS Implementation
1.19.2 Ecohydrology on Small Watersheds
1.20 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
2. Removal of Heavy Metals From the Environment by Phytoremediation and Microbial Remediation
Raluca-Maria Hlihor, Cozma Petronela and Maria Gavrilescu
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Linking Heavy Metals Toxicity With Their Discharge and Removal From the Environmental Compartments
2.3 Bio-Alternative Approaches Used for Heavy Metals Removal and/or Recovery From the Environment
2.3.1 Biosorption and Bioaccumulation
2.3.2 Phytoremediation
2.3.2.1 Limitation and Challenges of Phytoremediation
2.4 Interactions of Heavy Metals With Biological Systems and Toxicity Threats
2.4.1 Some Expressions of Metal Toxicity in Living Organisms
2.4.2 Heavy Metals, Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress
2.4.3 Some Effects of Humans’ Exposure to Heavy Metals Toxicity
2.4.4 Effects of Plants Exposure to Heavy Metals Toxicity
2.4.5 Effects of Microbes Exposure to Heavy Metals Toxicity
2.5 Synergistic Use of Plants and Bacteria for Cleaning Up the Environment Polluted With Heavy Metals
2.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
3. Bioremediation as a Sustainable Solution for Environmental Contamination by Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Karuna K. Arjoon and James G. Speight
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Principles of Bioremediation
3.3 Bioremediation and Biodegradation
3.3.1 Natural Bioremediation Mechanism
3.3.2 Traditional Bioremediation Methods
3.3.3 Enhanced Bioremediation Treatment
3.4 Mechanism of Biodegradation
3.4.1 Chemical Reactions
3.5 Bioremediation of Land Ecosystems
3.5.1 Soil Evaluation
3.5.1.1 Chemical Properties
3.5.1.2 Biological Properties
3.5.1.3 Effect of Temperature
3.5.1.4 Effect of pH
3.5.1.5 Effect of Salinity
3.6 Bioremediation of Water Ecosystems
3.6.1 Biodegradation
3.6.2 Bioremediation
3.6.2.1 Temperature
3.6.2.2 Effect of Oxygen
3.6.2.3 Nutrients
3.6.2.4 Effect of Petroleum Characteristics
3.6.2.5 Effect of Prior Exposure
3.6.2.6 Effect of Dispersants
3.6.2.7 Effect of Flowing Water
3.6.2.8 Effect of Deep-Sea Environments
3.7 Challenges and Opportunities
References
4. Pollution Protection Using Novel Membrane Catalytic Reactors
Said. S. E. H. Elnashaie and Elham Elzanati
Nomenclatures
Greek Letters
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Autothermal Systems
4.2.1 Dehydrogenation (Dehydro) and Hydrogenation (Hydro) Reactions
4.2.2 Dehydrogenation (Dehydro) Definition
4.2.3 Dehydro Reaction and the Generated Hydrogen Consumption
4.2.4 Endothermic (Endo) Dehydro Coupled With Exothermic (Exo) Reactions
4.3 The Thermal Coupling and the Autothermal (Auto) Reactors
4.3.1 Recuperative Coupling Reactor
4.3.1.1 Recuperative Coupling Reactors Design
4.3.1.2 Examples of Recuperative Reactions Coupling
4.3.2 Regenerative Coupling Reactor
4.3.3 Direct Coupling Reactor
4.4 The Membrane Reactor
4.5 Development Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
4.5.1 Gas-to-Liquid Fuel
4.5.2 High-Temperature Fisher-Tropsch (HTFT) Processes
4.6 HTFT Reactor Type and Developments
4.6.1 Fixed-Bed Reactor
4.6.2 Fluidized-Bed Reactor
4.6.2.1 The Fluidization Principle
4.6.2.2 Classification of Fluidized Reactor
4.6.3 Bubble Column Reactors
4.6.4 Dual-Type Membrane Reactor
4.7 Membrane Reactors Classification
4.8 Rate Expressions
4.8.1 Modeling of the Dehydro Process in Membrane Reactor
4.9 Industrial Applications
4.9.1 Heterogeneous Catalytic Gas-Phase Reactions
4.9.1.1 Catalytic Cracking
4.9.1.2 Synthesis of Acrylonitrile
4.9.1.3 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
4.9.1.4 Other Processes
4.9.2 Homogeneous Gas-Phase Reactions
4.9.3 Gas-Solid Reactions
4.9.4 Applications in Biotechnology
4.10 Catalytic Membrane Reactors Coupling Dehydro of EB to S With Hydro NB to A as a Case Study
4.10.1 Introduction
4.10.2 Reactor Configuration
4.10.3 Reactor Model
4.11 Case Study of Use the Membranes in Fischer-Tropsch Reactors
4.11.1 Introduction
4.11.2 Use of Semi-Permeable Membranes in FTS
4.11.3 Water-Selective Semi-Permeable Membranes for Water Removal
4.11.4 The Use of Non-Selective Porous Membranes In FTS
4.11.4.1 Concept of the Plug-Through Contactor Membranes Using the Permeable
Composite Monolith (PCM)
4.11.4.2 Preparation of PCM, the Possibility to Control the Porous Structure Parameters at the Preparation Stage
4.11.5 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis in a PCM Membrane Reactor
4.11.5.1 Dry Mode of Operation
4.11.5.2 Flooded Mode of Operation, the Effect of the Pore Structure and Membrane Geometry on the Magnitude of the Mass-Transfer Constrains
4.12 Biofuel and Sustainability
4.13 Conclusions
References
5. Removal of Microbial Contaminants From Polluted Water Using Combined Biosand Filters Techniques
Lizzy Aluoch Mwamburi
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Slow Sand Filtration
5.2.1 Sand Filters and Removal of Pollutants
5.2.1.1 Effect of Sand Grain Size on Removal of Pollutants
5.2.1.2 Effect of Sand Bed Depth on Removal of Pollutants
5.2.1.3 Effect of Retention Time on Removal of Pollutants
5.3 Wetlands
5.3.1 Natural Wetlands
5.3.2 Constructed Wetlands
5.3.2.1 Types of Macrophytes in Constructed Wetlands
5.3.2.2 Constructed Wetlands and Removal of Pollutants
5.3.2.3 Combined Macrophyte Species in Constructed Wetlands
5.3.2.4 Advantages of Constructed Wetlands
5.3 Wetlands
5.4 Combination of Sand Filters With Constructed Wetlands Systems
5.5 Conclusions
References
6. Biosurfactants: Promising Biomolecules for Environmental Cleanup
Geeta Rawat, Renu Choudhary, Vijay Kumar and Vivek Kumar
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biosurfactants Types
6.3 Biosurfactants Mechanism of Remediation
6.4 Bioremediation of Petro-Hydrocarbon Contaminants
6.5 Microbial Enhance Oil Recovery (MEOR)
6.5.1 Mechanism of MEOR
6.6 Biosurfactants and Agro-Ecosystem Pollutants
6.7 Heavy Metals Removal
6.8 Biosurfactants for Sustainability
6.8.1 Low-Cost Substrates
6.9 Production Processes
6.10 Concluding Remarks
6.11 Future Aspects
References
7. Metal Hyperaccumulation in Plants: Phytotechnologies
Rachna Chandra, B. Anjan Kumar Prusty and P. A. Azeez
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Phytotechnologies and Terminologies
7.2.1 Phytoaccumulation/Phytoextraction
7.2.2 Rhizofiltration
7.2.3 Phytovolatilization
7.2.4 Rhizodegradation
7.2.5 Phytodegradation/Phytotransformation
7.2.6 Phytostabilization
7.3 Biological Mechanisms
7.4 Present Gaps and Prospects
7.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8. Microbial Remediation Approaches For PAH Degradation
KavitaVerma and Vartika Mathur
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biogeochemical Properties and Sources of PAH
8.3 Fate of PAH
8.4 PAH: Soil and Air Pollution
8.5 Harmful Effects of PAH
8.6 Microbe Assisted Biodegradation
8.6.1 Bacterial Assisted PAH Degradation
8.6.2 Mechanism
8.6.3 Mycoremediation
8.6.3.1 Mechanism
8.6.4 Algae Assisted PAH Degradation
8.7 Genes and Enzymes Involved in Microbial Degradation
8.8 Factors Affecting Microbial Biodegradation
8.9 Bioremediation and Genetic Engineering
8.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
9. Biomorphic Synthesis of Nanosized Zinc Oxide for Water Purification Waleed I.M. El-Azab and Hager R. Ali
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Properties of ZnO NPs
9.2.1 Structure and Lattice Parameters of ZnO
9.2.2 Mechanical Properties
9.2.3 Electronic Properties
9.2.4 Optical Properties
9.3 Protocol for the Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs
9.3.1 Natural Extract–Based ZnO Nanostructure
9.3.2 Microorganism-Based ZnO Nanostructures
9.3.3 Solvent System-Based “Green” Synthesis
9.4 Factors Affecting the Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles
9.4.1 pH
9.4.2 Temperature
9.4.3 Influence of the Reactant
9.4.4 Effect of Metabolites
9.5 Applications of Biologically Synthesized NPs
9.5.1 Antibacterial Effect of ZnO-NPs
9.5.2 Photocatalytic Activity
9.5.3 ZnO NPs and ROS Production
9.6 Mechanism of Biogenic Synthesis of ZnO NPs
9.7 Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles
9.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
10. Pollution Dynamics of Urban Catchments
Eugine Makaya
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Environmental Protection for Sustainable Development
10.1.2 Sustainability in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
10.1.3 Sustainability in Organic Solid Waste Management
10.2 Sustainability in Domestic Wastewater Treatment
10.2.1 Centralized Sanitation and Sustainability
10.2.2 Decentralized Sanitation and Sustainability
10.2.3 Merits of Centralized Over Decentralized Sanitation
10.3 Source Area Pollutant Generation Processes
10.3.1 Automotive Activities
10.3.2 Atmospheric Depositions
10.4 Polluting Activities
10.4.1 Industrial
10.5 Characterization of Urban Pollutants
10.5.1 Air Pollution Measurements Used in Estimating Annual Average Concentrations
10.5.2 Comparative Quantification of Health Risks
10.6 The Fate and Transport of Urban Pollutants
10.7 Spatial Distribution of Urbans Pollutants
10.7.1 Tools for Monitoring the Spatial Distribution
10.7.1.1 Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing
10.7.1.2 Shetran Modeling
10.8 Case Study: City of Harare
10.9 Conclusions, Challenges, Opportunities, and/or Future Aspects
References
11. Bioupgrading of Crude Oil and Crude Oil Fractions
Karuna K. Arjoon and James G. Speight
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
11.3 Biotransformation of Heavy Crude Oil
11.4 Biorefining of Crude Oil
11.4.1 Biodesulfurization
11.4.2 Biodenitrogenation
11.4.3 Biodemetallization
11.5 The Future of Biotechnology in the Refinery
References
12. Recyclable Porous Adsorbents as Environmentally Approach for Greenhouse Gas Capture
Nour F. Attia, Sally E. A. Elashery, Ahmed A. Galhoum, Hyunchul Oh and Ibrahim El T. El Sayed
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Classification of Porous Materials
12.3 Recyclability Routes of Biomass to Porous Carbons
12.4 Activation Routes Processes
12.4.1 Physical Activation
12.4.2 Chemical Activation
12.5 CO2 Capture in Recyclable Porous Carbon Materials
12.6 CO2 Capture Mechanism in Porous Carbons
12.7 Prospects and Outlooks
12.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
About the Editor
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Natural-Based Solutions for Bioremediation in Water Environment
Pascal Breil, Marie-Noëlle Pons, Gilles Armani, Ranya Amer, Harrison Pienaar, Paul Oberholster and Philippe Namour
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic Principles
1.2.1 Bioremediation
1.2.2 Self-Purification
1.2.2.1 Redox Processes
1.2.2.2 Photo-Degradation
1.3 Aquatic Bioremediation Structures
1.4 Constructed Porous Ramps
1.5 Bank Filtration for Water Treatment
1.6 Constructed Wetlands (CWs)
1.6.1 Water Flow
1.6.2 Aquatic Vegetation
1.7 Phytoremediation and Constructed Wetlands
1.7.1 Phytoremediation Techniques
1.7.2 Aquatic Phytobiome
1.7.3 Various Aquatic Plants Used
1.7.4 Emergent Aquatic Plants
1.7.5 Floating Leaved Aquatic Plants
1.7.6 Floating Aquatic Plants
1.7.7 Submerged Aquatic Plants
1.7.8 Mixture of Macrophytes and Microalgae
1.8 Phycoremediation
1.8.1 Carbon and Nutrients (N and P) Removal
1.8.2 Micropollutant Removal
1.9 Phytoremediation
1.9.1 Carbon and Nutrients (N and P) Removal
1.9.2 Metals Removal
1.9.3 Organic Micropollutant Removal
1.10 Improving Bioremediation Systems
1.10.1 Introduction
1.10.2 Floating Treatment Constructed Wetlands
1.10.3 Electro-Bioremediation
1.10.4 Bench Tests
1.10.5 Pilot Tests
1.10.6 Field Implementations
1.10.7 Maintenance of Aquatic Bioremediation Systems
1.10.8 Biomass Management
1.10.9 Sediment Management
1.11 Animal Biodiversity
1.11.1 Biodiversity Management
1.12 Nuisances
1.12.1 Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
1.12.2 Noxious Gases
1.12.3 Mosquitoes
1.12.4 Burrowing Animals
1.12.5 Algal Blooms
1.13 Wetland Monitoring
1.13.1 Monitoring Large-Scale CWs
1.13.2 Vegetation Monitoring
1.14 Wetland Modeling
1.15 Aquatic Plant Development Models
1.15.1 Submerged Aquatic Plants
1.15.2 Duckweed
1.15.3 Micropollutants Sorption
1.15.4 Organic Micropollutant Photolysis
1.15.5 Global CW Modeling
1.16 Social Acceptance
1.17 Yzeron Watershed Case Study (France)
1.18 South Africa Case Study
1.19 Ecohydrology, an Integrative NBS Implementation
1.19.1 Three Nested Logics for Innovative NBS Implementation
1.19.2 Ecohydrology on Small Watersheds
1.20 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
2. Removal of Heavy Metals From the Environment by Phytoremediation and Microbial Remediation
Raluca-Maria Hlihor, Cozma Petronela and Maria Gavrilescu
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Linking Heavy Metals Toxicity With Their Discharge and Removal From the Environmental Compartments
2.3 Bio-Alternative Approaches Used for Heavy Metals Removal and/or Recovery From the Environment
2.3.1 Biosorption and Bioaccumulation
2.3.2 Phytoremediation
2.3.2.1 Limitation and Challenges of Phytoremediation
2.4 Interactions of Heavy Metals With Biological Systems and Toxicity Threats
2.4.1 Some Expressions of Metal Toxicity in Living Organisms
2.4.2 Heavy Metals, Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress
2.4.3 Some Effects of Humans’ Exposure to Heavy Metals Toxicity
2.4.4 Effects of Plants Exposure to Heavy Metals Toxicity
2.4.5 Effects of Microbes Exposure to Heavy Metals Toxicity
2.5 Synergistic Use of Plants and Bacteria for Cleaning Up the Environment Polluted With Heavy Metals
2.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
3. Bioremediation as a Sustainable Solution for Environmental Contamination by Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Karuna K. Arjoon and James G. Speight
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Principles of Bioremediation
3.3 Bioremediation and Biodegradation
3.3.1 Natural Bioremediation Mechanism
3.3.2 Traditional Bioremediation Methods
3.3.3 Enhanced Bioremediation Treatment
3.4 Mechanism of Biodegradation
3.4.1 Chemical Reactions
3.5 Bioremediation of Land Ecosystems
3.5.1 Soil Evaluation
3.5.1.1 Chemical Properties
3.5.1.2 Biological Properties
3.5.1.3 Effect of Temperature
3.5.1.4 Effect of pH
3.5.1.5 Effect of Salinity
3.6 Bioremediation of Water Ecosystems
3.6.1 Biodegradation
3.6.2 Bioremediation
3.6.2.1 Temperature
3.6.2.2 Effect of Oxygen
3.6.2.3 Nutrients
3.6.2.4 Effect of Petroleum Characteristics
3.6.2.5 Effect of Prior Exposure
3.6.2.6 Effect of Dispersants
3.6.2.7 Effect of Flowing Water
3.6.2.8 Effect of Deep-Sea Environments
3.7 Challenges and Opportunities
References
4. Pollution Protection Using Novel Membrane Catalytic Reactors
Said. S. E. H. Elnashaie and Elham Elzanati
Nomenclatures
Greek Letters
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Autothermal Systems
4.2.1 Dehydrogenation (Dehydro) and Hydrogenation (Hydro) Reactions
4.2.2 Dehydrogenation (Dehydro) Definition
4.2.3 Dehydro Reaction and the Generated Hydrogen Consumption
4.2.4 Endothermic (Endo) Dehydro Coupled With Exothermic (Exo) Reactions
4.3 The Thermal Coupling and the Autothermal (Auto) Reactors
4.3.1 Recuperative Coupling Reactor
4.3.1.1 Recuperative Coupling Reactors Design
4.3.1.2 Examples of Recuperative Reactions Coupling
4.3.2 Regenerative Coupling Reactor
4.3.3 Direct Coupling Reactor
4.4 The Membrane Reactor
4.5 Development Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
4.5.1 Gas-to-Liquid Fuel
4.5.2 High-Temperature Fisher-Tropsch (HTFT) Processes
4.6 HTFT Reactor Type and Developments
4.6.1 Fixed-Bed Reactor
4.6.2 Fluidized-Bed Reactor
4.6.2.1 The Fluidization Principle
4.6.2.2 Classification of Fluidized Reactor
4.6.3 Bubble Column Reactors
4.6.4 Dual-Type Membrane Reactor
4.7 Membrane Reactors Classification
4.8 Rate Expressions
4.8.1 Modeling of the Dehydro Process in Membrane Reactor
4.9 Industrial Applications
4.9.1 Heterogeneous Catalytic Gas-Phase Reactions
4.9.1.1 Catalytic Cracking
4.9.1.2 Synthesis of Acrylonitrile
4.9.1.3 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
4.9.1.4 Other Processes
4.9.2 Homogeneous Gas-Phase Reactions
4.9.3 Gas-Solid Reactions
4.9.4 Applications in Biotechnology
4.10 Catalytic Membrane Reactors Coupling Dehydro of EB to S With Hydro NB to A as a Case Study
4.10.1 Introduction
4.10.2 Reactor Configuration
4.10.3 Reactor Model
4.11 Case Study of Use the Membranes in Fischer-Tropsch Reactors
4.11.1 Introduction
4.11.2 Use of Semi-Permeable Membranes in FTS
4.11.3 Water-Selective Semi-Permeable Membranes for Water Removal
4.11.4 The Use of Non-Selective Porous Membranes In FTS
4.11.4.1 Concept of the Plug-Through Contactor Membranes Using the Permeable
Composite Monolith (PCM)
4.11.4.2 Preparation of PCM, the Possibility to Control the Porous Structure Parameters at the Preparation Stage
4.11.5 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis in a PCM Membrane Reactor
4.11.5.1 Dry Mode of Operation
4.11.5.2 Flooded Mode of Operation, the Effect of the Pore Structure and Membrane Geometry on the Magnitude of the Mass-Transfer Constrains
4.12 Biofuel and Sustainability
4.13 Conclusions
References
5. Removal of Microbial Contaminants From Polluted Water Using Combined Biosand Filters Techniques
Lizzy Aluoch Mwamburi
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Slow Sand Filtration
5.2.1 Sand Filters and Removal of Pollutants
5.2.1.1 Effect of Sand Grain Size on Removal of Pollutants
5.2.1.2 Effect of Sand Bed Depth on Removal of Pollutants
5.2.1.3 Effect of Retention Time on Removal of Pollutants
5.3 Wetlands
5.3.1 Natural Wetlands
5.3.2 Constructed Wetlands
5.3.2.1 Types of Macrophytes in Constructed Wetlands
5.3.2.2 Constructed Wetlands and Removal of Pollutants
5.3.2.3 Combined Macrophyte Species in Constructed Wetlands
5.3.2.4 Advantages of Constructed Wetlands
5.3 Wetlands
5.4 Combination of Sand Filters With Constructed Wetlands Systems
5.5 Conclusions
References
6. Biosurfactants: Promising Biomolecules for Environmental Cleanup
Geeta Rawat, Renu Choudhary, Vijay Kumar and Vivek Kumar
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biosurfactants Types
6.3 Biosurfactants Mechanism of Remediation
6.4 Bioremediation of Petro-Hydrocarbon Contaminants
6.5 Microbial Enhance Oil Recovery (MEOR)
6.5.1 Mechanism of MEOR
6.6 Biosurfactants and Agro-Ecosystem Pollutants
6.7 Heavy Metals Removal
6.8 Biosurfactants for Sustainability
6.8.1 Low-Cost Substrates
6.9 Production Processes
6.10 Concluding Remarks
6.11 Future Aspects
References
7. Metal Hyperaccumulation in Plants: Phytotechnologies
Rachna Chandra, B. Anjan Kumar Prusty and P. A. Azeez
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Phytotechnologies and Terminologies
7.2.1 Phytoaccumulation/Phytoextraction
7.2.2 Rhizofiltration
7.2.3 Phytovolatilization
7.2.4 Rhizodegradation
7.2.5 Phytodegradation/Phytotransformation
7.2.6 Phytostabilization
7.3 Biological Mechanisms
7.4 Present Gaps and Prospects
7.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8. Microbial Remediation Approaches For PAH Degradation
KavitaVerma and Vartika Mathur
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biogeochemical Properties and Sources of PAH
8.3 Fate of PAH
8.4 PAH: Soil and Air Pollution
8.5 Harmful Effects of PAH
8.6 Microbe Assisted Biodegradation
8.6.1 Bacterial Assisted PAH Degradation
8.6.2 Mechanism
8.6.3 Mycoremediation
8.6.3.1 Mechanism
8.6.4 Algae Assisted PAH Degradation
8.7 Genes and Enzymes Involved in Microbial Degradation
8.8 Factors Affecting Microbial Biodegradation
8.9 Bioremediation and Genetic Engineering
8.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
9. Biomorphic Synthesis of Nanosized Zinc Oxide for Water Purification Waleed I.M. El-Azab and Hager R. Ali
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Properties of ZnO NPs
9.2.1 Structure and Lattice Parameters of ZnO
9.2.2 Mechanical Properties
9.2.3 Electronic Properties
9.2.4 Optical Properties
9.3 Protocol for the Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs
9.3.1 Natural Extract–Based ZnO Nanostructure
9.3.2 Microorganism-Based ZnO Nanostructures
9.3.3 Solvent System-Based “Green” Synthesis
9.4 Factors Affecting the Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles
9.4.1 pH
9.4.2 Temperature
9.4.3 Influence of the Reactant
9.4.4 Effect of Metabolites
9.5 Applications of Biologically Synthesized NPs
9.5.1 Antibacterial Effect of ZnO-NPs
9.5.2 Photocatalytic Activity
9.5.3 ZnO NPs and ROS Production
9.6 Mechanism of Biogenic Synthesis of ZnO NPs
9.7 Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles
9.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
10. Pollution Dynamics of Urban Catchments
Eugine Makaya
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Environmental Protection for Sustainable Development
10.1.2 Sustainability in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
10.1.3 Sustainability in Organic Solid Waste Management
10.2 Sustainability in Domestic Wastewater Treatment
10.2.1 Centralized Sanitation and Sustainability
10.2.2 Decentralized Sanitation and Sustainability
10.2.3 Merits of Centralized Over Decentralized Sanitation
10.3 Source Area Pollutant Generation Processes
10.3.1 Automotive Activities
10.3.2 Atmospheric Depositions
10.4 Polluting Activities
10.4.1 Industrial
10.5 Characterization of Urban Pollutants
10.5.1 Air Pollution Measurements Used in Estimating Annual Average Concentrations
10.5.2 Comparative Quantification of Health Risks
10.6 The Fate and Transport of Urban Pollutants
10.7 Spatial Distribution of Urbans Pollutants
10.7.1 Tools for Monitoring the Spatial Distribution
10.7.1.1 Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing
10.7.1.2 Shetran Modeling
10.8 Case Study: City of Harare
10.9 Conclusions, Challenges, Opportunities, and/or Future Aspects
References
11. Bioupgrading of Crude Oil and Crude Oil Fractions
Karuna K. Arjoon and James G. Speight
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
11.3 Biotransformation of Heavy Crude Oil
11.4 Biorefining of Crude Oil
11.4.1 Biodesulfurization
11.4.2 Biodenitrogenation
11.4.3 Biodemetallization
11.5 The Future of Biotechnology in the Refinery
References
12. Recyclable Porous Adsorbents as Environmentally Approach for Greenhouse Gas Capture
Nour F. Attia, Sally E. A. Elashery, Ahmed A. Galhoum, Hyunchul Oh and Ibrahim El T. El Sayed
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Classification of Porous Materials
12.3 Recyclability Routes of Biomass to Porous Carbons
12.4 Activation Routes Processes
12.4.1 Physical Activation
12.4.2 Chemical Activation
12.5 CO2 Capture in Recyclable Porous Carbon Materials
12.6 CO2 Capture Mechanism in Porous Carbons
12.7 Prospects and Outlooks
12.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
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