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Submit a ProposalSustainable Water Treatment
 | Advances and Interventions Edited by Anirban Roy, Aditi Mullick, and, Siddartha Moulik Copyright: 2022 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119479987 | Hardcover | 517 pages Price: $275 USD  |
One Line Description
Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this is the most comprehensive and up-to-date study of and reference for the practical applications of sustainable water treatment for engineers, scientists, students, and other professionals.
Audience
Chemical engineers, chemists, environmental engineers, process engineers, and other professionals working in membrane separations, effluent treatment, and wastewater treatment
Chemical engineers, chemists, environmental engineers, process engineers, and other professionals working in membrane separations, effluent treatment, and wastewater treatment
Description
This outstanding new volume is a compendium of reference material which will cover most of the relevant and “state-of-art” approaches in the field of water treatment, focusing on technological advances for water treatment in four categories: advanced oxidation technologies, nanoparticles for water treatment, membrane separations, and other emerging technologies or processes. Apart from this perspective, fundamental discussions on a wide variety of pollutants have also been included, such as acidic wastewater treatment, metallurgical wastewater, textile wastewater as well as groundwater. The editors have not only covered a wide range of water treatment techniques, but also focuses on their applications, offering a holistic perspective on water treatment in general.
Covering all of the latest advances, innovations, and developments in practical applications for sustainable water treatment, this volume represents the most comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of the issues of the day and state of the art. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist or a student, this volume is a must-have for any library.
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This outstanding new volume is a compendium of reference material which will cover most of the relevant and “state-of-art” approaches in the field of water treatment, focusing on technological advances for water treatment in four categories: advanced oxidation technologies, nanoparticles for water treatment, membrane separations, and other emerging technologies or processes. Apart from this perspective, fundamental discussions on a wide variety of pollutants have also been included, such as acidic wastewater treatment, metallurgical wastewater, textile wastewater as well as groundwater. The editors have not only covered a wide range of water treatment techniques, but also focuses on their applications, offering a holistic perspective on water treatment in general.
Covering all of the latest advances, innovations, and developments in practical applications for sustainable water treatment, this volume represents the most comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of the issues of the day and state of the art. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist or a student, this volume is a must-have for any library.
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Author / Editor Details
Anirban Roy, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at BITS Pilani Goa campus. He has published 20 articles in journals of international repute, filed eight patents, and published one book thus far. He also has ample industrial experience, as well as academic experience, in the field.
Anirban Roy, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at BITS Pilani Goa campus. He has published 20 articles in journals of international repute, filed eight patents, and published one book thus far. He also has ample industrial experience, as well as academic experience, in the field.
Aditi Mullick, PhD, received her PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. She has published ten articles in journals of international repute, filed two patents, and published one book thus far, also with Scrivener Publishing. She is also the recipient of seven prestigious national awards and fellowships.
Siddhartha Moulik, PhD, received his PhD from CSIR-Indian Institute Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India. With years of experience, he has worked on projects with some of the most prestigious companies and laboratories in the industry. He has published 23 articles in journals of international repute, filed three patents, and published 15 book chapters. He is also the recipient of 15 prestigious national awards, and he has published two books with Scrivener Publishing.
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Table of Contents
Structure of the Book xv Introduction
Section I: Advanced Oxidation Processes
1. Advanced Oxidation Processes: Fundamental, Technologies, Applications and Recent Advances
Akshat Khandelwal and Saroj Sundar Baral
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background and Global Trend of Advanced Oxidation Process
1.3 Advanced Oxidation Systems
1.3.1 Ozone-Based AOP
1.3.2 UV/H2O2
1.3.3 Radiation
1.3.4 Fenton Reaction
1.3.5 Photocatalytic
1.3.6 Electrochemical Oxidation
1.4 Comparison and Challenges of AOP Technologies
1.5 Conclusion and Perspective
References
2. A Historical Approach for Integration of Cavitation Technology with Conventional Wastewater Treatment Processes
Bhaskar Bethi, G. B. Radhika, Shirish H. Sonawane, Shrikant Barkade and Ravindra Gaikwad
2.1 Introduction to Cavitation for Wastewater Treatment
2.1.1 Mechanistic Aspects of Ultrasound Cavitation
2.1.2 Mechanistic Aspects of Hydrodynamic Cavitation
2.2 Importance of Integrating Water Treatment Technology in Present Scenario
2.3 Integration Ultrasound Cavitation (UC) with Conventional Treatment Techniques
2.3.1 Sonosorption (UC+ Adsorption)
2.3.2 Son-Chemical Oxidation (UC + Chemical Oxidation)
2.3.3 UC+Filtration
2.4 Integration of Hydrodynamic Cavitation (HC) with Conventional Treatment Techniques
2.4.1 Hydrodynamic Cavitation + Adsorption
2.4.2 Hydrodynamic Cavitation + Biological Oxidation
2.4.3 Hydrodynamic Cavitation + Chemical Treatment
2.5 Scale-Up Issues with Ultrasound Cavitation Process
2.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives: Hydrodynamic Cavitation as a Future Technology
Acknowledgements
References
3. Hydrodynamic Cavitation: Route to Greener Technology for Wastewater Treatment
Anupam Mukherjee, Ravi Teja, Aditi Mullick, Siddhartha Moulik and Anirban Roy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cavitation: General Perspective
3.2.1 Phase Transition
3.2.2 Types of Cavitation
3.2.3 Hydrodynamic Cavitation
3.2.4 Bubble Dynamics Model
3.2.4.1 Rayleigh-Plesset Equation
3.2.4.2 Bubble Contents
3.2.4.3 Nonequilibrium Effects
3.2.5 Physio-Chemical Effects
3.2.5.1 Thermodynamic Effects
3.2.5.2 Mechanical Effects
3.2.5.3 Chemical Effects
3.2.5.4 Biological Effects
3.3 Hydrodynamic Cavitation Reactors
3.3.1 Liquid Whistle Reactors
3.3.2 High-Speed Homogenizers
3.3.3 Micro-Fluidizers
3.3.4 High-Pressure Homogenizers
3.3.5 Orifice Plates Setup
3.3.5.1 Effect of the Ratio of Total Perimeter to Total Flow Area
3.3.5.2 Effect of Flow Area to the Cross-Sectional Area of the Pipe
3.3.6 Venture Device Setup
3.3.6.1 Effect of Divergence Angle
3.3.6.2 Effect of the Ratio of Throat Diameter/Height to Length
3.3.7 Vortex-Based HC Reactor
3.4 Effect of Operating Parameters of HC
3.4.1 Effect of Inlet Pressure
3.4.2 Effect of Temperature
3.4.3 Effect of Initial Concentration of Pollutant
3.4.4 Effect of Treatment Time
3.4.5 Effect of pH
3.5 Toxicity Assessment
3.6 Techno-Economic Feasibility
3.7 Applications
3.8 Conclusions and Thoughts About the Future
3.9 Acknowledgement
3.10 Disclosure
Nomenclature
References
4. Recent Trends in Ozonation Technology: Theory and Application Anupam Mukherjee, Dror Avisar and Anirban Roy
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fundamentals of Mass Transfer
4.3 Mass Transfer of Ozone in Water
4.3.1 Solubility of Ozone in Water
4.3.1.1 Model for Determining the True Solubility Concentration
4.3.2 Mass Transfer Model of Ozone in Water
4.3.3 Henry and Volumetric Mass Transfer Coefficient Determination
4.3.3.1 Microscopic Ozone Balance in the Gas Phase
4.3.3.2 Macroscopic Ozone Balance in the Gas Phase
4.3.3.3 Ozone Balance at Constant Ozone Concentrations
4.3.4 Single Bubble Model of Mass Transfer
4.3.5 Decomposition of Ozone in Water
4.3.6 Ozone Contactors and Energy Requirement
4.4 Factors Affecting Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in Bubble Column Reactor 4.4.1 Fluid Dynamics and Regime Analysis
4.4.2 Gas Holdup
4.4.3 Bubble Characteristics
4.4.4 Mass Transfer Coefficient
4.5 Application
4.6 Conclusion and Thoughts About the Future
Acknowledgement
Nomenclature
References
Section II: Nanoparticle-Based Treatment
5 Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials for Water Treatment: Application in Fixed Bed Column Filter
Chhaya, Dibyanshu, Sneha Singh and Trishikhi Raychoudhury
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Target Contaminants: Performance of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials
5.2.1 Inorganic Contaminants
5.2.1.1 Heavy Metals
5.2.1.2 Nonmetallic Contaminant
5.2.2 Organic Contaminant
5.2.2.1 Organic Dyes
5.2.2.2 Halogenated Hydrocarbons
5.2.2.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
5.2.2.4 Miscellaneous Aromatic Pollutant
5.2.3 Emerging Contaminants
5.2.3.1 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
5.2.3.2 Miscellaneous Compounds
5.3 Application of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials in Fixed Bed Column Filter for Water Treatment
5.3.1 Fate and Transport Process of Contaminants in the Fixed Bed Column Filter
5.3.2 Application of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials in Fixed Bed Column Filter
References
6. Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment: Potential and Barriers in Industrialization
Snehasis Bhakta
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nanomaterials in Wastewater Treatment
6.2.1 Nanotechnological Processes for Wastewater Treatment
6.2.1.1 Nanofiltration
6.2.1.2 Adsorption
6.2.1.3 Photocatalysis
6.2.1.4 Disinfection
6.2.2 Different Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment
6.2.2.1 Zerovalent Metal Nanoparticles
6.2.2.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
6.2.2.3 Other Nanoparticles
6.3 Smart Nanomaterials: Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP)
6.3.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP)
6.3.2 Application of MIP-Based Nanomaterials in Wastewater Treatment
6.3.2.1 Recognition of Pollutants
6.3.2.2 Removal of Pollutants
6.3.2.3 Catalytic Degradation of Organic Molecules
6.3.3 Barriers in Industrialization
6.4 Cheap Alternative Nanomaterials
6.4.1 Nanoclay for Wastewater Treatment
6.4.1.1 Water Filtration by Nanoclays
6.4.1.2 Water Treatment by Hybrid Gel
6.4.1.3 Nanosponges
6.4.2 Nanocellulose for Wastewater Treatment
6.4.2.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Nanocellulose
6.4.2.2 Adsorption of Dyes by Nanocellulose
6.4.2.3 Barriers in Industrialization
6.5 Toxicity Associated with Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment
6.6 Barriers in Industrialization
6.7 Future Aspect and Conclusions
References
Section III: Membrane-Based Treatment
7. Microbial Fuel Cell Technology for Wastewater Treatment
Nilesh Vijay Rane, Alka Kumari, Chandrakant Holkar, Dipak V. Pinjari and Aniruddha B. Pandit
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Microbial Fuel Cell
7.2.1 Working Principle
7.2.2 Role of MFC Components
7.2.3 Performance Indicator of MFC
7.2.4 Design Parameters
7.2.5 Types of Microbial Fuel Cell
7.3 Recent Development in MFC Component
7.3.1 Recent Development in Cathode Used in MFC
7.3.2 Recent Development in Anode Used in MFC
7.3.3 Recent Developments in Membranes Used in MFC
7.4 MFC for Wastewater Treatment
7.4.1 Advantages of MFC Over Conventional Treatment 7
.4.2 Challenges in the Wastewater Treatment Using MFC
7.5 Different Ways for Increasing the Throughput of MFC
7.5.1 Big Reactor Size
7.5.2 Stacking
7.5.3 Cathode
7.5.4 Anode
7.5.5 Separating Material
7.5.6 Harnessing Output Energy
7.5.7 Increasing Long-Term Stability
7.5.8 Coupling of MFC with Other Techniques
7.6 Different Case Studies Indicating Commercial Use of MFC
7.7 Other Applications of MFC
7.8 Conclusions and Recommendations (Future Work)
References
8. Ceramic Membranes in Water Treatment: Potential and Challenges for Technology Development
Debarati Mukherjee and Sourja Ghosh
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Background and Current State-of-the-Art
8.1.2 Ceramic Membranes: An Approach to Trade-Off the Bridge Between Theoretical Research and Industrial Applications
8.2.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
8.2.2 Domestic Wastewater Treatment
8.3 Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater and Drinking Water
8.3.1 Arsenic Contaminated Water
8.3.2 Treatment of Fluoride Contaminated Water
8.3.3 Treatment of Nitrate Contaminated Water
8.3.4 Treatment of Water Spiked with Emerging Contaminants
8.3.5 Treatment of Water Contaminated with Pathogens
8.4 Classification of Filtration Based on Configuration
8.4.1 Direct Membrane Filtration
8.4.2 Hybrid Approaches
8.5 Pilot-Scale Studies
8.6 Challenges of Ceramic Membranes
8.7 Conclusion and Future Scope of Ceramic Membranes
References
9. Membrane Distillation for Acidic Wastewater Treatment
Sarita Kalla, Rakesh Baghel, Sushant Upadhyaya and Kailash Singh
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Membrane Distillation and Its Configurations
9.3 Sources of Acidic Effluent
9.4 Applications of MD for Acidic Wastewater Treatment
9.5 Hybrid MD Process
9.6 Implications
References
10. Demonstration of Long-Term Assessment on Performance of VMD for Textile Wastewater Treatment
Rakesh Baghel, Sarita Kalla, Sushant Upadhyaya and S. P. Chaurasia
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Transport Mechanism
10.3 Impact of Process Variables on Permeate Flux
10.4 Long-Term Performance Analysis of VMD
10.5 Scale Formation in Long-Term Assessment
Conclusion
Nomenclature
Greek Symbols
References
Section IV: Emerging Technologies & Processes
11. Application of Zero Valent Iron to Removal Chromium and Other Heavy Metals in Metallurgical Wastewater
Khac-Uan Do, Thi-Lien Le and Thuy-Lan Nguyen
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Wastewater Sources from Metallurgical Factories
11.1.2 Characteristics of Wastewater in Metallurgical Factories
11.1.3 Conventional Technologies for Treating Wastewater in Metallurgical Factories
11.1.4 Zero Valent Iron for Removing Heavy Metals
11.1.5 Objectives of the Study
11.2 Materials and Methods
11.2.1 Metallurgical Wastewater
11.2.2 Preparation of Zero Valent Iron
11.2.3 Batch Experiments
11.2.4 Analysis Methods
11.3 Results and Discussion
11.3.1 Effects of pH on Hexavalent Chromium Removal
11.3.2 Effects of Feo on Hexavalent Chromium Removal
11.3.3 Effects of Contact Time on Hexavalent Chromium Removal
11.3.4 Effects of pH on Heavy Metals Removal
11.3.5 Effects of PAC on Heavy Metals Removal
11.3.6 Effects of PAM on Heavy Metals Removal
11.4 Conclusion
Aknowledgements
References
12. Removal of Arsenic and Fluoride from Water Using Novel Technologies Ishita Sarkar, Sankha Chakrabortty and Parimal Pal
12.1 Background Study of Arsenic
12.1.1 Source and Existence of Arsenic
12.1.2 Effects of Arsenic
12.1.3 Regulation and Permissible Limit of Arsenic in Drinking Water
12.2 Background Study of Fluoride
12.2.1 Source and Existence of Fluoride
12.2.2 Effects of Fluoride
12.2.3 Regulation and Permissible Limit of Fluoride in Drinking Water
12.3 Technologies Used for Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Groundwater 12.3.1 Oxidation Method
12.3.2 Coagulation-Precipitation Method
12.3.3 Ion-Exchange Method
12.3.4 Adsorption Method
12.4 Technologies for Fluoride Removal from Contaminated Groundwater
12.4.1 Coagulation-Precipitation Method
12.4.2 Nalgonda Technique
12.4.3 Adsorption Method
12.4.4 Ion-Exchange Method
12.5 Membrane Technology Used for Arsenic and Fluoride Mitigations
12.5.1 Introduction of Membrane Technology
12.5.2 Arsenic Removal by Membrane Filtration
12.5.2.1 Arsenic Removal by Microfiltration System
12.5.2.2 Arsenic Removal by Ultrafiltration System
12.5.2.3 Arsenic Removal by Nanofiltration System
12.5.2.4 Arsenic Removal by Other Membrane-Based Process
12.5.3 Fluoride Removal by Different Membrane Filtration System
References
13. Environmental Management of Brine Discharge from Desalination Plants: A Zero Liquid Strategy of Thermal Desalination Integrated with Crystallization Jasneet Kaur Pala, Siddhartha Moulik, Asim K. Ghosh, Reddi Kamesh and Anirban Roy
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Minimum Energy Required for Desalination Process
13.2.1 Minimum Work Requirement
13.2.2 Recovery Ratio
13.3 Methodology and Simulation
13.3.1 MSF Process Description
13.3.2 Crystallizer Process Description
13.3.3 Modeling and Simulation
13.3.4 Input Parameters
13.4 Results and Discussion
13.4.1 Comparison of Energy Demand Between Simulated Model and Theoretical Model
13.4.2 Impact of Temperature and Flowrate on Thermal Energy
13.4.3 Impact on Thermal Energy During MLD and ZLD
13.4.4 Crystallization of Salts
13.5 Conclusion
13.6 Acknowledgment
References
Index
Back to Top
Structure of the Book xv Introduction
Section I: Advanced Oxidation Processes
1. Advanced Oxidation Processes: Fundamental, Technologies, Applications and Recent Advances
Akshat Khandelwal and Saroj Sundar Baral
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background and Global Trend of Advanced Oxidation Process
1.3 Advanced Oxidation Systems
1.3.1 Ozone-Based AOP
1.3.2 UV/H2O2
1.3.3 Radiation
1.3.4 Fenton Reaction
1.3.5 Photocatalytic
1.3.6 Electrochemical Oxidation
1.4 Comparison and Challenges of AOP Technologies
1.5 Conclusion and Perspective
References
2. A Historical Approach for Integration of Cavitation Technology with Conventional Wastewater Treatment Processes
Bhaskar Bethi, G. B. Radhika, Shirish H. Sonawane, Shrikant Barkade and Ravindra Gaikwad
2.1 Introduction to Cavitation for Wastewater Treatment
2.1.1 Mechanistic Aspects of Ultrasound Cavitation
2.1.2 Mechanistic Aspects of Hydrodynamic Cavitation
2.2 Importance of Integrating Water Treatment Technology in Present Scenario
2.3 Integration Ultrasound Cavitation (UC) with Conventional Treatment Techniques
2.3.1 Sonosorption (UC+ Adsorption)
2.3.2 Son-Chemical Oxidation (UC + Chemical Oxidation)
2.3.3 UC+Filtration
2.4 Integration of Hydrodynamic Cavitation (HC) with Conventional Treatment Techniques
2.4.1 Hydrodynamic Cavitation + Adsorption
2.4.2 Hydrodynamic Cavitation + Biological Oxidation
2.4.3 Hydrodynamic Cavitation + Chemical Treatment
2.5 Scale-Up Issues with Ultrasound Cavitation Process
2.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives: Hydrodynamic Cavitation as a Future Technology
Acknowledgements
References
3. Hydrodynamic Cavitation: Route to Greener Technology for Wastewater Treatment
Anupam Mukherjee, Ravi Teja, Aditi Mullick, Siddhartha Moulik and Anirban Roy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cavitation: General Perspective
3.2.1 Phase Transition
3.2.2 Types of Cavitation
3.2.3 Hydrodynamic Cavitation
3.2.4 Bubble Dynamics Model
3.2.4.1 Rayleigh-Plesset Equation
3.2.4.2 Bubble Contents
3.2.4.3 Nonequilibrium Effects
3.2.5 Physio-Chemical Effects
3.2.5.1 Thermodynamic Effects
3.2.5.2 Mechanical Effects
3.2.5.3 Chemical Effects
3.2.5.4 Biological Effects
3.3 Hydrodynamic Cavitation Reactors
3.3.1 Liquid Whistle Reactors
3.3.2 High-Speed Homogenizers
3.3.3 Micro-Fluidizers
3.3.4 High-Pressure Homogenizers
3.3.5 Orifice Plates Setup
3.3.5.1 Effect of the Ratio of Total Perimeter to Total Flow Area
3.3.5.2 Effect of Flow Area to the Cross-Sectional Area of the Pipe
3.3.6 Venture Device Setup
3.3.6.1 Effect of Divergence Angle
3.3.6.2 Effect of the Ratio of Throat Diameter/Height to Length
3.3.7 Vortex-Based HC Reactor
3.4 Effect of Operating Parameters of HC
3.4.1 Effect of Inlet Pressure
3.4.2 Effect of Temperature
3.4.3 Effect of Initial Concentration of Pollutant
3.4.4 Effect of Treatment Time
3.4.5 Effect of pH
3.5 Toxicity Assessment
3.6 Techno-Economic Feasibility
3.7 Applications
3.8 Conclusions and Thoughts About the Future
3.9 Acknowledgement
3.10 Disclosure
Nomenclature
References
4. Recent Trends in Ozonation Technology: Theory and Application Anupam Mukherjee, Dror Avisar and Anirban Roy
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fundamentals of Mass Transfer
4.3 Mass Transfer of Ozone in Water
4.3.1 Solubility of Ozone in Water
4.3.1.1 Model for Determining the True Solubility Concentration
4.3.2 Mass Transfer Model of Ozone in Water
4.3.3 Henry and Volumetric Mass Transfer Coefficient Determination
4.3.3.1 Microscopic Ozone Balance in the Gas Phase
4.3.3.2 Macroscopic Ozone Balance in the Gas Phase
4.3.3.3 Ozone Balance at Constant Ozone Concentrations
4.3.4 Single Bubble Model of Mass Transfer
4.3.5 Decomposition of Ozone in Water
4.3.6 Ozone Contactors and Energy Requirement
4.4 Factors Affecting Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in Bubble Column Reactor 4.4.1 Fluid Dynamics and Regime Analysis
4.4.2 Gas Holdup
4.4.3 Bubble Characteristics
4.4.4 Mass Transfer Coefficient
4.5 Application
4.6 Conclusion and Thoughts About the Future
Acknowledgement
Nomenclature
References
Section II: Nanoparticle-Based Treatment
5 Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials for Water Treatment: Application in Fixed Bed Column Filter
Chhaya, Dibyanshu, Sneha Singh and Trishikhi Raychoudhury
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Target Contaminants: Performance of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials
5.2.1 Inorganic Contaminants
5.2.1.1 Heavy Metals
5.2.1.2 Nonmetallic Contaminant
5.2.2 Organic Contaminant
5.2.2.1 Organic Dyes
5.2.2.2 Halogenated Hydrocarbons
5.2.2.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
5.2.2.4 Miscellaneous Aromatic Pollutant
5.2.3 Emerging Contaminants
5.2.3.1 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
5.2.3.2 Miscellaneous Compounds
5.3 Application of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials in Fixed Bed Column Filter for Water Treatment
5.3.1 Fate and Transport Process of Contaminants in the Fixed Bed Column Filter
5.3.2 Application of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials in Fixed Bed Column Filter
References
6. Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment: Potential and Barriers in Industrialization
Snehasis Bhakta
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nanomaterials in Wastewater Treatment
6.2.1 Nanotechnological Processes for Wastewater Treatment
6.2.1.1 Nanofiltration
6.2.1.2 Adsorption
6.2.1.3 Photocatalysis
6.2.1.4 Disinfection
6.2.2 Different Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment
6.2.2.1 Zerovalent Metal Nanoparticles
6.2.2.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
6.2.2.3 Other Nanoparticles
6.3 Smart Nanomaterials: Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP)
6.3.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP)
6.3.2 Application of MIP-Based Nanomaterials in Wastewater Treatment
6.3.2.1 Recognition of Pollutants
6.3.2.2 Removal of Pollutants
6.3.2.3 Catalytic Degradation of Organic Molecules
6.3.3 Barriers in Industrialization
6.4 Cheap Alternative Nanomaterials
6.4.1 Nanoclay for Wastewater Treatment
6.4.1.1 Water Filtration by Nanoclays
6.4.1.2 Water Treatment by Hybrid Gel
6.4.1.3 Nanosponges
6.4.2 Nanocellulose for Wastewater Treatment
6.4.2.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Nanocellulose
6.4.2.2 Adsorption of Dyes by Nanocellulose
6.4.2.3 Barriers in Industrialization
6.5 Toxicity Associated with Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment
6.6 Barriers in Industrialization
6.7 Future Aspect and Conclusions
References
Section III: Membrane-Based Treatment
7. Microbial Fuel Cell Technology for Wastewater Treatment
Nilesh Vijay Rane, Alka Kumari, Chandrakant Holkar, Dipak V. Pinjari and Aniruddha B. Pandit
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Microbial Fuel Cell
7.2.1 Working Principle
7.2.2 Role of MFC Components
7.2.3 Performance Indicator of MFC
7.2.4 Design Parameters
7.2.5 Types of Microbial Fuel Cell
7.3 Recent Development in MFC Component
7.3.1 Recent Development in Cathode Used in MFC
7.3.2 Recent Development in Anode Used in MFC
7.3.3 Recent Developments in Membranes Used in MFC
7.4 MFC for Wastewater Treatment
7.4.1 Advantages of MFC Over Conventional Treatment 7
.4.2 Challenges in the Wastewater Treatment Using MFC
7.5 Different Ways for Increasing the Throughput of MFC
7.5.1 Big Reactor Size
7.5.2 Stacking
7.5.3 Cathode
7.5.4 Anode
7.5.5 Separating Material
7.5.6 Harnessing Output Energy
7.5.7 Increasing Long-Term Stability
7.5.8 Coupling of MFC with Other Techniques
7.6 Different Case Studies Indicating Commercial Use of MFC
7.7 Other Applications of MFC
7.8 Conclusions and Recommendations (Future Work)
References
8. Ceramic Membranes in Water Treatment: Potential and Challenges for Technology Development
Debarati Mukherjee and Sourja Ghosh
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Background and Current State-of-the-Art
8.1.2 Ceramic Membranes: An Approach to Trade-Off the Bridge Between Theoretical Research and Industrial Applications
8.2.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
8.2.2 Domestic Wastewater Treatment
8.3 Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater and Drinking Water
8.3.1 Arsenic Contaminated Water
8.3.2 Treatment of Fluoride Contaminated Water
8.3.3 Treatment of Nitrate Contaminated Water
8.3.4 Treatment of Water Spiked with Emerging Contaminants
8.3.5 Treatment of Water Contaminated with Pathogens
8.4 Classification of Filtration Based on Configuration
8.4.1 Direct Membrane Filtration
8.4.2 Hybrid Approaches
8.5 Pilot-Scale Studies
8.6 Challenges of Ceramic Membranes
8.7 Conclusion and Future Scope of Ceramic Membranes
References
9. Membrane Distillation for Acidic Wastewater Treatment
Sarita Kalla, Rakesh Baghel, Sushant Upadhyaya and Kailash Singh
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Membrane Distillation and Its Configurations
9.3 Sources of Acidic Effluent
9.4 Applications of MD for Acidic Wastewater Treatment
9.5 Hybrid MD Process
9.6 Implications
References
10. Demonstration of Long-Term Assessment on Performance of VMD for Textile Wastewater Treatment
Rakesh Baghel, Sarita Kalla, Sushant Upadhyaya and S. P. Chaurasia
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Transport Mechanism
10.3 Impact of Process Variables on Permeate Flux
10.4 Long-Term Performance Analysis of VMD
10.5 Scale Formation in Long-Term Assessment
Conclusion
Nomenclature
Greek Symbols
References
Section IV: Emerging Technologies & Processes
11. Application of Zero Valent Iron to Removal Chromium and Other Heavy Metals in Metallurgical Wastewater
Khac-Uan Do, Thi-Lien Le and Thuy-Lan Nguyen
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Wastewater Sources from Metallurgical Factories
11.1.2 Characteristics of Wastewater in Metallurgical Factories
11.1.3 Conventional Technologies for Treating Wastewater in Metallurgical Factories
11.1.4 Zero Valent Iron for Removing Heavy Metals
11.1.5 Objectives of the Study
11.2 Materials and Methods
11.2.1 Metallurgical Wastewater
11.2.2 Preparation of Zero Valent Iron
11.2.3 Batch Experiments
11.2.4 Analysis Methods
11.3 Results and Discussion
11.3.1 Effects of pH on Hexavalent Chromium Removal
11.3.2 Effects of Feo on Hexavalent Chromium Removal
11.3.3 Effects of Contact Time on Hexavalent Chromium Removal
11.3.4 Effects of pH on Heavy Metals Removal
11.3.5 Effects of PAC on Heavy Metals Removal
11.3.6 Effects of PAM on Heavy Metals Removal
11.4 Conclusion
Aknowledgements
References
12. Removal of Arsenic and Fluoride from Water Using Novel Technologies Ishita Sarkar, Sankha Chakrabortty and Parimal Pal
12.1 Background Study of Arsenic
12.1.1 Source and Existence of Arsenic
12.1.2 Effects of Arsenic
12.1.3 Regulation and Permissible Limit of Arsenic in Drinking Water
12.2 Background Study of Fluoride
12.2.1 Source and Existence of Fluoride
12.2.2 Effects of Fluoride
12.2.3 Regulation and Permissible Limit of Fluoride in Drinking Water
12.3 Technologies Used for Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Groundwater 12.3.1 Oxidation Method
12.3.2 Coagulation-Precipitation Method
12.3.3 Ion-Exchange Method
12.3.4 Adsorption Method
12.4 Technologies for Fluoride Removal from Contaminated Groundwater
12.4.1 Coagulation-Precipitation Method
12.4.2 Nalgonda Technique
12.4.3 Adsorption Method
12.4.4 Ion-Exchange Method
12.5 Membrane Technology Used for Arsenic and Fluoride Mitigations
12.5.1 Introduction of Membrane Technology
12.5.2 Arsenic Removal by Membrane Filtration
12.5.2.1 Arsenic Removal by Microfiltration System
12.5.2.2 Arsenic Removal by Ultrafiltration System
12.5.2.3 Arsenic Removal by Nanofiltration System
12.5.2.4 Arsenic Removal by Other Membrane-Based Process
12.5.3 Fluoride Removal by Different Membrane Filtration System
References
13. Environmental Management of Brine Discharge from Desalination Plants: A Zero Liquid Strategy of Thermal Desalination Integrated with Crystallization Jasneet Kaur Pala, Siddhartha Moulik, Asim K. Ghosh, Reddi Kamesh and Anirban Roy
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Minimum Energy Required for Desalination Process
13.2.1 Minimum Work Requirement
13.2.2 Recovery Ratio
13.3 Methodology and Simulation
13.3.1 MSF Process Description
13.3.2 Crystallizer Process Description
13.3.3 Modeling and Simulation
13.3.4 Input Parameters
13.4 Results and Discussion
13.4.1 Comparison of Energy Demand Between Simulated Model and Theoretical Model
13.4.2 Impact of Temperature and Flowrate on Thermal Energy
13.4.3 Impact on Thermal Energy During MLD and ZLD
13.4.4 Crystallization of Salts
13.5 Conclusion
13.6 Acknowledgment
References
Index
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